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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 1941}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = 1941 Texas hurricane
| image = Hurricane September 24, 1941 weather map.jpg
| caption = A daily weather map for September 24, 1941 depicting the storm
| formed = {{start-date|September 16, 1941}}
| extratropical = September 24, 1941
| dissipated = {{end-date|September 27, 1941}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 110
| pressure = 942
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1941
| fatalities = 7 direct
| damage = 7500000
| areas = [[Texas]], [[Midwestern United States]], eastern [[Canada]]
| refs = 
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1941 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
The '''1941 Texas hurricane''', the second storm of the [[1941 Atlantic hurricane season]], was a large and intense [[tropical cyclone]] that struck coastal [[Texas]] as a major hurricane in September 1941, causing relatively severe damage. The storm is estimated to have formed in the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]] on September&nbsp;16. After attaining hurricane strength, it completed a clockwise loop and turned northwestward. The hurricane continued to strengthen until it made landfall near [[East Matagorda Bay]], Texas, with winds of {{convert|125|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|lk=on}}, but rapidly weakened as it headed inland. Damage from the storm amounted to about $6.5 million, and crops throughout the region were largely destroyed. The city of [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] suffered extensive damage as the storm passed to the east. The hurricane disrupted activities related to the [[Louisiana Maneuvers]]. Later, the system became extratropical and passed over [[Lake Huron]], killing three people in [[Toronto]]. Overall, seven people lost their lives due to the cyclone.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|1941 Atlantic hurricane 2 track.png}}
In the middle of September, disturbed atmospheric conditions from a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] or [[tropical wave]] existed over the western [[Caribbean Sea]] and gradually coalesced near western [[Cuba]] on September&nbsp;15–16. Even so, surrounding [[surface weather observation]]s did not suggest that an [[low-pressure area|area of low pressure]] had generated, but gradual organization continued until a [[tropical cyclone#tropical depression|tropical depression]] formed on September&nbsp;17 in the central Gulf of Mexico about {{convert|120|mi|km|sigfig=3|lk=on}} north of the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref name="metadata">{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|author2=Hurricane Research Division|author3=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|title=Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research|date=March 2014|access-date=2014-03-15|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html}}</ref> Operationally, the [[National Weather Service#History|United States Weather Bureau]] failed to detect a tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico until a day later.<ref name="MWR">{{cite web|author=Howard C. Sumner|title=North Atlantic Tropical Disturbances of 1941|publisher=Weather Bureau|year=1942|access-date=October 23, 2009|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1941.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> After formation, the system initially moved northwestward, a heading that continued early on September&nbsp;18. At that time, the system became a tropical storm more than {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} to the south-southeast of [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}

Over the next three days, the intensifying storm executed a gradual [[clockwise]] loop, moving to the south-southeast before turning back to the west.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} After intensifying into a hurricane on September&nbsp;21, the storm began assuming a more northwestward course, toward the Texas Gulf Coast. It continued to strengthen into a major hurricane, peaking at {{convert|125|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|lk=on}} late on September&nbsp;23.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Just afterward, the storm went ashore east of [[Bay City, Texas]], at peak intensity with an estimated [[atmospheric pressure#Mean sea-level pressure|central pressure]] of {{convert|942|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|lk=on}}.{{U.S. hurricanes}} However, few weather instruments were sited close to the point of [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]], so the lowest recorded pressure on land was only {{convert|970.5|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}} in [[Houston]].<ref name=MWR /> After landfall, the cyclone curved to the northeast and passed just west of Houston early on September&nbsp;24.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} It accelerated as it continued to move inland and transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical storm]] on September&nbsp;25. The post-tropical system dissipated early on September&nbsp;27 over northeastern [[Quebec]], near the [[Torngat Mountains National Park]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}

==Preparations==
In advance of the storm, advisories and warnings were widely distributed by press, radio, telegraph and telephone. About 25,000 residents evacuated their homes; some small towns along the coast were described as "deserted".<ref name="MWR"/> People in low-lying areas of coastal Louisiana sought shelter as [[storm surge]] from the hurricane affected the northern [[Gulf Coast]].<ref name="headed"/> Residents in Texas prepared their homes and businesses for the hurricane, and boat owners pulled their craft out of the water. In [[Port Arthur, Texas|Port Arthur]], structures were boarded up and hundreds of refugees sought shelter in local hotels. [[American Red Cross]] workers were dispatched to the state. In Houston, a temporary hospital was erected. Police and firefighters in the city were put on alert. Vessels near the storm were advised to proceed with caution.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Poised To Hit Texas|date=September 23, 1941|work=The Evening Independent|access-date=2009-10-23|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a6kLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6415,5231439}}</ref>

==Impact==
[[File:Road Repair Galveston 1941.jpg|thumb|250px|Men from the Works Progress Administration doing emergency repair to the road at the end of the Galveston, Texas Seawall.]]
Overall damage from the storm totaled approximately $7 million, of which about $4 million can be attributed to the destruction of crops, notably rice and cotton.<ref name="MWR"/> The hurricane affected the southern Louisiana region one week before the [[Louisiana Maneuvers]], a series of military exercises held during August and September 1941. The exercise was designed to test US troop training, logistics, doctrine, and commanders and is considered a prelude to [[World War II]]. The rainfall triggered flooding and swelled rivers, and army vehicles became stuck in the mud as a result.<ref>{{cite web|author=Velmer Lenora Smith |title=World War II&nbsp;— Louisiana Maneuvers |publisher=Beauregard Parish Library |access-date=2009-10-25 |url=http://www.beau.org/~velmer/local/ww2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412054750/http://www.beau.org/~velmer/local/ww2.html |archive-date=April 12, 2010 }}</ref> Hundreds of military aircraft were forced to move inland for shelter.<ref name="headed">{{cite news|title=Gulf Storm Is Headed For Texas|date=September 22, 1941|work=The Evening Independent|access-date=2009-10-23|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aqkLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3460,5129833}}</ref>

Winds along the coast of Texas reached {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at numerous points near the hurricane's center. A report from [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] explained, "There was little characteristic sky appearance prior to the advent of the storm, the sky being mostly clear until lower clouds appeared suddenly between 6 and 7 a. m. C. S. T., on the 22d with altocumulus and alto-stratus overcast showing through breaks occasionally during the day. By late afternoon of the 22d the sky became completely overcast with low clouds of bad weather which predominated throughout the remainder of the storm."<ref name="MWR"/> Tides at the city, already slightly above-normal due to a previous storm, rose to a crest of {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} on September 23, flooding large portions of [[Galveston Island]]. A local airport was flooded with {{convert|1|to|3|ft|m|abbr=on}} of tidewater.<ref name="MWR"/>

As the hurricane moved inland, the city of Houston was hit especially hard. Three people in the area died and several others were injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Hits Houston In Twist|date=September 25, 1941|work=The New York Times|access-date=2009-10-23|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/09/25/archives/hurricane-hits-houston-in-twist-biggest-blow-in-years-pounds-city.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Races North Raging Thru Texas|date=September 24, 1941|work=Ludington Daily News|access-date=2009-10-24|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r88KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=804DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5700,3283942&dq=1941+texas+hurricane&hl=en}}</ref> Winds blew at up to {{convert|77|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, catching many off-guard after a previous forecast that deemed the region was safe. Some sections of the city were left without power. The winds destroyed poorly built structures and damaged others, and some streets were flooded. An athletic stadium was demolished by the storm, and glass windows were shattered in downtown stores. A preliminary estimate placed the damage in Houston at $500,000. In the aftermath of the storm, fifteen truckloads of shattered glass were removed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Damage In Millions As Hurricane Hits Texas|date=September 24, 1941|work=The Evening Independent|access-date=2009-10-23|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bKkLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2709,5353456}}</ref>

After spreading across the United States, the remnants moved through [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], producing hurricane-force wind gusts and 40&nbsp;ft (12&nbsp;m) waves along [[Lake Ontario]]. Throughout the lake, 55&nbsp;vessels sunk due to the storm, resulting in tens of thousands of dollars in damage. High winds caused power outages and structural damage, as well as destroyed wheat fields across Ontario. In Toronto, the storm killed three people and injured others.<ref name="Canada">{{cite web|author=Canadian Hurricane Centre|date=2009-09-14|title=1941-2|access-date=2011-07-29|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=75BDF42B-1}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[List of United States hurricanes]]
*[[History of Texas]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1941.pdf Monthly Weather Review]

{{1941 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
{{Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1941 Texas Hurricane}}
[[Category:1940s Atlantic hurricane seasons|Texas Hurricane, 1941]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Texas]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:1941 in Texas]]
[[Category:1941 natural disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:1941 meteorology]]
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