Английская Википедия:City walls of Athens
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The city of Athens, capital of modern Greece, has had different sets of city walls from the Bronze Age to the early 19th century. The city walls of Athens include:
- the Mycenaean Cyclopean fortifications of the Acropolis of Athens
- the Pelasgic wall at the foot of the Acropolis
- the so-called "Archaic Wall", whose existence and course are debated by scholars[1]
- the Themistoclean Wall, built in 479 BC, the main city wall during Antiquity, restored and rebuilt several times (under Conon, Demosthenes, Demetrios Poliorketes, etc.)
- the Long Walls, built in the 460s and 440s BC, connecting Athens with its ports at Piraeus and Phaleron
- the Protocheisma, a second wall built in front of the Themistoclean Wall in 338 BC as an extra defence against the Macedonians
- the Diateichisma, built in the 280s BC as a second line of defence against Macedonian-held Piraeus
- the Valerian Wall, built in Шаблон:Circa, partly along the lines of older walls, partly as a new fortification, to protect the city against barbarian attacks
- the Herulian (or Post-Herulian)[2] Wall, a much smaller circuit built in Шаблон:Circa, enclosing the centre of the ancient city following its sack by the Heruli in 267 AD
- the Rizokastro, built in the 13th century around the Acropolis[3]
- the Wall of Haseki, constructed in 1778 by the Ottoman governor of Athens, Hadji Ali Haseki
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ For arguments for and against, cf. Шаблон:Harvnb and Шаблон:Harvnb respectively
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ E. Makri, K. Tsakos, A. Vavilopoulou-Charitonidou, Rizokastro. The Preserved Remains: New Observations and Re-dating, in Δελτίον τῆς Χριστιανικῆς Αρχαιολογικῆς Εταιρείας 14, 1989, p.362