Английская Википедия:Angelica Kauffman

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox artist Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann Шаблон:Post-nominals (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell; 30 October 1741 – 5 November 1807), usually known in English as Angelica Kauffman,Шаблон:Efn was a Swiss Neoclassical painter who had a successful career in London and Rome. Remembered primarily as a history painter, Kauffmann was a skilled portraitist, landscape and decoration painter. She was, along with Mary Moser, one of two female painters among the founding members of the Royal Academy in London in 1768.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Early life

Файл:Kauffmann Tragedy and Comedy (detail) 01.jpg
Detail of Tragedy and Comedy, painted in Rome in 1791 (National Museum in Warsaw). Harmonious and powerful coloursШаблон:Sfn and the soft-brushed, multi-layered style of English portraitists, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough,Шаблон:Sfn are typical for Kauffmann's paintings.

Kauffman was born at Chur in Graubünden, Switzerland.[1] Her family moved to Morbegno in 1742, then Como in Lombardy in 1752 at that time under Austrian rule. In 1757, she accompanied her father to Schwarzenberg in Vorarlberg/Austria where her father was working for the local bishop.Шаблон:Sfn Her father, Joseph Johann Kauffmann, was a relatively poor man but a skilled Austrian muralist and painter, who was often travelling for his work. He trained Angelica and she worked as his assistant, moving through Switzerland, Austria, and Italy. Angelica, a child prodigy, rapidly acquired four languages from her mother, Cleophea Lutz: German, Italian, French and English.Шаблон:Sfn

She also was a talented singer and showed talent as a musician. Angelica was forced to choose between opera and art. She quickly chose art as a Catholic priest told her that the opera was a dangerous place filled with "seedy people."Шаблон:Sfn By her twelfth year she had already become known as a painter, with bishops and nobles sitting for her.

In 1754, her mother died and her father decided to move to Milan.Шаблон:Sfn Later visits to Italy of long duration followed.Шаблон:Sfn She became a member of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze in 1762.Шаблон:Sfn Kauffman and her family moved to Florence in June 1762, where the young artist first discovered the painting style that was coined Neoclassical painting. Moving to Rome in January 1763, Kauffman was introduced to the British community. While learning more English and continuing her portraiture, a few months later the family moved again to Naples. There Kauffman studied works by the Old Masters, and had her first painting sent to a public exhibition in London.[2] Later in 1763, she visited Rome, returning again in 1764. From Rome, she passed to Bologna and Venice, everywhere feted for her talents and charm. Writing from Rome in August 1764 to his friend Franke, Winckelmann refers to her popularity; she was then painting his picture, a half-length; of which she also made an etching. She spoke Italian as well as German, he says, and expressed herself with facility in French and English – one result of the last-named accomplishment being that she became a popular portraitist for British visitors to Rome. "She may be styled beautiful," he adds, "and in singing may vie with our best virtuosi".Шаблон:Sfn In 1765, her work appeared in England in an exhibition of the Free Society of Artists. She moved to England shortly after and established herself as a leading artist.Шаблон:Sfn

Years in Great Britain

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David Garrick (1764), oil on canvas, 84 x 69 cm., Burghley House, Lincolnshire

While in Venice, Kauffman was persuaded by Lady Wentworth, the wife of the British ambassador, to accompany her to London. One of the first pieces she completed in London was a portrait of David Garrick, exhibited in the year of her arrival at "Mr Moreing's great room in Maiden Lane." The rank of Lady Wentworth opened society to her, and she was everywhere well received, the royal family especially showing her great favour. Her firmest friend, however, was Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his pocketbook her name as "Miss Angelica" or "Miss Angel" appears frequently; and in 1766 he painted her, a compliment which she returned by her Portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds. Another instance of her intimacy with Reynolds is to be found in her variation of Guercino's Et in Arcadia ego, a subject which Reynolds repeated a few years later in his portrait of Mrs Bouverie and Mrs Crewe.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1767 Kauffman was seduced by an imposter going under the name Count Frederick de Horn, whom she married, but they were separated the following year.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was probably owing to Reynolds's good offices that she was among the signatories to the petition to the King for the establishment of the Royal Academy. In its first catalogue of 1769, she appears with "R.A." after her name (an honour she shared with one other woman, Mary Moser); and she contributed the Interview of Hector and Andromache, and three other classical compositions.Шаблон:Sfn She spent several months in Ireland in 1771, as a guest of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Viscount Townshend, and undertook a number of portrait commissions there. Her notable Irish portraits include those of Philip Tisdall, the Attorney General for Ireland, and his wife Mary, who acted as her patron, and of Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely and his family, including his niece Dorothea Monroe, the most admired Irish beauty of her time.Шаблон:Sfn It appears that among her circle of friends was Jean-Paul Marat, then living in London and practising medicine, with whom she may have had an affair.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Файл:Oil sketch for The Pictorial Conjuror by Nathaniel Hone the Elder.jpg
Nathaniel Hone's painting The Conjuror (1775), satirizing Sir Joshua Reynolds and alluding to a romance with the younger Angelica Kauffman. Шаблон:Sfn

Her friendship with Reynolds was criticized in 1775 by fellow Academician Nathaniel Hone, who courted controversy in 1775 with his satirical picture The Conjurer.Шаблон:Efn It was seen to attack the fashion for Italian Renaissance art and to ridicule Sir Joshua Reynolds, leading the Royal Academy to reject the painting. It also originally included a nude caricature of Kauffman in the top left corner, which he painted out after she complained to the academy. The combination of a little girl and an old man has also been seen as symbolic of Kauffman and Reynolds's closeness, age difference, and rumoured affair.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

From 1769 until 1782 Kauffman was an annual exhibitor with the Royal Academy, sending sometimes as many as seven pictures, generally on classical or allegoric subjects. One of the most notable was Leonardo expiring in the Arms of Francis the First (1778).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

In 1773, she was appointed by the Academy with others to decorate St Paul's Cathedral, a scheme that was never carried out, and it was she who, with Biagio Rebecca, painted the ceiling of the Academy's old lecture room at Somerset House.Шаблон:Sfn

History painting

Файл:The Sorrow of Telemachus MET DP169392.jpg
The Sorrow of Telemachus (1783), oil on canvas, 83.2 x 114.3 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Файл:Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso MET DP169393.jpg
Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso (1782), oil on canvas, 82.6 x 112.4 cm., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

While Kauffman produced portraits, and self-portraits, she identified herself primarily as a history painter, an unusual designation for a woman artist in the 18th century. History painting was considered the most elite and lucrative category in academic painting during this time period and, under the direction of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the Royal Academy made a strong effort to promote it to a native audience more interested in commissioning and buying portraits and landscapes. Despite Kauffman's popularity in British society and her success there as an artist, she was disappointed by the relative apathy of the British towards history painting. Ultimately, she left Britain for Rome, where history painting was better established, held in higher esteem and patronized.Шаблон:Sfn

History painting, as defined in academic art theory, was classified as the most elevated category. Its subject matter was the representation of human actions based on themes from history, mythology, literature, and scripture. This required extensive learning in biblical and Classical literature, knowledge of art theory and practical training that included the study of anatomy from the male nude. Most women were denied access to such training, especially the opportunity to draw from nude models; yet Kauffman managed to cross the gender boundary. It is unclear as to how she gained the knowledge of the male anatomy that she had, but there is speculation that she studied plaster casts of statues.[3] The male characters in her artworks are seen as being more feminine than most painters would choose to display, which may be a result of her lack of formal training in male anatomy.

Later years in Rome

Файл:Angelica Kauffman. Self-Portrait Hesitating Between the Arts of Music and Painting.jpg
Self-Portrait Hesitating Between Painting and Music (1794). oil on canvas, 147 x: 216 cm. Nostell Priory, West Yorkshire

In 1781, after her first husband's death (she had long been separated from him), she married Antonio Zucchi (1728–1795), a Venetian artist then resident in England.Шаблон:Sfn Shortly afterwards she retired to Rome, where she befriended, among others, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; yet, always restive, she wanted to do more and lived for another 25 years with much of her old prestige intact.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1782, Kauffman's father died, as did her husband in 1795. In 1794, she painted, Self-Portrait Hesitating Between Painting and Music, in which she emphasises the difficult choice she had faced in choosing painting as her sole career, in dedication to her mother's death.Шаблон:Sfn She continued at intervals to contribute to the Royal Academy in London, her last exhibit being in 1797. After this she produced little, and in 1807 she died in Rome, being honoured by a splendid funeral under the direction of Canova. The entire Academy of St Luke, with numerous ecclesiastics and virtuosi, followed her to her tomb in Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, and, as at the burial of Raphael, two of her best pictures were carried in procession.Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

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Mary Tisdall, Dublin (1771-72)

By the time of her death she had made herself what she considered to be a renowned artist. This explains why her funeral was directed by the well-known Neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova. Canova designed her funeral based on the funeral of the Renaissance master Raphael.[4]

By 1911, rooms decorated with her work were still to be seen in various places. At Hampton Court was a portrait of the duchess of Brunswick; in the National Portrait Gallery, a self-portrait (NPG 430).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

There were other pictures by her in Paris, at Dresden, in the Hermitage at St Petersburg, in the Alte Pinakothek at Munich, in Kadriorg Palace, Tallinn (Estonia)Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and in the Joanneum Alte Galerie at Graz. The Munich example was another portrait of herself, and there was a third in the Uffizi at Florence. A few of her works in private collections were exhibited among the Old Masters at Burlington House.Шаблон:Sfn

Kauffman is well known for the numerous engravings from her designs by Schiavonetti, Francesco Bartolozzi and others. Those by Bartolozzi especially found considerable favour with collectors. Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827), artist, patriot, and founder of a major American art dynasty, named several of his children after notable European artists, including a daughter, Angelica Kauffman Peale.Шаблон:Sfn

A biography of Kauffman was published in 1810 by Giovanni Gherardo De Rossi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The book was the basis of a romance by Léon de Wailly (1838), and it prompted the novel contributed by Anne Isabella Thackeray to the Cornhill Magazine in 1875 entitled Miss Angel’'.Шаблон:Sfn

The novelist Miranda Miller published a novel Angelica, Paintress of Minds, which purports to be an autobiography written during Kauffmann's last days in Rome. The Historical Novel Society says of the novel: 'Kauffmann is presented as hard-working, loyal, kind, sometimes susceptible but more determined than she thinks she is.'[5]

The Angelika Kauffmann Museum

Файл:Schwarzenberg-Brand 34-Angelika Kaufmann Museum-01ASD.jpg
The Angelika Kauffmann Museum in Schwarzenberg (Vorarlberg, Austria)

The Angelika Kauffmann Museum in Schwarzenberg, Vorarlberg (Austria) was established in 2007. This location is in the same area that her father called home. The annually changing exhibitions focus on different aspects and themes of her artistic work.[6] In the 2019 exhibition "Angelika Kauffmann – Unknown Treasures from Vorarlberg Private Collections", many of her paintings were shown to the public for the first time, as a large proportion of her oeuvre is owned by private collectors.[7] The museum is housed in the so-called "Kleberhaus", an old farmhouse (1556) in the typical architectural style of the region.[6]

Galleries

History painting

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Portraits

Miscellaneous

Exhibitions

References

Notes

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Citations

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Sources

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Further reading

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  • Шаблон:Cite AmCyc
  • Bettina Baumgärtel (ed.): Retrospective Angelika Kauffmann, Exh. Cat. Düsseldorf, Kunstmuseum; Munich, Haus der Kunst, Chur, Bündner Kunstmuseum, Ostfildern, Hatje 1998, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Kauffmann, Angelica. (2001). "»Mir träumte vor ein paar Nächten, ich hätte Briefe von Ihnen empfangen«. Gesammelte Briefe in den Originalsprachen. Ed. Waltraud Maierhofer. Lengwil: Libelle, 2001. Шаблон:ISBN (Letters in German, English, Italian, French; introduction and commentary in German.)
  • Waltraud Maierhofer (ed.). Angelika Kauffmann. Briefe einer Malerin. Mainz: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1999.
  • Gerard, Frances A. Angelica Kauffmann. A Biography. London: Ward & Downey, 1892.
  • Manners, Lady Victoria and Williamson, Dr. G.C. Angelica Kauffmann, R.A.: Her Life and Works. London: John Lane the Bodley Head, 1924.
  • Natter, Tobias (ed.). Angelica Kauffmann: A Woman of Immense Talent. Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2007. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • The European Magazine and London Review, April 1809 "Memoir of the Lady Angelica Kauffman, R. A." by Joseph Moser, Esq.

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External links

Шаблон:Angelica Kauffman Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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