Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:1922 Turin massacre

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Massacre of unionists by Fascist Italians}}
{{See also|Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–26)}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title            = 1922 Turin massacre
| image            = TorinoLapideXVIIIDicembre.jpg
| caption          = The plaque remembering the 11 who died was erected in 1946.
| location         = [[Turin]]
| target           = [[Communism|Communists]], [[Atheism|Atheists]], [[Secularism|Secularists]], [[Socialism|Socialists]], Members of the local labour movement in [[Turin]]
| date             = 18–20 December 1922
| time             = 
| timezone         = 
| type             = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities       = 11 killed; 10 seriously wounded
| perps            = Fascist [[Squadrismo|squads]] led by [[:it:Piero Brandimarte|Piero Brandimarte]]
| motive           = [[Anti-communism]]
}}

The '''1922 Turin massacre''' refers to the attack by [[Italian Fascism|Italian Fascists]] against members of a local labour movement in [[Turin]] in [[Italy]].  Over three days starting on 18 December and ending on 20 December 1922, at least 11 workers (and perhaps as many as 24) were killed in a terror campaign from 18 to 20 December 1922, to break the resistance to [[Italian Fascism|Fascism]] by the labour movement and working class.<ref name=sonessa>Sonnessa, "The 1922 Turin Massacre (''Strage di Torino'')", ''Modern Italy'', Volume 10, Issue 2, November 2005, pp. 187-205</ref>

==Background==
After the [[March on Rome]] and the appointment of [[Benito Mussolini]] as Prime Minister on 29 October 1922 the Turin labour movement kept on offering resistance to Fascism. The residual working class opposition was shown by the ongoing clandestine production and distribution of the Turin-based Communist newspaper ''[[L'Ordine Nuovo]]'', headed by [[Antonio Gramsci]], as well as political, factory and paramilitary organization, including popular uprisings against Fascist encroachment on working-class neighbourhoods and an important factory election victory.<ref name=sonessa/>

Another important factor was the rivalry between the paramilitary and political leadership of the local Turin ''[[fascio]]''. Once in government Mussolini sought to contain the violent excesses of local ''{{lang|it|[[squadrismo]]}}'' led by [[Cesare Maria De Vecchi]]. The Turin's Fascists became increasingly angered by Mussolini's tendency to collude with local economic and political elites and police chiefs in marginalizing the leader of Turinese and Piedmontese {{lang|it|squadrismo}}, De Vecchi and his right-hand man Piero Brandimarte. Fascism's increasingly prominent political position at the national level required stricter discipline from Fascists to prevent disaffection of its more liberal and squeamish backers.<ref name=sonessa/>

==The massacre==
The initial pretext for the large-scale offensive against the labour movement in Turin was the killing of two Fascists, Giuseppe Dresda and Lucio Bazzani, in the Barriera di Nizza, by the Communist militant and tram worker Francesco Prato, on the night of 17–18 December 1922.<ref name=sonessa/>

In revenge Fascists raided and burned down the ''[[Camera del lavoro]]'', the trade union headquarters, and attacked two clubs of the [[Italian Socialist Party]].<ref name=lajolo21>Lajolo, ''An Absurd Vice'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=2kOJMNpJAN8C&lpg=PA21 p. 21]</ref><ref name=nyt201222>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/12/20/98799634.pdf Ten Slain in Turin in Fascisti Riots], ''The New York Times'', December 20, 1922</ref> This was followed by the destruction of the Turin-based Communist newspaper ''[[L'Ordine Nuovo]]''. A number of the editors were taken to the central park in [[Turin]] and were threatened with execution by Fascist squads.<ref name=lajolo21/>

The fascists rounded up communists and trade unionists in the city and executed a number of them in gruesome manners with one victim, [[Pietro Ferrero (anarchist)|Pietro Ferrero]], being tied and dragged behind a truck until he died and another victim being bludgeoned to death.<ref name=lajolo21/> Officially, eleven people were killed and ten were seriously wounded by the Fascists.<ref name=lajolo21/> However, in 1924, Brandimarte declared to the ''Il Popolo di Roma'' newspaper that he had chosen 24 "subversives" from his lists and "entrusted them to our best squads to do justice. And justice was done. The dead were 22, because two escaped shooting."<ref name=rep131212>{{in lang|it}} [http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2012/12/13/1922-torino-la-prima-strage-nera.html 1922 Torino: la prima strage nera], ''[[La Repubblica]], 13 December 2012</ref>

==Aftermath==
Brandimarte was arrested in May 1945 after the fall of the Fascist regime. He was indicted for the murders in Turin, but the case was transferred to Florence. Five years later he was sentenced to 26 years and three months in jail, although he denied to have organized the massacre. However, in April 1952, the Bologna Court of Appeals absolved him because of insufficient evidence.<ref name=rep131212/>

In 1946 a plaque with the names of the 11 victims was on the Piazza 18 dicembre 1922.<ref name=lapide>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.museotorino.it/view/s/f0d6d3253e114aca9849cc2fe8e0dec3 Lapide in memoria delle vittime della strage del XVIII dicembre], MuseoTorino</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Lajolo, Davide (1983). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lHQCwtW3NZ0C An Absurd Vice: A Biography of Cesare Pavese]'', New York (NY): New Directions Publishing, {{ISBN|9780811208512}}
* Sonnessa, Antonio (2005). "[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13532940500284242 The 1922 Turin Massacre (''Strage di Torino''): Working class resistance and conflicts within fascism]", ''Modern Italy'', Volume 10, Issue 2, November 2005, pp.&nbsp;187–205.

{{Italian antifascism}}
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[[Category:Italian Fascism]]
[[Category:1920s in Turin]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1922]]
[[Category:1922 in Italy|Turin massacre]]
[[Category:Anti-communist terrorism]]
[[Category:Political repression in Italy]]
[[Category:Massacres in Italy|Turin 1922]]
[[Category:1922 murders in Italy]]
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