Английская Википедия:H-class battleship proposals
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
The H class was a series of battleship designs for Nazi Germany's Шаблон:Lang, which were intended to fulfill the requirements of Plan Z in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The first variation, "H-39", called for six ships to be built, essentially as enlarged Шаблон:Sclasss with Шаблон:Cvt guns and diesel propulsion. The "H-41" design improved the "H-39" ship with still larger main guns, eight Шаблон:Cvt weapons, and reinforced deck armor. The Construction Office of the Шаблон:Lang (OKM) concluded their work with the "H-41" design, and were not involved in subsequent plans. Two of them, "H-42" and "H-43", increased the main battery yet again, with Шаблон:Cvt pieces, and the enormous "H-44" design ultimately resulted with Шаблон:Cvt guns. The ships ranged in size from the "H-39", which was Шаблон:Convert long on a displacement of Шаблон:Convert, to the "H-44", at Шаблон:Convert on a displacement of Шаблон:Convert. Most of the designs had a proposed top speed in excess of Шаблон:Convert.
Due to the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, none of the ships were ever completed; only the first two of the "H-39" ships were laid down. What work that had been accomplished was halted; the assembled steel remained on the slipway until November 1941, when the OKM ordered it be sent for scrap and used for other purposes. Contracts for the other four "H-39" type ships had been awarded, but no work was begun on any of them before they were canceled. None of the subsequent designs progressed further than planning stages.
Initial design
The earliest design studies for "Шаблон:Lang H" ("Battleship H") date to 1935, and were near repeats of the early designs for the Шаблон:Sclass ships, armed with Шаблон:Convert guns. Intelligence indicating that the Soviet Navy was planning the Шаблон:Sclass with Шаблон:Convert guns prompted the Germans to increase the caliber of the ship's armament to 38 cm as well on 5 October 1936.Шаблон:Efn The Шаблон:Lang (OKM) issued staff requirements at the end of October for a ship of Шаблон:Convert armed with eight 38 cm guns with a speed of Шаблон:Convert. The ship's radius of action was to be at least equal that of the Шаблон:Sclasss.Шаблон:Sfn
Design work on the ship that came to be designated H-39 began in 1937.Шаблон:Sfn The design staff was instructed to improve upon the design for the preceding Шаблон:Lang class; one of the requirements was a larger-caliber main battery to match any battleship built by a potential adversary. After Japan refused to ratify the Second London Naval Treaty in April 1936, an escalator clause went into effect that permitted signatories to arm battleships with guns of up to Шаблон:Cvt caliber, something the United States Navy announced it would do with its planned Шаблон:Sclasss.Шаблон:Sfn By virtue of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, signed in 1935, Germany was considered to be a party to the other international naval arms limitation treaties.Шаблон:Sfn
Admiral Werner Fuchs, responsible for the staff section in the OKM that determined the operating requirements for the ship, discussed the vessel's design with Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany. Hitler demanded guns larger than any possible adversary, but guns of the caliber demanded by Hitler would have required displacements of over Шаблон:Convert and drafts so deep as to prevent the use of Germany's ports without significant dredging. Fuchs eventually convinced Hitler that the 40.6 cm gun was the optimal choice for the H-39 design.Шаблон:Sfn In 1938, the OKM developed Plan Z, the projected construction program for the German navy. A force of six H-39 class battleships was the centerpiece of the fleet.Шаблон:Sfn Plan Z was finalized by January 1939, when Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander of the Шаблон:Lang, presented it to Hitler. He approved the plan on 18 January and granted the Шаблон:Lang unlimited power to bring the construction program to fruition.Шаблон:Sfn
Only four shipyards in Germany had slipways large enough to build the six new battleships.Шаблон:Sfn The OKM issued orders for construction of the first two ships, "H" and "J", on 14 April 1939. The contracts for the other four ships, "K", "L", "M", and "N", followed on 25 May.Шаблон:Sfn The keels for the first two ships were laid at the Blohm & Voss dockyard in Hamburg and the Шаблон:Lang shipyard in Bremen on 15 July and 1 September 1939, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn The outbreak of war in September 1939 interrupted the construction of the ships. Work on the first two was suspended and the other four were not laid down, as it was believed they would not be finished before the war was over.Шаблон:Sfn The keel for "H" had Шаблон:Convert of steel installed, Шаблон:Convert of steel had been machined, out of Шаблон:Convert of steel supplied to Blohm & Voss by that point.Шаблон:Sfn Only Шаблон:Convert of steel had been worked into the keel for "J", out of Шаблон:Convert of steel delivered.Шаблон:Sfn Steel for the other four ships had been ordered and partially machined for installation, though no assembly work had begun.Шаблон:Sfn It was expected to resume work on the ships after a German victory in the war.Шаблон:Sfn
The ships neither received names nor were official name proposals published. The names, which appear in several publications (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) are pure speculation. Especially the often mentioned Шаблон:Lang (Greater Germany) is highly unlikely, as Hitler always feared the loss of a vessel with the name of Germany (this showed with the renaming of Шаблон:Ship to Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn The only hint on the names of the units were given by Hitler himself, who mentioned during documented unofficial talks, that he would propose the names Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang for the ships, as these names are not connected with persons of the Third Reich or the country itself, so the loss would not have a significant negative psychological and propaganda effect on the German people.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
H-39 specifications
Characteristics and machinery
As finalized, the H-39 design called for a ship Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline and Шаблон:Convert long overall. The beam was to have been Шаблон:Convert with a designed draft of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert displacement. At standard displacement, which was Шаблон:Convert, the draft was slightly under the design value, at Шаблон:Convert. With the ship fully loaded, at Шаблон:Convert, draft rose significantly, to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The hull was constructed from transverse and longitudinal steel frames and featured over 90 percent welding. The hull contained twenty-one large watertight compartments and a double bottom that extended for 89 percent of the length of the keel. Four bilge keels were fitted to improve stability.Шаблон:Sfn The ships had an estimated complement of 2,600 officers and enlisted men.Шаблон:Sfn
The ships were to be powered by twelve MAN 9-cylinder double acting 2-stroke diesel engines. The engines were arranged in groups of four, on three shafts, and drove three-bladed screws Шаблон:Convert in diameter. Four auxiliary boilers were installed to provide backup power; two were oil-fired and were located between the central transmission rooms. The other two, a pair of exhaust gas boilers, were placed above them.Шаблон:Sfn The power-plant was rated at Шаблон:Convert and 256 rpm; it provided a top speed of Шаблон:Convert as designed. The vessels could have carried up to Шаблон:Convert of diesel oil, which enabled a range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert, or Шаблон:Convert at a cruising speed of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The design had one main rudder along the keel behind the center shaft and two smaller wing rudders. Electrical power was to be provided by eight 920 kW DC diesel generators at 230 volts and four 460 kW AC diesel generators at 110 volts for a total of 9,200 kW.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Armament
The main armament was to consist of eight 40.6 cm SK C/34 guns in four twin gun turrets.Шаблон:Sfn The 40.6 cm (16 in) gun was 52 calibers long and fired at a muzzle velocity of 810 meters per second (2,657 ft/s).Шаблон:Sfn The guns were supplied with a total of 960 rounds of ammunition or 120 shells per gun;Шаблон:Sfn each shell weighed Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The guns used a sliding breech block, as was typical for German naval guns of the period; the breech was fully sealed with a Шаблон:Convert brass cartridge that contained the Шаблон:Convert main propellant charge. A bagged fore charge weighing Шаблон:Convert supplemented the main charge. The turrets allowed for elevation to 30 degrees, which provided a maximum range of approximately Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Rate of fire was expected to be two rounds per minute per gun.Шаблон:Sfn Fire control radar was unspecified, but the ships, which were to have been completed by 1944, presumably would have been equipped with an arrangement similar to that of Шаблон:Ship as she was outfitted in 1943–44.Шаблон:Sfn Several of the 40.6 cm guns were constructed before work on the ships was halted; these were later employed as coastal guns, including at Battery Lindemann near Sangatte in France.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
Twelve Шаблон:Convert L/55 C28 guns mounted in six twin turrets comprised the ships' secondary battery.Шаблон:Sfn These were the same secondaries employed on the Шаблон:Sclass and Шаблон:Lang classes.Шаблон:Sfn The turrets allowed 40 degrees of elevation and had a maximum range of Шаблон:Convert. They fired a Шаблон:Convert shell at a muzzle velocity of 875 m/s (2,871 ft/s),Шаблон:Sfn and were primarily intended for defense against surface threats.Шаблон:Sfn The ships were also to be armed with six Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes, all submerged.Шаблон:Sfn They were all mounted in the bow, diverging from the centerline by 10 degrees.Шаблон:Sfn
Sixteen dual-mounted [[10.5 cm FlaK 38|Шаблон:Convert L/65 C33 Flak guns]] provided long-range defense against aircraft.Шаблон:Sfn Unlike those mounted on the Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang classes, these guns were armored to protect their crews from shrapnel, debris, and strafing attacks. The new turrets also provided faster rates of training and elevation as compared to the earlier open mounts.Шаблон:Sfn Close-range air defense was provided by a battery of sixteen Шаблон:Convert L/83 C33 and twenty-four Шаблон:Convert C38 guns. The 3.7 cm guns were placed in eight twin mounts while the 2 cm guns were arrayed in six Шаблон:Lang quadruple mountings.Шаблон:Sfn The 3.7 cm guns were closely grouped amidships and had a single, common ammunition hoist. Historians William Dulin and Robert Garzke note that the anti-aircraft battery as designed was too weak to effectively defend against the high-performance aircraft that came into service in the late 1930s and 1940s, and speculate that "it would have been augmented before the ships were completed."Шаблон:Sfn
Armor
The design team envisioned the H-class ships fighting at relatively close range, and therefore selected the armor system that had been used by German battleship constructors since the Шаблон:Sclass of 1907. The side belt was vertical and was attached directly to the side of the hull, in contrast with the inclined armor belt placed inboard of the side wall used by American and French designers.Шаблон:Sfn The side belt, which consisted of Krupp cemented steel armor (KCA), was Шаблон:Convert thick in the central section that covered the ammunition magazines and machinery spaces. The belt was reduced to Шаблон:Convert on either end of the main section; the stern and bow were unprotected by the main belt.Шаблон:Sfn The upper side belt was Шаблон:Convert thick. The German navy did not preserve official estimates for the immunity zone, though Garzke and Dulin created an estimate based on the performance of the US [[16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun|Шаблон:Convert/45 caliber]] gun firing a Шаблон:Convert shell. The ships' main armor would have rendered them proof against the 16 in shell at ranges between Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The 16 in shell could penetrate the upper side belt at any range, however, which left the ships exposed above the waterline.Шаблон:Sfn
The underwater protection system was broadly similar to the system employed on the Шаблон:Lang class.Шаблон:Sfn A Шаблон:Convert thick torpedo bulkhead composed of Шаблон:Lang steel backed the side armor and provided defense against underwater weapons.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The bulkhead was placed Шаблон:Convert from the side of the hull, though abreast of the turrets and further in the bow and stern, this distance could not be maintained. The distance between the bulkhead and the side of the ship was reduced to Шаблон:Convert in these areas; the designers compensated for the reduced space by increasing the thickness of the bulkhead to Шаблон:Convert in these areas.Шаблон:Sfn
Two armored decks composed of Шаблон:Lang steel protected the ships from plunging fire and aerial weapons.Шаблон:Sfn The upper deck was Шаблон:Convert thick above the magazines and Шаблон:Cvt over the machinery spaces. The main armored deck was Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert thick, respectively, though on the outboard sloped sections, thickness was increased to augment the protection over the ships' vitals. Over the magazines, the sloped armor was Шаблон:Convert thick; over the machinery spaces it was 120 mm thick.Шаблон:Sfn Concerned with the fate of the battlecruiser Шаблон:SMS at the Battle of Jutland,Шаблон:Efn the designers opted to provide relatively heavy bow armor for the H-class ships.Шаблон:Sfn A Шаблон:Convert thick splinter belt protected the bow from shell fragments. It was reasoned that direct shell hits would cause localized damage that could be better isolated than damage from splinters, which could cause extensive flooding.Шаблон:Sfn
The main battery gun turrets were armored with Шаблон:Convert thick faces, Шаблон:Convert thick sides, and Шаблон:Convert roofs.Шаблон:Sfn The rear side of the turret was Шаблон:Convert thick; in addition to the protection offered by the greater thickness, it also moved the center of gravity of the mounting to the rear, which helped balance the turret and improve its operation. The barbettes upon which the turrets sat were armored with Шаблон:Convert face-hardened steel above the upper armor deck and Шаблон:Convert non-cemented steel below the deck.Шаблон:Sfn The 15 cm gun turrets had Шаблон:Convert thick faces, Шаблон:Convert thick sides, and Шаблон:Convert thick roofs.Шаблон:Sfn Their barbettes had Шаблон:Convert thick armor protection.Шаблон:Sfn The 10.5 cm mounts were protected by Шаблон:Convert thick gun shields.Шаблон:Sfn The forward conning tower had Шаблон:Convert thick sides composed of KCA and Шаблон:Convert thick roof composed of non-cemented steel. The rear conning tower had 100 mm thick sides and roof, KCA and non-cemented steel, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn
Design escalation
In early July 1940, Hitler ordered the navy to examine new battleship designs and how wartime experience might be incorporated. A study was completed on 15 July, and contained several recommendations for the H-class ships, including increasing the freeboard and strengthening the horizontal protection. In order to maintain displacement and speed and accommodate the increased weight of the additional armor protection, the design staff drew up an informal design, known as "Scheme A." The design removed one of the main battery turrets to save weight; the propulsion system was also increased in power to keep the same speed as the original design. The original diesel-only system was replaced by a hybrid diesel and steam turbine arrangement. The staff also prepared a second design, "Scheme B", which retained the fourth turret and accepted a much higher displacement. This design also incorporated the mixed propulsion system.Шаблон:Sfn These studies were abandoned in 1941 after Hitler decided to halt further battleship construction until after the end of the war. The design staff therefore attempted to improve the armor protection for the H-class.Шаблон:Sfn The 1940 designs did not form part of the design chain that resulted in the H-41 through H-44 designs.Шаблон:Sfn
H-41
Шаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsBomb damage sustained by Шаблон:Ship in July 1941 provided the impetus for the effort to increase the horizontal protection for the H-class.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The designers were confronted with a significant problem: any increase in armor could correspondingly increase the displacement and more importantly, the draft. It was necessary to maintain the full-load draft of 11.5 m of the H-39 design for operations in the relatively shallow North Sea. The only option that allowed the displacement to be maintained while armor thicknesses to be increased was to reduce the ships' fuel supplies. A 25 percent cut in range was required, which was deemed unacceptable by the OKM. It was eventually determined that since deep-water anchorages on the Atlantic coast were available, it would be permissible to allow the draft to increase. The initial redesign called for an increase of only Шаблон:Convert, 40 percent of which was additional deck armor, the remainder being used for a larger-caliber main battery.Шаблон:Sfn
One of the most significant changes was the decision to bore out the over-sized 40.6 cm guns to 42 cm caliber for the H-41 design. The design staff determined that modifications to the ammunition hoists and loading equipment would be easily effected and that the original turrets could be retained.Шаблон:Sfn The OKM was aware that the British had settled on a 40.6 cm gun for the proposed Шаблон:Sclass; the 42 cm gun would grant the H-41 design a significant advantage over these new adversaries.Шаблон:Sfn The ships' armament was otherwise unchanged, apart from an increased number of 2 cm anti-aircraft guns, of which there were now to be 34.Шаблон:Sfn
The ships' main armor decks were substantially strengthened: the deck was increased in thickness from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert and the sloped armor at the edges was thickened from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Wartime experience with the Шаблон:Lang class indicated that the torpedo-defense system was insufficiently strong to protect the H-39 design from underwater damage. Beam was therefore increased, with greater width added at the ends of the armored citadel to allow a greater distance between the side wall and the torpedo bulkhead. The stern section of the torpedo bulkhead was also strengthened structurally to allow it to better contain the force of an underwater explosion. The number of large watertight compartments was increased from twenty-one to twenty-two.Шаблон:Sfn A triple bottom was also included in the design, the first time this feature was used in a German warship design.Шаблон:Sfn The loss of Шаблон:Lang in May 1941 also influenced the design; two large skegs were added to the outboard shafts to protect them and increase support for the stern while in drydock. The rudder system was also designed with an explosive charge to detach the rudders in the event they became jammed.Шаблон:Sfn
The new design measured Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline and Шаблон:Convert long overall, had a beam of Шаблон:Convert, and a draft of up to Шаблон:Convert at full load displacement of about Шаблон:Convert. The increase in weight, while engine power remained constant, reduced speed to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn However, German naval constructors were not satisfied with the torpedo side-protection system, and a series of design changes were approved by Admiral Raeder on 15 November 1941; these included increasing the side-protection system depth from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert, increasing beam to Шаблон:Convert, and greater hull depth and freeboard at full load. These changes resulted in full load displacement increasing to Шаблон:Convert and maximum speed further decreasing to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn
As detailed design continued into 1942, the OKM planned to begin construction six to nine months after demobilization, initially at Blohm & Voss and the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel. Deschimag, which had been awarded the contract for "J", could no longer be used due to the increase in draft, which precluded travel through the shallow Weser. Following the completion of a new, larger dock at the Шаблон:Lang in Wilhelmshaven, work would also be done there.Шаблон:Sfn The increased size of the ships would have lengthened the building time from four to five years.Шаблон:Sfn
H-42 through H-44
On 8 February 1942, Albert Speer became the Шаблон:Lang for Armaments and Munitions and gained influence over the Navy's construction programs. Speer reassigned some members of the H class design staff to work on new U-boats and other tasks deemed critical to the war effort.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang (New Ships Construction Commission),Шаблон:Sfn intended to liaise with Speer and the OKM, was created and placed under the direction of Admiral Karl Topp. This group was responsible for the design work that resulted in the H-42 type, as well as the subsequent designs. The Construction Office of the OKM formally concluded their work on new battleships with the H-41 type in August 1942 and played no further role in battleship development.Шаблон:Sfn
After the completion of the H-41 design, Hitler issued a request for a larger battleship and placed no restrictions on gun caliber or displacement. The only requirements were a speed of Шаблон:Convert, horizontal and underwater protection strong enough to protect the vessel from all attacks, and a main battery properly balanced with the size of the ship.Шаблон:Sfn The results were purely study projects intended to determine the size of a ship with strong enough armor to counter the rapidly increasing power of bombs deployed by the Allies during the war.Шаблон:Sfn The Commission did not discuss its activities with Raeder or his successor, Admiral Karl Dönitz, or with other branches in the OKM.Шаблон:Sfn As the designs for the H-42, H-43, and H-44 battleships were purely conjectural, no actual work was begun. The German navy did not seriously consider construction on any of the designs, which were so large that they could not have been built in a traditional slipway. The Construction Office of the OKM sought to disassociate itself from the projects, which they found to be of doubtful merit and unnecessary for German victory.Шаблон:Sfn
The first design, H-42, was Шаблон:Convert long between perpendiculars and had a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a draft of Шаблон:Convert designed and Шаблон:Convert at full load. The designed displacement was Шаблон:Convert and at full load rose to Шаблон:Convert. The dimensions for the second, H-43, increased to Шаблон:Convert between perpendiculars, a beam of Шаблон:Convert, and design and full load drafts of Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, respectively. Design displacement was Шаблон:Convert and estimated at Шаблон:Convert at full load. For the final design, H-44, the length rose to Шаблон:Convert between perpendiculars, the beam increased to Шаблон:Convert, and draft rose to Шаблон:Convert as designed and Шаблон:Convert at full load. The displacement for H-44 was Шаблон:Convert as designed and up to Шаблон:Convert at full load.Шаблон:Sfn
Details on the propulsion systems for these designs are fragmentary and in some cases contradictory. Erich Gröner notes that "some [had] pure [diesel] engine propulsion, others [had] hybrid engine/turbine propulsion systems," but does not record the type and performance for these propulsion systems.Шаблон:Sfn William Garzke and Robert Dulin state that all three designs featured hybrid diesel/steam turbine plants, each supplying Шаблон:Convert for top speeds of Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert, and Шаблон:Convert for H-42, H-43, and H-44, respectively. According to Garzke and Dulin, the designs had a speed of Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert, and Шаблон:Convert, respectively, on just diesel engine power.Шаблон:Sfn Both sources agree on a maximum range of Шаблон:Convert at a cruising speed of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Information on the armament outfits for the designs is equally contradictory. Both sources agree on the armament for H-44, which was to have been eight Шаблон:Convert guns. Gröner indicates that H-42 and H-43 were to be armed with eight 48 cm guns, while Garzke and Dulin state that the H-42 design was to have retained the 42 cm guns from the H-41 design and H-43 would have also been armed with 50.8 cm pieces. Both works agree that the secondary armament was to have consisted of twelve 15 cm L/55 guns and sixteen 10.5 cm L/65 guns as in the previous designs, though the lighter weapons are disputed. Gröner states that all three designs were to be equipped with twenty-eight 3.7 cm and forty 2 cm anti-aircraft guns, while Garzke and Dulin report only sixteen 3.7 cm guns and forty 2 cm guns for H-43 and H-44 only; H-42 was to have twenty-four 2 cm guns. Both sources concur that six submerged 53.3 cm torpedo tubes were included in each design.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Designs
| Design | H-39 | H-41 | H-42 | H-43 | H-44 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Displacement | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Length | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Beam | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Draft | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Main | 8 × Шаблон:Cvt | 8 × Шаблон:Cvt | 8 × Шаблон:Cvt | 8 × Шаблон:Cvt | |
| Secondary | 12 × Шаблон:Convert and 16 × Шаблон:Convert | ||||
| AA | 16 × Шаблон:Convert and 12 × Шаблон:Convert |
32 × Шаблон:Convert and 12 × Шаблон:Convert |
28 × Шаблон:Convert and 40 × Шаблон:Convert | ||
| Torpedoes | 6 × Шаблон:Cvt | ||||
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
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Шаблон:H-class battleship Шаблон:Late battleships Шаблон:WWII German ships Шаблон:Good article
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