Английская Википедия:Armenians in Russia

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Шаблон:Armenians Armenians in Russia or Russian ArmeniansШаблон:Refn (Шаблон:Lang-hy; Шаблон:Lang-ru) are one of the country's largest ethnic minorities and the largest Armenian diaspora community outside Armenia. The 2010 Russian census recorded 1,182,388 Armenians in the country. Various figures estimate that the ethnic Armenian population in Russia is actually more than 2 million. Armenians populate various regions, including Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Krasnodar Krai in the North Caucasus and as far as Vladivostok in the East.

History

Early period

There has been an Armenian presence in Russia since the Late Middle Ages, when various artisans, merchants and traders ventured west to the Crimea and the northern Caucasus in order to set up trade ties and conduct commerce.

Russian Empire

Файл:Flag of Armenians in Russia.svg
Flag for Armenians in Russia
Файл:Madatov.jpg
Portrait of Russian-Armenian General Valerian Madatov by George Dawe from the Military Gallery, 1820

The relationship between Armenians and Russian imperial authorities was complex, shaped as often by parallel interests as competing objectives.[1] Large Armenian communities resided both in the Caucasus and in Russian cities well before the modern era. After the destruction of the last remaining independent Armenian states in the Middle Ages, the nobility disintegrated, leaving Armenian society composed of a mass of peasants plus a middle class who were either craftsmen or merchants. Such Armenians were to be found in most towns of Transcaucasia; indeed, at the beginning of the 19th century they formed the majority of the population in cities such as Tbilisi. Armenian merchants conducted their trade across the world and many had set up base within Russia. In 1778, Catherine the Great invited Armenian merchants from the Crimea to Russia and they established a settlement at Nor Nakhichevan near Rostov-on-Don.[2] The Russian ruling classes welcomed the Armenians' entrepreneurial skills as a boost to the economy, but they also regarded them with some suspicion. The image of the Armenian as a "wily merchant" was already widespread. Russian nobles derived their income from their estates worked by serfs and, with their aristocratic distaste for engaging in business, they had little understanding or sympathy for the way of life of mercantile Armenians.

Nevertheless, middle-class Armenians prospered under Russian rule and they were the first to seize the new opportunities and transform themselves into a prosperous bourgeoisie when capitalism and industrialisation came to Transcaucasia in the later half of the 19th century. The Armenians more easily adapted to the new economic circumstances than their neighbours in Transcaucasia, the Georgians and the Azeris. They became the most powerful element in the municipal life of Tbilisi, the heart of the tsarist administration of the Caucasus as well as its economic center. Armenian entrepreneurs were quick to engage the oil boom which began in Transcaucasia in the 1870s, making investments in the oil fields in Baku in Azerbaijan and the refineries of Batumi on the Black Sea coast. All this meant that the tensions between Armenians, Georgians and Azeris in Russian Transcaucasia were not simply ethnic or religious in nature but also were shaped by social and economic considerations. Nevertheless, despite the stereotype of the typical Armenian as a successful businessman, at the end of the 19th century 80 percent of Russian Armenians were still peasants working the land.[3]

Present day

Файл:Armenian Genocide events 2012 2.JPG
Commemoration of the Armenian genocide in Volgograd, 2012

According to the Union of Russian Armenians, there are 2.5 million Armenians living in Russia today. According to the same source, about 850,000 are immigrants from Armenia, 350,000 from Azerbaijan and 250,000 from Georgia, including 100,000 from Abkhazia and 180,000 from Central Asia, mostly Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.[4]

The Russian government is encouraging Armenians to immigrate and settle in Russia and is providing financial and settlement incentives.[5]

Armenians in Russia have one of the highest rates of educational attainment. According to the 2002 census 21.4% of Armenians have higher education, 31.8% have "middle special" education (i.e. vocational education), and 46.1% have secondary education.[6]

Distribution

Файл:Armenians by federal subject 2010.svg
Distribution of Armenians in Russia, 2010
Файл:Protest against pardon of Safarov in Moscow Sept 14 2012-61.jpg
Protests in Moscow against the extradition and pardon of Ramil Safarov, 2012
Rank Federal subject 1897 1959[7] 1970[8] 1979[9] 1989[10] 2002[11] 2010[12]
1 Krasnodar Krai Шаблон:Nts[13] 78,176 98,589 120,797 182,217 274,566 281,680
2 Stavropol Krai Шаблон:Nts[14] 25,618 31,096 40,504 72,530 149,249 161,324
3 Moscow Шаблон:Nts[15] 18,379 25,584 31,414 43,989 124,425 106,466
4 Rostov Oblast Шаблон:Nts[16] 49,305 53,620 56,902 62,603 109,994 110,727
5 Moscow Oblast Шаблон:N/a 5,353 5,683 7,549 9,245 39,660 63,306
6 Volgograd Oblast Шаблон:N/a Шаблон:N/a 2,898 4,229 6,784 26,974 27,846
7 Saratov Oblast Шаблон:Nts[17] 1,046 1,815 3,531 6,404 24,976 23,841
8 Samara Oblast Шаблон:N/a 1,027 1,629 2,216 4,162 21,566 22,981
9 Saint Petersburg Шаблон:Nts[18] 4,897 6,628 7,995 12,070 19,164 19,971
10 North Ossetia Шаблон:Nts[19] 12,012 13,355 12,912 13,619 17,147 16,235
11 Adygea Шаблон:N/a 3,013 5,217 6,359 10,460 15,268 15,561

Moscow

Файл:Armenian Cathedral Moscow January 2012.jpg
The Armenian Cathedral of Moscow, completed in 2011

The 2010 Russian census put the number of Moscow Armenians at 106,466. Another 63,306 Armenians lived in Moscow region at the time. There are various estimates on the number of Armenians in Moscow: 400,000,[20] 600,000,[21] 1,000,000.[22] Moscow is often regarded as the largest Armenian community outside Armenia.

Файл:Армянская церковь св. Екатерины, 2010.jpg
Saint Catherine's Armenian Church, Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg

In 1708 the first Armenians came to St. Petersburg, and in 1710 in the city already existed "Armenian offices". In 1730, under the leadership of the priest Ivan Sheristanova organized the first parish of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Throughout the 20th century Armenian population of St. Petersburg has been steadily increasing. The number of Armenians in St. Petersburg increased from 1,759 in 1926 to 19,164[11] in 2002.

According to Soviet 1989 census 47% Armenians speak Armenian as native language, 52% speak Russian as native language. At the same time almost all fluent in Russian language. About half of the Armenians have higher education and, consequently, higher social status.[23]

According to the head of Saint Petersburg's Armenian community Karen Mkrtchyan, currently about 100,000 Armenians are living in the region of Saint Petersburg. There are 2 Armenian churches, a Sunday school, "Havatamk" Armenian monthly and a printing house.[24]

Krasnodar

Шаблон:See also The Krasnodar Krai is one of the biggest communities of the Armenian diaspora.[25] According to the Russian 2002 census, there were 274,566 Armenians. 211,397 of them spoke Armenian as their native language and 6,948 had Armenian citizenship.

According to estimates some 500,000,[26][27] 700,000[28] or 1,000,000[29] Armenians resided in Krasnodar.

They are chiefly concentrated in Greater Sochi (80,045[30]–125,000)[31] the city of Krasnodar (28,022Шаблон:Refn–70,000),[32] the city of Armavir (18,262[33]–50,000)[34] Tuapse (18,194)Шаблон:Refn, Novorossiysk (12,092[33]–40,000)[35] Apsheron (10,659),[33] and Anapa (8,201).[33]

Rostov-on-Don

Historically, the Don region was home to the largest Armenian community on the territory of the modern Russian Federation. Armenians were resettled from Crimean Khanate in 1779 by orders of Catherine the Great and founded several settlements around the territory of modern Rostov-on-Don. The largest of them, Nakhichevan-on-Don, was merged into the Rostov city in 1928. Armenians still constitute the majority (60%) of population in Myasnikovsky District. In 2010, Rostov-on-Don had the third largest Armenian population of all Russian cities (after Moscow and Sochi, Krasnodar Krai).

Notable Russian Armenians

Файл:Margarita Simonyan 2017.jpg
RT and Sputnik Editor-in-Chief Margarita Simonyan

Arts and entertainment

Файл:Philipp Kirkorov in Vitebsk.jpg
King of Russian pop Philipp Kirkorov

Politics and military

Файл:Sergey Lavrov February 2016.jpg
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov
Файл:Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan.jpg
Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Bagramyan

Scientists

Файл:Yuri Oganessian.jpg
Nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian

Sports

Файл:Nikita Simonyan 2017.jpg
First vice-president of Russian Football Union Nikita Simonyan

Miscellaneous

Файл:Kasparov-29.jpg
World chess champion Garry Kasparov

See also

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Armenian diaspora Шаблон:Immigration to Russia Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Russia

  1. Шаблон:Cite book
  2. Suny. Armenian People, p. 110
  3. See Suny Chapter 2 "Images of Armenians in the Russian Empire" in Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993 Шаблон:ISBN
  4. Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. Шаблон:Cite book
  7. Шаблон:Cite web
  8. Шаблон:Cite web
  9. Шаблон:Cite web
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. 11,0 11,1 National composition of population for regions of the Russian Federation Шаблон:Webarchive
  12. Шаблон:In lang Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации Шаблон:Webarchive
  13. Шаблон:In lang Кубанская область
  14. Шаблон:In lang Ставропольская губерния
  15. Шаблон:In lang Московская губерния
  16. Шаблон:In lang Облась Войска Донского
  17. Шаблон:In lang Саратовская губерния
  18. Шаблон:In lang г. Санкт-Петербург
  19. Шаблон:In lang Терская область – Владикавказский округ
  20. Шаблон:In lang В России армян "обласкали и дали им охоту"
  21. Шаблон:In lang В России проживает более 2,5 млн армян
  22. Armenian population in the world Шаблон:Webarchive
  23. Шаблон:Cite web
  24. Տերտերյանը "վերադարձավ" Հայրավանք // Havatamk, #8, 2015, p. 6, by Samvel Danielyan
  25. Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
  26. Шаблон:Cite web
  27. Шаблон:Cite news
  28. Шаблон:Cite news
  29. Шаблон:Cite news
  30. Шаблон:Cite web
  31. Шаблон:Cite news
  32. Шаблон:Cite web
  33. 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок krasnodar не указан текст
  34. Шаблон:Cite news
  35. Шаблон:In lang Армянское культурное общество «Луйс»
  36. Amo Elyan
  37. Alexei Sisakian
  38. President ARB