Английская Википедия:Erivan Province (Safavid Iran)

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Шаблон:Infobox country The Erivan ProvinceШаблон:Efn (Шаблон:Lang-fa), also known as Chokhur-e Sa'dШаблон:Efn (Шаблон:Lang-fa), was a province of Safavid Iran, centered on the territory of the present-day Armenia. Erivan (Yerevan) was the provincial capital and the seat of the Safavid governors.Шаблон:Sfn

At the end of the Safavid period, it had the following administrative jurisdictions; Bayazid, Maghazberd (now near Üçbölük village of Arpaçay district), Maku, Nakhchivan, Sadarak, Shadidlu, Zaruzbil, and the tribal district of the Donbolis.Шаблон:Sfn

The provinces of Erivan and Karabakh were the two administrative territories that made up Iranian Armenia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

History

Файл:Persarmenia XVIII century.webp
Erivan, Armenia Persica XVIII century

The alternate name of the province, Chokhur-e Sa'd, had been in use since the fourteenth century.Шаблон:Sfn The name is derived from a certain Amir Sa'd, the leader of the Turkic Sa'dlu tribe, who had accompanied Timur from Central Asia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Sa'dlu's had become prominent under their leader, Amir Sa'd, and settled in the Erivan area, where Amir Sa'd became the governor of the area.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Chokhur-e Sa'd literally means "Vale of Sa'd".Шаблон:Sfn

Historic Armenia, which included the territory of the Erivan Province, made part of Safavid Iran from its earliest days.Шаблон:Sfn In 1502, the first governor of the Erivan Province was appointed by then incumbent King (Shah) Ismail I (Шаблон:Reign1501–1524), and royal Safavid edicts make mention of the province as early as 1505 and 1506.Шаблон:Sfn As a result of the Peace of Amasya of 1555, the Safavids, then under King Tahmasp I (Шаблон:Reign1524–1576) were forced to cede the western part of historic Armenia to the expanding Ottoman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1578, the Ottomans invaded Iran, and by 1583 they were in possession of the Erivan province.Шаблон:Sfn In 1604, Safavid King Abbas I (Шаблон:Reign1588–1629) expelled them and re-established the Safavid sway.Шаблон:Sfn

Around the same time, realizing the vulnerability of the province, King Abbas I ordered for the mass deportation and relocation of the Armenians from his Armenian territories (which thus included the Erivan Province), deeper into mainland Iran.

Файл:Coin of Shah Suleiman I, minted in Nakhchivan (Nakhjavan).jpg
Silver coin of Shah Suleiman I (Шаблон:Reign1666–1694), struck at the Nakhchivan mint, dated 1684/5

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, some 19,000 converted Catholic Armenians were living in three towns and twelve villages in the Nakhchivan, Ernjak and Jahuk regions, and had ten Catholic churches to serve them.Шаблон:Sfn When the Safavid government started to decline, in the second half of the 17th century, during the reign of King Suleiman I (1666–1694), the situation of the Catholic Armenians of Nakhchivan deteriorated.Шаблон:Sfn As a result of the increasing religious intolerance and misrule by governmental officials, the majority of the Armenian Catholics of Nakchivan had to convert to Islam.Шаблон:Sfn The remaining minority either returned to the Armenian Apostolic Church, or migrated to Smyrna, Constantinople, Bursa and other towns in the Ottoman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1639, the Safavids and the Ottomans concluded the Treaty of Zuhab. Eastern Armenia was reconfirmed as being an Iranian domain, whereas Western Armenia was irrevocably lost to the Ottomans. The ensuing period following 1639 was marked by peace and prosperity in the province. At the end of the seventeenth century, the Erivan Province had become a centre of Catholic missionary activities in the empire.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1679, the province was the epicenter of an earthquake, which resulted in the destruction and damaging of numerous notable structures.

Файл:Coin of Shah Sultan Husayn, minted in Erivan.jpg
Silver coin of Shah Soltan Hoseyn (Шаблон:Reign1694–1722), struck at the Erivan mint, dated 1711/2

In 1714, the mayor (kalantar) of the provincial capital, Mohammad Reza Beg, was appointed as the new ambassador to France, and led the embassy to Louis XIV of 1715.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1724, the Ottomans and the Russians invaded the crumbling empire. By the Treaty of Constantinople (1724), they agreed to divide the conquered territories between them. Per the treaty, the Ottomans gained the territory of the Erivan Province.Шаблон:Sfn

By 1735, Nader-Qoli Beg (later known as Nader Shah) had restored the Safavid sway over the Caucasus, including the Erivan Province. In 1736, he deposed the Safavids and became king himself, establishing Afsharid Iran.

Mint

The provincial capital, Erivan, housed an important Safavid mint. As much of Iran's gold and silver was imported from the Ottoman Empire, the mints near the border such as Erivan, Tabriz and Tiflis (Tbilisi) played an important role in converting foreign specie into Iranian coins.Шаблон:Sfn In the 1660s and 1670s, the office of mint master (zarrab-bashi) of Erivan was held by a series of local Armenians.Шаблон:Sfn The mint master of Nakhchivan in 1691 was also an Armenian.Шаблон:Sfn

Stationed Safavid force

The Erivan Province was of high importance to the Safavids, partly due to the fact that it bordered the Ottoman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn The French missionary and traveller Père Sanson, who was in Iran during the latter part of King Suleiman I's reign (1666–1694), wrote that some 12,000 Safavid troops were stationed in the Erivan Province.Шаблон:Sfn

Religious and ethnic affiliation

Muslims constituted majorities in the province, whereas ethnic Armenians were a minority.Шаблон:Sfn Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in Eastern Armenia.Шаблон:Sfn At the close of the fourteenth century, after Timur's campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia.Шаблон:Sfn

List of governors

Date Governor
1502–? Qaracheh-Elyas Beybordlu
1509–? Amir Beg Mowsellu Torkman
1514–? Hamzeh Beg, son of Hoseyn Beg Laleh Ustajlu
1516–1527 Div Sultan Rumlu
1527 Soleyman Beg Rumlu
1549–1550 Hoseyn Khan Soltan Rumlu
1551–1568 Shahqoli Soltan Ustajlu, son of Hamzeh Soltan Qazaq
1568–1575 Tokhmaq Khan Ustajlu
1575–1576 Abu Torab Soltan
1576–1577 Khalil Khan Afshar
1578–1583 Tokhmaq Khan Ustajlu
1583–1604 Ottoman occupation
1604–1625 Amir Guneh Khan Aghcheh-Qoyunlu Qajar (aka Saru Aslan)
1625–1635 Tahmasp Ali Khan Aghcheh-Qoyunlu Qajar (aka Shir-bacheh)
1635–1636 Ottoman occupation
1636–1639 Kalb Ali Khan Afshar
1639–1648 Mohammadqoli [Beg] Khan Chaghatay
(aka Chaghatay Kotuk Mohammad Khan)
1648–1653 Kaykhosrow Khan Cherkes
1654–1656 Mohammadqoli Khan
1656–1663 Najafqoli Khan Cherkes
1663–1666 Abbasqoli Khan Qajar (son of Amir Guneh Khan)
1666–1674 Safi Khan Lezgi
1674 Saru Khan Beg (interim governor)
1674–1679 Safiqoli Khan
1679–1688 Zal Khan
1690–1693 Mohammadqoli Khan
1693 Farz Ali Khan
1695–1698 Allahqoli Khan
1700 Farz Ali Khan
1704 Mohammad Khan
1705 Abd ol-Masud Khan
?–1716 Mohammad-Ali Khan
1716–? Unnamed son of the predecessor
1719–1723 Mehr-Ali Khan
1723 Mahmadqoli Khan
1724–1735 Ottoman occupation
1735–1736 Safavid hegemony restored by Nader-Qoli Beg (later known as Nader Shah)

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Commonscategory

Шаблон:Safavid Provinces

Шаблон:Coord missing

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