Английская Википедия:Engawa
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title
An Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Nihongo is an edging strip of non-tatami-matted flooring in Japanese architecture, usually wood or bamboo. The Шаблон:Transliteration may run around the rooms, on the outside of the building, in which case they resemble a porch or sunroom.
Usually, the Шаблон:Transliteration is outside the translucent paper Шаблон:Transliteration, but inside the Шаблон:Nihongo storm shutters (when they are not packed away).[1][2] However, some Шаблон:Transliteration run outside the Шаблон:Transliteration. Шаблон:Transliteration that cannot be enclosed by Шаблон:Transliteration, or sufficiently sheltered by eaves, must be finished to withstand the Japanese climate.[3] Modern architecture often encloses an Шаблон:Transliteration with sheet glass. An Шаблон:Transliteration allows the building to remain open in the rain or sun, without getting too wet or hot, and allows flexible ventilation and sightlines.[4]
The area under an Шаблон:Transliteration is sloped away from the building, and often paved, to carry the water away. The area directly outside the paving is usually a collector drain that takes water still further away.[3] The Шаблон:Transliteration is thus a way to bridge the obstacles good drainage puts between the indoors and the outdoors.
Structure
The Шаблон:Transliteration is supported on posts, identical to the other uprights of the house.[5] A row of uprights runs long the inside of the Шаблон:Transliteration, and the Шаблон:Transliteration sliding screens run between these; a second row of uprights runs along the outside of the Шаблон:Transliteration.[6] The posts traditionally stand on half-buried stones,[5] pounded into the earth with a specialized maul, and the wood posts shaped to fit the upper surface.[6] More recent houses may use concrete footings.
The Шаблон:Transliteration floor may not be finished, or it may be polished or lacquered.[5]
Terminology
Шаблон:Transliteration means an edge; Шаблон:Transliteration a side.[7] The terms Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration were historically used interchangeably,[8][9] but Шаблон:Transliteration now generally refers to the veranda directly outside the shutters.Шаблон:Citation needed Types of Шаблон:Transliteration include:
Positional terms
- Шаблон:Nihongo, an inner Шаблон:Transliteration, possibly enclosed
- Шаблон:Nihongo, an Шаблон:Transliteration set one step below the floor (or Шаблон:Transliteration) inside it
- Шаблон:Nihongo3, an Шаблон:Transliteration protruding from under the eaves and not protected by Шаблон:Transliteration.
If there are fewer than three Шаблон:Transliteration, an Шаблон:Transliteration may be described by more than one of the positional terms.[10][11]
Structural terms
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a wrap-around Шаблон:Transliteration, often a wrap-around veranda
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a Шаблон:Transliteration with boards running across its width
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a Шаблон:Transliteration with boards running along its length
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a veranda with a slatted floor for better drainage
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a bamboo Шаблон:Transliteration
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Шаблон:Transliteration, an Шаблон:Transliteration which continues all around the building
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Шаблон:Transl showing traditional mitered corner treatment. Шаблон:Transliteration in foreground.
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Шаблон:Transliteration. The gravel path may well double as a collector drain.
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Fast-draining Шаблон:Transliteration in lower right corner, near a tap
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Шаблон:Transliteration in the Geppa-rō rustic tea pavilion, overlooking the water at Katsura Imperial Villa (close-up, drainage)
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Broad Шаблон:Transliteration at Kiyomizu-dera; the dry section may be seen to the right.
Relation to other house components
The core of a traditional Shinden-style building was the innermost room or Шаблон:Nihongo (see diagram). This was surrounded by the Шаблон:Nihongo, which was on the same level, and was usually inside the windows and Шаблон:Transliteration storm shutters. The Шаблон:Transliteration was often a ring of tatami-floored rooms, but could be an unmatted Шаблон:Transliteration; see also Шаблон:Nihongo. In a large building, there could be further layers of tatami-floored rooms,[12] courtyards, and further floorplan complications.
In Shoin-style buildings, the positioning of the Шаблон:Transliteration varied more, and the storm shutters slid rather than being hinged (usually horizontally). The modern Sukiya-style of building uses Шаблон:Transliteration, storm shutters that not only slide but pack away in a cupboard called a Шаблон:Transliteration by day; unlike the Shoin-style shutter, these generally run on the outside of the Шаблон:Transliteration.
The width of an Шаблон:Transliteration varies with the building; Шаблон:Cvt is common, while large temples may have over Шаблон:Convert of Шаблон:Transliteration. The Шаблон:Transliteration is supported on posts, identical to the other uprights of the house. The posts stand on half-buried stones[5] or concrete footings.
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Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration. The Шаблон:Transliteration may itself be an Шаблон:Transliteration in small buildings, or it may be a second layer of tatami-floored rooms, with a hard-floored en running outside it.[13]
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Шаблон:Transliteration looking onto a courtyard, illustration Шаблон:Circa
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Low Шаблон:Transliteration running around a Шаблон:Transliteration courtyard, 2012
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After rain; the eaves have kept the Шаблон:Transliteration mostly dry, and the Шаблон:Transliteration has kept the foundations of the house quite dry.
Cultural role
Шаблон:Transliteration are often proportioned so that one can sit on the edge and observe the garden.[14] They provide a space for playing children and casual visitors.[4]
An Шаблон:Transliteration is part of the house, and shoes are therefore not worn on it. Guests' shoes are lined up pointing outwards.
While Шаблон:Transliteration declined with the Westernization of Japanese architecture,[4] they are making a comeback in modern architecture.[4][15]
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Cushions on an Шаблон:Transliteration protected by sliding glass doors. Note Шаблон:Transliteration, stone step.
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An Шаблон:Transliteration is part of the house, and shoes are therefore not worn on it.
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An Шаблон:Transliteration overlooking Erin-ji Gardens.
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An Шаблон:Transliteration can open the house to the surrounding landscape.
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Socializing on an Шаблон:Transliteration.
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Children playing on an Шаблон:Transliteration; they are drawing on the Шаблон:Transliteration. Note shoes on Шаблон:Transliteration.
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Traditional Шаблон:Transliteration in fancier buildings often have low railings,[5] for leaning on while sitting on the Шаблон:Transliteration. Westernization of clothing made sitting on the floor difficult; modern Шаблон:Transliteration often have standing-height railings
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Left, an Шаблон:Transliteration running between buildings, joining them.
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Modern Шаблон:Transliteration in Denmark.
See also
References
Шаблон:Japanese architectural elements
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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![Traditional Шаблон:Transliteration in fancier buildings often have low railings,[5] for leaning on while sitting on the Шаблон:Transliteration. Westernization of clothing made sitting on the floor difficult; modern Шаблон:Transliteration often have standing-height railings](/ruwiki/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0&wpDestFile=%E3%80%8E%E9%9B%A8%E9%81%8E%E6%B4%97%E5%BA%AD%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3%E3%80%8F-A_Garden_Refreshed_by_the_Passing_Rain_(Ukasentei_no_zu)_MET_DP147704.jpg){kind=link}
