Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
| country = Hong Kong
| flag_year = 1959
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| next_election = 2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
| next_year = 2002
| election_date =  11 December 1996
| votes_for_election  = All 400 votes of the [[Selection Committee (Hong Kong)|Selection Committee]] 
| needed_votes      = 201
| turnout = 99.50%
| opinion_polls = #Opinion polling
| image1 = Tung Chee Hwa (Feb 2011).jpg
| party1 = Nonpartisan politician 
| alliance1 = Pro-Beijing camp
| nominee1 = '''[[Tung Chee-hwa]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''320'''
| percentage1 = '''80.40%'''
| image2 = [[File:No image.svg|100px]]
| nominee2 = [[Yang Ti-liang]]
| party2 = Nonpartisan politician 
| alliance2 = Pro-Beijing camp
| electoral_vote2 = 42
| percentage2 = 10.55%
| image3 = [[File:No image.svg|100px]]
| nominee3 = [[Peter Woo]]
| party3 = Nonpartisan politician 
| alliance3 = Pro-Beijing camp
| electoral_vote3 = 36
| percentage3 = 9.05%
| title = Governor
| posttitle = Elected Chief Executive
| before_election = [[Chris Patten]]
| before_party = Nonpartisan politician 
| after_election = [[Tung Chee-hwa]]
| after_party = Nonpartisan politician 
}}
The '''1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election''' was held on 11 December 1996 to select the first [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] (CE) of the [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]] (HKSAR) which term started from 1 July 1997 after the [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|Chinese resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] from the British rule. It was selected by the 400-member [[Selection Committee (Hong Kong)|Selection Committee]] installed by the [[Government of the People's Republic of China]] (PRC). [[Tung Chee-hwa]], a Shanghai-born Hong Kong businessman who was seen being favoured by [[Jiang Zemin]], [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]], was the ultimate winner of the election, defeating former [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong|Chief Justice]] [[Ti-liang Yang]] and tycoon [[Peter Woo]] with a large margin.

==Electoral method==
According to the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]], the mini-constitution of the HKSAR, the first Chief Executive was selected by a 400-member [[Selection Committee (Hong Kong)|Selection Committee]]. The Selection Committee was chosen by the [[HKSAR Preparatory Committee|Preparatory Committee]] in Beijing on 2 November 1996. Members of the pro-Beijing party [[Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong]] secured 40 places on the Selection Committee, while [[Leong Che-hung]] and some other prominent liberals were not elected.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Hong Kong Report 1997|first=Joseph Y. S.|last=Cheng|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=1997|page=xxiv}}</ref>

The Selection Committee was also responsible for the [[1996 Hong Kong provisional legislative election|selection to the 60 seats]] to the [[Provisional Legislative Council]] (PLC) on 21 December 1996.

==Candidates==
The first potential candidate was [[Lo Tak-shing]], Oxford-educated lawyer and son of prominent Eurasian lawyer and politician [[Man-kam Lo]]. Once officeholder in the British colonial government, Lo gave up his British citizenship and his title of the [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) for the Chinese citizenship in the early 1990s. When his popularity rating was only around one per cent, Lo withdrew on 17 October 1996.<ref name="candidate">{{cite book|pages=203–4|title=A Concise History of Hong Kong|first=John Mark|last=Carroll|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="rock">{{cite news|title=Men Lining Up to Run Hong Kong Won't Rock the Boat|first=Kevin|last=Murphy|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 October 1996|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/18/news/18iht-hong.t_1.html}}</ref>

[[Simon Li]], former judge and director of the [[Bank of East Asia]] and nephew of the prominent businessman and politician [[Li Tse-fong]] who initially supported Lo Tak-shing entered the race in November 1996, after Lo withdrew. Li supported the controversial Beijing-controlled [[Provisional Legislative Council]] (PLC) and tightening public security to maintain Hong Kong's stability and prosperity.<ref name="candidate"/>

[[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong|Chief Justice]] [[Yang Ti-liang]] first surfaced as a contender a year before the election. However, his chances were wrecked as a top Chinese official leaked to the press some negative remarks Yang supposedly made on the [[Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance]], which made him unpopular among the [[Pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong|pro-democracy camp]].<ref name="new">{{cite news|title=Into the New Era|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/96/1220/cs3.html|work=Asiaweek|first1=Todd|last1=Crowell|first2=Siu Lan|last2=Law}}</ref> In September 1996, Yang gave up his British knighthood and resigned as Chief Justice to run in the race. He received support from a veteran pro-Beijing publisher [[Xu Simin]], the pro-Beijing party [[Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong]] as well as the local [[Xinhua News Agency]]. He was also reportedly backed by [[Lee Shau-kee]], Hong Kong's richest man and real estate developer.<ref name="rock"/> Yang voiced his support for the Beijing government and warned against challenging the Chinese supremacy.<ref name="candidate"/>

[[Peter Woo]], son-in-law of late legendary shipping tycoon [[Y. K. Pao]] checked with Beijing before announcing his intention to run.<ref name="candidate"/> He officially announced his candidacy on 1 October 1996 by issuing a formal platform.<ref name="rock"/> He pledged "to establish the authority and image of an SAR government, uphold the rule of law, defend social justice, speak for the interests of the people of Hong Kong and conduct the affairs of the government with transparency."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Hong Kong Report 1997|first=Joseph Y. S.|last=Cheng|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=1997|page=xxi}}</ref>

[[Tung Chee-hwa]], a Shanghai-born Hong Kong shipping magnate, was not widely known until the campaign began.<ref name="candidate"/> He was supported by influential tycoon [[Henry Fok]] whom he had a longtime relationship with.<ref name="Hor">Horlemann, Ralf. [2002] (2002). Hong Kong's Transition to Chinese Rule. Routledge publishing. {{ISBN|0-415-29681-1}}.</ref> The election was considered by many pundits as a done deal as the China's [[paramount leader]] and General Secretary [[Jiang Zemin]] singled Tung out for an exceptional cordial handshake at a meeting in Beijing long before the election in January 1996. He was endorsed by powerful tycoon [[Li Ka-shing]].<ref name="rock"/>

London's favourite [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Chief Secretary]] [[Anson Chan]], the most senior civil servant in the colonial government, was a potential candidate which received substantial support in the society. Chan was thought to be too closely linked to [[Governor of Hong Kong|Governor]] [[Chris Patten]] to be acceptable to Beijing.<ref name="rock"/> She declined her candidacy on 26 October 1996, but reiterated her willingness to continue to serve the people of Hong Kong "without fear or favour."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Hong Kong Report 1997|first=Joseph Y. S.|last=Cheng|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=1997|page=xxiii}}</ref>

Other candidates included retired High Court judge Arthur Garcia who dropped out later, as well as Au Yuk-lun, Du Sen, Choi Ching-kui and Yu Hon-bui.

The [[pro-democrats]] also backed veteran politician and member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] [[Szeto Wah]] to launch a petition movement as the civil Chief Executive to mock the election of the 400-member Selection Committee. Szeto accumulated more than 104,000 signatures with their ID numbers as a result.

==Nomination==
The nomination session was held on 15 November 1996 at the [[Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre]] (HKCEC). Only three of the eight candidates received the qualifying minimum of 50 votes from the Selection Committee. Tung Chee-hwa, Ti-liang Yang and Peter Woo all secured more than 50 nominations to enter the race, while Simon Li, to his shock, fell a few votes by winning 43 nominations only and was eliminated. Tung became the leading candidate by winning an absolute majority of 206 votes in the Selection Committee.<ref name="new"/>

[[PRC Foreign Minister|Chinese Foreign Minister]] [[Qian Qichen]] who oversaw the ballot casting described the event as "the dawn of genuine democracy in Hong Kong."

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=3| Candidate || Born || Party || Most recent position || width=100px| Nominations<br />received
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}| || [[File:Tung Chee Hwa (Feb 2011).jpg|150x150px]] || '''[[Tung Chee-hwa]]'''<br />董建華|| {{dts|1937|7|7|format=dmy}}<br />(age {{age nts|1937|7|7|1996|12|11}}) || [[Nonpartisanism|Nonpartisan]]<br />{{small|([[Pro-Beijing camp|Pro-Beijing]])}} || Unofficial member of [[Executive Council of Hong Kong]]<br />{{small|(1992–1996)}} || {{Composition bar|206|400|per=1|hex={{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}}}
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}| || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || '''[[Yang Ti-liang]]'''<br />楊鐵樑|| {{dts|1929|6|30|format=dmy}}<br />(age {{age nts|1929|6|30|1996|12|11}}) || [[Nonpartisanism|Nonpartisan]]<br />{{small|([[Pro-Beijing camp|Pro-Beijing]])}} || [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong|Chief Justice of Hong Kong]]<br />{{small|(1988–1996)}} || {{Composition bar|82|400|per=1|hex={{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}}}
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}| || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || '''[[Peter Woo]]'''<br />吳光正|| {{dts|1946|9|5|format=dmy}}<br />(age {{age nts|1946|9|5|1996|12|11}}) || [[Nonpartisanism|Nonpartisan]]<br />{{small|([[Pro-Beijing camp|Pro-Beijing]])}} || Chairman of the [[Hospital Authority]]<br />{{small|(1995–2000)}} || {{Composition bar|54|400|per=1|hex={{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}}}
|}

==Opinion polling==
In August 1996, public opinion polls showed Anson Chan had the most popular support, having more than 50% far ahead of Tung Chee-hwa's 5%. After Chan was dropped from the polling, Ti-liang Yang surged into the lead. Tung kept catching up in the polls in the later stage. In an opinion survey published on 2 December, 46% of the respondents said they preferred Tung, compared to 28% for Yang and 5.2% for Peter Woo.

[[File:1996 CE election opinion polls.png|800px|centre]]
{|class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:16px; margin-bottom:0"
|- style="height:42px; background:#e9e9e9;"
! width=150px |Date(s)<br />conducted
! Polling source
! width=120px| [[Tung Chee-hwa]]
! width=120px| [[Yang Ti-liang]]
! width=120px| [[Peter Woo]]
! width=120px| [[Simon Li]]
! width=120px| Others
! width=120px| Don't know/<br />Abstain
|-
| 9 Dec 1996
| [https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf HKUPOP] 
| bgcolor=pink| '''43.4%''' || 27.9% || 5.1% || - || - || 23.6%
|-
| 2 Dec 1996
| [https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf HKUPOP] 
| bgcolor=pink|'''46.7%''' || 28.8% || 5.2% || - || - || 19.2%
|-
| 25–26 Nov 1996
| [https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf HKUPOP] 
| bgcolor=pink|'''42.3%''' || 36.8% || 3.4% || - || - || 17.5%
|-
| 18–19 Nov 1996
| [https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf HKUPOP] 
| 40.1% || bgcolor=lightgreen |'''40.7%''' || 4.0% || - || - || 15.3%
|-
| 11 Nov 1996
| [https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf HKUPOP] 
| 32.9% || bgcolor=lightgreen |'''42.6%''' || 4.0% || 1.1% || 0.5% || 19.0%
|-
| 5–6 Nov 1996
| [https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf HKUPOP] 
| 32.4% || bgcolor=lightgreen |'''33.5%''' || 4.1% || 2.1% || 0.4% || 27.5%
|-
| 23–24 Oct 1996
| [https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf HKUPOP] 
| bgcolor=pink|'''30.2%''' || 27.5% || 8.7% || 3.3% || - || 30.4%
|-
|}

==Result==
On 11 December 1996, the election was held at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC), where 400-member Selection Committee elected Tung Chee-hwa as the Chief Executive. Tung received 320 votes against 49 votes for Ti-liang Yang and 36 votes for Peter Woo.<ref name="xxxi">{{cite book|title=The Other Hong Kong Report 1997|first=Joseph Y. S.|last=Cheng|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=1997|page=xxxi}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=11 December 1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election results}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Tung Chee-hwa]]|party=Nonpartisan politician|votes=320|percentage=80.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Yang Ti-liang]]|party=Nonpartisan politician|votes=42|percentage=10.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Peter Woo]]|party=Nonpartisan politician|votes=36|percentage=9.05}}
{{Election box total|votes=398|percentage=100}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=398|percentage=99.50|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=400}}
{{Election box end}}

==Protest==
29 pro-democracy activists including legislators [[Emily Lau]], [[Lee Cheuk-yan]] and [[Andrew Cheng]] protested against the election outside the HKECC during the election. A "tomb of democracy" was established outside the building shouting "oppose the phony election". Lau and Cheng scuffled with riot police and lay on the street. They were later bodily removed and taken to the [[Wan Chai Police Station]].<ref name="xxxi"/>

==Aftermath==
Tung Chee-hwa was appointed as the first Chief Executive of the HKSAR by [[PRC Premier|Premier]] [[Li Peng]] under State Council Order 207 at the [[Great Hall of the People]] in Beijing on 18 December 1996. Tung was subsequently sworn in at midnight on 1 July 1997 as the HKSAR was formally established. His term of office was compounded with serious social problems including the [[Right of abode issue, Hong Kong|right of abode issue]], the [[Asian financial crisis]], the [[Avian influenza|bird flu pandemic]] and a host of other issues.

==See also==
* [[1990s in Hong Kong]]
* [[Handover of Hong Kong]]
* [[1996 Hong Kong provisional legislative election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Candidates in the Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 1996}}
{{Hong Kong elections}}

[[Category:Hong Kong Chief Executive elections]]
[[Category:1996 elections in Asia|Hong Kong Chief Executive election]]
[[Category:1996 in Hong Kong|Chief Executive election]]
[[Category:1996 elections in British Overseas Territories|Hong Kong Chief Executive election]]
[[Category:December 1996 events in Asia|Hong Kong Chief Executive election]]
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