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{{Short description|Largest recorded earthquake in Illinois, US}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = 1968 Illinois earthquake
| image = 
| image alt = 
| imagecaption = 
| map = 1968 Illinois earthquake.svg
| map_alt = Intensity VI and VII levels are mostly in southeast Illinois, with some small nearby regions in Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri. Intensity V or greater covers the southern half of Illinois, the western quarter of Kentucky, and smaller parts of adjacent states. Intensity IV or greater covers most of Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, as well as portions of neighboring states. Intensity I or greater is present in 22 U.S. states and the southernmost tip of Canada.
| image name = 
| map2 = 
| map_caption = [[Isoseismal map]] for the event (I–III are ''Not felt'' to ''Weak'', IV is ''Light'', V is ''Moderate'', VI is ''Strong'', VII is ''Very strong'')
| timestamp = 1968-11-09 17:01:38
| isc-event = 814965
| anss-url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis3024/executive
| local-date = {{Start date|1968|11|09}}
| local-time = 11:01:40 CST
| duration = 
| magnitude = 5.3 {{M|b|link=y}}<ref>{{Cite isc|EB|814965}}</ref>
| depth = {{convert|19|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Short-isc|EB|814965}}</ref>
| location = {{coord|37.95|N|88.48|W|region:US_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name=BSSA/>
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Dip-slip]]
| countries affected = [[Midwestern United States]]
| damage = 
| intensity = {{MMI|VII}} 
| tsunami = 
| landslide = 
| aftershocks = 
| casualties = None
| damages = 
| foreshocks = 
| pgv = 
| pga = 
| alt = 
| affected = 
| fault = 
| caption = 
| name = 
| citations = 
}}

The '''1968 Illinois earthquake''' (a New Madrid event){{sfn|Hough|2002|p=209}} was the largest recorded [[earthquake]] in the U.S. [[Midwestern]] state of [[Illinois]]. Striking at 11:02&nbsp;am on November&nbsp;9, it measured 5.4 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]].<ref name=IllinoisEarthquakeInfo>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/index.php?regionID=13 |title=Illinois Earthquake Information |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |date=July 16, 2008 |access-date=November 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216063935/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/index.php?regionID=13 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although no fatalities occurred, the event caused considerable structural damage to buildings, including the toppling of chimneys and shaking in [[Chicago]], the region's largest city. The earthquake was one of the most widely felt in U.S. history, largely affecting 23&nbsp;states over an area of {{convert|580000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}. In studying its cause, scientists discovered the [[Harrisburg, Illinois#Cottage Grove Fault System|Cottage Grove Fault]] in the Southern [[Geology of Illinois#Illinois Basin|Illinois Basin]].

Within the region, millions felt the rupture. Reactions to the earthquake varied; some people near the epicenter did not react to the shaking, while others panicked. A future earthquake in the region is extremely likely; in 2005, seismologists and geologists estimated a 90% chance of a magnitude 6–7 tremor before 2055, likely originating in the [[Wabash Valley Seismic Zone|Wabash Valley seismic zone]] on the Illinois–Indiana border or the [[New Madrid fault zone]].

== Background ==
The first recorded earthquake in Illinois is from 1795 when a small earthquake shook the frontier settlement of [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], although the epicenter could not be located and may have been outside Illinois.<ref name=IllinoisEQ>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/illinois/history.php |title=Illinois: Earthquake History |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |date=January 30, 2009 |access-date=April 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416180523/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/illinois/history.php |archive-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Data from large earthquakes—in May and July 1909, and November 1968—suggest that earthquakes in the area are of moderate magnitude but can be felt over a large geographical area, largely because of the lack of fault lines. The May 1909 [[Aurora, Illinois|Aurora]] earthquake affected people in an area of {{convert|500000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}};<ref name=IllinoisEQ/> the 1968 Illinois earthquake was felt by those living in an area of about {{convert|580000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=IllinoisEQ/> Contradicting the idea that the region's earthquakes are felt over a wide area, a 1965 shock was only noticed near [[Tamms, Illinois|Tamms]], though it had the same intensity level (VII) as those of 1909 and 1968.<ref name=IllinoisEQ/> Before 1968, earthquakes had been recorded in 1838, 1857, 1876,{{Ref|ref1|[a]}} 1881, 1882, 1883, 1887, 1891, 1903, 1905, 1912, 1917, 1922,{{Ref|ref2|[b]}} 1934, 1939, 1947, 1953, 1955, and 1958.<ref name=IllinoisEQ/> Since 1968, other earthquakes have occurred in the same region in 1972, 1974, 1984, and [[2008 Illinois earthquake|2008]].<ref name=IllinoisEQ/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/wisconsin/history.php|title=Wisconsin: Earthquake History|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=January 30, 2009|access-date=May 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326093144/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/wisconsin/history.php|archive-date=26 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geology ==
[[File:New Madrid and Wabash seizmic zones-USGS mod.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Map showing the Cottage Grove Fault in green|alt=Jutting off the Wabash Valley seismic zone on the Illinois–Indiana border is the Cottage Grove Fault. To the south, on the edge of Missouri, is the New Madrid seismic zone.]]

The quake struck on Saturday, November 9, 1968, at 11:02&nbsp;am.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/1968EQ/globe.html|title=Quake-Shy St. Louisans Compose Jangled Nerves|newspaper=[[St. Louis Globe-Democrat]]|author=Blanchard, Robert|date=November 11, 1968| access-date= 9 November 2008 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20081006204419/http://www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/1968EQ/globe.html| archive-date= 6 October 2008| url-status= dead}}</ref> The quake's [[epicenter]] was slightly northwest of [[Broughton, Illinois|Broughton]] in [[Hamilton County, Illinois|Hamilton County]],<ref name="McLeansboro Times"/> and close to the Illinois–Indiana border, about {{convert|120|mi|km}} east of [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]].<ref name=NYT/> Surrounding the epicenter were several small towns built on flat [[glacial lake|glacial lake plains]] and low hills.<ref name=BSSA2>{{cite journal|last=Gordon|first=David W.|author2=Bennett, Theron J.|author3=Herrmann, Robert B.|author4=Rogers, Albert M.|date=1 June 1970|title=The south-central Illinois earthquake of November 9, 1968: Macroseismic studies|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=60|issue=3|pages=953&ndash;971|doi=10.1785/BSSA0600030953|bibcode=1970BuSSA..60..953G|s2cid=129609627|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/60/3/953|access-date=November 14, 2008}} (See this bulletin on the webpage of [https://web.archive.org/web/19970704161756/http://www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/1968EQ/index.html Earthquake Center] of [[Saint Louis University]])</ref> Scientists described the rupture as "strong".<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/10/298946612.pdf|title=22 States Struck By Strong Quake; Wide Area From Minnesota to Carolina Hit by Tremor|newspaper=New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=October 10, 1968|access-date=November 25, 2008 }}</ref> During the quake, [[surface wave magnitude|surface wave]] and [[body wave magnitude|body wave]] magnitudes were measured at 5.2 and 5.54, respectively.<ref name=BSSA>{{cite journal |last=Stauder |first=William |author2=Nuttli, Otto W. |date=1 June 1970 |title=Seismic studies: South central Illinois earthquake of November 9, 1968 |journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=973&ndash;981 |doi=10.1785/BSSA0600030973 |bibcode=1970BuSSA..60..973S |s2cid=130306348 |url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/60/3/953}}</ref> The magnitude of the quake reached 5.4 on the Richter scale.<ref name=IllinoisEarthquakeInfo/> The earthquake occurred at a depth of {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Kim2002>{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Won-Young|title=The 18 June 2002 Caborn, Indiana, Earthquake: Reactivation of Ancient Rift in the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone?|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/bssa/article-lookup/93/5/2201|year=2003|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=93|issue=5|pages=2201&ndash;2211|doi=10.1785/0120020223|access-date=December 8, 2009|bibcode=2003BuSSA..93.2201K}}</ref>{{Ref|ref3|[c]}}

A [[focal mechanism|fault plane solution]] for the earthquake confirmed two nodal planes (one is always a [[fault plane]], the other an auxiliary plane) striking north–south and dipping about 45° to the east and to the west. This faulting suggests [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|dip slip reverse motion]] and a horizontal east–west axis of confining stress.<ref name=BSSA/> At the time of the earthquake, no faults were known in the immediate epicentral region (see below), but the motion corresponded to movement along the [[Wabash Valley Fault System]] roughly {{convert|10|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of the region.<ref name=BSSA/> The rupture also partly occurred on the New Madrid Fault, responsible for the great [[1812 New Madrid earthquake|New Madrid earthquakes]] in 1812. The New Madrid tremors were the most powerful earthquakes to hit the [[contiguous United States]].<ref name=Dispatch>{{cite news|url=http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_photos/1968EQ/post.html|title=Quake Damage Minor; Felt Over Wide Area in Midwest and East|newspaper=St. Louis Post Dispatch|author=Staff|date=November 10, 1968|page=1A|access-date=September 13, 2015}}</ref>

Various theories were put forward for the cause of the rupture. Donald Roll, director of seismology at [[Loyola University Chicago]], proposed that the quake was caused by massive amounts of [[silt]] being deposited by rivers, generating a "seesaw" effect on the plates beneath. "The weight of the silt depressed one end of the block and tipped up the other," he said.<ref name=NYT2/> Scientists eventually realized, though, that the cause was a then-unknown fault, the [[Cottage Grove Fault]], a small tear in the Earth's rock in the Southern Illinois Basin near the city of [[Harrisburg, Illinois]].

The fault, which is aligned east&ndash;west, is connected to the north&ndash;south-trending Wabash Valley Fault System at its eastern end.<ref name=Bristol1979>{{cite report|last1=Bristol |first1=Hubert M. |last2=Treworgy |first2=Janis D. |title=The Wabash Valley fault System in Southeastern Illinois |year=1979 |publisher=Illinois Institute of Natural Resources |version=Circular 509 |url=http://library.isgs.uiuc.edu/Pubs/pdfs/circulars/c509.pdf |location=Urbana, Illinois |access-date=June 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616065324/http://library.isgs.uiuc.edu/Pubs/pdfs/circulars/c509.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2010 }}</ref> Seismographic mapping completed by geologists revealed [[monocline]]s, [[anticline]]s, and [[syncline]]s, all of which suggest deformation during the [[Paleozoic era]], when [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|strike-slip faulting]] took place nearby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002NC/finalprogram/abstract_31987.htm|title=Seismic Reflection Investigation of the Cottage Grove Fault System, Southern Illinois Basin|publisher=Geological Society of America|date=April 4, 2002|access-date=November 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204210243/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002NC/finalprogram/abstract_31987.htm|archive-date=4 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The fault runs along an ancient [[Precambrian]] [[terrane]] boundary. It was active mainly in the [[Late Pennsylvanian]] and [[Early Permian]] epochs around 300 million years ago.<ref name=Duchek>{{cite journal|last=Duchek|first=Amanda B.|author2=McBride, John H.|author3=Nelson, W. John|author4=Leetaru, Hannes E.|title=The Cottage Grove fault system (Illinois Basin): Late Paleozoic transpression along a Precambrian crustal boundary|year=2004|journal=GSA Bulletin|volume=116|pages=1465–1484|doi=10.1130/B25413.1|issue=11–12|bibcode = 2004GSAB..116.1465D }}</ref>

== Damage ==
[[File:Gateway Arch.jpg|thumb|The [[Gateway Arch]] shook from the earthquake.|alt=Full-view photograph of the arch]]

The earthquake was felt in 23&nbsp;states and affected a zone of {{convert|580000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}. The shaking extended east to Pennsylvania and West Virginia, south to Mississippi and Alabama, north to [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada, and west to Oklahoma.<ref name=Dispatch/> Isolated reports were received from [[Boston]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], [[Pensacola, Florida]], southern [[Ontario]],<ref name=USGS1>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/today/his_11_09.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422044008/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/today/his_11_09.php|archive-date=2008-04-22|title=Today in Earthquake History: November 9|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=July 16, 2008|access-date=November 9, 2008}}</ref> Arkansas, Minnesota, Tennessee, Georgia, Kansas, Ohio, Mississippi, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Missouri, West Virginia, Alabama, Nebraska, Iowa, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin, presumably because of shaking.<ref name=NYT2/> The worst-affected areas were in the general area of [[Evansville, Indiana]], St. Louis, and [[Chicago]], but with no major damage.<ref name=BSSA2/> No deaths happened; the worst injury was a child knocked unconscious by falling debris outside his home.<ref name=Dispatch/>

Damage was confined to Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and south-central Iowa,<ref name=USGS1/> and largely consisted of fallen chimneys, foundation cracks, collapsed [[parapet]]s, and overturned tombstones. In one home in [[Dale, Illinois]], near [[Tuckers Corners, Illinois|Tuckers Corners]] and southwest of [[McLeansboro, Illinois|McLeansboro]], the quake cracked interior walls, plaster, and chimneys.<ref name="McLeansboro Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcleansboro.net/history/quake.php |title=It's Official-County was Center of Earthquake |newspaper=McLeansboro Times-Leader |access-date=February 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132026/http://www.mcleansboro.net/history/quake.php |archive-date=June 17, 2012 }}</ref> Using a type of [[victim study]], the local post office surveyed residents and implemented a field inspection, which indicated the strongest shaking ([[Mercalli intensity scale|MM VII]]) took place in the [[Wabash Valley]], [[Ohio Valley]], and other nearby south-central Illinois lowlands.<ref name=BSSA2/> Outside this four-state zone, oscillating objects, including cars, chimneys, and the [[Gateway Arch]], were reported to authorities.<ref name=BSSA2/><ref name=Dispatch/>

McLeansboro in particular experienced minor damage over an extensive area. Its local high school reported 19&nbsp;broken windows in the girls' gymnasium, along with cracked plaster walls. Most of the high school's classrooms sustained fractured walls. The façade of the town's First United Methodist Church was damaged, and a brick and concrete block fell off the top. The Hamilton County Courthouse withstood several structural cracks, including one on the ceiling above the judge's seat. The town's residents also reported collapsing chimneys; three chimneys toppled at one home, leading to further damage.<ref name=McLean/>

Most of the buildings that experienced chimney damage were 30 to 50&nbsp;years old. The City Building in [[Henderson, Kentucky]], {{convert|50|mi|km}} east-southeast of the epicenter, sustained considerable structural damage. Moderate damage—including broken chimneys and fractured walls—occurred in towns in south-central Illinois, southwest Indiana, and northwest Kentucky. For instance, a concrete-brick [[cistern]] caved in {{convert|6.2|mi|km}} west of Dale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1968_11_09.php |title=Historic Earthquakes:Southern Illinois |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=July 16, 2008 |date=November 14, 1968 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513115251/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1968_11_09.php |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref>

In Lineville, Iowa, about {{convert|80|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Des Moines on the Missouri border, the quake was felt as a long shaking.  The quake damaged the town's water tower, which began to leak {{convert|300|USgal|L|abbr=on}} of water an hour.<ref>Times-Republican Newspaper; Corydon, Iowa; November 14, 1968</ref>

Donald Roll correctly predicted the earthquake would have no aftershocks. He later said, "That was kind of a safety valve. The pressure [that] has been built up has been released." He also described the earthquake as "a very rare occurrence".<ref name=NYT2>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/11/76939544.pdf|title=No Further Tremors Foreseen Following Quakes in 22 States|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 11, 1968|access-date=November 25, 2008 }}</ref>

== Response ==
Millions in the area experienced the earthquake, the first major seismic event in decades. Following the tremor, businesses in the area emptied. Many residents did not believe that the earthquake was over magnitude 5. Others did not realize an earthquake was taking place, for example, some residents thought their furnaces had exploded,<ref name=McLean>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcleansboro.net/history/damage.php |title=Earthquake Damage Probable at 90% of county Buildings |newspaper=McLeansboro Times Leader |date=November 14, 1968 |access-date=February 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226192205/http://www.mcleansboro.net/history/damage.php |archive-date=February 26, 2012 }}</ref> and one man thought that the shaking was caused by his son "jumping up and down".<ref name=Reaction>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcleansboro.net/history/reaction.php |title=Some Took Quake Calmly, Others Shook For Hours |newspaper=McLeansboro Times-Leader |access-date=April 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503074209/http://www.mcleansboro.net/history/reaction.php |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the Suntone Factory in McLeansboro, {{convert|30|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} from the epicenter, workers rushed out of the building, thinking a {{convert|1100|USgal|L|-2|adj=on|abbr=on}} [[water tank]] inside had fallen.<ref name=Reaction/>

People's reactions varied; some described themselves as "shocked"; others admitted to being "shaky" or nervous for the rest of the day. Harold Kittinger, a worker at the Suntone Factory, said, "I do not care to tell anyone I was frightened. But I was not shaking in my shoes. My shoes were moving."<ref name=Reaction/> One woman hypothesized that the shaking was a "bomb".<ref name=Reaction/> Grace Standerfer suggested the earthquake was sudden, saying, "I was just scared to death. My husband and I were in the house. The [[Window blind#Venetian|Venetian shades]] began to shake one way, then another. When that awful blast came, he grabbed me and we ran outside. Things were falling and breaking in the house. I said to him, 'This is it.' I thought the world had come to an end. Outside, wires were moving. There was no wind. The ground was quivering under our feet. I was so scared. I did not know I was scared."<ref name=Reaction/> People in the community of [[Mount Vernon, Illinois]], were frightened by the shaking. However, some did not notice the earthquake; Jane Bessen said her party was "in a car&nbsp;... to Evansville and didn't know about it until we got there".<ref name=Reaction/>

== Future threats ==
In 2005, scientists determined that a 90% probability existed of a magnitude 6–7 earthquake occurring in the New Madrid area during the next 50&nbsp;years.<ref name=Confirmed>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/environment/050622_new_madrid.html|title=New Data Confirms Strong Earthquake Risk to Central U.S.|publisher=LiveScience|author=Robert Roy Britt|date=June 22, 2005|access-date=June 6, 2009}}</ref> This could cause potentially high damage in the [[Chicago metropolitan area]], which has a population near 10 million people. Pressure on the fault where the 1811&ndash;1812 Madrid earthquakes occurred was believed to be increasing,<ref name=Confirmed/> but a later study by Eric Calais of [[Purdue University]] and other experts concluded the land adjacent to the New Madrid fault was moving less than {{convert|0.2|mm|abbr=on}} a year, increasing the span between expected earthquakes on the fault to 500&ndash;1,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090313145956.htm |title=New Madrid Fault System, U.S., May Be Shutting Down |website=ScienceDaily |date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=June 6, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511182825/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090313145956.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref> Scientists anticipating a future earthquake suggest the [[Wabash Valley Seismic Zone|Wabash Valley Fault]] as a possible source, calling it "dangerous".<ref name=Wabash>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080424171350.htm |title=Earthquake In Illinois Could Portend An Emerging Threat |website=ScienceDaily |date=April 25, 2008 |access-date=June 6, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430014936/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080424171350.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2013 }}</ref>

{{Spoken Wikipedia|1968_Illinois_earthquake.ogg|date=2009-10-17}}

Douglas Wiens, a professor of earth and planetary sciences, reported: "The strongest earthquakes in the last few years have come from the Wabash Valley Fault",<ref name=Wabash/> and said the fault needs more scientific observation. Steven Obermeir of the [[United States Geological Survey]] is one of several scientists who have found sediments suggesting Wabash Valley Fault earthquakes around magnitude 7 on the Richter scale.<ref name=Wabash/> Michael Wyssession, an associate professor of earth and planetary sciences, denigrated the Madrid fault zone and said, "in 20&nbsp;years there have been three magnitude&nbsp;5 or better earthquakes on the Wabash Valley Fault. There is evidence that sometime in the past, the Wabash Valley Fault has produced as strong as magnitude&nbsp;7 earthquakes. On the other hand, the New Madrid Fault has been very quiet for a long time now. Clearly, the Wabash Valley Fault has gotten our deserved attention."<ref name=Wabash/>

== See also ==
*[[List of earthquakes in 1968]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Illinois]]

== Notes ==
* {{note|ref1|[a]}} Two earthquakes occurred during this year.
* {{note|ref2|[b]}} Three earthquakes took place during this year.
* {{note|ref3|[c]}} From other sources, the focal depth was 12&nbsp;mi (19&nbsp;km).<ref name=BSSA2/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Earthshaking Science: What We Know (and Don't Know) About Earthquakes|last=Hough|first=Susan Elizabeth|author-link=Susan Hough|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton|year=2002|isbn=978-0-691-05010-2|oclc=47831440|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/earthshakingscie00houg}}

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[[Category:1968 earthquakes]]
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[[Category:Earthquakes in the United States]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Illinois]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Indiana]]
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