Английская Википедия:Deschutes National Forest
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox protected area
The Deschutes National Forest is a United States national forest (NF) located in Central Oregon, in parts of Deschutes, Klamath, Lake, and Jefferson counties. It was established in 1908, with border changes following in 1911 and 1915. The forest now encompasses almost Шаблон:Convert along the east side of the Cascade Range. The forest is bordered to the south by the Fremont–Winema NF, to the southwest by the Umpqua NF, and to the west by the Willamette NF.
The Deschutes NF hosts official preservation areas, various biology, and recreational activities.
History
The Deschutes National Forest was established in 1908 from parts of the Blue Mountains, Cascade, and Fremont national forests (NFs).[1] In 1911, parts of the Deschutes were split off to form the Ochoco and Paulina NFs, with parts of the Cascade and Oregon NFs being added to the Deschutes; in 1915, the Paulina NF was absorbed back into the Deschutes.[2]
Between 1964–1966, NASA used the park's Newberry Volcano as a training location for Apollo astronauts.[3] In 1990, the area around the volcano was designated as a national monument.[4]
Official areas
The forest covers a total of Шаблон:Convert.[5] Its headquarters are located in Bend, Oregon. There are local ranger district offices in Bend, Crescent, and Sisters. In addition to the Newberry National Volcanic Monument, the park overlays six National Wild and Scenic Rivers, the Metolius Preserve,[6] and the Oregon Cascade Recreation Area.
There are five wilderness areas officially designated by the National Wilderness Preservation System which overlap the forest and are shared administratively with neighboring NFs.
- Mount Jefferson Wilderness (north; partly in Mount Hood NF, mostly in Willamette NF)
- Mount Washington Wilderness (northwest; mostly in Willamette NF)
- Three Sisters Wilderness (west; mostly in Willamette NF)
- Diamond Peak Wilderness (southwest; partly in Willamette NF)
- Mount Thielsen Wilderness (south; 40.36% in Umpqua NF and 47% in Winema NF)[7]
Geology
About 7,700 years ago, the eruption of Mount Mazama (forming Crater Lake, south of the forest) covered the existing soil with about Шаблон:Convert of volcanic ash and pumice, forming a topsoil fairly inhospitable to plants, though with the underlying soil still being accessible to roots.[8]
The forest contains over 400 caves.[9] The Newberry volcano area contains cinder cones, lava flows, and lava tubes.
The highest point in the park is Paulina Peak, located south of Paulina Lake within the Newberry National Volcanic Monument.[2]
Ecology
A 1993 U.S. Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was Шаблон:Convert,[10] about 21.7% of the park's total area.[5] The endangered whitebark pine can be found in the park.[11] It also includes at least Шаблон:Convert of fen wetland.[12]
The forest contains matsutake mushrooms. In 2010, in partnership with Oregon State University, the area hosted a first-of-its-kind genetic analysis of soil to locate the fungi.[13] Permits are sold for collecting mushrooms, with commercial picking prohibited in most official areas. Matsutake can be collected for a two-month season beginning on September 5. Other fungi share a permit system with the Fremont–Winema, Umpqua, and Willamette national forests.[14]
Animals found in the forest include elk, deer, and frogs.[11] The forest's caves provides habitat to around 14 species of bats, which consume millions of insects and are often affected by the continent's white-nose syndrome.[9]
Activities
Recreational activities in the forest include boating, fishing, wildlife watching, and hiking, as well as mountain biking (with an extensive trail system).[15] Hiking and skiing can be done on Mount Bachelor, a stratovolcano in the Cascade Range.
See also
References
External links
- The National Forest Foundation's Conservation Plan for the Deschutes National Forest
- Deschutes National Forest from the U.S. Forest Service
Шаблон:Protected Areas of Oregon Шаблон:National Forests of the United States Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 "About the Forest" from the United States Forest Service.
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Newberry National Volcanic Monument, Oregon, Act, PL 101–522, November 5, 1990, 104 Stat 2288.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокareaне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Mount Thielsen Wilderness acreage breakdown Шаблон:Webarchive, Wilderness.net
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Recreation from the U.S. Forest Service.
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