Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:2002 Bou'in-Zahra earthquake

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{{short description|2002 earthquake in Iran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
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{{Infobox earthquake
|title=2002 Bou'in–Zahra earthquake
|timestamp = 2002-06-22 02:58:21 
|isc-event = 3187856 
|anss-url  = usp000b6pk
|local-date= 22 June 2002
|local-time = 7:28&nbsp;a.m. [[Iran Standard Time|IST]]<ref name=BBC/>
|duration = 7 seconds<ref name=orpheus/>
|map2 = {{Location map+ | Iran
|places =
{{Location map~|Iran|lat=35.7|long=51.42|label=Tehran|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Iran|lat=34.8|long=48.52|label=Hamedan|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Iran|lat=33.33|long=44.43|label=Baghdad|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Iran|lat=35.63|long=49.05|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| relief = yes
| width = 250
| float = right
| caption = }}
|caption = Star indicates epicenter of the earthquake
|magnitude = 6.5 {{M|wc|link=y}}<ref>{{Cite anss|Iran|2002|usp000b6pk|M 6.5 - western Iran|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref>
|depth={{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2002/eq_020622/ |title=Magnitude 6.5 Western Iran |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |date=2003-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718172030/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2002/eq_020622/ |archive-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|location={{coord|35.62|N|49.04|E|region:IR_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name=USGS/>
|countries affected = [[Iran]]
|type = [[Thrust fault|Thrust]]
|intensity = {{MMI|8}}<ref name=Berberian/>
|aftershocks = more than 20<ref name=BBC/>
|landslide = 59<ref name="landslides"/>
|casualties = at least 230 dead,<ref name=USGS/> 1,500 injured,<ref name=BBC/> and 50,000 homeless<ref name=orpheus/>
}}

The '''2002 Bou'in-Zahra earthquake''' (also known as the '''2002 Avaj earthquake''' or the '''2002 Changureh earthquake'''{{Ref|art5|[a]}}) occurred on 22 June  2002. The [[epicenter]] was near the city{{Ref|art6|[b]}} of [[Bou'in-Zahra]]{{Ref|art7|[c]}} in [[Qazvin Province]], a region of northwestern [[Iran]] which is crossed by several major [[Fault (geology)|faults]] that is known for destructive earthquakes. The shock measured 6.5 on the {{M|wc|link=y}} scale,<ref>{{Short-anss|Iran|2002|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref> had a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''), and was followed by more than 20 [[aftershocks]]. At least 230 people were killed and 1,500 more were injured.

According to the International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology ([[IIEES]]), the earthquake was felt as far away as the capital city of [[Tehran]], approximately {{convert|290|km|mi|0}} east of the epicenter, although no damage was reported there. Most houses in the region were single-story [[masonry]] buildings, and virtually all of these collapsed. The public became angry due to the slow official response to victims who needed supplies. Residents of the town of [[Avaj]] resorted to throwing stones at the car of a government minister.<ref name=CNN/>

==Background and tectonics==
The northeastern part of Iran lies across part of the belt of active [[continental collision]] between the [[Arabian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]].<ref name="landslides"/> Iran is crossed by several major [[Fault (geology)|faults]], with 90% of them being seismically active and subject to many earthquakes each year; the area around the rupture experiences minor quakes almost daily.<ref name=CNN>{{cite news |title=Help too late, say quake survivors |url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/06/24/iran.anger/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=2002-06-24 |access-date=2008-06-19}}</ref><ref name=CBS>{{cite news |title=245 Confirmed Dead In Iran Quake |work=[[CBS News]] |date=2002-06-24 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/06/22/world/main513105.shtml|access-date=2008-06-19}}</ref><ref name=BuffaloUniversity>{{cite web |url=http://mceer.buffalo.edu/research/Reconnaissance/Iran6-22-02/ |title=Preliminary Earthquake Reconnaissance Report on the June 22, 2002 Changureh (Avaj), Iran Earthquake |access-date=2008-06-26 |publisher=International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology |date=2002-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325123100/http://mceer.buffalo.edu/research/Reconnaissance/Iran6-22-02/ |archive-date=March 25, 2010}}</ref> The most seismically active parts of this area are the [[Zagros fold and thrust belt]] and the [[Alborz]] mountain range.<ref name="landslides"/> [[Qazvin Province]], which is located between these two zones, suffers less earthquakes, but these may be more powerful because stresses have longer to build.<ref name=CNN/>

The Bou'in-Zahra earthquake was located in an area of active [[thrust fault]]ing and [[Fold (geology)|folding]], parallel and south of the southern edge of the Alborz mountain range,<ref name=geophysical/> and was the 11th rupture in the previous two months in central Iran.<ref name=BuffaloUniversity/> A [[Linear seismic inversion|seismic inversion]] of long-period P and SH [[body-wave seismograms]] indicated a rupture on a thrust fault that dips 49 degrees to the southwest and had a [[centroid]] depth of roughly {{convert|10|km|mi|0}}.<ref name=geophysical>{{cite journal |last=Walker |first=R. T. |author2=Bergman, E |author3=Jackson, J |author4=Ghorashi, M |author5=Talebain, M. |year=2005 |title=The 2002 June 22 Changureh (Avaj) earthquake in Qazvin province, northwest Iran: epicentral relocation, source parameters, surface deformation and geomorphology |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=707–720 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02516.x |bibcode=2005GeoJI.160..707W|doi-access=free}}</ref> The rupture's [[focal mechanism|mechanism]] of faulting was reverse.<ref name=geometry>{{cite journal |last=KhalilAllah |first=Fenghi |author2=Shahryar, Solaymani |year=2003 |title=Geometry of Fault Ruptures of the Avaj Region Earthquake |journal=Research Bulletin of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering |volume=5 |issue=4}}</ref><ref name=seismo>{{cite journal |last=KhalilAllah |first=Fenghi |author2=Shahryar, Solaymani |year=2003 |title=Seismotectonics and Neotectonics of Changureh Earthquake on June 22, 2002 |journal=International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology}}</ref>

Multiple-event relocation of the main shock and aftershock epicenters and discontinuous surface ruptures recorded after the earthquake are compatible with northeastward movement on a southwest-dipping thrust, although maximum recorded displacements were less than would have been expected from the observed magnitude. This suggests that most of the slip did not actually reach the Earth's surface but caused folding at the surface.<ref name=geophysical/> A previously unmapped thrust with little surface expression, the Abdareh fault, has been identified from the disruption of earlier drainage systems by the growth of the fold in its hanging wall, and is thought to be responsible for the earthquake.<ref name=BuffaloUniversity/><ref name=geophysical/> Such structures are known as [[Thrust fault#Blind thrust faults|blind thrusts]], and have been responsible for many destructive earthquakes in Iran and elsewhere. The geomorphological effects of this particular fold have been partly obscured by the presence of an earlier [[Neogene]] topography.<ref name=geophysical/> The [[Qazvīn Province|Qazvin region]] was hit by an even [[1962 Bou'in-Zahra earthquake|greater earthquake]] in 1962, which killed 12,200.<ref name=Iranslow>{{cite news |title=Iranians angry at 'slow' quake help |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2060817.stm |work=BBC News |date=2002-06-23 |access-date=2008-06-18}}</ref> In 1990 a [[1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake|rupture]] killed over 40,000 people, injured 60,000, and left more than 500,000 homeless.<ref name="lat" />

==Damage and casualties==
[[Image:Kharaghan.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kharraqan towers|Kharāghān twin towers]] before the earthquake]]
The earthquake occurred at 02:58&nbsp;[[UTC]] (7:28&nbsp;a.m. [[Iran Standard Time]]),<ref name=USGS/><ref name=BuffaloUniversity/> while many of the estimated 60 million Iranians affected<ref name=IFRC/> were in their homes.<ref name=CBS/> Its duration was seven seconds,<ref name=orpheus>{{cite journal |last=Zare |first=Mehdi |date=September 2002 |title=A Seismological Overview on the Changureh (Avaj, Iran) Earthquake of 22 June 2002, Mw=6.3 |journal=Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology |volume=4 |issue=2 |url=http://www.orfeus-eu.org/organization/Organization/Newsletter/vol4no2/vol4no2.pdf |access-date=2008-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093709/http://www.orfeus-eu.org/organization/Organization/Newsletter/vol4no2/vol4no2.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> and the epicenter was near the settlement of Bou'in-Zahra<ref name=ap>{{cite news |title=Iran buries dead after earthquake |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/23/iran-quake.htm |agency=Associated Press |work=[[USA Today]] |date=2002-06-23 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> in the Khar river valley,<ref name=geophysical/> a mountainous farming region<ref name="lat" /> about {{convert|60|km|mi|0}} from the provincial capital of [[Qazvin]].<ref name="elpais">{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/500/muertos/2000/heridos/terremoto/Iran/elpepiint/20020623elpepiint_14/Tes |title=Al menos 500 muertos y 2.000 heridos por un terremoto en Irán |date=2002-06-23 |work=[[El País]] |language=es|access-date=2008-08-23}}</ref> The greatest damage was across an area best known for its seedless grape harvesting, a getaway for wealthy residents of Tehran.<ref name="lat" /> At least 230 people were killed, 1,500 injured, and 25,000 left homeless.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title='No more survivors' in Iran quake |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2061951.stm |work=BBC News |date=2002-06-24 |access-date=2008-06-18}}</ref> An earlier death toll was reported as 500, but this number was believed to be inflated once it became known that some of the severely injured had been mistaken for dead.<ref name=CNN/> Most of the dead were women, children and the elderly,<ref name=voa>{{cite news |title=Rescue Teams Continue to Dig in Iran Earthquake Rubble |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2002-06/a-2002-06-24-12-Rescue.cfm |publisher=[[Voice of America News]] |date=2002-06-24 |access-date=2008-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522115021/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-a-2002-06-24-12-Rescue-67570392.html |archive-date=2011-05-22}}</ref> as many of the men were working in local vineyards.<ref name=cbs222>{{cite news |title=222 Dead In Iran Earthquake |work=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/06/24/world/main513243.shtml?source=search_story |date=2002-06-23 |access-date=2008-07-02}}</ref> Over 20 aftershocks were recorded,<ref name=BBC/> with magnitudes up to 5.1 on the moment magnitude scale.<ref name=geophysical/> At least three of these caused further casualties and damage,<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Nazila |last=Fathi |title=Quake in Northern Iran Kills at Least 500 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/23/world/quake-in-northern-iran-kills-at-least-500.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2002-06-23 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> most of which were within a {{convert|25|km|mi|0}} radius of the main shock.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hosseini |first1=S. |author2=Suzuki, S. |author3=Fuji, Y. |author4=Sadeghi, H. |author5=Fatemi Aghda, S. |title=Aftershock Observation of the 22 June 2002 Changoureh-Avaj Earthquake (Mw 6.5), NW Iran |journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts |bibcode=2002AGUFM.S71B1091H |volume=71 |pages=1091 |date=December 2002}}</ref>

An estimated 5,000 buildings were damaged beyond repair.<ref name="lat"/> In the Qazvin province, 120 buildings were demolished and 50 villages suffered massive damage. In the neighboring Hamadan province, 45 villages were destroyed.<ref name=BuffaloUniversity/> A large majority of houses in the region were single-story [[masonry]] buildings, and virtually all of these collapsed.<ref name=geoscience>{{cite journal |last=Ramazi |first=Hamidreza |author2=Haghani, Reza |date=November 2006 |title=The 22 June 2002 Avaj, Iran, Earthquake: A Field Report |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=723–730 |url=http://srl.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/extract/77/6/723 |access-date=2008-06-20 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.77.6.723|bibcode=2006SeiRL..77..723R }}</ref> As non-engineered structures, these could not withstand seismic forces, with structural failure and collapse resulting from wall-to-wall separation and the lack of structural integrity and of a proper lateral system of resisting.<ref name="jsnds">{{cite journal |last=Eshghi |first=Sassan |author2=Zahre, Mehdi |author3=Mahdavifar, Mohammad R |date=2002-06-23 |title=The Changureh (Avaj) earthquake of June 22, 2002 |journal=Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science |url=http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsnds/contents/saigai_report/Changureh20020622.html |access-date=2008-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818053230/http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsnds/contents/saigai_report/Changureh20020622.html |archive-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> Newer structures built in accordance with the Iranian code of practice for [[Earthquake engineering|seismic-resistant design]] fared much better.<ref name=geoscience/> Damage to the historic [[Kharraqan towers|Kharaqan]] tomb towers, which were in a good state of preservation before the event, suggests that the earthquake was possibly one of the most powerful in the region for approximately 900 years.<ref name=geophysical/>

At a station {{convert|28|km|mi|0}} from the epicenter, the maximum horizontal and vertical accelerations were recorded to be roughly 0.5&nbsp;[[Standard gravity|g]] and 0.26&nbsp;g.<ref name=geoscience/> A bridge collapsed as a result of the disaster.<ref name=BuffaloUniversity/> Water and irrigation systems were severely damaged near the epicenter,<ref name=USGS/> and water facilities were demolished in nine villages.<ref name=BuffaloUniversity/> Many of the main water pipelines in the affected areas were damaged or destroyed, causing inadequacies in water availability and quality.<ref name=IFRC>{{cite web |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64D2J7?OpenDocument |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060507125941/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64D2J7?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-05-07 |title=Iran: Earthquake in the Qazvin/Hamadan and Zanjan regions Appeal No. 17/02 Final Report |access-date=2008-06-20 |work=[[International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies]] |publisher=[[ReliefWeb]] |date=2004-02-19}}</ref> Surface cracks were observed in [[Ab Darreh, Qazvin|Ab Darreh]] and [[Changureh, Buin Zahra|Changureh]], the villages that suffered the heaviest damage,<ref name=USGS/> being roughly {{convert|25|km|mi|0}} from the epicenter.<ref name="geophysical" />

The relatively low levels of damage in the towns of Avaj or Ab-e-Garm in comparison to Changureh and Ab Darreh suggest a focus of damage to the northwest of the epicenter due to northwest propagation.<ref name="geophysical" /> In Changureh, only two buildings were left standing and over 120 casualties occurred. Ab Darreh also fared poorly; the disaster destroyed the town's only [[mosque]], toppled 40 homes and killed at least 20 people.<ref name=ap/> North of [[Avaj]], in the village of [[Esmailabad, Buin Zahra|Esmailabad]], survivors recovered 38 corpses, a ninth of the total population, while searching for the missing, feared trapped in the ruins.<ref name=cbs222/> In another village in the vicinity, [[Aliabad, Avaj|Aliabad]], two shepherds were the only known survivors. In the small village of Kisse-Jin, roughly 80 corpses were recovered following the rupture.<ref name="lat" /> Survivors crying and beating their heads and faces over loved ones were a common sight on Iranian state television.<ref name=cbs222/>

The cost of the damage was estimated at US$91&nbsp;million.<ref name=USGS/>{{Ref|art8|[d]}} The quake was felt across a wide area, including the provinces of Qazvin, [[Gīlān Province|Gilan]], [[Kurdistan province (Iran)|Kurdistan]], [[Zanjan Province|Zanjan]], and [[Hamadān Province|Hamedan]].<ref name=BBC/> Of all these, Qazvin was the most heavily damaged, with an unnamed Qazvin official reporting that 177 had died in the province.<ref name="lat" /> It was also felt in the capital of [[Tehran]], roughly {{convert|290|km|mi|0}} east of the epicenter,<ref name=BuffaloUniversity/> although no serious damage was reported.<ref name=ap/> However, Iranian journalist Borzou Daragahi reported that in Tehran he saw buildings sway and glass objects shatter.<ref name="lat" />

==Landslides==
The Bou'in-Zahra earthquake triggered 59 landslides over an area of about {{convert|3600|km2|sqmi|0}}. Landslides formed due to the quake included 47 [[Landslide classification#Falls|falls]] and [[Landslide classification#Topples|topples]], nine [[Landslide classification#Slides|slides]], and three lateral [[Landslide classification#Spreads|spreads]]. The largest of these slides was a rockslide, 150 × 100 m (490 × 330&nbsp;ft), which occurred southeast of Changureh. Landslides triggered by the quake occurred more often in the geologic areas most susceptible to damage, where there were many landslides before.<ref name="landslides">{{cite journal |last=Mahdavifar |first=Mohammad R. |author2=Solaymani, Shahryar |author3=Jafari, Mohammad K. |date=2006-02-20 |title=Landslides triggered by the Avaj, Iran earthquake of June 22, 2002 |journal=Engineering Geology |doi=10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.02.016 |volume=86 |issue=2–3 |page=166|bibcode=2006EngGe..86..166M }}</ref>

==Relief efforts and aftermath==
The [[Red Crescent Society]] sent relief workers, [[detection dog]]s, 100&nbsp;tons of food,<ref name=IFRC/> 1,000 tents, 2,500 blankets, and mobile kitchens to the earthquake-stricken area. In addition, the [[Military of Iran|Iranian army]] supplied soldiers, machinery and water trucks.<ref name=BBC/> To prevent the spread of disease, villages were sprayed with disinfectants and their inhabitants were given [[tetanus]] shots, among other measures.<ref name=BBC/> After Iranian officials launched an appeal for assistance,<ref name="elpais"/> the [[United Nations Development Programme]] supplied $50,000.<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/iran-islamic-republic/un-assessment-team-iran-quake-regions-says-2000-4000-injured |title=UN assessment team in Iran quake regions says 2,000–4,000 injured. ''ReliefWeb'' |access-date=2014-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225202437/http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/iran-islamic-republic/un-assessment-team-iran-quake-regions-says-2000-4000-injured |archive-date=2014-02-25 |url-status=dead}} 
</ref> The United Nations' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) mobilised a United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team, deploying five members.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=28468&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&SelectCountry=IRAN |title=Relief efforts continue after Saturday's quake |date=2002-06-24 |work=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020725192302/http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=28468&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&SelectCountry=IRAN |archive-date=2002-07-25 |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] prayed for the earthquake victims and asked for a "generous" response.<ref name=ap/>

[[United States]] President [[George W. Bush]] offered aid to Iran, which he had previously called part of an "[[axis of evil]]". According to him, "human suffering knows no political boundaries" and he stood "ready to assist the people of Iran as needed and as desired". However, the Iranian government refused his help, though it called for the help of non-governmental agencies.<ref name=CNN/>

According to Hossein Rahnema, head of the Red Crescent in Changureh, the society "levelled an area to put up tents but most people wanted to stay next to their houses to look after their property".<ref name=BBC/> Survivors instead lit small fires amongst the rubble to protect against freezing temperatures.<ref name=ap/> The Iranian President at the time, [[Mohammad Khatami]], declared three days of mourning and visited earthquake-stricken areas on June 25.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iranians angry at 'slow' quake help |work=BBC News |date=2002-06-23 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2060817.stm|access-date=2008-08-21}}</ref> Hospitals struggled to cope with the surplus of patients, discharging non-critical ones from their wards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/23/iran.ameliahill |title=Iranian villages razed as quake kills 400 |last=Hill |first=Amelia |date=2002-06-23 |work=[[The Observer]]|access-date=2008-08-24}}</ref> The [[Associated Press]] stated that 20 funerals were held on June 23, 2002 at a cemetery overlooking the village of Abdareh.<ref name=Iranslow/> A bank account was started to handle public donations for the families of the dead.<ref name=voa/>

Often armed with no more than shovels and spades, soldiers and civilians dug for bodies in the rubble. Other than this, rescue workers were faced with a number of obstacles, including the temperatures of the villages damaged. They were warm during the day, although the villages grew colder at night, making rescue work harder and threatening the health of the homeless and anyone alive and trapped under the debris. Many civilians were discouraged from helping due to fear of aftershocks. According to Gary Oshea of International Rescue, the volunteers did not have enough technical equipment, and the religious leaders seemed unwilling to contribute much.<ref name="lat" /> Official rescue work ended on June 24, 2002, when rescue workers said there were no more survivors.<ref name=BBC/>

===Public reaction===
Of the roughly 80 villages that suffered heavy damage, the Iranian government claimed that relief work was mostly complete.<ref name=Iranslow/> Residents of Changureh, however, complained that tents, food, and medicine had not reached them, after waiting in near-freezing temperatures.<ref name=BBC/> A man from Avaj stated that only locals helped uncover the body of his child.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |first=Parisa |last=Hafesi |title=Hundreds killed in Iran earthquake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2002/jun/24/iran.naturaldisasters |publisher=Reuters |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2002-06-24 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> In protest at Iran's slow response to the tragedy, some 300 people blocked the main road through Avaj.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425822/110607 |title=Stones thrown at quake officials |date=2002-06-24 |work=One News|access-date=2008-08-24}}</ref> On June 23, "dozens" of Avaj residents threw stones at Interior Minister [[Abdolvahed Mousavi-Lari]]'s car in anger at the government's delay in providing relief.<ref name=voa/> They also claimed that the death toll was higher than official reports said it was.<ref name=CNN/>

===Reconstruction===
Electricity was restored to affected areas by June 25.<ref name=CBS/>
On November 9, 2002, the [[World Bank]] granted $225&nbsp;million towards the reconstruction and economic rehabilitation of the area devastated by the quake.<ref name=xin>{{cite news |title=World Bank grants 225&nbsp;million dollars for Iran's quake-hit areas |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BFNC?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212002136/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BFNC?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-12 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=2002-11-09 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> Reconstruction of housing and infrastructure by provincial authorities was interrupted for almost four months (November 2002&nbsp;– February 2003) due to harsh weather conditions. In August 2003, the reconstruction was completed in all villages affected by the earthquake.<ref name=IFRC/>

==See also==
*[[List of earthquakes in 2002]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Iran]]

==Notes==
* [a] {{note|art5}} Several sources call the earthquake the 2002 Changureh or Avaj earthquake, as reports differ as to the quake's location.<ref name=orpheus/><ref name=BuffaloUniversity/><ref name=geophysical/> The official Islamic Republic News Agency report names Bou'in-Zahra the nearest town to the epicenter.<ref name=ap/>
* [b] {{note|art6}} [[Buin Zahra County|Bou'in-Zahra]] is a county,<ref name="lat">{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/23/world/fg-iran23 |title=500 Killed, Thousands Injured in Iran Quake |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=2002-06-23 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |pages=A1|access-date=2008-08-22}}</ref> and a city of the [[Buin Zahra|same name]].<ref name=ap/><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1398032/500-dead-in-Iranian-earthquake.html |title=500 dead in Iranian earthquake |date=2002-06-22 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=2008-08-22}}</ref>
* [c] {{note|art7}} The name of this city and county has sometimes been transliterated as Bouynzahra,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-06-23/news/0206230330_1_qazvin-abdareh-quake |title=Earthquake Kills 500, Injures 2,000 In Iran. ''Sun Sentinel'' |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226060714/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-06-23/news/0206230330_1_qazvin-abdareh-quake |url-status=dead }}</ref> Buin-Zahra,<ref name=orpheus/> and Buyin Zahra.<ref name="geophysical" />
* [d] {{note|art8}} This would cost roughly [[US$]]513,125,000 today. See [http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator].

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=Berberian>{{citation |title=Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ur1AgAAQBAJ |first=M. |last=Berberian|author-link=Manuel Berberian |year=2014 |series=Developments in Earth Surface Processes |edition=1st |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=978-0444632920 |page=619}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.iiees.ac.ir/English/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=694%3Areport-of-surface-faulting-and-morphotectonics-of-avaj-region-earthquake-on-june-22-2002&catid=35%3Aearthquake-report&Itemid=71 |title=Report of Surface Faulting and Morphotectonics of "Avaj Region" Earthquake on June 22, 2002 |access-date=2008-07-17 |last=Shahryar |first=Solaymani |author2=KhalilAllah, Feghhi |work=[[Institute for International Economic Studies|IIES]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210190701/http://www.iiees.ac.ir/English/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=694%3Areport-of-surface-faulting-and-morphotectonics-of-avaj-region-earthquake-on-june-22-2002&catid=35%3Aearthquake-report&Itemid=71 |archive-date=December 10, 2013}}
* {{EQ-isc-link|3187856}}
* {{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2002-0378-irn}}

{{featured article}}

{{Earthquakes in 2002}}
{{Earthquakes in Iran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2002 Bou'in-Zahra Earthquake}}
[[Category:2002 earthquakes|Iran]]
[[Category:2002 in Iran|Bou'in-Zahra earthquake]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Iran]]
[[Category:History of Qazvin Province]]
[[Category:June 2002 events in Asia]]
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