Английская Википедия:A4 autostrada (Poland)

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Файл:Autostrada A4 napis z 1945.jpg

Inscription made by Soviet soldiers in 1945: Водрузим над Берлином знамя победы (We shall hoist the flag of victory over Berlin); A4 west of Wrocław.

Файл:A4.jpg

A4 west of Wrocław with repaved concrete surface

Файл:Wezelsosnicafromthesky.JPG

Southern part of Gliwice-Sosnica junction (joining A1 motorway, A4 motorway, national road 44, voivodeship road 902 and a local road exiting Gliwice) - the largest motorway junction in Poland, opened 2009-2010

Файл:Autostrada A4 w Zabrzu-Makoszowach (Nemo5576).jpg

A4 in Zabrze, opened 2005

Файл:A4 Zalas 04.jpg

A4 near Kraków (Zalas), opened 1980

Файл:A4 Krakow 20070815 1026.jpg

A4, part of Kraków bypass, opened 2002-2003

The A4 autostrada in Poland is a Шаблон:Convert long east–west motorway that runs through southern Poland, along the north side the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains, from the Polish-German border at Zgorzelec-Görlitz (connecting to the A4 autobahn), through Wrocław, Opole, Gliwice, Katowice, Kraków, Tarnów and Rzeszów, to the Polish-Ukrainian border at Korczowa-Krakovets (connecting to the M10). It is a part of European route E40.

The motorway between Wrocław and Kraków (Шаблон:Convert) was constructed between 1976 and 2005. The part from Mysłowice to Kraków is tolled (see Tolls for details).

The section from the German border to Wrocław (Шаблон:Convert, not tolled) was constructed between 2002 and 2009, in large part as repavement of the old concrete motorway constructed from 1933 to 1937 (then the territory of Nazi Germany). The repaved parts are substandard due to lack of emergency lanes and the speed limit is decreased to 110 km/h.

The motorway from Kraków to the Ukrainian border (Шаблон:Convert, not tolled) was constructed between 2010 and 2016, making A4 the first Polish complete border-to-border highway connection.

History of construction

Some western stretches of this motorway were initially built as a Reichsautobahn by Nazi Germany in the 1930s under her interwar borders. After the Second World War and the takeover of Poland by the communist regime, with her new borders, the existing roads received minimal maintenance and upgrades and became notorious for their poor quality, a phenomenon similar to that observed in East Germany. In effect, the original road served in a virtually unchanged state throughout the whole communist period and the first years afterwards. Reconstruction between 2002 and 2006 removed the old concrete road surface (earlier, a short fragment of A18 was reconstructed between 1993 and 1995, of which 10 km (6.2 mi) are now part of A4), but some aspects of the 1930s standards of construction remain on the stretch from Krzyżowa to Wrocław; for example, the aforementioned section does not have emergency lanes, a feature that is to be added in the future.

The section between Katowice and Kraków was built from 1976 to 1996, and the section between Wrocław and Katowice from 1996 to 2005. Between 2006 and 2009, the section from the German border to the junction with A18 motorway was constructed, which completed a continuous connection from Germany to Kraków.

Also completed in 2009 was the first portion of the motorway east of Kraków (20 km). The original plan was to finish the rest of the motorway by about 2013, but because of the UEFA decision to host the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship in Poland and Ukraine and the resulting need to improve the road infrastructure connecting the two countries, the date for opening the motorway to traffic was moved up to June 2012. This ambitious target was not attained after multiple delays, some caused by the floods of 2010. In July 2016, the last missing section of Шаблон:Convert between Rzeszów and Jarosław was completed. This meant the entire length of the A4 from the German border to the Ukrainian border was completed, making the A4 the first complete major motorway in Poland (second overall, behind the very short A8) and the first completed continuous border-to-border highway connection.

Sections of the motorway

Motorway section	Length	Constructed	Note
Jędrzychowice (border) - Zgorzelec	Шаблон:Convert	1994–1996	heavy-load trucks only in 1994, all cars since 1996
Zgorzelec - Krzyżowa	Шаблон:Convert	2007–2009
Krzyżowa - Bielany Wrocławskie	Шаблон:Convert	1933–1937	repaved in 2002 – 2006 (short fragment in 1993 – 1995); section without emergency lanes
Bielany Wrocławskie - Przylesie (Brzeg)	Шаблон:Convert	1997–2000	first carriageway built 1936 – 1938; reconstructed and second carriageway added in 1997 – 2000
Przylesie (Brzeg) - Nogowczyce	Шаблон:Convert	2000–2003	some unfinished construction before 1945
Nogowczyce - Kleszczów	Шаблон:Convert	2001–2003	first carriageway built 1936 – 1942;Шаблон:Efn reconstructed and second carriageway added in 2001 – 2003
Kleszczów - Шаблон:Nowrap	Шаблон:Convert	1996–2005
Шаблон:Nowrap - Mysłowice	Шаблон:Convert	1989–1996
Mysłowice - Шаблон:Nowrap	Шаблон:Convert	1976–1991	private operator and tolls since 2000
Kraków Balice - Шаблон:Nowrap	Шаблон:Convert	1979–2003
Kraków Wieliczka - Szarów	Шаблон:Convert	2007–2009
Szarów - Tarnów	Шаблон:Convert	2010–2013	opened to traffic in November, 2012, in part with single carriageway only. Both carriageways were fully opened in May, 2013.
Tarnów Północ - Dębica Wschód	Шаблон:Convert	2010–2014	opened Oct 30/31, 2014.
Dębica Wschód - Rzeszów Północ	Шаблон:Convert	2010–2013	opened in October, 2013
Rzeszów Północ - Rzeszów Wschód	Шаблон:Convert	2010–2012	opened in September, 2012
Rzeszów Wschód - Jarosław Zachód	Шаблон:Convert	2010–2016	originally planned to finish in 2012, delayed until 2014, then contractor abandoned the contract in January 2014 when 70% complete due to dispute with the government over financing. New contract was awarded in September, with construction beginning in October 2014. Opened in July, 2016.
Jarosław Zachód - Korczowa	Шаблон:Convert	2010–2013	originally planned to finish in 2012, opened in May 2013 (Jarosław Wschód - Radymno) and December 2013 (remaining parts)

See also

• Highways in Poland
• European route E40

External links

• Official website of Katowice-Kraków section operator Шаблон:In lang