Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:2009 L'Aquila earthquake

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Earthquake in Abruzzo, Italy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
| timestamp = 2009-04-06 01:32:42
| isc-event = 13438018
| anss-url = usp000gvtu
| local-date = {{Start date|2009|04|06|df=yes}}
| local-time = 03:32 [[Central European Time#Central European Summer Time|CEST]]<ref name="INGV_location"/>
| image = L'Aquila eathquake prefettura.jpg
| caption = The local [[prefecture]] (a government office) damaged by the earthquake
| map = 
| map_caption = Map of the earthquake's intensity
| map2 = {{Location map | Italy Abruzzo#Italy 
|relief = 1
 | label =
 | lat = 42.3476
 | long = 13.3800
 | mark = Bullseye1.png
 | marksize = 40
 | position = top
 | width = 260
 | float = left
 | caption =}}
| magnitude = {{m|w|6.3|link=y}} (GCMT)<ref>{{Cite isc|EHB|13438018}}</ref>
| intensity = {{MMI|X}}<ref name="Ameri et al">{{cite journal |author1=Gabriele Ameri |author2=Dino Bindi |author3=Francesca Pacor |author4=Fabrizio Galadini |title=The 2009 April 6, Mw 6.3, L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake: finite-fault effects on intensity data |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=2011 |volume=186 |issue=2 |pages=837–851 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05069.x |bibcode=2011GeoJI.186..837A |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| depth = {{convert|9.46|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="INGV_location"/>
| location = {{coord|42.3476|13.3800|type:event_region:IT-AQ|display=inline, title}}<ref name="INGV_location"/>
| countries affected = [[Abruzzo]], Italy
| tsunami = 
| casualties = 308 dead<ref name="Alexander_2010"/><br />1,500+ injured<ref name="Corriere8Apr"/><br />66,000+ homeless<ref name="Pope"/>
| damage = $16&nbsp;billion<ref name="foxnews"/>
| pgv = 42.83 [[peak ground velocity|cm/s]]<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Peak-ground-acceleration-PGA-Velocity-PGV-and-Displacement-PGD-values-at-the-four_tbl2_227251490|title=Table 3 Peak ground acceleration (PGA), Velocity (PGV) and Displacement}}</ref>
| pga = 0.66 [[peak ground acceleration|''g'']]<ref name="researchgate.net" />
}}

An [[earthquake]] occurred in the region of [[Abruzzo]], in [[central Italy]], at 03:32 [[Central European Time#Central European Summer Time|CEST]] (01:32 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 6 April 2009. It was rated 5.8 or 5.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale]] and 6.3 on the [[moment magnitude scale]];<ref name="INGV_upd"/> its [[epicentre]] was near [[L'Aquila]], the capital of Abruzzo, which together with surrounding villages suffered the most damage. There were several thousand [[foreshock]]s and [[aftershock]]s since December 2008, more than thirty of which had a Richter magnitude greater than 3.5.<ref name="INGV_upd"/>

The earthquake was felt throughout central Italy; 308 people are known to have died,<ref name="Alexander_2010">{{Cite journal |last=Alexander D.E. |year=2010 |title=The L'Aquila Earthquake of 6 April 2009 and Italian Government Policy on Disaster Response |journal=Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=325–342 |doi=10.1080/19390459.2010.511450|bibcode=2010JNRPR...2..325A |s2cid=153641723 |doi-access=free }}</ref> making this the deadliest [[List of earthquakes in Italy|earthquake to hit Italy]] since the [[1980 Irpinia earthquake]]. In a subsequent inquiry of the handling of the disaster, seven members of the Italian National Commission for the Forecast and Prevention of Major Risks were accused of giving "inexact, incomplete and contradictory" information about the danger of the tremors prior to the main quake.<ref name="BBC News"/><ref name="LiveScience"/> On 22 October 2012, six scientists and one ex-government official were convicted of multiple manslaughter for downplaying the likelihood of a major earthquake six days before it took place. [[#Prosecutions|They were each sentenced]] to six years' imprisonment,<ref name="BBC News"/><ref name="LiveScience"/><ref name="Italian scientists convicted over earthquake warning"/> but the verdict was overturned on 10 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29996872|title=L'Aquila quake: Scientists see convictions overturned|work=BBC News|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> Criticism was also applied to poor [[building standards]] that led to the failure of many modern buildings in a known earthquake zone: an official at Italy's [[Protezione Civile|Civil Protection Agency]], Franco Barberi, said that "in California, an earthquake like this one would not have killed a single person".<ref name="Italy quake exposes poor building standards"/>
in April 2022 the reconstruction was at 72% in L'Aquila city and in the region hit by the 2009 earthquake.<ref>[https://opendataricostruzione.gssi.it/home L'Aquila earthquake's data & 2 maps of 2022 reconstruction (in Italian)]</ref>

==Cause==

This earthquake was caused by movement on a NW-SE trending normal [[Dip-slip faults|fault]] according to [[Focal mechanism#Moment tensor solutions|moment tensor solutions]].<ref name="USGS"/> Although Italy lies in a [[Tectonics|tectonically]] complex region, the central part of the [[Apennines]] has been characterised by [[extensional tectonics]] since the [[Pliocene]] epoch (i.e. about the last 5&nbsp;million years), with most of the [[active fault]]s being normal in type and NW-SE trending.<ref name="BSSA"/> The extension is due to the [[back-arc basin]] in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] opening faster than the [[African Plate]] is [[Continental collision|colliding]] with the [[Eurasian Plate]].<ref name="USGS"/>

The earthquake occurred at 03:32 CEST (01:32 UTC) at the relatively shallow depth of {{convert|9.46|km|mi}} and with an [[epicentre]] at 42.3476°&nbsp;N, 13.3800&nbsp;°E,<ref name="INGV_location"/> approximately {{convert|90|km|mi|sigfig=1}} north-east of Rome, near the city of [[L'Aquila]].<ref name="Background: Italy and earthquakes"/> The earthquake was reported to measure 6.3 on the [[moment magnitude scale]].<ref name="USGS"/>

==Historical context==
Earthquakes mark the history of L'Aquila, a city built on the bed of an ancient lake, providing a [[soil structure]] that amplifies seismic waves. The city was struck by earthquakes in 1315, 1349, 1452, 1501, 1646, 1703, [[1706 Abruzzo earthquake|1706]] and 1958.<ref name="L'Aquila, prov. of L'Aquila, Abruzzo"/> The [[1703 Apennine earthquakes|earthquake of February 1703]], which caused devastation across much of central Italy, largely destroyed the city and killed around 5,000 people.<ref name="Buffon's Natural History"/> In addition, a [[1915 Avezzano earthquake|1915 earthquake]] that killed more than 30,000 people and obliterated almost every building in [[Avezzano]] and several villages around it happened within {{convert|35|km|mi}} from L'Aquila.

==Effects==
{|class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
|-
! Nationality !! Deaths !! Injured
|-
|{{flagu|Italy}} ||288 ||1,173
|-
|{{flagu|North Macedonia}} ||5<ref name="mkd"/>||
|-
|{{flagu|Romania}} ||5<ref name="realitatea01"/> ||
|-
|{{flagu|Czech Republic}} ||2<ref name="ansa02"/> ||
|-
|{{flagu|Ukraine}} ||2<ref name="UNIAN"/><ref name="Anna Parabok">[http://racconta.kataweb.it/terremotoabruzzo/scheda.php?id=122&nome=Parabok+Anna Anna Parabok]</ref>|| 
|-
|{{flagu|Greece}} ||1<ref name="ape01"/>|| 5 
|-
|{{flagu|France}} ||1<ref name="lefigaro1"/>||
|-
|{{flagu|Israel}} ||1<ref name="ynet"/>||
|-
|{{flagu|Argentina}} ||1<ref name="Clarin"/>||
|-
|{{flagu|Peru}} ||1<ref name="il Centro - Le vittime del terremoto Abruzzo"/> ||
|-
|{{flagu|Moldova}} ||1<ref>[http://racconta.kataweb.it/terremotoabruzzo/scheda.php?id=34&nome=Grec+Marina Grec Marina]</ref> ||
|-
|3|'''Total''' ||308<ref name="Vittime_ilCentro"/>||about 1,500
|}

The earthquake caused damage to between 3,000 and 11,000 buildings in the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] city of [[L'Aquila]].<ref name="Powerful Italian quake kills many"/> Several buildings also collapsed. A total of 308 people died in the earthquake,<ref name="Alexander_2010"/> including five Macedonians,<ref>[http://racconta.kataweb.it/terremotoabruzzo/index.php?sorting=nato_nazione,cognome&cerca=cerca Le vittime del terremoto]</ref> five Romanians,<ref name="realitatea01"/> two Ukrainians,<ref name="UNIAN"/><ref name="Anna Parabok"/> two Czechs,<ref name="ansa02"/> a Greek,<ref name="ape01"/> a Moldovan,<ref><[http://racconta.kataweb.it/terremotoabruzzo/scheda.php?id=34&nome=Grec+Marina Grec Marina]</ref> a Peruvian,<ref name="il Centro - Le vittime del terremoto Abruzzo"/> an Argentinian,<ref name="Clarin"/> a French,<ref name="lefigaro1"/> and an Israeli, and approximately 1,500 people were injured. Twenty of the victims were children.<ref name="tg18apr0800"/> Around 66,000 people were rendered homeless.<ref name="Pope"/>

The main earthquake was preceded by two smaller earthquakes the previous day.<ref name="Powerful Italian quake kills many"/> The earthquake was felt as far away as Rome ({{convert|92|km}} away), in other parts of [[Lazio]], as well as [[Marche]], Molise, [[Umbria]] and [[Campania]]. Schools remained closed in the Abruzzo region. Most of the inhabitants of L'Aquila abandoned their homes and the city itself; in the city centre of L'Aquila, and the nearby village of [[Paganica]] which was also badly damaged, many streets were impassable due to fallen masonry. The hospital at L'Aquila, where many of the victims were brought, suffered damage in the 4.8 [[aftershock]] which followed the main earthquake an hour later. Powerful aftershocks, some only slightly weaker than the main shock, were felt throughout the following 2 days.

Villages in the valley along Strada Statale 17 just outside l'Aquila suffered the greatest damage while medieval mountain hill towns lying high above the valley suffered little damage. [[Onna, L'Aquila|Onna]] was reported to be mostly leveled with 38 deaths among the 350 residents.<ref name="Death toll rises in Italy quake"/> The villages of [[Villa Sant'Angelo]] and [[San Pio delle Camere]] were badly damaged.<ref name="Italy quake kills at least 150, scores saved"/> Fatalities were reported in [[Poggio Picenze]], [[Tornimparte]], [[Fossa (Italy)|Fossa]], Totani, [[San Gregorio (L'Aquila)|San Gregorio]] and [[San Pio delle Camere]].<ref name="Italy in desperate race to save the buried after the earthquake"/>

Many of L'Aquila's medieval buildings were damaged. The [[apse]] of the [[Basilica]] of Saint [[Bernardino of Siena]], L'Aquila's largest Renaissance church, was seriously damaged, and its [[campanile]] collapsed. Almost the whole dome of the 18th-century [[Santa Maria del Suffragio, L'Aquila|church of Anime Sante]] in Piazza Duomo fell down. The 13th-century Basilica di [[Santa Maria di Collemaggio]] collapsed from the transept to the back of the church, and Porta Napoli, the oldest gate to the city, was destroyed. The third floor of [[Forte Spagnolo]], the 16th-century castle housing the [[Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo|National Museum of Abruzzo]], collapsed, as did the cupola of the 18th-century Baroque church of St Augustine, damaging L'Aquila's state archives. This church had been rebuilt after it was destroyed in the 1703 earthquake.<ref name="ansa01"/> The Cathedral of L'Aquila has lost part of its transept and maybe more with the effects of the aftershocks. Slight damage was also reported to the [[Baths of Caracalla]] in Rome, but other Roman monuments such as the [[Colosseum]] and [[Roman Forum]] were unharmed.<ref name="presse"/>

[[File:Chiesa di Santa Maria a Paganica.jpg|thumb|175px|right|The damaged Santa Maria Church in the town of [[Paganica]]]]

While most of l'Aquila's medieval structures suffered damage, many of its modern buildings suffered the greatest damage, for instance, a dormitory at the university of l'Aquila collapsed. Even some buildings that were believed to be "earthquake-proof" were damaged.  L'Aquila Hospital's new wing, which opened in 2000 and was thought capable of resisting almost any earthquake, suffered extensive damage and had to be closed.

===Homeless camps===
Around 40,000 people who were made homeless by the earthquake found accommodation in tented camps<ref name="Pope"/> and a further 10,000 were housed in hotels on the coast.<ref name="AP-8 April 2009"/> Others sought shelter with friends and relatives throughout Italy. Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] caused a controversy when he said, in an interview to the German station [[n-tv]], that the homeless victims should consider themselves to be on a "camping weekend" – "They have everything they need, they have medical care, hot food... Of course, their current lodgings are a bit temporary. But they should see it like a weekend of camping."<ref name="thetimes8apr"/> To clarify his thought, he also told the people in a homeless camp: "Head to the beach. It's Easter. Take a break. We're paying for it, you'll be well looked after."<ref name="NYT8Apr"/> The billionaire prime minister claimed he will offer his own house to some of the survivors.<ref name="Berlusconi offers own homes to quake survivors"/>

===Building standards===
Poor [[Building code|building standards]] or construction materials seem to have further contributed to the large number of victims. According to firefighters and other rescuers, some concrete elements of the fallen buildings "seemed to have been made poorly, possibly with sand".<ref name="Investigation of building standards in quake zone"/> An official at Italy's [[Protezione Civile|Civil Protection Agency]], Franco Barberi, said that "in California, an earthquake like this one would not have killed a single person".<ref name="Italy quake exposes poor building standards"/> According to Italian media, L'Aquila's chief prosecutor has opened a probe into possible criminal blame for the collapses.<ref name="Officials to probe building standards in quake zone"/>

===Luminous phenomena===
Many people reported seeing peculiar sightings of light glows, flashes, lightning, flames and fireballs, all of which were considered candidates for [[earthquake light]].<ref name="The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy, NHESS, V.10, p.967, 2010."/><ref name="trieste"/> 241 luminous phenomena were collected including photos and videos. At least 99 of such phenomena occurred before the main shock and other strong events of the seismic sequence, whereas globular lights, luminous clouds and diffused light were more frequent before the quakes. Flashes were mostly observed during the main shock. Electrical discharges and flames were observed principally after the main shock. Many luminous events were observed before and after the main shock without the ground shaking and were very similar to those reported about two centuries ago. An earthquake alarm system has been proposed, based on a video sensing network to capture earthquake light and provide a warning if observations match threshold characteristics preceding a main shock.<ref name="NHESS - Abstract - The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy"/>

==Aftershocks==
[[File:2009 L'Aquila earthquake (magnitude).svg|thumb|left|Magnitude of L'Aquila earthquake and aftershocks]]
The epicentral region saw dozens of significant aftershocks following the main earthquake. The strongest, which hit at 19:47 CEST on 7 April, measured magnitude 5.3 {{M|l}} and caused further damage.<ref name="bbcnews8apr09"/> According to the Italian National Geophysics Institute director Boschi, the aftershock epicentres migrated south-east, thus lessening the risk of further major shocks near populated areas.

Aftershocks caused safety problems for rescue crews searching for injured victims trapped in precarious structures in the historic center of L'Aquila, a medieval city. Using cranes and backhoes to remove loose bricks and broken timbers, the crews were aware that even a small aftershock could have triggered the collapse of seriously damaged walls or parapets.

The aftershocks also caused sustained psychological trauma to small children and elderly who had already been traumatized by the main earthquake of 6 April 2009. Aware of this, the Italian government temporarily relocated thousands of citizens away from the epicentral area.

As a result of aftershocks, the dome of the Anime Sante Basilica in L'Aquila, already heavily damaged by the main shock, almost entirely collapsed. Further buildings collapsed in L'Aquila and in neighbouring municipalities. The largest aftershock was strong enough to be felt in Rome, where it caused an elderly man to die of cardiac arrest.<ref name="Terremoto: morto per infarto a Roma"/>

===List of foreshocks and aftershocks===
Only shocks with local magnitude 4.0 or higher are listed. There have been dozens of small magnitude aftershocks, {{M|l}} 1–3, but these generally do not cause further structural damage. Shocks with local magnitude 5.0 or higher are highlighted in blue, and the main shock is highlighted in darker blue.<ref name="European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
 ! Date (YYYY-MM-DD) <br />and time (UTC) !! Time <br />(local) !! Lat. !! Long. !! Depth !! {{M|l|link=y}}
 |-
 |2009-03-30 13:38:39 ||15:38:39 ||42.321°&nbsp;N ||13.376°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|9.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.1
 |- style="background: #9999ff"
 |2009-04-06 01:32:39 ||03:32:39 ||42.334°&nbsp;N ||13.334°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|8.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||6.3
 |-
 |2009-04-06 01:36:29 ||03:36:29 ||42.355°&nbsp;N ||13.342°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.7
 |-
 |2009-04-06 01:40:51 ||03:40:51 ||42.418°&nbsp;N ||13.408°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|11.0|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.1
 |-
 |2009-04-06 01:41:33 ||03:41:33 ||42.387°&nbsp;N ||13.316°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|9.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.3
 |-
 |2009-04-06 01:42:50 ||03:42:50 ||42.300°&nbsp;N ||13.429°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|10.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.2
 |-
 |2009-04-06 02:37:04 ||04:37:04 ||42.366°&nbsp;N ||13.340°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|10.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.6
 |-
 |2009-04-06 16:38:09 ||18:38:09 ||42.362°&nbsp;N ||13.333°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|10.2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.0
 |-
 |2009-04-06 23:15:37 ||01:15:37 ||42.451°&nbsp;N ||13.364°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|8.6|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.8
 |-
 |2009-04-07 09:26:28 ||11:26:28 ||42.342°&nbsp;N ||13.388°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|10.2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.7
 |- style="background: #ccccff"
 |2009-04-07 17:47:37 ||19:47:37 ||42.275°&nbsp;N ||13.464°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|15.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||5.3
 |-
 |2009-04-07 21:34:29 ||23:34:29 ||42.380°&nbsp;N ||13.376°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|7.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.2
 |-
 |2009-04-08 22:56:50 ||00:56:50 ||42.507°&nbsp;N ||13.364°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|10.2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.3
 |- style="background: #ccccff"
 |2009-04-09 00:52:59 ||02:52:59 ||42.484°&nbsp;N ||13.343°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|15.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||5.1
 |-
 |2009-04-09 03:14:52 ||05:14:52 ||42.338°&nbsp;N ||13.437°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|18.0|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.2
 |-
 |2009-04-09 04:32:44 ||06:32:44 ||42.445°&nbsp;N ||13.420°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|8.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.0
 |-
 |2009-04-09 19:38:16 ||21:38:16 ||42.501°&nbsp;N ||13.356°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|17.2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.9
 |-
 |2009-04-13 21:14:24 ||23:14:24 ||42.504°&nbsp;N ||13.363°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|7.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.9
 |-
 |2009-04-14 20:17:27 ||22:17:27 ||42.530°&nbsp;N ||13.288°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|10.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.1
 |-
 |2009-04-23 15:14:08 ||17:14:08 ||42.247°&nbsp;N ||13.492°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|9.9|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.0
 |-
 |2009-04-23 21:49:00 ||23:49:00 ||42.233°&nbsp;N ||13.479°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|9.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.0
 |-
 |2009-06-22 20:58:40 ||22:58:40 ||42.446°&nbsp;N ||13.356°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|14.2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.5
 |-
 |2009-07-03 11:03:07 ||13:03:07 ||42.409°&nbsp;N ||13.387°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|8.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.1
 |-
 |2009-07-12 08:38:51 ||10:38:51 ||42.338°&nbsp;N ||13.378°&nbsp;E ||{{convert|10.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.0
 |-
 |2009-09-24 16:14:57 ||18:14:57 ||42.453°&nbsp;N ||13.330°&nbsp;E ||{{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ||4.1
 |}

== Emergency and reconstruction aid ==

===National aid===
[[File:Emergenza Terremoto Abruzzo 2009 - 12.jpg|thumb|left|Emergency personnel review damaged buildings]]
Many Italian companies have offered some sort of help. All Italian mobile companies ([[Telecom Italia Mobile]],<ref name="tecnozoom"/> [[Vodafone Italy]],<ref name="unionesarda"/>
[[WIND (Italy)|Wind]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} [[3 Italy|H3G]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}), and some [[Mobile virtual network operator]]s,<ref name="TERREMOTO POSTEMOBILE 10 EURO RICARICA A CLIENTI PROVINCIA L AQUILA - Agenzia di stampa Asca"/> sent free minutes and credit to all their pre-paid customers in Abruzzo, suspended billing to all post-paid customers and extended their coverage with additional mobile base stations to cover homeless camps. In addition, some companies sent free mobile phones, [[Subscriber Identity Module|SIM Cards]] and chargers for those who lost their mobiles, and set up a national unique number to send donations to, by placing a call or sending an SMS. [[Poste Italiane]] sent to homeless camps some mobile units acting as Postal Office, to allow people to withdraw money from their accounts as well as their retirement.<ref name="Terremoto: Ufficio mobile poste di paganica paga prime 3 pensioni"/> Many companies, such as pay-tv [[SKY Italia]], suspended billing to all customers in Abruzzo, and offered some decoders to homeless camps to allow them to follow the funerals and the news.<ref name="ilsalvagente"/> [[Ferrovie dello Stato]] offered railway sleeping carriages to host some homeless people, and offered free tickets to all people and students living in Abruzzo. AISCAT ([[Associazione Italiana Società Concessionarie Autostrade e Trafori]]) declared that all toll-roads in Abruzzo would be free of charge.<ref name="ilmessaggero"/> All tax billing for all Abruzzo residents has been suspended by the government, as well as mortgage payments.

===International aid===
Prime Minister of Italy [[Silvio Berlusconi]] refused foreign aid for the emergency, saying that Italians were "proud people" and had sufficient resources to deal with the crisis.<ref name="Death toll rises in Italy quake"/> However he singled out the United States, announcing that he would accept aid for reconstruction: "If the United States wants to give a tangible sign of its solidarity with Italy, it could take on the responsibility of rebuilding heritage sites and churches. We would be very happy to have this support." and suggested the US help rebuild "a small district of a town or a suburb".<ref name="Berlusconi may accept U.S. aid"/> Aid was offered by<ref name="World sends sympathy, offers aid to quake-hit Italy"/> Austria, [[Brazil]], [[Croatia]], the [[European Union]], France, Germany, Spain, Greece, [[Slovakia]], [[Israel]], Portugal,<ref name="clix"/> [[Iran]],<ref name="Iran expresses sympathy over Italy quake"/> [[North Macedonia]],<ref name="Macedonia offers aid to Italy after earthquake"/> [[Topos de Tlatelolco|Mexico]],<ref name="Viajan Topos Mexicanos a Italia"/>
Russia, [[Serbia]],<ref name="Serbian leaders offer condolences to Italian earthquake victims"/> [[Slovenia]],<ref name="Slovenia Offers Help to Italy After Quake"/> Switzerland,<ref name="Switzerland offers help after quake in Italy"/> [[Tunisia]], the [[Turkish Red Crescent]],<ref name="Turkey Red Crescent offers help to quake hit-Italy"/> [[Ukraine]],<ref name="www"/> and the United States.<ref name="Earthquake: Obama to Berlusconi, US ready to help"/>
Aid was also offered by various organisations, companies, sport clubs and celebrities including [[ACF Fiorentina]],<ref name="Fiorentina latest club to donate funds to quake victims"/> [[Carla Bruni]],<ref name="French first lady offers to help quake hospital"/> [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],<ref name="Sisma, Madonna dona soldi alle vittime in Abruzzo"/> [[S.S.C. Napoli]],<ref name="Napoli to donate match funds to quake victims"/> [[Zastava Automobiles|Zastava]]<ref name="Operai Fiat Zastava in Serbia offrono sangue per i terremotati"/> and [[Fiat]].<ref name="fiat"/>

On 20 November 2009 in Brussels, [[Pawel Samecki]] and [[Guido Bertolaso]] who, at that time, were [[European Commissioner for Regional Policy]] and commander in chief of the [[Protezione Civile|Italian Civil Protection]] department respectively, signed an agreement to provide 493.7&nbsp;million euros from EU solidarity fund to help reconstruction in Abruzzo.<ref name="EU Committee on Budgetary Control">{{cite web|title=WORKING DOCUMENT on Special Report No 24/2012 – The European Union Solidarity Fund's response to the 2009 Abruzzi earthquake: The relevance and cost of the operations|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/cont/dt/1007/1007699/1007699en.pdf|access-date=4 March 2014|author=Søren Bo Søndergaard|date=23 October 2013}}</ref>

==Prior warning==
{{wikinews|Scientist says he predicted Italy earthquake, was ignored}}
Italian laboratory technician Giampaolo Giuliani claimed to have [[Earthquake prediction|predicted]]<ref name="Giampaolo Giuliani cronicle on researching quakes via radon precursor - Sismic tests - Network of radon concentration cells in Italy - Giuliani's letter to Italian Civil Defence"/> a major earthquake on Italian television a month before,<ref name="italyearthquakrow-BBC NEWS"/><ref name="earthquakewarn-Nytimesblog"/><ref name="BBC"/> after measuring increased levels of [[radon]] emitted from the ground. He was accused of being alarmist<ref name="BBC"/> by the Director of the Civil Defence, Guido Bertolaso, and forced to remove his findings from the Internet (old data and descriptions are still online).<ref name="Giampaolo Giuliani data and descriptions"/> He was also reported to police a week before the main quake for "causing fear" among the local population when the mayor of [[Sulmona]] claimed that Giuliani predicted an imminent earthquake in his town,<ref name="Strong quake in Italy kills over 150, wounds 1,500"/> about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from L'Aquila, on 30 March, after a 4° quake happened (Sulmona later only suffered minor damages from 6 April earthquake).<ref name="Italy: State of emergency after deadly central quake"/> Enzo Boschi, the head of the [[National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology|Italian National Geophysics Institute]] declared:

<blockquote>Every time there is an earthquake there are people who claim to have predicted it. As far as I know nobody predicted this earthquake with precision. It is not possible to predict earthquakes.<ref name="Italian earthquake: expert's warnings were dismissed as scaremongering"/></blockquote>

Scientists have studied [[Predicting earthquakes|Earthquake prediction]]s based on [[Earthquake prediction#Radon emissions|radon emissions]] since the 1970s, but enthusiasm for the method has faded due to inconsistent results.<ref name="NY Times predict 13 April"/>

==Controversy on reconstruction and criminality==
In the days following the tragedy, journalists reported that the reconstruction works may have been infiltrated by [[Italian organized crime|criminal organizations]], with [[Sicilian Mafia|the Mafia]] and [[Camorra]] trying to infiltrate the contract procedures.

On 7 April, a few hours after the main earthquake, journalist [[Luca Spinelli]] stated:<ref name="Terremoto in Abruzzo: l'ombra di mafia e camorra"/>
<blockquote>The transfers of money necessitated by such a big tragedy are huge: much the same as the cost of running a war. [...] Any company would be interested in a turnover and a potential income like this. Surely the "main Italian company" will be: a company with a ninety billion annual income, making up to 7% of Italian GDP (Gross Domestic Product): the Mafia. [...] Abruzzo and [[Marsica]] are known territories of the mafia. A region which "attracted the attention of some Camorra and [[Sacra Corona Unita]] associates too", according to Franco Forgione, President of the Parliamentary Antimafia Commission in 2007. A region which, according to the Antimafia District Public Prosecutor's Office of L'Aquila, hosts part of the hidden treasure of mafia boss [[Vito Ciancimino]], reckoned to be around 600 million euros, a region which has seen many recent arrests for mafia infiltration; infiltration in contracts, building permits, the health system, the very things that will be needed for the reconstruction.</blockquote>

The week following the earthquake, on 14 April, journalist and writer [[Roberto Saviano]], author of the bestseller ''[[Gomorrah (book)|Gomorrah]]'', wrote:<ref name="La ricostruzione a rischio clan ecco il partito del terremoto"/>
<blockquote>Data demonstrates that the Camorra invasion (in Abruzzo) during these years was enormous. In 2006 it emerged that the ambush against mafia boss Vitale was decided and settled in detail at Villa Rosa in [[Martinsicuro]]. On 10 September, [[Diego León Montoya Sánchez]], the drug dealer deemed among the ten most wanted by the [[FBI]], had one of his bases in Abruzzo. Nicola di Villano, cashier in a criminal-entrepreneurial organisation led by the [[Zagaria family]] of [[Casapesenna]], repeatedly managed to escape capture and it was discovered that his shelter was located in the [[Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise|Abruzzo National Park]], where he had the ability to move freely. Abruzzo has become a junction point for waste traffic. [...] Behind it all, obviously, the Camorra clans.</blockquote>

In the following weeks, even major Italian institutions talked about the danger of criminal infiltration, noting that these risks would have been avoided with adequate supervision and inspections. On 15 April, President of the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] [[Gianfranco Fini]] confirmed the need to "watch out for mafia infiltrations".<ref name="tg24"/>

On 17 April, Italian Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]], stated: "Exploitation will be impossible, we will reconstruct within 6 months keeping out exploitation and the mafia."<ref name="iltempo1"/>

==State funeral==
[[File:L'Aquila state funeral.jpg|thumb|210px|right|Cardinal [[Tarcisio Bertone]] presides over the state funeral ceremony]]
On the morning of 10 April 2009, which was also [[Good Friday]], a [[state funeral]] was held for 205 of the 291 victims of the earthquake. It was attended by Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]], President of the Republic [[Giorgio Napolitano]], and many other politicians and church dignitaries.<ref name="tg110apr1130"/> The [[Requiem|funeral Mass]] was led by the Vatican's second highest official, Cardinal [[Tarcisio Bertone]]. The Vatican had earlier granted a special dispensation to hold a Mass on Good Friday, the only day on the [[Roman Catholic calendar]] on which Mass is not normally held.<ref name="nytimes"/> Near the end, an [[janaza|Islamic rite]] was held for the [[Muslim]] victims. In addition Friday was declared a [[national day of mourning]], with flags flying at [[Half-staff|half staff]], shops lowering their shutters and flights stopping at the airport for one [[Moment of silence|minute of silence]].<ref name="aljazeera"/>

[[Pope Benedict XVI]] later visited the areas affected by the L'Aquila earthquake on 28 April 2009.<ref name="cnn"/>

==G8 summit==
The [[35th G8 summit]] took place in the city of [[L'Aquila]], Abruzzo, on 8–10 July 2009. It was moved from the [[Sardinia]]n seaside city of [[La Maddalena]] as part of an attempt to redistribute disaster funds after the earthquake.<ref>[http://www.lifeinitaly.com/node/5263]{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} "G8: Italy wants to move summit to L'Aquila"</ref>

==Prosecutions==

A trial, which lasted from September 2011 until October 2012, found six scientists and a former government official guilty of involuntary manslaughter.<ref>{{in lang|vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=156692 6 khoa học gia lãnh án vì không cảnh báo động đất]. Accessed 23 June 2013.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084106/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=156692 Archived] 5 July 2013.</ref> According to the prosecution, they had spread "inaccurate, incomplete and contradictory" statements after preliminary tremors could be felt on the days before 6 April 2009. While scientists were found guilty for failing to give adequate warning,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/23/world/europe/italy-convicts-7-for-failure-to-warn-of-quake.html |title=Italy Orders Jail Terms for 7 Who Didn't Warn of Deadly Earthquake |work=The New York Times|date=22 October 2012|access-date=28 January 2013|first1=Elisabetta |last1=Povoledo |first2=Henry |last2=Fountain}}</ref> the full text of the decision said that "science [was] not being tried for failing to predict the April 6, 2009 earthquake" ("Non è sottoposta a giudizio la scienza per non-essere riuscita a prevedere il terremoto del 6 aprile 2009").<ref name="sentenza abruzzo24ore.tv"/> The seven members of the National Commission for the Forecast and Prevention of Major Risks who were convicted were: Franco Barberi, head of Serious Risks Commission; Enzo Boschi, former president of the [[National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology]]; Giulio Lorenzo Selvaggi, director of National Earthquake Centre; Gian Michele Calvi, director of European Centre for Earthquake Engineering; Claudio Eva, physicist; Mauro Dolce, director of the Civil Protection Agency's earthquake risk office; Bernardo De Bernardinis, former vice-president of Civil Protection Agency's technical department.<ref name="BBC News"/>

Boschi had called a major earthquake "unlikely", while not entirely excluding the possibility. De Bernardinis had informed the public that there was "no danger".<ref name="LiveScience"/> The prosecutors cited a scientific opinion that the low-level tremors ahead of 6 April quake were typical of the seismic activity preceding major convulsions, but the defendants had classified them as a "normal geological phenomenon".<ref name="Italian scientists convicted over earthquake warning"/> They were criticised in court for being "falsely reassuring" and Judge Marco Billi gave them a six-year jail sentence on 22 October 2012,<ref name="BBC News"/> reasoning that they had provided "an assessment of the risks that was incomplete, inept, unsuitable, and criminally mistaken".<ref name="sentenza abruzzo24ore.tv">{{cite web|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/4e6bzasow1ogqhb/SENTENZA%20GRANDI%20RISCHI%20-%20completa.pdf?m|title=Whole text of the sentence|language=it|publisher= abruzzo24ore.tv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/22/scientists-found-guilty-in-l-aquila-earthquake-trial|title=Scientists Found Guilty in L'Aquila Earthquake Trial|first=Barbie Latza|last=Nadeau|date=22 October 2012|newspaper=Daily Beast|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref> They were also banned from ever holding public office again and had to pay court costs and damages.

Enzo Boschi, one of the convicted, said, "I thought I would have been acquitted. I still don't understand what I was convicted of."<ref name="BBC News"/> His co-defendant Claudio Eva said that "it was a very Italian and medieval decision."<ref name="Italian scientist convicted over L'Aquila earthquake condemns 'medieval' court"/> Their lawyers announced they would appeal the verdict, and it will not be finally decided until it is heard by the appellate court.

The verdicts were strongly criticised by the British media and public.<ref name="BBC News"/> The journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' ran an editorial stating that the "verdict is perverse and the sentence ludicrous."<ref>{{cite news  |url=http://www.nature.com/news/shock-and-law-1.11643 |access-date=27 October 2012|title="Shock and Law" (editorial)}}</ref> Malcolm Sperrin, a British scientist, said: {{blockquote|If the scientific community is to be penalised for making predictions that turn out to be incorrect, or for not accurately predicting an event that subsequently occurs, then scientific endeavour will be restricted to certainties only, and the benefits that are associated with findings, from medicine to physics, will be stalled.<ref name="BBC News"/>}}

This position was countered by other views. [[David Ropeik]], writing for ''[[Scientific American]]'', contested the "trial against science" thesis, describing it as "a judgment not against science, but against a failure of science communication".<ref name='ScientificAmerican'>[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/10/22/the-laquila-verdict-a-judgment-not-against-science-but-against-a-failure-of-science-communication/ Scientific American] The l'Aquila Verdict. A Judgment Not Against Science, but Against A Failure of Science Communication</ref>

During the trial, other scientists attacked the scientific conduct of the commission. Professor Francesco Giovanni Maria Stoppa, a member of the commission until 2003, said: "They should have given information proportional to our knowledge, which in 2009 spotlighted a criticality in L'Aquila. Under those conditions, there were 5–6 days before the quake to give information, and this doesn't mean forecasting earthquakes."<ref>«Avrebbero dovuto dare una informazione proporzionata alle nostre conoscenze, che nel 2009 mettevano in luce una criticità all'Aquila. Nelle condizioni che c'erano 5 – 6 giorni prima del terremoto bisognava dare informazioni e questo non-vuol dire prevedere i terremoti» [http://ilcapoluogo.globalist.it/Detail_News_Display?ID=36154 Il Capoluogo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516070448/http://ilcapoluogo.globalist.it/Detail_News_Display?ID=36154 |date=16 May 2013 }}</ref>

In protest over the prison sentences handed to his seven colleagues, Luciano Maiani, the head of Italy's disaster body, resigned.<ref>{{cite news| title=Italy disaster head Luciano Maiani quits over L'Aquila | author=BBC| publisher=BBC| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20039769|  date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

In November 2014, the scientists' convictions were quashed by an appeals court, except for Bernardo De Bernardinis, whose sentence was reduced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29996872|title=L'Aquila quake: Scientists see convictions overturned|work=BBC News|date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/10/laquila-earthquake-scientists-win-appeal-seismologists|title=L'Aquila earthquake scientists win appeal|author=John Hooper|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 November 2014}}</ref> The result of this appeal was definitively confirmed by the Italian Supreme Court, [[Corte di Cassazione]], on 20 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cartlidge|first1=Edwin|title=Italy's supreme court clears L'Aquila earthquake scientists for good|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/italy-s-supreme-court-clears-l-aquila-earthquake-scientists-good|access-date=30 November 2015|date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=MacDonald|first1=Fiona|title=Italy's earthquake scientists have been cleared for good|url=http://www.sciencealert.com/italy-s-earthquake-scientists-have-been-cleared-for-good|access-date=30 November 2015|date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=News Picks : Italian scientists acquitted in L'Aquila earthquake case|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/news/news-picks/italian-scientists-acquitted-in-l-aquila-earthquake-case-a-news-pick-post|access-date=30 November 2015|date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Earth sciences}}
{{wikinews|Major magnitude 6.3 earthquake strikes central Italy}}
* [[List of earthquakes in 2009]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Italy]]
* [[1703 Apennine earthquakes]]
* [[1461 L'Aquila earthquake]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="aljazeera">[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/04/2009410142223537907.html "Italy mourns earthquake victims"], ''[[Al Jazeera English]]'', 10 April 2009.</ref>

<ref name="ansa01">{{cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-04-06_106344308.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410083414/http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-04-06_106344308.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2009 |title=Quake: 'Huge' artistic damage |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=6 April 2009 |agency=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] }}</ref>

<ref name="ansa02">{{cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-04-06_106345298.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409072019/http://www2.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-04-06_106345298.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2009 |title=Quake: Over 100 dead, 1,500 injured |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=6 April 2009 |agency=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] }}</ref>

<ref name="AP-8 April 2009">{{cite news|title=Berlusconi: "Tre mie case per gli sfollati" |url=http://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_aprile_10/sisma_funerali_a01cdc3e-259b-11de-bdf0-00144f02aabc.shtml?fr=box_primopiano |work=Cronache (blog) |publisher=Corriere della Sera |location=Milan |date=10 April 2009 |access-date=8 April 2009 |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413063236/http://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_aprile_10/sisma_funerali_a01cdc3e-259b-11de-bdf0-00144f02aabc.shtml?fr=box_primopiano |archive-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

<ref name="ape01">{{cite news|url=http://www.ana-mpa.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=7483132&maindocimg=7480089&service=144 |title=Trapped Greek student found dead in L' Aquila |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=7 April 2009 |agency=[[Athens News Agency|ANA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413005810/http://www.ana-mpa.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=7483132&maindocimg=7480089&service=144 |archive-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Background: Italy and earthquakes">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/06/italy-earthquake-abruzzo |title=Background: Italy and earthquakes |date=6 April 2009|location = London |last = Lewis |first = Paul |access-date=<!---6 April 2009--->|newspaper = The Guardian}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20025626 |title=BBC News – L'Aquila quake: Italy scientists guilty of manslaughter |first=Alan |last=Johnston |work=bbc.co.uk |year=2012 |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC">{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XNFk6yZMaQ |title=Why did quake cause so much damage? |date=6 April 2009|time=1 minute 55 seconds |medium=Television production |publisher=BBC News |access-date=6 April 2009}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="bbcnews8apr09">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7988832.stm |title=Aftershock hits Italy quake zone  |date=7 April 2009|access-date=<!---2009-04-08--->|work=BBC News Online |location = London}}</ref>

<ref name="Berlusconi may accept U.S. aid">{{cite news  |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/04/07/Berlusconi-may-accept-US-aid/UPI-28361239129362/  |title=Berlusconi may accept U.S. aid |date=7 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|work=United Press International|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090408215831/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/04/07/Berlusconi-may-accept-US-aid/UPI-28361239129362/|archive-date= 8 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="Berlusconi offers own homes to quake survivors">{{cite news  |title = Berlusconi offers own homes to quake survivors  |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLA418254  |work = Reuters  |date = 10 April 2009|first=Silvia |last=Aloisi|access-date= 13 May 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090414162745/https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLA418254|archive-date= 14 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="BSSA">{{cite journal|url=http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2A/585?stoc |title=Effect of Time Dependence on Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Maps and Deaggregation for the Central Apennines, Italy |journal=The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |volume=99 |issue=2A |pages=585 |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410080953/http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2A/585?stoc |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=live  |bibcode=2009BuSSA..99..585A |last1=Akinci |first1=A. |last2=Galadini |first2=F. |last3=Pantosti |first3=D. |last4=Petersen |first4=M. |last5=Malagnini |first5=L. |last6=Perkins |first6=D. |doi=10.1785/0120080053 }}</ref>

<ref name="Buffon's Natural History">{{cite book  |first=Georges Louis Leclerc |last=Buffon |title=Buffon's Natural History |volume=2  |publisher=J.S. Barr |year=1792 |oclc= 316760617 |location = London}}</ref>

<ref name="Clarin">{{cite web|language=es|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2009/04/07/um/m-01893217.htm|title=Murió una argentina en el sismo de Italia|date=7 April 2009|access-date=9 April 2009|editor=Gues|archive-date=8 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408213243/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2009/04/07/um/m-01893217.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="clix">[http://ultimahora.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1372923 "Protecção Civil portuguesa pode disponibilizar ajuda a Itália em quatro horas"]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193413/http://ultimahora.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1372923 |date=11 April 2009 }} (in Portuguese). ''[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]'' (Lisbon), 6 April 2009. <!---accessdate= 8 April 2009---> [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410083739/http://ultimahora.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1372923&idCanal=62 Archived] on 29 July 2009.</ref>

<ref name="cnn">[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/28/quake.italy.pope/ "Pope visits Italian quake zone"], ''CNN.com'', 28 April 2009.</ref>

<ref name="Corriere8Apr">{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_aprile_08/nuovo_bilancio_terremoto_abruzzo_8f2d2710-23fe-11de-a75a-00144f02aabc.shtml |title=Abruzzo in ginocchio, i morti sono 272 Ancora scosse. Venerdì i funerali di Stato |date=8 April 2009 |language=it |newspaper=Corriere della Sera |location=Milan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707223456/http://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_aprile_08/nuovo_bilancio_terremoto_abruzzo_8f2d2710-23fe-11de-a75a-00144f02aabc.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

<ref name="Death toll rises in Italy quake">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7987698.stm |title=Death toll rises in Italy quake  |date=7 April 2009|access-date=<!---7 April 2009--->|work=BBC News Online |location = London}}</ref>

<ref name="Earthquake: Obama to Berlusconi, US ready to help">{{cite news|url=http://www.agi.it/italy/news/200904072024-pol-ren0066-art.html |title=Earthquake: Obama to Berlusconi, US ready to help |date=8 April 2009 |access-date=8 April 2009 |agency=[[Agenzia Giornalistica Italia|AGI]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411083052/http://www.agi.it/italy/news/200904072024-pol-ren0066-art.html |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="earthquakewarn-Nytimesblog">{{cite news  |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/06/earthquake-warning-was-removed-from-internet/ |department = The Lede (blog) |title=Earthquake Warning Was Removed From Internet|last=Mackey|first=Robert|work=The New York Times|date=6 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre">{{cite web |url=http://www.emsc-csem.org/index.php?page=current&sub=filter&start_date=2009-03-30&end_date=2009-09-24&min_lat=42&max_lat=43&min_long=13&max_long=14&min_depth=&max_depth=&min_mag=4.0&max_mag= |title=European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre |access-date=27 February 2010|publisher=EMSC}}</ref>

<ref name="fiat">{{cite news |url=http://www.asca.it/news-TERREMOTO__FIAT__2_5_MLN_PER_RICOSTRUZIONE_ASILO_COMUNALE_A_L_AQUILA-822307-ORA-.html |title=Terremoto: Fiat, 2,5 MLN per Ricstruzione Asilo Comunale A L'Aquila |language=it |date=8 April 2009 |access-date=8 April 2009 |publisher=[[ASCA (news agency)|ASCA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410062521/http://www.asca.it/news-TERREMOTO__FIAT__2_5_MLN_PER_RICOSTRUZIONE_ASILO_COMUNALE_A_L_AQUILA-822307-ORA-.html |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

<ref name="Fiorentina latest club to donate funds to quake victims">{{cite news |url=<!---wrong-link---http://sports.id.msn.com/football/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3084753---> |title=Fiorentina latest club to donate funds to quake victims|date=8 April 2009|access-date=<!---8 April 2009--->|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

<ref name="foxnews">{{cite news |title=Italy Quake Reconstruction to Cost at Least $16 Billion |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,515989,00.html |access-date=23 October 2012 |newspaper=[[Fox News]] |date=15 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419231821/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C515989%2C00.html |archive-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

<ref name="French first lady offers to help quake hospital">{{cite news  |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gDyrK56IBq-cgmyJAsnvJDlONPMQ  |title=French first lady offers to help quake hospital|date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090411055146/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gDyrK56IBq-cgmyJAsnvJDlONPMQ|archive-date= 11 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="Giampaolo Giuliani cronicle on researching quakes via radon precursor - Sismic tests - Network of radon concentration cells in Italy - Giuliani's letter to Italian Civil Defence">{{cite web |title=Giampaolo Giuliani cronicle on researching quakes via radon precursor – Sismic tests – Network of radon concentration cells in Italy – Giuliani's letter to Italian Civil Defence |url=http://www.chiocciolandia.it/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=3&Itemid=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722025903/http://www.chiocciolandia.it/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=3&Itemid=38 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2009  }}</ref>

<ref name="Giampaolo Giuliani data and descriptions">{{cite web|title=Giampaolo Giuliani data and descriptions |url=http://www.chiocciolandia.it/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=14&Itemid=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603172933/http://www.chiocciolandia.it/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=14&Itemid=38 |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="il Centro - Le vittime del terremoto Abruzzo">{{cite web|url=http://racconta.kataweb.it/terremotoabruzzo/scheda.php?id=237&nome=De+La+Cruz+De+Acero+Corsina+Roberta#commentatutti |title=il Centro – Le vittime del terremoto Abruzzo |publisher=Racconta.kataweb.it |access-date=14 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="ilmessaggero">{{cite news|url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/articolo_app.php?id=16576&sez=HOME_INITALIA&npl=&desc_sez=|newspaper=Il Messaggero|location=Rome|title=Sfollati: treni gratis e niente pedaggio sulla A24 e sulla A25|date=26 June 2009|access-date=6 July 2009|language=it|trans-title=Internally displaced people: trains free and no tolls on the A24 and A25}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ilsalvagente">[http://www.ilsalvagente.it/Sezione.jsp?titolo=L'Enel:%20per%204%20mesi%20niente%20bollette%20della%20luce%20e%20Sky%20sospende%20i%20pagamenti&idSezione=2800 L'Enel: per 4 mesi niente bollette della luce e Sky sospende i pagamenti]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815044805/http://www.ilsalvagente.it/Sezione.jsp?titolo=L%27Enel%3A%20per%204%20mesi%20niente%20bollette%20della%20luce%20e%20Sky%20sospende%20i%20pagamenti&idSezione=2800 |date=15 August 2014 }} ilsalvagente.it, 10 April 2009</ref>

<ref name="unionesarda">{{cite web |url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articoli/news/115416 |title=Terremoto: Vodafone, rinviato l'invio delle bollette e saranno installate più antenne |publisher=[[L'Unione Sarda]] |date=20 November 1948 |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224075720/http://unionesarda.ilsole24ore.com/articoli/news/115416 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |trans-title=Earthquake: Vodafone, delayed submission of bills and more antennas will be installed }}</ref>

<ref name="iltempo1">{{cite news|title=Berlusconi: "Mafia e speculazione fuori dalla ricostruzione"|url=http://www.iltempo.it/abruzzo/2012/12/04/berlusconi-mafia-e-speculazione-fuori-dalla-ricostruzione-1.193690|newspaper=[[Il Tempo]]|location=Rome|date=17 April 2009|access-date=30 May 2009|trans-title=Berlusconi: "Mafia and speculation outside the reconstruction"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101174106/http://www.iltempo.it/abruzzo/2012/12/04/berlusconi-mafia-e-speculazione-fuori-dalla-ricostruzione-1.193690|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="INGV_location">[[National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology|Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia]] (INGV). [http://portale.ingv.it/primo-piano-1/news-archive/2009-news/april-6-earthquake/location-of-april-the-6th-2009-earthquake-updated-with-all-the-available-data/view?set_language=en Location of April 6, 2009 earthquake updated with all the available data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519195608/http://portale.ingv.it/primo-piano-1/news-archive/2009-news/april-6-earthquake/location-of-april-the-6th-2009-earthquake-updated-with-all-the-available-data/view?set_language=en |date=19 May 2009 }}. Retrieved 24 August 2009. 7 September 2009.</ref>

<ref name="INGV_upd">[[National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology|Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia]] (INGV). [http://portale.ingv.it/primo-piano-1/news-archive/2009-news/april-6-earthquake/copythe-l-aquila-seismic-sequence-april-2009/view?set_language=en The L'Aquila seismic sequence – April 2009]. Accessed 24 August 2009.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20090828081727/http://portale.ingv.it/primo-piano-1/news-archive/2009-news/april-6-earthquake/copythe-l-aquila-seismic-sequence-april-2009/view?set_language=en Archived] 7 September 2009.<!-- The 6.2 in the English translation is likely a typo, as the Italian original has 6.3. --></ref>

<ref name="Investigation of building standards in quake zone">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jkcWIUobzfe0DCXm1fJn_Xfj_QpgD97G7M700 |agency=Associated Press |title=Investigation of building standards in quake zone |date=11 April 2009 |access-date=13 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414050139/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jkcWIUobzfe0DCXm1fJn_Xfj_QpgD97G7M700 |archive-date=14 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Iran expresses sympathy over Italy quake">{{cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=191728 |title=Iran expresses sympathy over Italy quake  |agency = FNA |date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|newspaper=[[Tehran Times]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410090419/http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=191728|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="Italian earthquake: expert's warnings were dismissed as scaremongering">{{cite news  |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/5114139/Italian-earthquake-experts-warnings-were-dismissed-as-scaremongering.html |first1 = Nick |last1 = Squires |first2 = Gordon |last2 = Rayner |title=Italian earthquake: expert's warnings were dismissed as scaremongering |date=6 April 2009|access-date=6 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location = London}}</ref>

<ref name="Italian scientist convicted over L'Aquila earthquake condemns 'medieval' court">{{cite news |title=Italian scientist convicted over L'Aquila earthquake condemns 'medieval' court |author=Tom Kington |date=23 October 2012|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/23/italian-scientist-earthquake-condemns-court?newsfeed=true |access-date=23 October 2012|location=London}}</ref>

<ref name="Italian scientists convicted over earthquake warning">{{cite news   |title = Italian scientists convicted over earthquake warning  |first = Alberto  |last = Sisto  |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-earthquake-court-idUSBRE89L13V20121022  |newspaper = Reuters  |location = London  |date = 22 October 2012|access-date= 22 October 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121023051304/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/22/us-italy-earthquake-court-idUSBRE89L13V20121022|archive-date= 23 October 2012|url-status= live}} [http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/sns-rt-us-italy-earthquake-courtbre89l13v-20121022,0,6778875.story Alt URL]</ref>

<ref name="Italy in desperate race to save the buried after the earthquake">{{cite news |last1 = Owen |first1 = Richard |last2 = Bannerman |first2 = Lucy |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6047691.ece |title=Italy in desperate race to save the buried after the earthquake |date=7 April 2009|access-date=<!---7 April 2009--->|newspaper = The Times |location = London}}</ref>

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<ref name="Italy lives">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7985753.stm |last= Amos |first = Jonathan  |title=Italy lives with quake threat |date=6 April 2009|work=BBC News Online |location = London}}</ref>
-->

<ref name="Italy quake exposes poor building standards">{{cite news |first= Silvia |last=Aloisi  |title=Italy quake exposes poor building standards |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L7932819.htm |agency=Reuters |date=7 April 2009|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090416073042/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L7932819.htm|archive-date= 16 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="Italy quake kills at least 150, scores saved">{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090406/ts_afp/italyquake |title=Italy quake kills at least 150, scores saved |date=6 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009|agency=Agence France-Presse}}{{dead link|date=July 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Italy: State of emergency after deadly central quake">{{cite news  |url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=3.0.3185190875  |title=Italy: State of emergency after deadly central quake|date=6 April 2009|access-date=6 April 2009|publisher=[[Adnkronos International]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410224455/http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=3.0.3185190875|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="italyearthquakrow-BBC NEWS">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7986585.stm |title=Row over Italian quake 'forecast' |last = Lewis |first = Aidan  |date=6 April 2009|access-date=<!---7 April 2009--->|work =BBC News Online  |location = London}}</ref>

<ref name="L'Aquila, prov. of L'Aquila, Abruzzo">{{cite web|url=http://www.abruzzo2000.com/abruzzo/laquila/laquila.htm |title=L'Aquila, prov. of L'Aquila, Abruzzo |publisher=Abruzzo2000.com |access-date=6 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107041045/http://abruzzo2000.com/abruzzo/laquila/laquila.htm |archive-date=7 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="La ricostruzione a rischio clan ecco il partito del terremoto">{{cite news|first=Roberto |last=Saviano |language=it |title=La ricostruzione a rischio clan ecco il partito del terremoto |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2009/04/sezioni/cronaca/sisma-aquila-5/saviano/saviano.html |newspaper=La Repubblica |location=Rome |date=14 April 2009 |access-date=30 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502145639/http://www.repubblica.it/2009/04/sezioni/cronaca/sisma-aquila-5/saviano/saviano.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

<ref name="lefigaro1">{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2009/04/07/01011-20090407FILWWW00418-italieseisme-une-francaise-tuee.php |newspaper=Le Figaro|location=Paris |title=Italie/séisme: Une française tuée |date=7 April 2009 |agency=Agence France-Presse |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619103703/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2009/04/07/01011-20090407FILWWW00418-italieseisme-une-francaise-tuee.php |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

<ref name="LiveScience">{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/24164-italian-scientists-earthquake-verdict.html |title=Italian Scientists Get 6 Years for Earthquake Statements &#124; LiveScience |first=Stephanie |last=Pappas |work=livescience.com |year=2012 |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Macedonia offers aid to Italy after earthquake">{{cite news|url=http://www.makfax.com.mk/en-us/Details.aspx?itemID=2774 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410060433/http://www.makfax.com.mk/en-us/Details.aspx?itemID=2774 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2009 |title=Macedonia offers aid to Italy after earthquake |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=8 April 2009 |agency=[[Makfax]] }}</ref>

<ref name="mkd">{{cite news |title=Хакик Бајрами шестиот македонски граѓанин кој загина во Италија |url=http://a1.com.mk/vesti/default.aspx?VestID=106929 |publisher=[[A1 TV channel (Macedonia)|A1 TV]] |date=9 April 2009 |language=mk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411040428/http://a1.com.mk/vesti/default.aspx?VestID=106929 |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead  }}|</ref>

<ref name="Napoli to donate match funds to quake victims">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hnb-_6O2c6h0cILHnoyoGiUfLioA|title=Napoli to donate match funds to quake victims|date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410171807/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hnb-_6O2c6h0cILHnoyoGiUfLioA|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="NHESS - Abstract - The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy">{{cite journal|title=NHESS – Abstract – The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=967–978 |date=6 April 2009|doi=10.5194/nhess-10-967-2010 |last1=Fidani |first1=C. |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="NY Times predict 13 April">{{cite news |first=Kenneth |last=Chang  |title=Earthquakes' Many Mysteries Stymie Efforts to Predict Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/14/science/14quak.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 April 2009|access-date=<!---17 April 2009--->}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT8Apr">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/world/europe/08quake.html |title=Rescuers Scramble in Search for Quake Survivors |last1 = Donadio |first1 = Rachel |last2 = Povoledo |first2 = Elisabetta |date=8 April 2009|access-date=<!---8 April 2009--->|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

<ref name="nytimes">Donadio, Rachel. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/11/world/europe/11italy.html "Thousands Mourn Quake Victims at Funeral Mass"], ''The New York Times'', 10 April 2009.</ref>

<ref name="Officials to probe building standards in quake zone">{{cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/officials-to-probe-building-standards-in-quake-zone-1.388420 |publisher=[[CTV Toronto]]  |title= Officials to probe building standards in quake zone |date=11 April 2009|access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Operai Fiat Zastava in Serbia offrono sangue per i terremotati">{{cite news  |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2009/04/motori/auto-aprile/sangue-operai-fiat/sangue-operai-fiat.html  |title=Operai Fiat Zastava in Serbia offrono sangue per i terremotati |language=it  |date=8 April 2009 |access-date=8 April 2009|newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |location = Rome}}</ref>

<!--<ref name="palermo">{{cite news |title=Terrenoto: Al termine messaggio benedizione dell'imam |url=http://palermo.repubblica.it/dettaglio-news/laquila-12:57/3637347 |newspaper=La Repubblica |location=Rome |date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060052/http://palermo.repubblica.it/dettaglio-news/laquila-12:57/3637347 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>-->

<ref name="Pope">{{cite news |title = Pope visits Italian village hit hardest by earthquake  |first = John  |last = Hooper  |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/28/pope-visits-earthquake-zone  |newspaper = The Guardian  |location = London  |date = 28 April 2009 |access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501122924/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/28/pope-visits-earthquake-zone |archive-date=1 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Powerful Italian quake kills many">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7984867.stm |title=Powerful Italian quake kills many |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=BBC News Online |location=London}}</ref>

<ref name="presse">{{cite news |url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/europe/200904/06/01-843911-les-thermes-de-caracalla-a-rome-touches-par-le-seisme.php |location = Montreal |title=Les Thermes de Caracalla, à Rome, touchés par le séisme|language=fr |date=6 April 2009|access-date=<!---6 April 2009--->|newspaper=[[La Presse (Canada)|La Presse]]}}</ref>

<ref name="realitatea01">{{cite news  |title=Cinci români, printre victimele cutremurului din Italia |url=http://www.realitatea.net/patru-romani--printre-victimele-cutremurului-din-italia_490777.html |publisher=[[Realitatea TV]] |date=8 April 2009|language=ro |access-date=7 April 2009<!---publisher doesn't allow archiving--->}}</ref>

<ref name="Serbian leaders offer condolences to Italian earthquake victims">{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/07/content_11140277.htm |title=Serbian leaders offer condolences to Italian earthquake victims|date=7 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410021654/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/07/content_11140277.htm|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Sisma, Madonna dona soldi alle vittime in Abruzzo">{{cite news|url=http://it.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idITMIE5370PP20090408|title=Sisma, Madonna dona soldi alle vittime in Abruzzo|language=it|date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|publisher=Reuters|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410013428/http://it.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idITMIE5370PP20090408|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Slovenia Offers Help to Italy After Quake">{{cite news  |url=http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1379890|title=Slovenia Offers Help to Italy After Quake|date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|agency=[[Slovenska tiskovna agencija|STA]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410003607/http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1379890|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="Strong quake in Italy kills over 150, wounds 1,500">{{cite news |last = Falconi |first = Marta |newspaper = The Guardian |location = London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8442691 |title=Strong quake in Italy kills over 150, wounds 1,500 |agency=Associated Press|date=7 April 2009|access-date=<!---7 April 2009--->|quote=Giuliani said Monday that he was placed under investigation by prosecutors for causing alarm after he sent warnings of a pending quake in the Sulmona area}}</ref>

<ref name="Switzerland offers help after quake in Italy">{{cite news  |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/07/content_11140271.htm|title=Switzerland offers help after quake in Italy |date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410021649/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/07/content_11140271.htm|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref>

<ref name="tecnozoom">{{cite news|url=http://news.tecnozoom.it/in-evidenza/terremoto-in-abruzzo-anche-tim-e-fastweb-si-mobilitano-post-7985.html |title=Terremoto in Abruzzo: anche Tim e Fastweb si mobilitano &#124; Tecnozoom |publisher=News.tecnozoom.it |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830010155/http://news.tecnozoom.it/in-evidenza/terremoto-in-abruzzo-anche-tim-e-fastweb-si-mobilitano-post-7985.html |archive-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

<ref name="Terremoto in Abruzzo: l'ombra di mafia e camorra">{{cite news|first=Luca |last=Spinelli |title=Terremoto in Abruzzo: l'ombra di mafia e camorra |location=Basel |url=http://www.lanotizia.ch/editoriali/terremoto-in-abruzzo-lombra-di-mafia-e-camorra/636 |newspaper=[[LaNotizia]] |language=it |date=7 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061053/http://www.lanotizia.ch/editoriali/terremoto-in-abruzzo-lombra-di-mafia-e-camorra/636 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

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<ref name="Terremoto: morto per infarto a Roma">{{cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/italia/news/2009-04-07_107356303.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408210432/http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/italia/news/2009-04-07_107356303.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2009 |title=Terremoto: morto per infarto a Roma |language=it |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=10 April 2009 |agency=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] }}</ref>

<ref name="Terremoto: Ufficio mobile poste di paganica paga prime 3 pensioni">{{cite news |url=http://www.asca.it/news-TERREMOTO__UFFICIO_MOBILE_POSTE_DI_PAGANICA_PAGA_PRIME_3_PENSIONI-822127-ORA-.html |title=Terremoto: Ufficio mobile poste di paganica paga prime 3 pensioni |agency=ASCA |date=8 April 2009 |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716235012/http://www.asca.it/news-TERREMOTO__UFFICIO_MOBILE_POSTE_DI_PAGANICA_PAGA_PRIME_3_PENSIONI-822127-ORA-.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

<ref name="tg110apr1130">{{cite news|title=TG1 – TG1 Integrale Funerali |url=http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-453776b4-e61c-4101-97aa-09013af2f169.html?p=0 |publisher=[[TG1]] |language=it |date=10 April 2009 |access-date=10 April 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

<ref name="tg18apr0800">{{cite news|title=TG1 ed. 08.00 08.04 integrale |url=http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-d1df6706-b680-47e8-88ad-d3a689661eff.html?p=0 |publisher=[[TG1]] |date=8 April 2009 |language=it |access-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072232/http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-d1df6706-b680-47e8-88ad-d3a689661eff.html?p=0 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

<ref name="tg24">{{cite news |title=Sisma, Fini: "Vigilare su infiltrazioni mafia"  |url= http://tg24.sky.it/tg24/cronaca/2009/04/15/Sisma_Fini_Vigilare_su_infiltrazioni_mafia.html |language=it |publisher=[[SKY TG24]] |date=15 April 2009|access-date=30 May 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090418193056/http://tg24.sky.it/tg24/cronaca/2009/04/15/Sisma_Fini_Vigilare_su_infiltrazioni_mafia.html|archive-date= 18 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy, NHESS, V.10, p.967, 2010.">{{cite journal|title=The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy, NHESS, V.10, p.967, 2010.|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=10|issue=5|pages=967–978|doi=10.5194/nhess-10-967-2010|year=2010|last1=Fidani|first1=C.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="thetimes8apr">{{cite news  |last = Naughton |first = Philippe |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6058369.ece |title=Berlusconi gaffe as he says quake homeless should enjoy 'a camping weekend' |date=8 April 2009|access-date=<!---8 April 2009--->|newspaper=The Times |location = London}}</ref>

<ref name="trieste">{{cite web|url=http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/bgta/pdf/bgta0034_FIDANI.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425162301/http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/bgta/pdf/bgta0034_FIDANI.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012  }}</ref>

<ref name="Turkey Red Crescent offers help to quake hit-Italy">{{cite news|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=39566|title=Turkey Red Crescent offers help to quake hit-Italy|date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|agency=[[Anadolu Agency|AA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203339/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=39566|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="UNIAN">{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-310121.html |title=Eight-year-old Ukrainian girl killed in earthquake in Italy |date=8 April 2009 |agency=[[UNIAN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410232218/http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-310121.html |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=M6.3 – central Italy|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000gvtu#general_region|author=USGS|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Viajan Topos Mexicanos a Italia">{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/589648.html |title=Viajan Topos Mexicanos a Italia |language=es |date=8 April 2009 |newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |location=Mexico City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411025831/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/589648.html |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

<ref name="Vittime_ilCentro">{{cite web|url=http://racconta.kataweb.it/terremotoabruzzo/index.php |publisher=il Centro |title=Le vittime del Terremoto |access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="World sends sympathy, offers aid to quake-hit Italy">{{cite news  |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/world/04/06/09/world-leaders-offer-sympathy-aid-quake-hit-italy |title=World sends sympathy, offers aid to quake-hit Italy|date=8 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]]}}</ref>

<ref name="www">{{cite news  |url=http://www.kp.ru/online/news/224415/ |last = ЧИНКОВА |first = Елена  |script-title=ru:Украина готова направить в Италию отряд спасателей и мобильный госпиталь |language=ru |date=7 April 2009|access-date=8 April 2009|newspaper=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]] |location = Moscow|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410190852/http://www.kp.ru/online/news/224415/|archive-date= 10 April 2009|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="ynet">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3699315,00.html |first=Roee |last=Nahmias |title=Body of Israeli missing since Italy quake found |date=8 April 2009 |publisher=[[ynet]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411083155/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3699315,00.html |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=live  |access-date=8 April 2009 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|2009 L'Aquila earthquake}}
{{wikinews|5.6-magnitude aftershock earthquake strikes Italy}}
* Pace, B.; Peruzza, L.; Boncio, P.; Lavecchia, G., [http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/1/107 "Layered Seismogenic Source Model and Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Analyses in Central Italy"], ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America'', vol.96, p.&nbsp;107–132, February 2006.
* Akinci, A.; Galadini, F.; Pantosti, D.; Petersen, M.D.; Malagnini, L.; Perkins, D., [http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2A/585?stoc "Effect of Time Dependence on Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Maps and Deaggregation for the Central Apennines, Italy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930202356/http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2A/585?stoc |date=30 September 2011 }}, ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America'', vol.99, no.2A, p.&nbsp;585–610, April 2009, {{doi|10.1785/0120080053}}
* Carraro, F.; Giardino, M., [http://www.aiqua.it/ "Geological evidence of recent fault evolution; examples from Camp Imperatore, L'Aquila, central Apennines"], ''Il Quaternario'', vol. 5, 1992, p.&nbsp;181–200.
* Fidani, C., [http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/967/2010/nhess-10-967-2010.html "The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy"], ''NHESS'', vol.10, p.&nbsp;967, 2010.
* Kerr, Richard A., [https://www.science.org/ "After the Quake, in Search of the Science --- or Even a Good Prediction"], ''Science Magazine'', vol. 324, 17 April 2009, p.&nbsp;322.
* Koukoufikis G. 2019. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331431805_Post-disaster_redevelopment_and_the_knowledge_city_limitations_of_an_urban_imaginary_in_L'Aquila Post-disaster redevelopment and the "knowledge city": limitations of an urban imaginary in L'Aquila] [https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/DPM-12-2017-0320]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817140010/http://www.noilaquila.com/index.jsp?locale=en  Noi L'Aquila]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160127163911/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:itaearthquake2009/Italy:%20L%27Aquila%20Earthquake%202009/ PreventionWeb 2009 L'Aquila earthquake]
* {{EQ-isc-link|13438018}}
* {{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2009-000072-ita}}

{{Earthquakes in 2009}}
{{Earthquakes in Italy}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2009 L'aquila Earthquake}}
[[Category:2009 earthquakes|L'Aquila earthquake]]
[[Category:2009 in Italy|L'Aquila earthquake]]
[[Category:21st century in Abruzzo|2009 Earthquake]]
[[Category:April 2009 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Italy]]
[[Category:L'Aquila|Earthquake 2009]]
[[Category:Disasters in Abruzzo]]
[[Category:Colosseum]]
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