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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|title=1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
|image=Eureka Chinatown 1885.jpg
|caption=Eureka Chinatown 1885
|location=[[Eureka, California]]
|date=February 7, 1885
|type=[[Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States]], [[ethnic cleansing]]
|victims=Eureka Chinese
|perpetrators=Eureka city government
|motive=[[Sinophobia]], [[racial discrimination]]
}}
[[File:Eureka Chinatown laundry 1885.jpg|thumb|Eureka Chinatown laundry]]
'''1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka''' was an [[ethnic cleansing]] event that took place in [[Eureka, California]] on February 7, 1885.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Carranco
|first1=Lynwood
|date=1961
|title=Chinese Expulsion from Humboldt County.
|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3636420
|journal=Pacific Historical Review
|volume=30
|issue=4
|pages=329–340
|publisher=JSTOR
|doi=10.2307/3636420
|jstor=3636420
}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States]] had been rising since mid-19th century. Numerous anti-Chinese riots broke out in the west, including [[California]]. The [[San Francisco riot of 1877]] led to the formation of the [[Workingmen's Party of California]] that same year; its slogan "'''The Chinese must go!'''" served to further incite resentment toward [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese immigrants]]. The growing [[sinophobia]] was reflected in 1882 when the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]], ceasing Chinese immigration.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=47
|title=An act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to the Chinese
|date=May 6, 1882
|publisher=General Records of the United States Government
|website=National Archive
}}</ref>

In the [[Humboldt Bay]] area, the logging industry drew Chinese laborers, who formed a [[Chinatown]] in Eureka around Fourth and E streets. By 1880 the Chinese population in Eureka was reported to be 96.<ref name=theava>{{cite web
|url=https://www.theava.com/archives/10696
|title=Island Of Strangers
|last1=Yang
|first1=Yang
|date=April 20, 2011
|publisher=The Boontling Greeley Sheet
|website=Anderson Valley Advertiser
}}</ref>

==Expulsion==
On the evening of February 6, 1885, around 6 pm, Eureka City Councilman David Kendall was caught in the crossfire of two rival Chinese [[Tong (organization)|gangs]] and killed. Two hundred feet from Chinatown was '''Centennial Hall''' (built a decade before to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]), where a crowd of over 600 whites gathered and decided to evict the Chinese.<ref name=weebly>{{cite web
|last1=LaBelle
|first1=Matthew
|url=https://chineseexpulsionhumboldt.weebly.com/the-expulsion.html
|title=The Expulsion of the Chinese from Humboldt County 
}}</ref>

Next day, February 7, city resolutions were passed stipulating that "all Chinamen be expelled from the city and that none be allowed to return."<ref name=Pfaelzer>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koQalf4HiZ4C&q=Eureka
|title=Driven out: the forgotten war against Chinese Americans
|last1=Pfaelzer
|first1=Jean
|pages=400
|publisher=University of California Press
|date=August 2008
|isbn=9780520256941
}}</ref>

A '''Committee of Fifteen''' organized the systemic deportation of virtually all 480 Chinese residents aboard two steamships to [[San Francisco]]; only a few Chinese managed to stay within the county.<ref name=clarkemuseum>{{cite web
|url=http://www.clarkemuseum.org/immigration-expulsion-homecoming.html
|title=Immigration, Expulsion, Homecoming The Legacy of the Chinese Expulsion in Humboldt County  
|publisher=Clarke Historical Museum
}}</ref>

Amazingly, no fatalities occurred during the expulsion, but Chinatown was demolished, with nothing left behind.<ref name=theava/> To this day, there are few Asians in [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt County]].<ref name=Easthouse>{{cite web
|author=Easthouse, K.
|date=February 27, 2003
|title=The Chinese Expulsion
|url=http://www.northcoastjournal.com/022703/cover0227.html
}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
This "peaceful" method of expelling Chinese was touted as '''The Eureka Method''' (or '''Eureka Plan'''), and served as a model for Chinese expulsions in other California cities, including [[Crescent City, California|Crescent City (1885)]], [[Arcata, California|Arcata (1886)]], [[Ferndale, California|Ferndale (1906)]], as well as other towns along the west coast such as [[1885 Chinese expulsion from Tacoma|Tacoma, Washington (1885)]].<ref name=Pfaelzer/><ref name=theava/>
<gallery mode=packed>
Workingmen's Party of California regular ticket - The Chinese Must Go.jpg|The Chinese must go!
</gallery>

In 1886 the San Francisco '''[[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association|Chinese Six Companies]]''' sued the city of Eureka in '''Wing Hing vs. Eureka''', demanding reparations and financial compensation as a consequence of the expulsion, but the case was dropped since the Chinese could not own land, they had lost no property.<ref name=clarkemuseum/><ref name=weebly/><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://longreads.com/2019/02/18/i-saw-my-countrymen-marched-out-of-tacoma/
|title=I Saw My Countrymen Marched Out of Tacoma
|last1=Lanzendorfer
|first1=Joy
|date=February 2019
|publisher=Longreads
}}</ref>

In 1890, the Humboldt County business directory boasted it is "The Only County in the State Containing No Chinamen".<ref name=Easthouse/><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://kymkemp.com/2020/10/23/odd-old-news-the-1906-chinese-expulsion/
|title=ODD OLD NEWS: THE 1906 CHINESE EXPULSION
|last1=Kemp
|first1=Kym
|date=October 23, 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.downtownbrown.com/pages/books/306676/lillie-e-hamm/history-and-business-directory-of-humboldt-county-descriptive-of-the-natural-resources
|title=History and Business Directory of Humboldt County Descriptive of the Natural Resources, Delightful Climate, Picturesque Scenery, Beautiful Homes. The Only County in the State Containing No Chinamen
|last1=Hamm
|first1=Lillie E.
|date=November 1890
|publisher=Downtown Brown Books
}}</ref>

Exclusion of Chinese and other Asians in Eureka continued well into the 20th century. In 1941, the Eureka City Council revised its charter:<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Oliner
|first1=Samual P.
|last2=Krause
|first2=Jerrald D.
|date=2001
|title=RACIAL AND ETHNIC ATTITUDES IN RURAL AMERICA: Focus on Humboldt County, California.
|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23263404
|journal=Humboldt Journal of Social Relations
|volume=26
|issue=1/2
|pages=11–55
|jstor=23263404
}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=Sec. 190 No Chinese shall ever be employed, either directly or indirectly on any work of the city, or in the performance of any contract or sub-contract of the city, except in punishment of a crime. Nor shall any provisions, supplies, materials, or articles of Chinese manufacture or production ever be use or purchased by or furnished to the city.
}}

This section was not removed from Eureka's charter until 1959.<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Perry
|first1=Ronald J.
|date=May 2005
|title=Wipe Out The Plague Spots: The Expulsion of the Chinese From Humboldt County
|url=http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/2148/33/Perry.pdf
|publisher=Humboldt State University
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Anti-Chinese sentiment}}
{{Chinese American}}

[[Category:Eureka, California]]
[[Category:1885 riots]]
[[Category:1885 in California]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese violence in the United States]]
[[Category:White American riots in the United States]]
[[Category:Asian-American issues]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in the United States]]
[[Category:Chinese-American history]]
[[Category:Chinese-American culture in California]]
[[Category:Asian-American history of California]]
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