Английская Википедия:Abashevo culture

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The Abashevo culture (Шаблон:Lang-ru) is a late Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture, ca. 2200–1850 BC, found in the valleys of the middle Volga and Kama River north of the Samara bend and into the southern Ural Mountains. It receives its name from the village of Abashevo in Chuvashia.

Tracing its origins in the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture, an eastern offshoot of the Corded Ware culture of Central Europe, the Abashevo culture is notable for its metallurgical activity and evidence for the use of chariots in its end phase. It eventually came to absorb the Volosovo culture. The Abashevo culture is often viewed as pre-Indo-Iranian-speaking or Proto-Indo-Iranian-speaking. It played a major role in the development of the Sintashta culture and Srubnaya culture.

Origins

The Abashevo culture is believed to have formed on the northern Don in the early 3rd millennium BC.Шаблон:Sfn It occupied part of the area of the earlier Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture, the eastern variant of the earlier Corded Ware culture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Influences from further west played a decisive role in the formation of the Abashevo culture.Шаблон:Sfn It belongs to a circle of Central European cultures deriving from the Corded Ware culture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The peoples of this environment would eventually develop into Balts, Celts, Italic peoples, Germanic peoples and Slavs.Шаблон:Sfn It is from Central Europe that the Abashevo peoples ultimately originated.Шаблон:Sfn

Influences from the Yamnaya culture and Catacomb culture on the Abashevo culture are detected.Шаблон:Sfn The pre-eminent expert on the Abashevo culture, Anatoly Pryakhin, concluded that it originated from contacts between Fatyanovo–Balanovo, Catacomb and Poltavka peoples in the southern forest-steppe.Шаблон:Sfn The influence of the Yamnaya culture persisted until approximately 1700 BC with the emergence of new technologies, traditions, and customs.

The Abashevo culture represents an extension of steppe culture into the forest zone.Шаблон:Sfn

Distribution

The Abashevo culture flourished in the forest steppe areas of the middle Volga and upper Don.Шаблон:Sfn The sites were represented largely by kurgan cemeteries and some areas with evidence of copper smelting. A few settlements extended in the northern steppes of the middle Volga.

The Abashevo culture appears to have absorbed parts of the Volosovo culture. Contacts with the Volosovo culture appears to have facilitated the spread pastoralism and metallurgy into northern forest cultures.Шаблон:Sfn

The easternmost sites of the Abashevo culture are located along the southern Urals. Those sites are associated with the origins of the Sintashta culture.Шаблон:Sfn The Abashevo culture is divided into a Don-Volga variant, a middle Volga variant and a southern Ural variant.Шаблон:Sfn On the northern Don, the Abashevo culture replaced the Catacomb culture.Шаблон:Sfn Along the middle Volga, it co-existed with the Poltavka culture.Шаблон:Sfn

Elena E. Kuzmina suggests that the Seima-Turbino phenomenon emerged as a result of interaction between the Abashevo culture, the Catacomb culture and the early Andronovo culture.Шаблон:Sfn

Characteristics

Файл:В музее - заповеднике Аркаим.jpg

Chariot model, Arkaim museum

Файл:Wild horses in Rostovsky nature reserve.jpg

Horses were domesticated on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

Settlements

The type site of the Abashevo culture is at Abashevo, Chuvash Republic. More than two hundred settlements have been found. Some of them appear to have been occupied only briefly, and just two of them appear to have been fortified.Шаблон:Sfn

Burials

The Abashevo culture is primarily represented by various kurgan cemeteries. Kurgans were surrounded by a circular ditch, and the grave pit had ledges at its edges. The body was either contracted on the side, or supine with raised knees, with legs flexed. Its funerary customs appear to have been derived from the Poltavka culture.Шаблон:Sfn Its inhumation practices in tumuli are similar to the Yamnaya cultureШаблон:Sfn and Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture.Шаблон:Sfn

Flat graves are a component of the Abashevo culture burial rite,Шаблон:Sfn as in the earlier Fatyanovo culture.Шаблон:Sfn The kurgans of the Abashevo culture are to be distinguished from the flat graves of the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture.Шаблон:Sfn A well-known Abashevo kurgan in Pepkino contained the remains of twenty-eight males who appear to have died violent deaths.Шаблон:Sfn

Grave offerings are scant, little more than a pot or two usually a made with crushed-shell temper. Some graves show evidence of a birch bark floor and a timber construction forming walls and roof.Шаблон:Sfn High-status Abashevo graves contain silver and copper ornaments, and weapons.Шаблон:Sfn Crucibles for smelting copper and moulds for casting were found in some graves, most likely funerals reserved to bronzesmiths.Шаблон:Sfn

Clothing

High-status Abashevo women are notable for wearing a distinctive type of headband with pendants made of copper and silver. These headbands are unique to the Abashevo culture, and are probably an ethnic marker and symbol of political status.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The diadems of the Abashevo women are very similar to those of elite women in Mycenaean Greece.Шаблон:Sfn Elena Efimovna Kuzmina cites this as evidence of cultural synchronization between these ancient cultures.Шаблон:Sfn

Ceramics

Abashevo ceramics display influences from the Catacomb culture, which was located further south. Its ceramics in turn influence those of the Sintashta culture.Шаблон:Sfn

Metal

Файл:Abashevo culture, bronze battle axe.png

Bronze battle axe

The Abashevo culture was an important center of metallurgy, as the southern Urals provided a major source of local copper.Шаблон:Sfn There is evidence of copper smelting, and the culture engaged in copper mining activities,Шаблон:Sfn which stimulated the formation of Sintashta metallurgy.Шаблон:Sfn

About half of Abashevo metal objects are of copper, while the other half is of bronze.Шаблон:Sfn Silver-bearing ores were also extracted, from which silver ornaments were made.Шаблон:Sfn Abashevo metal types, such as knives were very similar to those of the Catacomb culture and the Poltavka culture.Шаблон:Sfn

Economy

The economy of the Abashevo culture was mixed agriculture. Cattle, sheep, pig and goats, as well as other domestic animals were kept. Stone grinders and metal sickles are evidences of agriculture.Шаблон:Sfn

Horses were evidently used, inferred by cheek pieces typical of neighboring steppe cultures and Mycenaean Greece.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Elena Kuzmina (2007) the first controlling of chariots with cheek-pieces can be attributed to the Abashevo and Multi-cordoned ware cultures.

The population of Sintashta derived their stock-breeding from Abashevo. Abashevo cattle was of the Ukrainian Grey type, and this cattle had previously been raised among earlier Neolithic cultures of the Pontic steppe and along the Danube. This type of cattle was later adopted by the Sintashta culture and the Srubnaya culture.Шаблон:Sfn

Warfare

Archaeological evidence suggests that Abashevo society was intensely warlike. Mass graves reveal that inter-tribal battles involved hundreds of warriors of both sides, which indicates a significant degree of inter-regional political integration. Warfare appears to have been more frequent in the late Abashevo period, and it was in this turbulent environment in which the Sintashta culture emerged.Шаблон:Sfn

Linguistics

David Anthony assumes that the Abashevo people spoke Pre-Indo-Iranian or Proto-Indo-Iranian, since it is a possible source of Indo-Iranian loanwords in Uralic.Шаблон:Sfn The Aryan characteristic of the Abashevo language is also evidenced in its loanwords in Finnic and Saami.

It probably witnessed a bilingual population undergo a process of assimilation.Шаблон:Sfn

Physical type

Physical remains of the Abashevo people has revealed that they were Caucasoids/Europoids with dolichocephalic skulls. Abashevo skulls are very similar to those of the preceding Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture, and the succeeding Sintashta culture, Andronovo culture and Srubnaya culture, while differing from those of the Yamnaya culture, Poltavka culture, Catacomb culture and Potapovka culture, which although being of a similar robust Europoid type, are less dolichocephalic. The physical type of Abashevo, Sintashta, Andronovo and Srubnaya is later observed among the Scythians.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn

Successors

The Abashevo culture is closely associated with the Sintashta culture, and must have played a role in its origin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Sintashta culture however differs from the Abashevo culture through having fortified settlements, conducting large-scale animal sacrifices, and in its metal types and ornaments.Шаблон:Sfn

Continuity between the Abashevo culture and the later Srubnaya culture have been pointed out.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Along with the Potapovka culture,Шаблон:Sfn the Abashevo culture is considered an ancestor of the Srubnaya culture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Potapovka culture itself emerged from the Poltavka culture with influences from the Abashevo culture.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

• Bronze Age Europe

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

Further reading

• Borzunov, Viktor А.; Stefanov, Vladimir I.; Beltikova, Galina V.; Kuzminykh, Sergey V. "Serny klyuch as a site of Abashevo “expedition” to the mountain forest zone of the Middle Urals". In: Rossiiskaia arkheologiia 1 (2020): 117-131. Шаблон:Doi
• Makeev, Alexander et al. "Soils at archaeological monuments of the Bronze Age – A key to the Holocene landscape dynamics in the broadleaf forest area of the Russian Plain". In: Quaternary International Volume 590, 20 July 2021. pp. 26-47. Шаблон:Doi
• Шаблон:Cite journal