Английская Википедия:Celtic toponymy
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed
Celtic toponymy is the study of place names wholly or partially of Celtic origin. These names are found throughout continental Europe, Britain, Ireland, Anatolia and, latterly, through various other parts of the globe not originally occupied by Celts.
Celtic languages
Шаблон:Main The Proto-Indo-European language developed into various daughter languages, including the Proto-Celtic language.
In Proto-Celtic ("PC"), the Proto-Indo-European ("PIE") sound *p disappeared, perhaps through an intermediate *Шаблон:IPA. It is a common point between all the Celtic languages. Examples : Latin pater "father", but Gaulish *atir / ater (atrebo, dativ plural), (Old) Irish athair / athir.[1]
After that, languages derived from Proto-Celtic changed PC *kw into either *p or *k (see: P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages). In P-Celtic languages, PC *kw changed into *p. In Q-Celtic dialects it developed into /k/.
P-Celtic languages include the Continental Gaulish language and the Brittonic branch of Insular Celtic. Common Brittonic is the ancestor of Welsh, Cornish and Breton.
Ancient Q-Celtic languages include the Continental Celtiberian and the Goidelic branch of Insular Celtic. Goidelic is the ancestor of the Gaelic languages Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx.
Examples : PIE *kʷetwóres "four" >
- Proto-Italic kʷettwōr "four" > Latin quattuor
- Proto-Celtic kʷetwares "four" > Irish ceathair, Scottish Gaelic ceithir "four", but Gaulish petuar[ios] "fourth", Welsh pedwar "four", Old Breton petguar > Breton pevar "four"[1]
Frequent elements in place-names and their cognates in modern Celtic languages
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang, suffix : Gaulish -(i)acon (Latin -(i)acum / (i)acus) < endings -[a]y, -[e]y, -é, -(i)ac in Gaul.[2] Brittonic *-ocon / -*ogon 'place of, property of'; Old Breton -oc > -euc > -ek / -eg (-ec), Welsh -(i)og, etc.
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'base, foundation' > Old Irish Шаблон:Lang 'base, stem, stock', Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'base, stem, stock'
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'hill, high place'[3] > Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'honourable, respected' (not directly related to Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'hill'), Irish Шаблон:Lang 'hill; strength, vigour, significance'.
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated'; used as a feminine divine name, rendered Brigantia in Latin, Old Irish Шаблон:Lang 'exalted one', name of a goddess.
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'bridge'[3]
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water' > Old Irish Шаблон:Lang 'water', Welsh Welsh Шаблон:Lang, Cornish dur, Breton dour 'water'
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'[3] > Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'city' and Шаблон:Lang 'fortress', Irish Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'door, gate, forum'[3] > Welsh Шаблон:Lang, Breton dor 'door'
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'clearing (wood), assart' > Welsh (tir) ial[3]
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'head' > Gallo-Brythonic *penn-, Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'head, end, chief, supreme', Breton penn, but Old Irish cenn > Irish Шаблон:Lang 'head'
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'[3] > Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'field', Old Irish mag[3] > Irish Шаблон:Lang 'plain'
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'wood', 'sacred enclosure', 'sanctuary'[3] > Old Irish nemed 'sanctuary'
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'ford' > Welsh rhyd 'ford'[3]
- Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'white, fair, blessed' > Welsh Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang 'white, blessed', Old Irish Шаблон:Lang, Irish Шаблон:Lang 'fair'
European connection
- Brigantes
- Cambodunum > Champéon (France, Cambdonno / Cambindonno 6-7th century), Champbezon (France, Chambedon 11th century), Kempten (Germany, Camboduno 3rd century)
- Mediolanum > Meulan (France), Milano (Italy)..
- Noviomagus > Nouvion, Nogent, Novion, Nijon, etc. (France), Nijmegen (Netherland); former name of Chichester, Crayford (UK)
- Ebur(i)acum > Ivry, Évry (France), former name of York (UK)
- Epiacum > Epfig (Alsace, France, Epiaco 12th century); X (unknown location in Great-Britain)
- Lugdunum > Lyon, Lion, Loudun, Laon, Lauzun (France), Leiden / Leyde (Netherlands)
- Rigomagus > Riom (France), Remagen (Germany)
- Segodunum > Suin, Syon (France); X unclear location near Würzburg (Germany)
- Vuerodunum > several Verdun (France), Verduno (Italy, Piedmont), Verdú (Spain, Catalonia), Birten (Germany, Xanten)
Continental Celtic
Austria
- Bregenz, Vorarlberg, Latin Brigantium : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
- Wien, English Vienna, Latin Vindobona : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'white' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'base, foundation' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'base, bottom, stump', Irish Шаблон:Lang 'bottom, base')
Belgium
- Ardennes, Latin Arduenna Silva : from divine name Arduinna : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high' (Irish Шаблон:Lang) + Latin Шаблон:Lang 'forest'
- Ghent : from divine name Gontia
Czech Republic
- Košťany, originally Costen, from Celtic (Cornish) Шаблон:Lang 'tin mine'
France
Most of the main cities in France have a Celtic name (the original Gaulish one or the name of the Gaulish tribe).
- Amiens : from Ambiani, a Celtic tribe, replaces Samarobriva 'bridge on the river Somme'
- Angers : from Andecavi, a Celtic tribe, replaces Juliomagus 'market place dedicated to Julius'
- Argentan : from Argentomagus 'silver market', based on arganto- 'silver' cognate to Old Welsh argant > ariant, Old Breton argant > Breton arc'hant 'silver' + magos 'market'
- several places called Argenton
- Argentorate, now Strasbourg
- Arles : from Arelate
- Arras : from Atrebates, a Celtic tribe, replaces Nemetacum, nemeto- 'sacred place' + suffix -acon
- Augustonemetum, now Clermont-Ferrand
- Autun : from Augustodunum, 'town dedicated to Augustus'
- Bayeux : from Badiocassi / Bodiocassi, a Celtic tribe, replaces Augustodurum. 'forum dedicated to Augustus'
- Bourges : from Biturigi, a Celtic tribe, replaces Avaricum
- Briançon < Brigantium, from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
- several places called Briançon
- Brive < Briva 'bridge'
- several places called Brives
- Caen < Catumagos : from Old Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'battle' 'fight' 'combat', Old Irish Шаблон:Lang 'battle, battalion, troop', Breton Шаблон:Lang /Шаблон:Lang, Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'combat, troop'; Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain', Old Irish Шаблон:Lang. The general meaning seems to be 'battlefield'[4]
- Cahors
- Carentan : from Carentomagus
- several places called Charenton, etc.
- Chambord
- Chartres : from Carnuti, name of a Celtic tribe, replaces Autricum
- Condom : from Condatomagus
- other place : Condom-d'Aubrac
- Divodurum (Latin), now Metz, Lorraine, from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'god, holy, divine' (Scottish Gaelic Шаблон:Lang 'god') + *Шаблон:Lang 'fort'
- Douvres (also the French name of Dover) from Celtic dubron, dubra 'water'
- several places called Douvres
- Drevant : from Derventum, Celtic dervo 'oak tree' + suffix -entu
- Évreux : from Eburovici replaces Mediolanum (see below)
- Issoudun
- Jort : from Divoritum 'ford on the river Dives' (Dives from Celtic *dewo 'stream')
- Lillebonne : from Juliobona 'foundation dedicated to Julius'
- Limoges
- Lisieux < (Civitas) Lexoviensis; former Noviomagus[5] 'new market', Old Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'new', Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'.
- Lyon, Rhône, Latin Lugdunum : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'Lugus' (divine name) or perhaps 'light' + *dūnon 'fortress'
- several places called Lugdunum : Laon, Lion-en-Beauce, Loudun, Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, etc.
- Mediolanum : from Celtic
- Nant
- several places called Nant, Nans
- Nantes
- Nanteuil
- Nanterre (Nemptu doro 5th century) : from nemeto- 'sacred place' + duro- 'gate', 'forum'
- Noyon, Latin Noviomagus Veromanduorum, from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'
- several places called Noviomagus : Nouvion, Noyen, Nyons, Nijon, Nojeon, Lisieux, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, etc.
- Oissel
- Orange : from Arausio, a water god
- Paris : from Parisii (Gaul), name of a Celtic tribe, replaces Lukotekia / Lutetia
- Périgueux / Périgord : from Petrocorii 'the four armies'
- Pierremande < Petromantalum < petro-mantalo- 'four road' = 'crossing'
- Rennes : from Redones, a Celtic tribe, replaces Condate
- several places called Condé, Condat, Candé, etc.
- Riom : from Rigomagus
- Rouen < Rotomagus,[6] sometimes Ratómagos or Ratumacos (on the coins of the Veliocassi tribe). It can be roto-, the word for 'wheel' or 'race', cf. Old Irish roth 'wheel' 'race' or Welsh rhod 'wheel' 'race'. Magos is surer here : 'field', 'plain' or later 'market' cf. Old Irish Шаблон:Lang (gen. Шаблон:Lang) 'field' 'plain', Old Breton Шаблон:Lang 'place'. The whole thing could mean 'hippodrome', 'racecourse' or 'wheel market'.[7]
- Vandœuvre < *vindo-briga 'white fortress'
- several places called Vandœuvres, Vendeuvre, Vendœuvres
- Verdun, Virodunum or Verodunum, from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high' and Шаблон:Lang 'hill, fortress'
- several places called Verdun
- Verneuil : from verno- + ialo- 'clearing, plain with alder-trees'
- several places called Verneuil
- Vernon < Vernomagus. There are other Vernons in France, but they come directly from Vernō 'place of the alder-trees'. 'plain of the alder-trees'. uernā 'alder-tree', Old Irish Шаблон:Lang, Breton, Welsh Шаблон:Lang, dial. French Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang.
- several places called Vernon
- Veuves : from vidua 'forest' Voves, Vion
- several places called Voves, Vove
- Vion : from Vidumagus 'forest market'
Germany
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang, s.f., 'alder'. (Compare the modern German Erlenbach) and Old High German (OHG) aha, s.n., 'flowing water'.
- de Amarahe (?), a lost river name near Fulda c. 800 CE
- Amerbach, a stream near Groß-Umstadt, Babenhausen, Ober-Ramstadt
- Ammer
- Ammerbach
- Ammergraben, a stream near Harpertshausen
- Amorbach, a stream near Mümling and the village named after it.
- Amorsbrunn
- Wald-Amorbach < Perhaps from Celtic Шаблон:Lang, 'channel, river'. Compare Indo-European *Шаблон:PIE, 'channel, river' > Greek ἀμάρη (amárē), 'channel'. Or, from Celtic Шаблон:Lang, 'spelt, a type of grain'.
- Annelsbach a suburb of Höchst
- Ansbach in Mittelfranken originally Onoltesbah 837 CE : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang-, 'ash tree' plus an OHG bach, 'small river'.
- Boiodurum, now Innstadt, Passau, Niederbayern : first element is Celtic Шаблон:Lang, tribal name (Boii), possibly 'cattle-owner' (cf. Irish Шаблон:Lang 'cow') or 'warrior'. Second element is Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fort'.
- Bonn : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'base, foundation' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'base, bottom, stump')
- Boppard : from Gaulish Шаблон:Lang, "hill of victory". Containing the elements Шаблон:Lang 'victory' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'gain, benefit') + Шаблон:Lang, 'hill'.
- Düren, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Latin Шаблон:Lang : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fort'
- Hercynia Silva (Latin), a vast forest including the modern Black Forest : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'oak' or divine name Perkwunos + Latin Шаблон:Lang 'forest'
- Kempten im Allgäu, Bavaria, Latin Cambodūnum : Celtic cambodūnom, *cambo- 'curved, bent, bowed, crooked', dūnon 'fortress'
- Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Moguntiacum : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang, 'mighty, great, powerful', used as a divine name (see Mogons) + Celtic suffix -(i)acon
- Meggingen : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'plain, field'
- Neumagen-Dhron, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Noviomagus Trevirorum
- Noviomagus Nemetum (Latin), now Speyer, Rheinland-Pfalz : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'
- Remagen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Rigomagus or Ricomagus : second element is from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'. The first may be a variant of Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'king, chief of *touta'
- Tübingen : maybe hybrid form comprising a Celtic element and a Germanic suffix -ingen.[8] The element tub- in Tübingen could possibly arise from a Celtic dubo-, s.m., 'dark, black; sad; wild'. As found in the Anglo-Irish placenames of Dublin, Devlin, Dowling, Doolin and Ballindoolin. Perhaps the reference is to the darkness of the river waters that flow near the town cf. river Doubs (France) and Dove (GB); if so, then the name can be compared to Tubney, Tubbanford, Tub Hole in England. Compare the late Vulgar Latin Шаблон:Lang 'morass', from Gaulish. The root is found in Old Irish Шаблон:Lang > Irish Шаблон:Lang, Old Welsh dub > Welsh Шаблон:Lang, Old Cornish duw > Middle Cornish du, Breton Шаблон:Lang, Gaulish Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, all meaning 'black; dark'
- Worms, Rheinland-Pfalz, Latin Borbetomagus : second element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang, 'plain, field', first perhaps related to Old Irish Шаблон:Lang 'fierce, violent, rough, arrogant; foolish'
Hungary
- Hercynium jugum (Latin) : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'oak' or divine name Perkwunos + Latin Шаблон:Lang 'summit'
Italy
- Brianza, Lombardy, Latin Brigantia : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
- Genova, Liguria, English Genoa, Latin Шаблон:Lang : Perhaps from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'mouth [of a river]'. (However, this Ligurian place-name, as well as that of Genava (modern Geneva), probably derive the Proto-Indo-European root *Шаблон:PIE 'knee'.[9])
- Milano, Lombardy, English Milan, Latin Mediolanum : from Celtic medio- 'middle, central' > Old Irish mide 'middle, centre', Old Breton med, met > Breton mez 'middle', etc.[10] and Шаблон:Lang > Шаблон:Lang, a Celtic cognate of Latin Шаблон:Lang 'plain', with typical Celtic loss of /p/ or Шаблон:Lang > Old Irish lán, Welsh llawn, Breton leun 'full'[10]
- Belluno, Veneto, Latin Шаблон:Lang : from Celtic *Шаблон:Lang 'bright' and *dūnon 'fortress'.
- Bergamo, Lombardy, Latin Шаблон:Lang : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
- Brescia, Lombardy, Latin Шаблон:Lang : from Celtic *briga- 'rocky height or outcrop'.
- Bologna, Emilia Romagna, Latin Шаблон:Lang : from Celtic *Шаблон:Lang 'base, foundation' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'base, bottom, stump')
Netherlands
- Lugdunum Batavorum (Latin), now Katwijk, Zuid-Holland : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'Lugus' (divine name) or perhaps 'light' + *dūnon 'fortress'
- Nijmegen, Gelderland, Latin Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'
Poland
- Lugidunum (Latin), now Legnica, Silesia : second element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'
Portugal
- Braga, Braga Municipality, Portugal : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang after the Bracari Celts.
- Bragança, Alto Trás-os-Montes, Portugal : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'divine name, Brigantia'.
- Beira : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang Cailleach/ Cale's other name Cailleach-Bheura or Beira, the Celtic Goddess of mountains, water and Winter. Three Portuguese provinces: Beira-Baixa, Beira-Alta and Beira-Litoral
- Vale de Cambra, Portugal : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'chamber, room'.[11]
- Conímbriga, Coimbra, Portugal : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'rocky height or outcrop'.
- Évora, Alentejo, Portugal : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'plural genitive of the word eburos (trees)'.
- Lacobriga, Algarve, Portugal : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'Lake of Briga'.Шаблон:Citation needed
Romania
- Băișoara and other sites in Transylvania
- Boian in Sibiu, Boianu Mare in Bihor County, villages coming from Boii
- Călan city in Hunedoara.
- Deva, capital of Hunedoara, originally a city of the Dacians
- Galați
- Noviodunum now Isaccea means "new fortress" Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang.
- Timiș River in Banat.
Serbia
- Singidunum (Latin), now Beograd, English Belgrade : second element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'
Slovenia
- Celje, Latinized Celeia in turn from Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'shelter' in Celtic
- Neviodunum (Latin), now Drnovo : second element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'
Spain
Asturias and Cantabria
- Deva, several rivers in northern Spain, and Pontedeva, Galicia, Spain : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'goddess; holy, divine'
- Mons Vindius (now the Cantabrian Mountains), NW Spain : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'white'.
Castile
- Segovia, Castile and León, Spain, Greek Segoubía : from Шаблон:Lang, conjectured to be Celtic for 'victorious', 'strength' or 'dry' (theories).
Galicia
- Tambre, a river in Galicia (Spain), Latin Tamaris : possibly from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'dark' (cf. Celtic Шаблон:Lang > Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'darkness'). Other theories.
- O Grove, Medieval Latin Ogrobre 912:[12] from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'acute; promontory'[13] and Celtic *brigs 'hill'.
- Bergantiños, Medieval Latin Bregantinos 830 : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated', or divine name Brigantia, or from Celtic *brigantīnos 'chief, king'.[14]
- Dumbría, Medieval Latin Donobria 830 : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress' + Celtic *Шаблон:Lang 'bridge'.
- Val do Dubra and Dubra River, Galicia : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water', Шаблон:Lang 'waters' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang).
- Monforte de Lemos (region), Latin Lemavos, after the local tribe of the Lemavi : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'elm' + suffix -avo.
- Nendos (region), Medieval Latin Nemitos 830 : from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'sanctuary'.
- Noia, Galicia, Spain, Greek Nouion:[15] from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang).
Switzerland
Switzerland, especially the Swiss Plateau, has many Celtic (Gaulish) toponyms. This old layer of names was overlaid with Latin names in the Gallo-Roman period,[16] and, from the medieval period, with Alemannic German[17] and Romance[18] names.
For some names, there is uncertainty as to whether they are Gaulish or Latin in origin. In some rare cases, such as Frick, Switzerland, there have even been competing suggestions of Gaulish, Latin and Alemannic etymologies.[19]
Examples of toponyms with established Gaulish etymology:
- Solothurn, from Salodurum. The Шаблон:Lang element means "doors, gates; palisade; town". The etymology of the Шаблон:Lang element is unclear.
- Thun, Bern: Шаблон:Lang "fort"
- Windisch, Aargau, Latin Vindonissa: first element from Шаблон:Lang "white"
- Winterthur, Zürich, Latin Vitudurum or Vitodurum, from Шаблон:Lang "willow" and Шаблон:Lang
- Yverdon-les-Bains, from Eburodunum, from Шаблон:Lang "yew" and Шаблон:Lang "fort".[20]
- Zürich, Latin Turicum, from a Gaulish personal name Tūros
- Limmat, from Lindomagos "lake-plain", originally the name of the plain formed by the Linth and Lake Zurich.
Insular Celtic
Goidelic
England
Place names in England derived partly or wholly from Goidelic languages include:
- Ben, Yorkshire (Sedbergh), probably from the Gaelic benn ("a peak").[21]
- Cambois, Northumberland, possibly from Old Irish Шаблон:Lang ("bay, creek")[22]
- †Crosskelloc, Lancashire (Ulverston), from Irish cros ("a cross") + Chelloc (personal name).[23]
- Dunmallard, Cumberland, possibly from Middle Irish dùn-mallacht ("fort of curses")[24]
- Durdar, Cumberland (St Cuthbert Without), from Gaelic doiredarach ("oak copse").[21]
- Greysouthen, Cumberland, from Irish craicc-Suthan ("Suthán's rock/cliff").[21]
- Kilmond, Yorkshire (Bowes), possibly from Gaelic ceann-monadh ("head of the hill").[21]
- Knockupworth, Cumberland (Grinsdale), from Irish cnocc ("hillock") (+ the Germanic personal-name Hubert).[21]
- Latrigg, Cumberland, possibly from Old Irish lettir ("a slope").[21]
- Latterbarrow, Lancashire (Hawkshead), possibly from Irish lettir ("a slope").[23]
- Liscard, Cheshire, possibly from Irish Gaelic Шаблон:Lang meaning "fort of the rock".[25]
- Noctorum, Cheshire, from Irish cnocc-tírim ("dry hill").[21]
- Pool Darkin, Westmorland (Beetham), possibly from Gaelic poll ("pool") + the personal name *Dercan.[21]
- Ravenglass, Cumberland, from Irish rann-Glas ("Glas's part/share").[21]
- Torkin, Cumberland (Thursby), from Irish tor-cheann ("peak-head").[21]
Furthermore, some non-Goidelic place-names in mainly Northern and Midland England reference Irish personal names, due to Norse-Gaelic settlement Britain during the 10th century.
- Carperby, Yorkshire containing the Irish Gaelic given-name Cairpe[26]
- Dovenby, from personal name Dufan of Irish origin (OIr 'Dubhán')
- Dunkenhalgh, Lancashire (Hyndburn), from the Gaelic personal name Donnchad (> Duncan) (+ Old English halh, "haugh").[23]
- Fixby, Yorkshire, from the Gaelic Irish personal name Fiach
- Gatenby, Yorkshire, from the Irish personal name Gaithen (+ Old Norse byr, "farm").[21]
- Glassonby, from the Irish personal name Glassan
- †Iocemhil, Lincolnshire (Killingholme), possibly contains the Irish personal name Eogan.[21]
- Malmesbury, Wiltshire, from the Irish founder of the abbey Máel Dub
- Mellishaw, Lancashire (Lancaster), possibly the Irish personal name name Mdeldn (+ Old Norse haugr).[23]
- Melmerby, Yorkshire, from the Old Irish personal name Máel Muire
- Yockenthwaite, Yorkshire, contains the Irish personal name Eogan (+ Old Norse þveit, "clearing").[21]
Place names that directly reference the Irish include Irby, Irby upon Humber, Ireby and Ireleth. Place names with Scot- or similar, such as Scothern in Lincolnshire or Scotton in the North Riding of Yorkshire, may refer to Gaelic speakers from Scotland or Ireland, since Old English Scottas originally had connotations of Irish Gaels.
Ireland
Шаблон:Main The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicized Irish language names.
Scotland
Шаблон:Main The majority of placenames in the Highlands of Scotland (part of the United Kingdom) are either Scottish Gaelic or anglicized Scottish Gaelic. Gaelic-derived placenames are very common in the rest of mainland Scotland also. Pictish-derived placenames can be found in the northeast, while Brythonic-derived placenames can be found in the south.
Isle of Man
Шаблон:Main Many placenames on the Isle of Man (a Crown dependency) are Manx or anglicised Manx, although there are also many Norse-derived place names.
Brythonic
England (excluding Cornwall)
Evidence for a Celtic root to place names in England is widely strengthened by early monastic charters, chronicles and returns: examples relate to Leatherhead and Lichfield. To describe a place as of the Celts, the Old English wealh becoming Wal/Wall/Welsh is often used. This was the main Germanic term for Romano-Celtic peoples, such as the Britons. Such names are a minority, but are widespread across England. For example, a smattering of villages around the heart and east of The Fens hint at this: West Walton, Walsoken, and the Walpoles indicate their continued presence. Nearby Wisbech, King's Lynn and Chatteris have Celtic topographical elements.
- Arden (forest of), Warwickshire
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high' (Irish Шаблон:Lang)
- Avon (river), Gloucestershire/Wiltshire/Somerset
- Avon (river), Wiltshire/Hampshire/Dorset
- Avon (river), Northamptonshire/Warwickshire/Worcestershire/Gloucestershire
- Avon or Aune (river), Devon
From Brythonic Шаблон:Lang 'river' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang)
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water' (Irish uisce)
- Brean, Somerset
- Bredon, Worcestershire
- Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire
- Brewood, Staffordshire
- Brill, Buckinghamshire
First element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'hill'
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)
- Bryn, Greater Manchester
Derived from Welsh bryn, 'hill'.
- Camulodunum (Latin), now Colchester, Essex
From Шаблон:Lang 'Camulus' (divine name) + Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'
- Creech St Michael, Somerset
- Crewkerne, Somerset
- Crich, Derbyshire
- Cricket St Thomas, Somerset
- Crickheath, Shropshire
- Cricklade, Wiltshire
First element from Brythonic *crüg 'hill'[27] (Irish cruach)
- Crewe, Cheshire
From Old Welsh *criu 'river crossing'
First two possibly linked. Latter from tribal name Dumnonii or Dumnones, from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'deep', 'world'
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water', Шаблон:Lang 'waters' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang; Breton Шаблон:Lang)
- Durham, County Durham, Latin Dunelm
First element is possibly dun, ' hill fort' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang, 'fort').
- Durobrivae (Latin), now Rochester, Kent and Water Newton, Cambridgeshire
- Durovernum Cantiacorum (Latin), now Canterbury, Kent
First element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fort'; in Dūrobrīvae, Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'bridge'
- Eskeleth, North Yorkshire
Possibly derived from Brythonic *iska, 'water, fish' and *leith, 'damp, wet'.
- Exe (river), Devon/Somerset
- Nether Exe, Devon
- Up Exe, Devon
- Exebridge, Devon
- Exford, Somerset
- Exeter, Devon, Latin Isca Dumnoniorum
- Exminster, Devon
- Exmouth, Devon
- Exton, Somerset
- Exwick, Devon
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water' (Irish Шаблон:Lang); second element in Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) is a tribal name (see Devon) Frome from the Brythonic word Frama meaning fair, fine or brisk.
- Leatherhead, Surrey
From Brythonic *lēd- [from Celtic Шаблон:Lang] + Шаблон:Lang [from Celtic Шаблон:Lang] = "Grey Ford"[27]
- Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Latin Lindum Colonia
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'pool' + Latin Шаблон:Lang 'colony'
- Manchester, Latin Mamucium or Mancunium
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'breast' (referring to the shape of a hill)
- Noviomagus (Latin), now Chichester, West Sussex and Crayford, Kent
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'
- Pen y Ghent, Yorkshire
Equivalent with Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("summit of the border") or Шаблон:Lang ("summit of the heathen").[24]
- Pengethley, Herefordshire
From Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + possibly *kelli 'to stand' (Welsh gelli)
From Brythonic Шаблон:Lang 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'wood' (Welsh coed), or Шаблон:Lang 'wood'[27]
- Pencraig, Herefordshire
- Pendlebury, Greater Manchester
- Pendleton, Lancashire
- Pendock, Worcestershire
- Pensnett, West Midlands
First element from Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'head, end, chief, supreme') = Irish Шаблон:Lang 'head', from Proto-Celtic Шаблон:Lang
From Brythonic *penn- 'hill' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang)
- Lower Penn, Staffordshire
From English lower + Brythonic *penn- 'hill'
- Penshaw, Sunderland
From Brythonic *penn- 'hill' and possibly p-Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'rocks'. This matches the earliest attestation from c. 1190, Pencher.
Old Sarum, Wiltshire, Latin Sorviodūnum Second element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'
First element conjectured to be Celtic for 'victorious', 'strength' or 'dry' (theories). Second element is Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'.
- Sinodun Hills, south Oxfordshire
From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'old' + Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'
- Tamar (river), Devon/Cornwall
- Tame (river), Greater Manchester
- Tame (river), North Yorkshire
- Tame (river), West Midlands
- Team (river), Tyne and Wear
- Teme (river), Welsh Tefeidiad, Wales/Shropshire/Worcestershire
- Thames (river), Latin Tamesis
Possibly from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'dark' (cf. Celtic Шаблон:Lang > Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'darkness'). Other theories.
- Trinovantum (Latin), now London
'Of the Trinovantes', a tribal name, perhaps 'very energetic people' from Celtic Шаблон:Lang (intensive) + Шаблон:Lang 'energetic', related to Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang)
- Verulamium (Latin), now St Albans, Hertfordshire
From Brittonic *weru- 'broad' + *lam- 'hand' [from Celtic Шаблон:Lang] (Welsh Шаблон:Lang, Irish Шаблон:Lang)
- Vindobala (Latin), Roman fort in Northumberland
- Vindolanda (Latin), Roman fort in Northumberland
- Vindomora (Latin), Roman fort in County Durham.
First element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'white' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang); in Vindolanda, Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'land, place' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang). In Vindomora, second element could be 'sea' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang, Irish Шаблон:Lang).
- Wigan, Greater Manchester
- York, Greek Ebōrakon, Latin Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'yew'
Scotland
The post-6th century AD Brittonic languages of Northern England and Scotland were Cumbric and Pictish. Cumbric place-names are found in Scotland south of the River Forth,[24] while Pictish names are found to the north.[28]
- Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire
From *Шаблон:Lang ("river mouth").[29]
- Applecross, Ross-shire
Formerly Abercrosan, from aber ("river mouth").[29]
Possibly equivalent to Middle Welsh aran ("high place").[30]
- Aviemore, Inverness-shire
An Aghaidh Mhòr in Gaelic, possibly involving Brittonic *ag- ("a cleft").[31]
- Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire
Lomond is equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("beacon").[24]
- Blantyre, Lanarkshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("extremes, source, front") + Шаблон:Lang ("land").[24]
- Blebo, Fife
Formerly Bladebolg, from Brittonic *blawd ("meal") + *bolg ("sack").[32]
- Burnturk, Fife
Formerly Brenturk, equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("boar hill").[29]
- Dallas, Moray
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("haugh, meadow") + Шаблон:Lang ("abode").[29]
- Darnaway, Moray
Ultimately from ancient Brittonic Taranumagos ("tunder-plain").[29]
- Daviot, Inverness-shire
Perhaps from Brittonic *dem- meaning "sure, strong".[31]
- Dull, Perthshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("haugh, meadow").[29]
- Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire
Possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("small church").[24]
- Edinburgh, Midlothian
From Din Ediyn, from a Brittonic form meaning "fort of Ediyn" (c.f. Welsh Шаблон:Lang).
- Esslemont, Aberdeenshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("low hill").[29]
- Glasgo, Aberdeenshire
See Glasgow, Lanarkshire below.[29]
- Glasgow, Lanarkshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("blue hollow").[29]
Ebudes in Ptolemy (c. 140 AD), possibly from ancient Brittonic ep- ("a horse"; c.f. Welsh Шаблон:Lang).[33]
- Keith, Banffshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("wood, forest").[29]
- Lanark, Lanarkshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("a glade").[24]
- Landrick, Perthshire
See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]
- Lanrick, Perthshire
See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]
- Lauder, Berwickshire
Equivalent either to Middle Breton Шаблон:Lang or Welsh Шаблон:Lang.[24]
- Lendrick, Kinross-shire.
See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]
- Lendrick, Perthshire
See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]
- Lomond Hills, Fife
See Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire.[32]
- Mayish, Arran
Possibly from Brittonic maɣes ("field"; Welsh Шаблон:Lang).[35]
- Meggernie, Perthshire
From an element cognate with Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("boggy meadow").[29]
- Methven, Perthshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("meadstone").[29]
- Midmar, Aberdeenshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("bog, swamp") + Mar (a district name).[29]
- Migvie, Aberdeenshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("bog, swamp").[29]
- Mounth, Perthshire, Angus and Aberdeenshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("mountain, moor, hill").[28]
- Ochil Hills, Fife
Probably from Common Brittonic *okelon ("a ridge").[28]
- Orchy, Argyll (river)
In Gaelic Urchaidh, from ancient Brittonic are-cētia ("on the wood").[29]
- Panbride, Angus
From pant ("a hollow").[29]
- Panlathy, Angus
From pant ("a hollow").[34]
- Panmure, Angus
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("big hollow").[29]
- Pendewen, Angus
First element is possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").[34]
- Penicuik, Midlothian
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("summit of the cuckoo").[24]
- Pennan, Aberdeenshire
Probably equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").
- Pennygant Hill, Roxburghshire
See Pen y Ghent, Yorkshire, England.[24]
- Perth, Perthshire
Probably equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("bush").
- Pinderachy, Anugs
First element is possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").[34]
- Pinnel, Fife
Possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").[32]
- Pulrossie, Sutherland
Possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("promontory pool").[36]
- Rattray, Aberdeenshire
Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("ramparts town").[29]
- Urquhart, Ross-shire
Formerly Airdchartdan, equivalent to Middle Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("on the enclosure").[29]
- Yell, Shetland
Probably from Common Brittonic iâla ("unfruitful land, pasture").[37]
Wales
Шаблон:Main The vast majority of placenames in Wales (part of the United Kingdom) are either Welsh or anglicized Welsh.
Cornwall
The vast majority of placenames in Cornwall are either Cornish or anglicized Cornish. For examples, see List of places in Cornwall.
Brittany
The vast majority of placenames in the west of Brittany (part of France) are either Breton or derived from Breton. For examples, see Category:Populated places in Brittany.
See also
Notes
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Pierre-Yves Lambert, La Langue gauloise, Editions Errance, 1994, p. 16 - 17
- ↑ Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, Editions Errance, 1994, p. 39.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 Lambert, p. 37
- ↑ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, 2nd edn. (Paris: Errance, 2003), p. 111.
- ↑ See Noviomagus and Lexovii.
- ↑ Other examples include Ruan (Rothomago 1233 / Rotomagus 5th century), Rom.
- ↑ Delamarre 2003, pp. 261-2.
- ↑ Bahlow, Hans. 1955. Namenforschung als Wissenschaft. Deutschlands Ortsnamen als Denkmäler keltischer Vorzeit. Frankfurt am Main.
- ↑ see Pokorny, IEW
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Paris (éditions errance) 2001, p. 221.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Ptolemy II 6.21.
- ↑ such as Basle, Latin Basilea, from the personal name Basilius, ultimately of Greek origin,
- ↑ such as Bern, founded 1191
- ↑ such as Neuchâtel, founded 1011
- ↑ Frick has been derived from (a) a Celtic word for "confluence", cognate with fork, (b) an Alemannic personal name Fricco and (c) Latin ferra ricia "iron mine, ironworks".
- ↑ Bernhard Maier, Kleines Lexikon der Namen und Wörter keltischen Ursprungs, 2010, p. 51. Julius Pokorny, IEW (1959:325), s.v. "ē̆reb(h)-, ō̆rob(h)- 'dark reddish-brown colour'": "alb.-ligur.-kelt.-germ. eburo- 'rowan, mountain ash, yew, evergreen tree with poisonous needles'."
- ↑ 21,00 21,01 21,02 21,03 21,04 21,05 21,06 21,07 21,08 21,09 21,10 21,11 21,12 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bethany Fox, 'The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007), http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html (appendix at http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox-appendix.html); Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 24,4 24,5 24,6 24,7 24,8 24,9 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ A. D. Mills, A Dictionary of British Place Names (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), s.v.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Mills, AD. Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press, 1991.
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 29,00 29,01 29,02 29,03 29,04 29,05 29,06 29,07 29,08 29,09 29,10 29,11 29,12 29,13 29,14 29,15 29,16 29,17 29,18 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Woolf, Alex (2012) Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin. Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ↑ 34,0 34,1 34,2 34,3 34,4 34,5 34,6 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web