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{{Short description|1991 mass shooting in Iowa City, Iowa, US}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title      = 1991 University of Iowa shooting
| partof     = [[mass shootings in the United States]] and [[school shootings in the United States]]
| image      = 
| caption    =
| location   = [[Iowa City, Iowa]], U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|41.6622|-91.5324|type:event_region:US-IA|display=inline,title}}
| date       = November 1, 1991
| time       = 3:42 – 3:52 p.m.
| timezone   = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]
| type       = [[Spree shooting]], [[school shooting]], [[murder-suicide]]
| fatalities = 6 (including the perpetrator)
| injuries   = 1
| perp       = Gang Lu
| weapons    = * [[Taurus (manufacturer)|Taurus]] [[.38 Special|.38-caliber]] [[revolver]]
*[[Jimenez JA-22|Jennings J-22]] [[.22 LR|.22-caliber]] [[semi-automatic pistol]] (unused)
}}
The '''University of Iowa shooting''' was a [[mass shooting]] that occurred in [[Iowa City, Iowa]], on November 1, 1991. Gang Lu, a 28-year-old former [[graduate student]] at the [[University of Iowa]], killed three members of the Physics and Astronomy Department faculty, an Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs, and a fellow student, then seriously injured another student working at the university's campus, before committing suicide.

== Shooting ==
On Friday, November 1, 1991, Gang Lu attended a meeting for the theoretical [[space plasma]] physics research group in a conference room on the third floor of [[Van Allen Hall]] at the university's campus. A few minutes after the meeting began, Lu shot three attendees of the meeting with a [[.38 Special]] [[revolver]], then proceeded to the second floor to shoot the chairman of the department in his office.<ref name="chicagotribune-1991-11-03"/> Those who were shot in Van Allen Hall were:
* Christoph K. Goertz, professor of physics and astronomy,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gurnett, Don|author2=Joyce, Glenn|title=Obituary: Christoph K. Goertz|journal=Physics Today|date=October 1992|volume=45|issue=10|pages=136–137|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v45/i10/p136_s2?bypassSSO=1|doi=10.1063/1.2809851|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lu's dissertation chairman and one of America's leading theoretical space plasma physicists
* Robert A. Smith, associate professor of physics and astronomy, also on Lu's dissertation committee
* Linhua Shan ({{zh|first=s|s=山林华|t=山林華|p=Shān Línhuá}}), a post-doctoral research investigator and the winner of the Spriestersbach prize; Shan had once been Lu's roommate
* Dwight R. Nicholson, chairman of the physics and astronomy department,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dubois, Donald|author2=Knorr, George|author3=Payne, Gerald|title=Obituary: Dwight Nicholson |journal=Physics Today|date=October 1992|volume=45|issue=10|pages=136|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v45/i10/p136_s1?bypassSSO=1|doi=10.1063/1.2809850|doi-access=free}}</ref> and one of Lu's dissertation committee members

After the shootings at Van Allen Hall, Lu walked three blocks to Jessup Hall to the office of T. Anne Cleary, an associate vice president for Academic Affairs and grievance officer at the university, and shot her in the head. Lu had filed several grievances about not being nominated for the Spriestersbach prize. Cleary died the following day at the [[University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics|University of Iowa Hospital]]. Lu then shot Miya Rodolfo-Sioson, a 23-year-old student temporary employee in the Office of Academic Affairs, for unknown reasons. Rodolfo-Sioson survived but was left paralyzed from the neck down, and died from inflammatory [[breast cancer]] on December 3, 2008.<ref>Shpiner, Ruthanne. [http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2008-12-11/article/31784?headline=Miya-Rodolfo-Sioson-1968-2008 "Miya Rodolfo-Sioson, 1968–2008"], ''[[The Berkeley Daily Planet]]'', 10 December 2008. Retrieved on 26 August 2012.</ref> Lu had intended to kill university president [[Hunter Rawlings&nbsp;III]], but he was attending the Iowa/Ohio State football game in [[Columbus, Ohio]], at the time. Gang Lu was found in room 203 of Jessup Hall with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Lu died shortly after police arrived.

== Perpetrator ==
[[File:Gang Lu.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Gang Lu]]
'''Gang Lu''' ({{zh|s=卢刚 |p=Lú Gāng}}; {{circa|1962}}&nbsp;– November 1, 1991),<ref name=latimes-revenge>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-06-07/magazine/tm-411_1_lu-gang | work=Los Angeles Times | title=The Physics of Revenge | date=June 7, 1992 |last=Mann |first=Jim |access-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> was a 28-year-old Chinese [[graduate student]] at the [[University of Iowa]] who had received his [[doctoral degree]] in [[physics]] and [[astronomy]] from the university in May 1991.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=145328|title = Study of the "critical ionization velocity" effect by particle-in-cell simulation|year = 1992|publisher = University of Iowa|type = phd|last1 = Lu|first1 = Gang}}</ref> The 18-year-old Lu began studying physics at [[Peking University]] in [[Beijing]], where he passed the [[CUSPEA]] exam in 1984 and was admitted to study in the United States, becoming a graduate student at the University of Iowa. As a graduate student, Lu was primarily a loner who was perceived by at least one other graduate student to have a psychological problem if challenged and was reported to have had abusive [[tantrum]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marriott|first=Michel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/us/iowa-gunman-was-torn-by-academic-challenge.html?ref=michelmarriott |work=[[New York Times]] |title=Iowa Gunman Was Torn by Academic Challenge|date=November 4, 1991}}</ref><ref name="chicagotribune-1991-11-03">{{cite news| url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-11-03-9104080982-story.html|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|title=A Deep Resentment Boils Over|date=November 3, 1991}}</ref> Lu was infuriated because his dissertation, titled ''Study of the "Critical Ionization Velocity" Effect by Particle-in-Cell Simulation'', did not receive the prestigious [[Duane C. Spriestersbach|D.&nbsp;C. Spriestersbach]] Dissertation Prize, which included a monetary award of $2,500. The [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] led many Chinese students to become eager to stay in the United States, and Lu believed that winning the prize would have made it easier for him to get a job and not have to return to China. Normally, Lu would have gotten a [[postdoctoral researcher]] position, but there was not enough money to support him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilen|first=Mike |url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2016/10/28/nov-1-1991-day-university-shooting-rampage-shocked-iowa/92053548/|work=[[Des Moines Register]]|title=Nov. 1, 1991: The day a university shooting rampage shocked Iowa|date=November 1, 2016}}</ref>

In the months prior to the shooting, Lu was still living in [[Iowa City]] and wrote five letters explaining the reasons for his planned actions. According to university officials, four of the five letters were written in English and one was written in Chinese, intended to be mailed to news organizations. The letters have never been released to the public.

However, Edwin Chen's book ''Deadly Scholarship'' includes a statement by Lu intended to be read after his attack and suicide, which Laura Hamlett characterized as a manifesto; and, in translation, a letter by Lu to his sister.

== Media adaptations ==
Writer [[Jo Ann Beard]] wrote an acclaimed personal essay based in part on the killings. Her essay, entitled "The Fourth State of Matter", was originally published in ''[[The New Yorker]]''. It appeared in the 1997 edition of ''[[Best American Essays]]''. The essay was later included in her collection of personal essays, ''The Boys of My Youth''. Beard worked as an editor for a physics journal at the university and was a colleague of the victims. She had been close friends with Goertz.

Loosely based on Gang Lu's story, Chinese director [[Chen Shi-zheng]] made a feature film, ''[[Dark Matter (film)|Dark Matter]]'', starring [[Liu Ye (actor)|Liu Ye]] and [[Meryl Streep]]. However, the story in ''Dark Matter'' has substantial differences in plot and character motivation.  The film won the [[Alfred P. Sloan Prize]] at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2007.<ref>Overbye, "A Tale of Power and Intrigue in the Lab, Based on Real Life."</ref>

The educational series ''Discovering Psychology'', "Cultural Psychology" (episode 26, updated edition) discusses Gang Lu (at the 3:50 minute mark).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/26/e26expand.html | title=Discovering Psychology -- Program 26: Cultural Psychology | access-date=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

A documentary about the life of the lone survivor, Miya Rodolfo-Sioson, entitled ''Miya of the Quiet Strength'', was released in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://miyafilm.com/Welcome.html | title=Miya of the Quiet Strength | access-date=August 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q123286477|title=Miya of the Quiet Strength}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist }}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|1990s|Iowa|China}}
*{{cite book
 | last = Chen
 | first = Edwin
 | year = 1995
 | title = Deadly Scholarship: The True Story of Lu Gang and Mass Murder in America's Heartland
 | publisher = Birch Lane Press
 | isbn = 978-1559722414
 | url-access = registration
 | url = https://archive.org/details/deadlyscholarshi0000chen
 }}
* {{cite magazine
| last = Beard
| first = Jo Ann
| year = 1997
| url = http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/06/24/the-fourth-state-of-matter
| title = The Fourth State of Matter
| magazine = [[The New Yorker]]
| access-date = 13 December 2015
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Eckhardt
| first = Megan L.
| date = November 1, 2001
| url = http://www.uwire.com/content/topnews110101001.html
| title = 10 years later, U. Iowa remembers fatal day
| work = [[The Daily Iowan]]
| access-date = 26 August 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070422044050/http://www.uwire.com/content/topnews110101001.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-04-22}}
* {{cite web
| last = Efrati
| first = Amir
| date = November 1, 2002
| url = http://media.www.dailyiowan.com/media/storage/paper599/news/2002/11/01/Metro/Recalling.A.Snowy.Blustery.November.Day-312815.shtml
| title = Recalling a snowy, blustery November day
| work = [[The Daily Iowan]]
| access-date = 2007-04-01
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Grabbe
| first = Crockett
| date = November 2, 1999
| url = http://www.sealane.org/writing/uimurds.html
| title = A Tree of Legacies: The UI Murders 5 Years Later
| access-date = 2006-07-25
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Marriott
| first = Michel
| date = November 3, 1991
| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE0DB1538F930A35752C1A967958260
| title = Gunman in Iowa Wrote of Plans In Five Letters
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| access-date = 26 August 2012
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Marriott
| first = Michel
| date = November 4, 1991
| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE5DB1538F937A35752C1A967958260
| title = Iowa Gunman Was Torn by Academic Challenge
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| access-date = 26 August 2012
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Overbye
| first = Dennis
| author-link =Dennis Overbye
| date = March 27, 2007
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/27/science/27dark.html?ei=5087%0A&em=&en=60699d2d8b90a79f&ex=1175227200&pagewanted=all
| title = A Tale of Power and Intrigue in the Lab, Based on Real Life
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| access-date = 26 August 2012
}}

{{Mass shootings in the United States in the 1990s}}
{{School shootings in the United States}}
{{University of Iowa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:University of Iowa shooting, 1991}}
[[Category:1991 in Iowa]]
[[Category:1991 mass shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:1991 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:Crimes in Iowa]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Iowa]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1991]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Iowa]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:Murder in Iowa]]
[[Category:Murder–suicides in Iowa]]
[[Category:November 1991 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:School massacres in the United States]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in Iowa]]
[[Category:University and college shootings in the United States]]
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