Английская Википедия:Distinguished Service Order

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox order The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, as well as formerly of other parts of the Commonwealth, awarded for operational gallantry for highly successful command and leadership during active operations, typically in actual combat. Since 1993 it has been awarded specifically for "highly successful command and leadership during active operations", with all ranks being eligible.[1]

History

Файл:Distinguished Service Order, ribbon bar.png
Ribbon bar for 2nd award
Файл:DSO1.jpg
Major Marie-Edmond Paul Garneau, of the Royal 22e Régiment, with the DSO he received for "gallant and distinguished services in the combined attack on Dieppe" after his investiture at Buckingham Palace in October 1942[2]

Instituted on 6 September 1886 by Queen Victoria in a royal warrant published in The London Gazette on 9 November,[3] the first DSOs awarded were dated 25 November 1886.[4]

The order was established to reward individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war. It was a military order, until recently for officers only and typically awarded to officers ranked major (or equivalent) or higher, with awards to ranks below this usually for a high degree of gallantry, just short of deserving the Victoria Cross.[5]

Whilst normally given for service under fire or under conditions equivalent to service in actual combat with the enemy, a number of awards made between 1914 and 1916 were under circumstances not under fire, often to staff officers, causing resentment among front-line officers. After 1 January 1917, commanders in the field were instructed to recommend this award only for those serving under fire.Шаблон:Sfn

From 1916, ribbon bars could be authorised for subsequent awards of the DSO, worn on the ribbon of the original award.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1942, the award was extended to officers of the Merchant Navy who had performed acts of gallantry whilst under enemy attack.[6] A requirement that the order could be given only to someone mentioned in despatches was removed in 1943.Шаблон:Sfn

Modern era

Since 1993, reflecting the review of the British honours system which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of operational awards, the DSO has been open to all ranks, with the award criteria redefined as "highly successful command and leadership during active operations".[1] At the same time, the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross was introduced as the second-highest award for gallantry.[7] Despite some very fierce campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, the DSO has yet to be awarded to a non-commissioned rank.Шаблон:Citation needed

The DSO had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by the 1990s most, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, were establishing their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours.[8]

Nomenclature

Recipients of the order are officially known as Companions of the Distinguished Service Order, and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "DSO". All awards are announced in The London Gazette.Шаблон:Sfn

Description

  • The medal signifying the award of the DSO is a silver-gilt (gold until 1889) cross with curved ends, Шаблон:Convert wide, enamelled white and edged in gilt.[9] It is manufactured by Messrs Garrard & Co, the Crown Jewellers.Шаблон:Sfn
  • In the centre of the obverse, within a green enamelled laurel wreath, is the imperial crown in gold upon a red enamelled background. The reverse has the royal cypher of the reigning monarch in gold within a similar wreath and background.Шаблон:Sfn
  • A ring at the top of the medal attaches to a ring at the bottom of a gilt suspension bar, ornamented with laurel. Since 1938 the year of award engraved on the back of the suspension bar.Шаблон:Sfn At the top of the ribbon is a second gilt bar ornamented with laurel.[5]
  • The medals are issued unnamed but some recipients have had their names engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar.[5]
  • The red ribbon is Шаблон:Convert wide with narrow blue edges.[7]
  • The bar for an additional award is plain gold with an Imperial Crown in the centre. Since about 1938, the year of the award has been engraved on the back of the bar.Шаблон:Sfn A rosette is worn on the ribbon in undress uniform to signify the award of each bar.[10]

Recipients

Numbers awarded

From 1918 to 2017 the insignia of the Distinguished Service Order has been awarded approximately 16,935 times, in addition to 1,910 bars. The figures to 1979 are laid out in the table below,Шаблон:Sfn the dates reflecting the relevant entries in the London Gazette:

Period Crosses 1st bar 2nd bar 3rd bar
Pre World War I 1886–1913 1,732 – – –
World War I 1914–1919 9,881 768 76 7
Inter–War 1919–1939 148 16 – –
World War II 1939–1946 4,880 947 59 8
Post–War 1947–1979 204 20 5 1
Total 1886–1979 16,845 1,751 140 16

In addition, between 1980 and 2017 approximately 90 DSOs have been earned, including awards for the Falklands and the wars in the Gulf, Iraq and Afghanistan, in addition to three second-award bars.[11]

The above figures include awards to the Commonwealth. In all, 1,220 DSOs have gone to Canadians, plus 119 first bars and 20 second bars.[5] From 1901 to 1972, when the last Australian to receive the DSO was announced, 1,018 awards were made to Australians, plus 70 first bars and one second bar.[12] The DSO was awarded to over 300 New Zealanders during the two World Wars.[6]

Honorary awards to members of allied foreign forces include at least 1,329 for World War I,Шаблон:Sfn with further awards for World War II.Шаблон:Citation needed

Notable recipients

Шаблон:See also Шаблон:More citations needed

The following received the DSO and three bars (i.e., were awarded the DSO four times):

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Decorations of the United Kingdom Шаблон:Former Australian Honours Шаблон:South African military decorations and medals

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  3. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  4. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Veterans Affairs Canada – Distinguished Service Order (Retrieved 8 December 2018)
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Yearbook не указан текст
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Post 1979 DSOs include 19 for the Falklands (London Gazette Supplement, 8 October 1982); 1 for Sierra Leone (London Gazette Supplement, 30 September 2003); 8 for Gulf War (London Gazette Supplement, 29 June 1991 Late award: 21 November 1994); 18 bars for Iraq and 43+3 second award bar for Afghanistan, plus awards for smaller conflicts.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:London Gazette
  14. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  15. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  16. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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