Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:1965 Carmel mid-air collision

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|US aviation incident}}
{{Infobox Aircraft accident
|name = Eastern Air Lines Flight 853<br />TWA Flight 42
|date = December 4, 1965
|type = [[Mid-air collision]] due to [[optical illusion]] and [[pilot error]]
|occurrence_type = Accident
|site = [[Carmel, New York]], United States
|total_fatalities   = 4
|total_injuries = 50
|total_survivors    = 108
|plane1_image = Boeing 707-131B, Trans World Airlines (TWA) JP7675834.jpg
|plane1_caption = The Trans World Airlines Boeing 707 involved in the accident
|plane1_type        = [[Boeing 707-131B]]
|plane1_name        = 
|plane1_operator    = [[Trans World Airlines]]
|plane1_tailnum     = N748TW
|plane1_occupants   = 58
|plane1_passengers  = 51
|plane1_crew        = 7
|plane1_injuries    = 1
|plane1_fatalities  = 0
|plane1_survivors   = 58
|plane1_origin      = [[San Francisco International Airport]]
|plane1_destination = [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]
|plane2_image = Lockheed 1049H N6931C (4815952906).jpg
|plane2_caption = A Lockheed Super Constellation similar to the accident aircraft.
|plane2_type        = [[Lockheed L-1049C Super Constellation]]
|plane2_name        = 
|plane2_operator    = [[Eastern Air Lines]]
|plane2_tailnum     = N6218C
|plane2_occupants   = 54
|plane2_passengers  = 49
|plane2_crew        = 5
|plane2_injuries    = 49
|plane2_fatalities  = 4
|plane2_survivors   =  50
|plane2_origin      = [[Boston Logan International Airport]]
|plane2_destination = [[Newark International Airport]]
|image=|alt=|caption=|coordinates=|missing=|stopover=|stopover0=|last_stopover=|image_upright=
}}

The '''1965 Carmel mid-air collision''' occurred on December 4, 1965, when '''[[Eastern Air Lines]] Flight 853''' (N6218C), a [[Lockheed Super Constellation]] en route from [[Boston Logan International Airport]] to [[Newark International Airport]], [[Mid-air collision|collided in mid-air]] with '''[[Trans World Airlines]] Flight 42''' (N748TW), a [[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-131B]] en route from [[San Francisco International Airport]] to [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], over [[Carmel, New York]], United States.<ref name=asn196512041>{{cite web | last = | first =  | authorlink =  | title = ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-131B N748TW New York, NY | publisher = Aviation Safety Network | date =  | url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19651204-0 | format =  | doi =  | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name=asn196512042>{{cite web | last = | first =  | authorlink =  | title = ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-1049C Super Constellation N6218C North Salem, NY | publisher = Aviation Safety Network | date =  | url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19651204-1 | format =  | doi =  | accessdate = }}</ref>

TWA Flight 42 made an emergency landing at John F. Kennedy International Airport, while Eastern Air Lines Flight 853 was forced to make a crash landing on Hunt Mountain in [[North Salem, New York]]. Three passengers died, plus the Constellation's pilot, Captain Charles J. White, who had returned to the aircraft's cabin to help the last passenger.<ref name=aarons>{{cite web | last = Aarons | first = Richard A. | authorlink =  | title = TWA Flight 42 - The Unexpected - When Experience and Airmanship Really Counts | publisher = International Aviation Safety Association | date = 3 May 2004 | url = http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/Safety_Issues/others/legacytrix.html | doi =  | accessdate = }}</ref>

== Aircraft and crews ==
[[Trans World Airlines]] Flight 42, [[Aircraft registration|registration]] N748TW, was a Boeing 707-131B carrying 51 passengers and seven crewmembers from San Francisco International Airport in San Francisco to John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens. The crew consisted of [[Pilot in command|Captain]] Thomas H. Carroll (age 45), [[First officer (aviation)|First Officer]] Leo M. Smith (42), [[Flight Engineer]] Ernest V. Hall (41) and four stewardesses. Captain Carroll was a highly experienced pilot, having accumulated 18,842 flight hours, of which 1,867 were in the 707. First Officer Smith had accumulated 12,248 flight hours, of which 2,607 were in the 707. Flight Engineer Hall had accumulated 11,717 flight hours, of which 5:52 were in the 707.

[[Eastern Air Lines]] Flight 853, registration N6218C, was a Super Constellation carrying 49 passengers and five crew members from Logan International Airport in Boston to Newark International Airport (now Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark. The crew consisted of Captain Charles J. White (age 42), First Officer Roger I. Holt Jr. (34), Flight Engineer Emile P. Greenway (27) and two stewardesses. Captain White had accumulated 11,508 flight hours, 1,947 of which were in the Constellation. First Officer Holt had accumulated 8,090 flight hours, of which 899 were on the Constellation. Flight Engineer Greenway had accumulated 1,011 flight hours, of which 726 were in the Constellation.<ref name=":0" />

==Accident==
The TWA Boeing 707 and the Eastern Air Lines Constellation approached the Carmel [[VORTAC]] at the same time. As the Constellation emerged from a cloud puff, First Officer Roger I. Holt Jr. saw the Boeing in his right side window at the 2 o'clock position. The aircraft appeared to be converging rapidly at the same altitude. Holt shouted, "Look out," placed his hands on the control wheel, and made a rapid application of up elevator simultaneously with Captain White, causing crew members and passengers to be forced down into their seats.<ref name=aarons/>

===TWA Flight 42===
Aboard the Boeing, the crew was preparing for arrival at JFK International, flying in clear air above an overcast sky with good visibility as they approached Carmel. The aircraft was being flown on autopilot with altitude-hold engaged, and the pilot, Capt. Thomas H. Carroll, had his left hand on the control yoke. On seeing an aircraft at his 10 o'clock position on what appeared to be a collision course, he immediately disengaged the autopilot, put the wheel hard over to the right, and pulled back on the yoke. His copilot, First Officer Leo M. Smith, also grabbed the controls and acted together with him. The aircraft rolled to the right and it became apparent that this maneuver would not allow the two aircraft to pass clear of each other, so Carroll and Smith attempted to reverse the wheel to the left and pushed on the yoke. Before the aircraft could react to the control reversal, two shocks were felt and the Boeing entered a steep dive; the Boeing's left wing had struck the tail of the Constellation and both aircraft were out of control.<ref name=":0">C. S. Murphy, R. T. Murphy, G. J. Minetti, W. Gillilland, and J. G. Adams for the Civil Aeronautics Board. ''{{Sourcetext|source=Aviation Accident Report: 1965 Carmel mid-air collision}}'' (1966)</ref>

The Boeing crew recovered from the dive, declared an emergency with New York Center, and received the first of many vectors to JFK International. They performed a damage assessment and asked that crash and fire equipment stand by. The Boeing was vectored south of JFK International where it made a wide 360 degree turn to check that the landing gear was fully down and to determine how the airplane would fly at approach speeds, and made a safe landing on Runway 31L at 1640.<ref name=":0" /> The only injury was a bloody nose suffered by a [[flight attendant]] who was knocked off her feet in the collision.

===Eastern Air Lines Flight 853===
Following the collision, the Eastern Air Lines Constellation continued to climb. The crew felt the aircraft shudder and begin a left-turning dive back into the clouds. There was no response from the controls or trim tabs, but the crew discovered that a degree of control was available by adjusting the throttles. The aircraft descended through solid clouds and a recovery was made below the clouds using throttles only. Several zooms were then made back into the clouds as the pilots attempted to gain control of their aircraft.<ref name=":0" />

The pilots discovered a throttle setting that would maintain a descent in level attitude, with airspeed maintained between 125 and 140 knots; the nose rose when power was increased and fell when power was decreased.  Their rate of descent could be maintained at approximately 500 feet per minute.<ref name=":0" />

It was obvious to the pilots that the Constellation was badly damaged and that they needed to make an emergency landing.  However, they were over mainly wooded terrain on the Connecticut-New York border, and the few fields were surrounded by stone walls, sited on sloping terrain, and not large enough.  Captain White advised the passengers that the aircraft was out of control, and that a crash landing would be made.<ref name=":0" />

The aircraft descended on a southwest heading over [[Danbury Municipal Airport]], Connecticut at an altitude of 2,000 feet.  Around two miles ahead, White spotted a pasture halfway up Hunt Mountain, a 900&nbsp;ft ridge running perpendicular to the Constellation's flightpath. He aligned the aircraft using asymmetric thrust, told passengers to brace themselves, and descended into the upward-sloping hillside with wheels and flaps retracted. At the last moment he jammed the throttles forward to pitch up the aircraft's nose, letting the Constellation pancake into the 15-percent slope.<ref name=":0" />

The crash-landing site was 4.2 miles north of an area where numerous parts from both aircraft were later found by investigators. The first impact was on a tree that was found broken 46 feet above the ground. 250 feet farther on, the left wing contacted another tree, and was separated from the aircraft. The fuselage contacted the ground at the same point, and the aircraft came to rest on the slope. The fuselage had been broken into three pieces, and all the engines had been separated from their nacelles.<ref name=":0" />

The cockpit and cabin crews survived the crash landing and worked both inside and outside the broken fuselage parts to evacuate the survivors from the wreckage, which was on fire. Volunteer firemen from North Salem, [[Ridgefield, Connecticut]], and nearby communities extinguished the fire and transported the survivors to hospitals at Danbury, Connecticut; Mount Kisco, New York; and Carmel, New York, where two passengers later died of their injuries. Firefighters later discovered two bodies in the fuselage - that of a male passenger in the forward section, whose seatbelt jammed, and that of Captain White, who had returned to the cabin to help the passenger. Both had died from smoke inhalation.<ref name=aarons/>

===Notable passengers===
* Noted electrical engineer and physicist [[Warren P. Mason]] and his second wife were among the survivors of  the Constellation crash.<ref>Thurston, Robert N, [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/294101/ "Historical note: Warren P. Mason (1900-1986) physicist, engineer, inventor, author, teacher"], ''IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control'', vol. 41, no. 4, p. 426, July 1994.</ref>

==Investigation==

===Conclusions===
Misjudgment of altitude separation by the crew of EA 853 because of an optical illusion created by the up-slope effect of cloud tops resulted in an evasive maneuver and a reactive evasive maneuver by the TWA 42 crew.<ref name=asn196512041/><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Aviation Accident Report: 1965 Carmel mid-air collision|1965 Carmel mid-air collision - Accident Report - Civil Aeronautics Board}}
* [https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33722 Final accident report] - [[Civil Aeronautics Board]]
* {{cite news|last=Corcoran|first=Terence|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/north-salem/2014/03/21/memories-n-salem-plane-crash-stirred-missing-jet/6696427|title=N. Salem plane crash memories stirred by missing jet|newspaper=[[The Journal News]]|date=2014-03-21}} - 2014 USA Today story on the crash landing of Flight 853

{{Lockheed Constellation family}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1965}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1960s}}
{{TWA}}
{{Portal bar|New York (state)|Aviation}}
{{Coord missing|Hudson Valley}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carmel Mid-air Collision}}
[[Category:1965 in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Constellation]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1965]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions involving airliners]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Putnam County, New York]]
[[Category:Eastern Air Lines accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Trans World Airlines accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:December 1965 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving belly landings]]
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