Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Election}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox election
 | election_name      = 1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
 | country            = Massachusetts
 | flag_year          = 1908
 | type               = presidential
 | ongoing            = no
 | previous_election  = 1946 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
 | previous_year      = 1946
 | next_election      = 1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
 | next_year          = 1958
 | election_date      = November 4, 1952
 | image_size         = x180px
 | image1             = Congressman John F. Kennedy 1947 (1).JPG
 | nominee1           = '''[[John F. Kennedy]]'''
 | party1             = Democratic Party (US)
 | popular_vote1      = '''1,211,984'''
 | percentage1        = '''51.3%'''
 | image2             = HenryCabotLodgeJr (1).jpg
 | nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]}}
 | party2             = Republican Party (US)
 | popular_vote2      = 1,141,247
 | percentage2        = 48.4%
 | map_image          = 1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts results map by municipality.svg
 | map_size           = 250px
 | map_caption        = Municipal results
 | title              = U.S. Senator
 | before_election    = [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]
 | before_party       = Republican Party (US)
 | after_election     = [[John F. Kennedy]]
 | after_party        = Democratic Party (US)
}}
{{Elections in Massachusetts}}
The '''1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts''' was held on November 4, 1952, in which [[Incumbent]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] lost to Congressman and future [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]], the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee.

This election marked the end of the [[Lodge family]] dynasty and the beginning of the [[Kennedy family]] dynasty. [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], and his grandfather [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], had held one of Massachusetts's two Senate seats for 43 of the previous 60 years. Kennedy and his younger brother [[Ted Kennedy]] would hold this Senate seat for combined 53 of the next 56 years.

==Republican primary==
===Candidates===
* [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], incumbent U.S. Senator

===Results===
Senator Lodge was unopposed for renomination.

{{Election box begin no change |title=1952 Republican U.S. Senate primary<ref>{{cite book |title=Election Statistics, 1952| year=1952 | url=https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti1952mass#page/250/mode/2up  }}</ref>
 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
 |party      = Republican Party (US)
 |candidate  = [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] (incumbent)
 |votes      = 394,896
 |percentage = 99.98%
 }}
{{Election box write-in with party link no change
 |votes      = 93
 |percentage = 0.02%
 }}
{{Election box candidate no change
 |party      = None
 |candidate  = Blank votes
 |votes      = 47,975
 |percentage = –
 }}
{{Election box turnout no change
 |votes      = 442,964
 |percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Democratic primary==
===Candidates===
* [[John F. Kennedy]], U.S. Representative

===Results===
Representative Kennedy was unopposed for the Democratic nomination.

{{Election box begin no change |title=1952 Democratic U.S. Senate primary<ref>{{cite book |title=Election Statistics, 1952| year=1952 | url=https://archive.org/stream/electionstatisti1952mass#page/166/mode/2up  }}</ref>
 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
 |party      = Democratic Party (US)
 |candidate  = [[John F. Kennedy]] 
 |votes      = 394,138
 |percentage = 100.00%
 }}
{{Election box write-in with party link no change
 |votes      = 9
 |percentage = 0.00%
 }}
{{Election box candidate no change
 |party      = None
 |candidate  = Blank votes
 |votes      = 123,469
 |percentage = –
 }}
{{Election box turnout no change
 |votes      = 517,616
 |percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

==General election==
===Campaign===
The 1952 Massachusetts Senate election was a contest between two representatives of [[New England]]'s most prominent political families: the Republican Lodges and the Democratic Kennedys. The Lodges were a much older political dynasty; the family could trace its roots to the original [[Puritan]] pioneers who had first settled the state in the early seventeenth century. The Lodges were a "[[Nobility|Blue blood]]" family, and along with several other Boston-area Protestant families, were considered to be at the apex of Massachusetts High Society, and they had been prominent in Boston political and business circles for generations. Lodge's grandfather, [[Henry Cabot Lodge|Henry Cabot Lodge Sr.]], had been a powerful United States Senator from Massachusetts, as well as a close friend and ally of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]; he was also a foe of President [[Woodrow Wilson]]. His grandson and namesake, [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], had first been elected to the U.S. Senate in [[1936 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1936]], when he was the only Republican Senate candidate in the nation to defeat a Democratic incumbent. He was easily reelected in [[1942 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1942]]. During the [[Second World War]] he resigned his Senate seat and served as a Lt. Colonel in the U.S. Army in Italy and France. In 1945 Lodge helped negotiate the surrender of German forces in western [[Austria]]. In [[1946 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1946]] Lodge reclaimed a Senate seat when he defeated Democratic Senator [[David I. Walsh|David Walsh]].

Lodge's Democratic opponent in the 1952 Senate race was three-term Congressman [[John F. Kennedy]], then only 35 years old. Although the Kennedys were a much newer political dynasty than the Lodges, they had amassed a considerably larger financial fortune, thanks in large part to the business activities of [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], Kennedy's father. The Kennedys were Irish Catholics, and in many ways the 1952 Massachusetts Senate campaign was the climax of a longstanding battle between the older Protestant families like the Lodges, who had controlled politics in the Bay State for generations, and the newer Irish Catholic families such as the Kennedys, who for demographic reasons now outnumbered the Protestants. The Kennedys also viewed the 1952 race as something of a grudge match, as Lodge's grandfather had defeated Kennedy's grandfather, Boston Mayor [[John F. Fitzgerald]], in a 1916 Senate race in Massachusetts.

Congressman Kennedy's Senate campaign was managed by his younger brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]], who would perform the same function for his brother in the 1960 presidential campaign. Kennedy launched his campaign early in 1952 and made an intensive effort, by election day in November 1952 he had visited every city, town, and village in Massachusetts at least once. He also collected a record number of signatures for his petition for office, assembling a petition of over a quarter-million signatures. Many of those who signed the petition would later become campaign volunteers or workers for Kennedy in their hometowns. A famous innovation by the Kennedys in the 1952 Senate race were a series of "tea parties" sponsored by Kennedy's mother and sisters in the fall. Congressman Kennedy attended each of the tea parties and shook hands and charmed the voters (usually female) who were present; it is estimated that a total of 70,000 voters attended the tea parties, which was roughly his margin of victory over Lodge.

Lodge, meanwhile, neglected his Senate campaign for most of 1952. Instead, he focused on persuading [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the popular [[World War II]] general, to [[Draft Eisenhower|run for]] and win the Republican presidential nomination over Ohio Senator [[Robert A. Taft]], the leader of the party's conservatives. Lodge, a moderate and [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]], strongly disagreed with Taft's [[isolationist]] foreign-policy views and felt that Taft could not win a presidential election. Lodge served as Eisenhower's campaign manager and played a key role in helping Eisenhower to beat Taft and win the Republican nomination. However, Lodge's prominent role in defeating Taft angered many of Taft's supporters in Massachusetts, and they vowed revenge. Congressman Kennedy privately courted many of Taft's more prominent backers in Massachusetts, and some of them, such as Basil Brewer, the publisher of the ''New Bedford Standard-Times'', supported Kennedy over Lodge in their newspapers and editorials.

When the usually Democratic-leaning but financially unstable ''[[Boston Post]]'' planned to endorse Lodge, Joseph Kennedy arranged for a $500,000 loan so the paper would endorse his son; John Kennedy stated that "We had to buy that fucking paper or I'd have been licked."<ref name="leamer2001">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnPJ0BrvmYC&pg=PA305 | title=The Kennedy Men: 1901-1963 | publisher=HarperCollins | author=Leamer, Laurence | year=2001 | isbn=0-688-16315-7 | pages=304–305}}</ref> Kennedy and Lodge engaged in one public debate, which was held on radio; the debate was generally considered a draw, although some observers felt that Kennedy's ability to hold his own with the older and more distinguished Lodge gave him the advantage.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The nationally-known and Catholic Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of [[Wisconsin]] refused to campaign for Lodge, a fellow Republican, due to [[Joseph McCarthy#Support from Roman Catholics and the Kennedy family|his friendship with the Kennedy family]]. McCarthy was popular among many Catholic voters in Massachusetts due to his Communist-hunting activities in Congress; [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] believed that Lodge probably would have won the election with McCarthy's help.<ref name=amex>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/kennedys/ ''The Kennedys''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227180938/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/kennedys/ |date=2010-02-27 }}. ''[[American Experience]]''. Boston, Massachusetts: [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]]. 2009.</ref>

On the weekend before the election Eisenhower visited Boston and energetically campaigned for Lodge, but it was not enough. Although Eisenhower carried Massachusetts by over 200,000 votes, Kennedy narrowly upset Lodge, winning by 70,000 votes and three percentage points.

===Results===
[[File:Massachusetts Senate Election Results by County, 1952.png|thumb|Results by county<br>'''Kennedy:''' {{legend0|#7996e2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6674de|60–70%}}<br/>'''Lodge:''' {{legend0|#ffb2b2|40–50%}} {{legend0|#e27f7f|50–60%}} {{legend0|#d75d5d|60–70%}}]]

{{Election box begin no change
| title= General election results}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
 |party = Democratic Party (US)
 |candidate = [[John F. Kennedy]]
 |votes = 1,211,984
 |percentage = 51.34
 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
 |party = Republican Party (US)
 |candidate = [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] (incumbent)
 |votes = 1,141,247
 |percentage = 48.35
 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
 |party = Socialist Labor Party of America
 |candidate = Thelma Ingersoll
 |votes = 4,683
 |percentage = 0.20
 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
 |party = Prohibition Party (US)
 |candidate = [[Mark R. Shaw]]
 |votes = 2,508 
 |percentage = 0.11
}}
{{Election box total no change|
  |votes      = 2,360,422
  |percentage = 100.0
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
  |winner     = Democratic Party (US)
  |loser      = Republican Party (US)
}}
{{Election box end}}
:Source: ''[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=83027 OurCampaigns.com]''

==Aftermath==
Kennedy's narrow victory marked the end of the Lodge dynasty and beginning of the Kennedy dynasty. Since January 1953, the Lodge name has faded from Massachusetts office, and the family has largely retired from state politics.{{efn|[[Augustus Gardner Means]], a great-grandson of Henry Cabot Lodge, represented Essex County in the House of Representatives until 1955 and then served as a Governor's Councilor until 1961.}}{{efn|Though Senator Lodge left state politics behind, he rose to prominence on the national stage as Richard Nixon's [[1960 United States presidential election|running mate in 1960]], [[1964 Republican Party presidential primaries|a candidate for President in his own right in 1964]], and a leading American diplomat involved in the [[Vietnam War]].}} Lodge's son [[George C. Lodge]] lost the [[1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|1962 Massachusetts Senate special election]] to Ted Kennedy, the last time that the two families opposed one another in a political campaign.

Conversely, the Kennedy family controlled the Senate seat they won in 1952 from January 1953 until [[Ted Kennedy]]'s death in August 2009, as John Kennedy, family friend [[Benjamin A. Smith II]], and then Ted Kennedy each held the seat. Lodge served for eight years as President Eisenhower's [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United Nations Ambassador]]. In the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential election]], he was [[Richard Nixon]]'s running mate, but the Democratic ticket of Senators Kennedy and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] won the election.

== See also ==
* [[1952 United States Senate elections]]

==Sources==
*Whalen, Thomas J. (2000). ''Kennedy versus Lodge: The 1952 Massachusetts Senate Race.'' Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-55553-462-2}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{1952 United States elections}}
{{Federal elections in Massachusetts footer}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}

[[Category:United States Senate elections in Massachusetts|1952]]
[[Category:1952 United States Senate elections|Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1952 Massachusetts elections]]
[[Category:John F. Kennedy]]
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