Английская Википедия:Friends meeting house

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple image A Friends meeting house is a meeting house of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), where meeting for worship is usually held.

Typically, Friends meeting houses are simple and resemble local residential buildings. Steeples, spires, and ornamentation are usually avoided.Шаблон:Cn

When Quakers speak of a "church," it generally refers to the persons of the worshipping community, rather than the building itself.Шаблон:Cn

History

Generally, Quakers believe that meeting for worship can occur in any place - not just in a designated meeting house.[1][2] Quakers have quoted Шаблон:Bibleverse to support this: "Where two or three meet together in my name, there [is God] in the midst of them."[3][4] Therefore, theoretically, meeting for worship may be held anywhere.

Before the advent of meeting houses, Quakers met for worship outdoors, in homes, or in local buildings.Шаблон:Cn

In the late 17th century, Welsh Quaker Richard Davies (1635-1708) described his experience meeting Friends outdoors:

I went to visit [four] young men, my former companions in profession of religion. Two of them were convinced [Quakers]...we agreed to meet together; but none of us had a house of his own to meet in. We determined therefore to meet on a hill in a common, as near as we could for the convenience of each other, we living some miles apart. There we met in silence, to the wonder of the country. When the rain and the weather beat upon us on one side of the hill, we went to the other side. We were not free to go into any neighbours' enclosures, for they were so blind, dark, and ignorant, that they looked upon us as witches, and would go away from us, some crossing themselves with their hands about their foreheads and faces.[4]

In 1662, John Bowne was arrested by Peter Stuyvesant for holding Quaker worship at his 1661 house in Flushing, Queens, then part of New Netherland.[5][6] Bowne was deported to Holland and placed before a panel from the Dutch West India Company.[6] After claiming that the Dutch colony had reached a religious-freedom agreement with his community, Bowne was set free.[6] Two years later in 1664, the British took control of New Amsterdam and promised more religious freedom for colonists.[6]

Perhaps due to the growth of the Religious Society of Friends, or due to discrimination, there arose a need for buildings to house meetings.Шаблон:Citation needed

In 1670, Friends in England built the first worship-purposed meeting house.[7] The Hertford Meeting House is located in 48 Railway Street, Hertford, East Hertfordshire.[8] This is the oldest Quaker building in the world, still in use for worship meetings.[9] It was thrice visited by Quaker founder George Fox.[7]

In December 1672, while traveling in Wales, Fox stated that his group "had a large meeting in the justice's barn, for [the justice's] house could not hold the company."[10] This shows that holding meeting for worship at home was common in areas where a meeting house was not available.

In 1682, the Third Haven Meeting House in Talbot County, Maryland was built. This is considered the oldest surviving Friends meeting house in America.[11]

Some Friends meeting houses were adapted from existing structures, but most were purpose-built. The 1675 Brigflatts Meeting House in Cumbria, England is an example of the latter. The hallmark of a meeting house is extreme simplicity and the absence of any liturgical symbols. More specifically, though, the defining characteristics of the Quaker meetinghouse are simplicity, equality, community, and peace. Though never explicitly written or spoken about, these tenets (or "Testimonies") of Quakerism were the basic, and only, guidelines for building a meetinghouse, as was seen through the continuity of the use of Testimonies within meetinghouse design. While meetinghouse design evolved over time to a standardization of the double-cell structure without explicit guidelines for building, the meeting house's reflective architecture revealed a deeper meaning. The meeting house design manifested and enhanced Quaker Testimonies and the cultivation of the Inner Light that was essential to Friends. Quakers easily moved from one place of meeting to another, but when given the opportunity to design and construct their own place of meeting, Friends infused their Testimonies in the planning, design, and construction of the building.Шаблон:Citation needed

Файл:Colora Meeting House CecilCo MD interior.JPG
Interior of the Colora Meetinghouse in Maryland, showing the facing benches and the moveable divider typical of 18th and 19th century meetinghouses in the area

Description

Quaker meeting houses generally lack spires, steeples, and other architectural decorations to embrace simplicity. Colonial American Quakers built meeting houses that resembled residential homes to display the building's role in the community, avoiding "churchly" ornamentation.[12]

While imprisoned for his beliefs in 1665, Quaker founder George Fox had a conversation wherein he explained "church" terminology and derided steeples:

Шаблон:Dialogue[13]

The meeting house/church distinction is shared by a number of other non-conformist Christian denominations, including Unitarians, Christadelphians, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and Mennonites.Шаблон:Citation needed

Meeting Houses built in a traditional style usually had two meeting rooms: one for the main meeting for worship, and another where the women's business meeting may be held (often referred to as the women's meeting room). Meeting houses of this style usually have a minister's gallery at one end of the meeting room, where traditionally those traveling in the ministry would have sat, with an elders bench immediately in front of this. Wooden benches facing this occupy the rest of the room, often with a gallery for extra seating. Meeting houses of this style usually have high windows so that worshippers sitting in meeting for worship cannot see outside.Шаблон:Citation needed

Meeting houses built in a more modern design will usually consist of: a large meeting room, smaller rooms for committees, children's classes, etc., a kitchen and toilets.Шаблон:Citation needed

The meeting room itself is a place for Friends to withdraw from the world. The windows are set sufficiently high that worshippers will not be distracted by the activities of the world's people outside, or in some cases they provide a view into the meeting house garden. The seating was originally long, hard and wooden. Today it is usually separate chairs but the layout remains the same – a square or rectangle facing inwards to a central table.Шаблон:Citation needed

Examples

Шаблон:Main

Файл:SydneyFriendsMeetinghouse-1.jpg
Sydney Friends meeting house
Файл:30111CongéniesMeetingHouse Door.JPG
The Quaker Meeting House in Congénies, France

Australia

France

Ireland

United States

Шаблон:Div col

United Kingdom

See also the list of Friends Meeting Houses in England

Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Div col end

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Alexander, William. Observations on the Construction and Fitting Up of Meeting Houses &c for Public Worship: Illustrated by Plans, Sections and Description, Including One Lately Erected in the City of York, Embracing in Particular the Method of Warming and Ventilating. York, England: the author, 1820.
  • Butler, David, The Quaker Meeting Houses of Britain, Friends Historical Society, 1999. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Lippincott, Horace Mather. Abington Friends Meeting and School: 1682–1949. n.p.: n.p., 1949.
  • Шаблон:AnchorRose, Harold Wickliffe. The Colonial Houses of Worship in America. New York: Hastings House, Publishers, 1963.

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Religious Society of Friends Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:NHLE
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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