Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:2010s in Syria political history

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{main article|Syrian Civil War}}
{{see also|Timeline of the Syrian civil war}}
{{see also|Timeline of the Syrian civil war|Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war|Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war|Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war|Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war|Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war}}
{{category see also|Category:Syrian civil war}}
{{Year nav topic5|2019|Syria}}
'''2010s in Syria political history''' refers to events during the 2010s in political history of [[Syria]].

==General history==

{{Empty section|date=December 2020}}

==History by government ministry==

{{Empty section|date=December 2020}}

==History of conflict (early to mid-2010s)==
{{main|Syrian Civil War}}

===Syrian Civil War===
The [[Syrian Civil War]] is an ongoing multi-sided [[civil war]] in Syria fought between the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Ba'athist]] [[Syrian Arab Republic]] led by [[President of Syria|Syrian President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]], along with domestic and foreign allies, and various domestic and foreign forces opposing both the [[Politics of Syria|Syrian government]] and each other in varying combinations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.html |title=Syria's civil war explained from the beginning |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430014912/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.html |archive-date=30 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The war is currently the second [[Casualties of the Syrian Civil War|deadliest of the 21st century]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/list/8-deadliest-wars-of-the-21st-century|title=8 Deadliest Wars of the 21st Century|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526191400/https://www.britannica.com/list/8-deadliest-wars-of-the-21st-century|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The unrest in [[Syria]], part of a wider wave of the 2011 [[Arab Spring]] protests, grew out of discontent with the Syrian government and escalated to an armed conflict after [[Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War|protests calling for Assad's removal]] were violently suppressed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868 |title=Syria: The story of the conflict |date=11 March 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622052951/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html|title=Syrian Troops Open Fire on Protestors in Several Cities|date=25 March 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621011638/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The war, which began on 15 March 2011 with major unrest in [[Damascus]] and [[Aleppo]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674|title=Mid-East unrest: Syrian protests in Damascus and Aleppo|date=2011-03-15|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=2013-03-15|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134738/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is being fought by several factions: the [[Syrian Armed Forces]] and its international allies, a loose alliance of mostly [[Sunni]] [[Syrian Opposition|opposition]] rebel groups (including the [[Free Syrian Army]]), [[Salafi jihadist]] groups (including [[al-Nusra Front]]), the mixed [[Kurds|Kurdish]]-[[Arabs|Arab]] [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF), and the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL), with a number of [[Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War|countries in the region and beyond being either directly involved]] or providing support to one or another faction ([[Iran]], [[Russia]], [[Turkey]], the [[United States]], as well as others).

Iran, Russia, and [[Hezbollah]] support the Syrian Arab Republic and the [[Syrian Armed Forces]] militarily, with Russia conducting [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|airstrikes and other military operations]] since September 2015. The [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|U.S.-led international coalition]], established in 2014 with the declared purpose of countering [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]], has [[American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War|conducted airstrikes]] primarily against ISIL as well as some [[List of United States attacks on the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War|against government and pro-government targets]]. They have also deployed special forces and artillery units to engage ISIL on the ground. Since 2015, the U.S. has supported the [[Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]] and its armed wing, the SDF, materially, financially, and logistically. Turkey has been [[Turkish occupation of northern Syria|directly involved in operations]] against the Syrian government since August 2016, not only participating in airstrikes against ISIL alongside the U.S.-led coalition, but also actively supporting the [[Syrian opposition]] and [[Turkish occupation of northern Syria|occupying large swaths of northwestern Syria]] while engaging in significant ground combat with ISIL, the SDF, and the Syrian government. Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the Syrian Civil War [[Spillover of the Syrian civil war|spilled over]] into [[Lebanon]] as opponents and supporters of the Syrian government traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil, with ISIL and Al-Nusra also engaging the [[Lebanese Army]]. Furthermore, while officially neutral, [[Israel]] has [[Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian Civil War|conducted airstrikes]] against Hezbollah and Iranian forces, whose presence in southwestern Syria it views as a threat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-russian-ceasefire-takes-effect-in-southwest-syria-idUSKBN19U08D|title=U.S.-Russian ceasefire deal holding in southwest Syria|date=9 July 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921113246/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-russian-ceasefire-takes-effect-in-southwest-syria-idUSKBN19U08D|archive-date=21 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

International organizations have criticized virtually all sides involved, including the Ba'athist Syrian government, ISIL, opposition rebel groups, Russia,<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/25/russia-accused-war-crimes-syria-un-security-council-aleppo|title=Russia accused of war crimes in Syria at UN security council session|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192517/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/25/russia-accused-war-crimes-syria-un-security-council-aleppo|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the U.S.-led coalition<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/05/middleeast/us-led-coalition-raqqa-war-crimes-intl/index.html |title=US-led strikes on Raqqa may amount to war crimes, Amnesty says |first1=Angela |last1=Dewan |first2=Hillary |last2=McGann |date=5 June 2018 |publisher=CNN |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605205903/https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/05/middleeast/us-led-coalition-raqqa-war-crimes-intl/index.html |archive-date=5 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> of severe human rights violations and [[List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War|massacres]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/world/middleeast/syria-bashar-al-assad-evidence.html |title=As Atrocities Mount in Syria, Justice Seems Out of Reach |first1=Anne Barnard, Ben |last1=Hubbard |first2=Ian |last2=Fisher |date=15 April 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517192038/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/world/middleeast/syria-bashar-al-assad-evidence.html |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The conflict has caused a major [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|refugee crisis]]. Over the course of the war, a number of peace initiatives have been launched, including the [[Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)|March 2017 Geneva peace talks on Syria]] led by the [[United Nations]], but fighting continues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lundgren |first=Magnus |year=2016 |title=Mediation in Syria: Initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303312425 |journal=Contemporary Security Policy |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=283–298 |doi=10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377 |s2cid=156447200 |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000757/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303312425_Mediation_in_Syria_Initiatives_strategies_and_obstacles_2011-2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History of conflict (late 2010s to present)==
===Turkish offensive, 2019===

{{main|2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria}}

The 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, code-named by Turkey as [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|Operation Peace Spring]] ({{lang-tr|Barış Pınarı Harekâtı}}), is a cross-border military operation conducted by the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] (TAF) and the [[Syrian National Army]] (SNA) against the [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF) and later the [[Syrian Arab Army]] (SAA) in [[Rojava|northeastern Syria]].

On 6 October 2019, the [[Trump administration]] ordered American troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria, where the [[United States]] [[American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War|had been supporting]] its Kurdish allies.<ref name=withdraw>{{cite news |title=Trump makes way for Turkey operation against Kurds in Syria |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49956698?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cp7r8vgl2y7t/kurds&link_location=live-reporting-story |access-date=10 October 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 October 2019}}</ref> The military operation began on 9 October 2019 when the [[Turkish Air Force]] launched airstrikes on [[Syria–Turkey border|border]] towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/09/turkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan|title=Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria|work=The Guardian|first=Bethan|last=McKernan|date=9 October 2019}}</ref> The conflict resulted in the displacement of over 300,000 people and has caused the death of more than 70 civilians in [[Syria]] and 20 civilians in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/teroristlerin-saldirilarinda-20-sivil-sehit-oldu-170-kisi-yaralandi-1191643.html|title=Teröristlerin saldırılarında 20 sivil şehit oldu, 170 kişi yaralandı|website=Bursada Bugün|access-date=2019-12-10|archive-date=2019-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018070717/http://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/teroristlerin-saldirilarinda-20-sivil-sehit-oldu-170-kisi-yaralandi-1191643.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/kurdish-politician-executed-by-turkish-backed-fighters-in-syria-1.7970427|title=Kurdish Politician Among Nine Civilians Executed by Turkish-backed Fighters in Syria|date=13 October 2019|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Human rights violations have also been reported. [[Amnesty International]] stated that it had gathered evidence of [[war crimes]] and other violations committed by Turkish and Turkey-backed Syrian forces who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians".

According to the [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], the operation is intended to expel the SDF—viewed as a terrorist organization by Turkey due to its ties with the [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] (PKK), but considered an ally against [[ISIL]] by the [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|United States and its allies]]—from the border region as well as to create a 30&nbsp;km-deep (20&nbsp;mi) "[[Safe Zone (Syria)|safe zone]]" in Northern Syria where some of the 3.6 million [[Syrian refugees in Turkey]] would resettle.<ref name="aj-turkey-begins">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-begins-ground-offensive-northeastern-syria-191009212025006.html |title=Turkey begins ground offensive in northeastern Syria |date=9 October 2019 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> As the proposed settlement zone is heavily Kurdish demographically, this intention has been criticized as an attempt to force drastic demographic change,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/09/turkey-syria-united-states-erdogan-plans-for-east-euphrates.html|title=Erdogan's Syria plan: Resettling the Syrian refugees or ousting Kurds from their land?|first=Cengiz|last=Candar|date=30 September 2019|website=Al-Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e40cb754-e456-11e9-b112-9624ec9edc59|title=Syria is witnessing a violent demographic re-engineering|website=[[Financial Times]]|date=2 October 2019|last1=Gardner|first1=David}}</ref><ref name=reuters_demographics>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-refugees-graphi-idUSKBN1WN28J|title=Turkey's plan to settle refugees in northeast Syria alarms allies|date=8 October 2019|via=reuters.com|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> a criticism denied by Turkey by saying that it only intended to "correct" the demographics that Turkish officials stated were changed by the SDF.<ref name=reuters_demographics/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/turkey-begins-military-operation-against-kurds-after-trump-pulls-troops-northern-2842727|title=Turkey Begins Military Operation Against Kurds After Trump Pulls Troops In Northern Syria|first=Wesley|last=Dockery|date=9 October 2019|website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1565401/middle-east|title=After US green light, Turkey prepares military operation in Syria|date=7 October 2019|website=Arab News}}</ref>

The Turkish operation received mixed responses by the international community. Including condemnations<ref>{{cite news |title=India slams Turkey for its 'unilateral military offensive' in northeast Syria {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-slams-turkey-for-its-unilateral-military-offensive-in-northeast-syria/articleshow/71520852.cms |access-date=10 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> as well as support for the operation for the settlement of refugees in Northern Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/539756-pm-imran-telephones-erdogan-assures-full-support-to-turkey|title=PM Imran telephones Erdogan, assures full support to Turkey|date=11 October 2019|website=The News International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/operation-peace-spring/turkic-council-supports-turkey-s-anti-terror-operation/1614575|title=Turkic Council supports Turkey's anti-terror operation|website=aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/turk-konseyi-liderler-zirvesinden-ortak-baris-pinari-bildirisi|title=Türk Konseyi Liderler Zirvesi'nden ortak 'Barış Pınarı' bildirisi|website=CNN Türk}}</ref> While originally acknowledging Turkey's "right to defend itself", on 15 October, [[Russia]] hardened its position against the operation and deployed troops.<ref>{{Cite news|title=US delegation to press Turkey for Syrian ceasefire|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hubbard|first1=Ben|last2=Troianovski|first2=Anton|author-link2=Anton Troianovski|last3=Gall|first3=Carlotta|last4=Kingsley|first4=Patrick|date=15 October 2019|title=In Syria, Russia Is Pleased to Fill an American Void|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/15/world/middleeast/kurds-syria-turkey.html|url-access=limited|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ten European nations and [[Canada]] [[Reactions to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|imposed an arms embargo on Turkey]], while the U.S. imposed sanctions on Turkish ministries and senior government officials in response to the offensive in Syria.<ref name=ColumbusSanctions>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50050264|title=Turkey-Syria offensive: US sanctions Turkish ministries|date=15 October 2019|agency=BBC}}</ref> Likewise, Trump's sudden pullout of US forces in Syria was also criticized by journalists as a "serious betrayal to the [[Kurds]]" as well as a "catastrophic blow to US credibility as an ally and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]'s standing on the world stage", one journalist stating that "this is one of the worst [[Foreign policy of the United States|US foreign policy]] disasters since the [[Iraq War]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/us-betrayal-of-kurds-destroys-the-wests-credibility-for-years-to-come-11835611|title=US betrayal of Kurds destroys the West's credibility for years to come | website=Sky News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/trump-syria-move-delivers-blow-credibility-worldwide-191008232132422.html|title=Trump's Syria move 'delivers a blow to US credibility worldwide'| website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/opinion/trump-kurds-syria.html|title=Trump's Gut, and the Gutting of American Credibility| website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/trump-s-decision-syria-has-already-turned-foreign-policy-disaster-n1065691|title=Trump's decision on Syria has already turned into a foreign policy disaster| website=NBC News}}</ref> On November 19, the Defense Department inspector general released a report finding that the American withdrawal and subsequent Turkish incursion allowed [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] to "reconstitute capabilities and resources within Syria and strengthen its ability to plan attacks abroad".<ref name="O’brien">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/19/trump-syria-isis-071499|title=Trump's pullout from Syria allowed ISIS to gain strength, intel agency reports|first=Connor|last=O’brien|website=POLITICO}}</ref>

The Syrian government initially criticized the Kurdish forces for the Turkish offensive, for their separatism and not reconciling with the government, while at the same time also condemning the foreign invasion in Syrian territory.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/11/c_138462068.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011011413/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/11/c_138462068.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 11, 2019 |title=Syria blames Kurdish forces for Turkish military offensive |date=11 October 2019|work=Xinhua Net |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> However, a few days later, the SDF reached an agreement with the Syrian government, in which it would allow the [[Syrian Army]] to enter the SDF-held towns of [[Manbij]] and [[Kobanî]] in an attempt to defend the towns from the Turkish offensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/10/13/Syrian-army-to-enter-SDF-held-Kobani-Manbij-Monitor.html|title=Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij: Monitor|website=english.alarabiya.net|date=13 October 2019|language=en|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-towns-report-idUSKBN1WS0K0|title=Report: Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij|date=13 October 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=13 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref name="armyinvolved">{{cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/10/13/syria-government-russia-kobani-manbij-sdf/|title=Syrian government forces set to enter Kobani and Manbij after SDF deal|date=13 October 2019|website=The Defense Post|language=en-US|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, Syrian state broadcaster [[SANA]] announced that Syrian Army troops had started to deploy to the country's north.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/syrian-troops-sent-north-to-confront-turkey-over-incursion-says-state-media-1.922875|title=Syrian troops sent north to 'confront' Turkey over incursion, says state media|website=The National|date=13 October 2019|language=en|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> Turkey and the SNA launched an offensive to capture Manbij on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haber.com/suriye-milli-ordusu-munbic-operasyonu-basladi-103685/|title=Suriye Milli Ordusu: Münbiç Operasyonu Başladı|date=14 October 2019|website=Haber.com}}</ref>

On 17 October 2019, [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. Vice President]] [[Mike Pence]] announced that the U.S. and Turkey agreed on a deal in which Turkey will agree to a ceasefire in Syria for 5 days in return for a complete withdrawal by the SDF from a safe zone south of the [[Syria–Turkey border|Syria-Turkey border]].<ref name=":1c">{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-and-turkey-reach-agreement-temporarily-suspend-military-operation-syria|title=US and Turkey reach agreement to suspend military operation in Syria|website=Middle East Eye|date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2c">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50091305|title=Turkey to suspend Syria offensive, US says|website=BBC|date=17 October 2019}}</ref> On 22 October 2019, [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] [[Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone|reached a deal]] to extend the ceasefire by 150 additional hours for SDF to move 30 kilometers away from the border area as well as from [[Tal Rifaat]] and [[Manbij]]. The terms of the deal also included joint Russian–Turkish patrols 10 kilometers into Syria from the border except in the city of [[Qamishli]]. The new ceasefire started at 12pm local time on 23 October.<ref name="auto16">{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article236512698.html|title=The Latest: Pence says 5-day cease-fire in Syria has held
|date=22 October 2019|website=Miami Herald}}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/10/22/russia-turkey-syria-mou/|title=FULL TEXT: Memorandum of Understanding between Turkey and Russia on northern Syria|date=22 October 2019|website=The Defense Post}}</ref>

==Changes to conflict due to Turkish incursion of October 2019==
=== Changes in the local areas ===
In October 2019, in response to the Turkish offensive, [[Russia]] arranged for negotiations between the [[Politics of Syria|Syrian government]] in [[Damascus]] and the Kurdish-led forces.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foy |first1=Henry |title=Russia calls Turkey's invasion of north Syria 'unacceptable' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195 |website=Financial Times|date=16 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name=ko-il-rftv/> [[Mazloum Abdi]], the Syrian Kurdish commander-in-chief, announced that they are ready to partner with [[Vladimir Putin]] ([[Russia]]) and [[Bashar al-Assad]] ([[Syria]]), stating that "We know that we would have to make painful compromises with [[Moscow]] and Bashar al-Assad if we go down the road of working with them. But if we have to choose between compromises and the genocide of our people, we will surely choose life for our people."<ref name="abma-if-we"/> The details of the agreement is unknown, but there are reports that suggest that the [[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]] will be incorporated into the [[Syrian Armed Forces]] and that northeastern Syria will come under direct rule of the Syrian government in Damascus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanchez |first1=Raf |title=Assad troops enter north-east Syria after Russia-backed deal with Kurds |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/14/assad-troops-enter-northeast-syria-russia-backed-deal-kurds/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=14 October 2019}}</ref> According to Syrian Kurdish officials, the deal allows Syrian government forces to take over security in some border areas, but their own administration would maintain control of local institutions.<ref name=wapo-ssgse/>

The prospects for Kurdish autonomy in the region is severely diminished, because the [[Kurds]] were exposed to the Turkish-led offensive by the [[United States|US]] withdrawal and the Russia-backed Syrian government forces under Assad—whose commonality is enmity towards [[Turkey]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] rebel militias—regained their foothold in northeast Syria after the Kurds had to seek their help.<ref name="dvcopt">{{cite web |last1=Dominic Evans |first1=Dominic |last2=Coskun |first2=Orhan |last3=Perry |first3=Tom |title=Power shift: Who gains in the battle for Syria's northeast? |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-usa-power-analy/power-shift-who-gains-in-the-battle-for-syrias-northeast-idUSKBN1WU2K8 |website=Reuters |date=16 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |title=How the Iran Hawks Botched Trump's Syria Withdrawal |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/30/iran-hawks-botched-trump-syria-policy-james-jeffrey-turkey/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=30 October 2019}}</ref> In regards to the United States and the situation, [[Mazloum Abdi]] stated that "We are disappointed and frustrated by the current crisis. Our people are under attack, and their safety is our paramount concern. Two questions remain: How can we best protect our people? And is the United States still our ally?"<ref name="abma-if-we">{{cite web |last1=Abdi |first1=Mazloum |title=If We Have to Choose Between Compromise and Genocide, We Will Choose Our People |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/13/kurds-assad-syria-russia-putin-turkey-genocide/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=13 October 2019}}</ref> A deep sense of betrayal by their once American allies has come to be felt among the Syrian Kurdish populace.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Margaret |title=Turkey 'outsourcing war crimes' to armed groups, Amnesty says after Kurdish politician's murder |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/syria-turkey-1.5328109 |website=CBC |date=20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Tom |last2=Francis |first2=Ellen |title=For Syrian Kurds, a leader's killing deepens sense of U.S. betrayal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-kurds-future/for-syrian-kurds-a-leaders-killing-deepens-sense-of-us-betrayal-idUSKBN1X11HZ |website=Reuters |language=en |date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=David D. |title=Kurds' Sense of Betrayal Compounded by Empowerment of Unsavory Rivals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/world/middleeast/kurds-sense-of-betrayal-compounded-by-empowerment-of-unsavory-rivals.html |website=The New York Times |date=18 October 2019}}</ref>

As announced by [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russia's Ministry of Defense]] on 15 October, Russian forces have started to patrol the region along the line of contact between Turkish and Syrian forces,<ref name=ko-il-rftv>{{cite web |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Ilyushina |first2=Mary |title=Russians fill the void left by US troops in Syria |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/15/middleeast/turkey-syria-russian-troops-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=15 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=wapo-ssgse/> indicating that Russia is filling the security vacuum from the sudden US withdrawal.<ref name=wapo-ssgse>{{cite news | author1= Fahim, Kareem | author2=Dadouch, Sarah | author3= Englund, Will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syria-says-government-soldiers-enter-manbij-after-us-troops-withdraw/2019/10/15/d494405a-eeb8-11e9-bb7e-d2026ee0c199_story.html | title=Russia patrolling between Turkish and Syrian forces after U.S. troops withdraw| date =15 October 2019 | newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mortazavi |first1=Negar |title=How Russia is filling the gap left by Trump's withdrawal of US troops in Syria |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/trump-syria-kurds-russia-putin-assad-a9157656.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/trump-syria-kurds-russia-putin-assad-a9157656.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Independent |date=16 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Video footage shows Russian soldiers and journalists touring a base that the US left behind.<ref name=wapo-ssgse/><ref name=ol-ram>{{cite news |last1=Oliphant |first1=Roland |title=Russia assumes mantle of supreme power broker in Middle East as US retreats from Syria |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/15/russia-assumes-mantle-supreme-power-broker-middle-east-us-retreats/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=15 October 2019}}</ref> Alexander Lavrentiev, Russia's special envoy on Syria, warned that the Turkish offensive into Syria is unacceptable and stated that Russia is seeking to prevent conflict between Turkish and Syrian troops.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sevastopulo |first1=Demetri |last2=Williams |first2=Aime |last3=Pitel |first3=Laura |last4=Foy |first4=Henry |title=US delegation to press Turkey for Syrian ceasefire |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195 |website=Financial Times |date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

In response to a speech by Assad, the [[Syrian Democratic Council]] said it was ready to have positive discussions with the Assad government. They said their focus would shift to stopping the [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|Turkish invasion]].<ref>[https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/021120192 Syrian Democratic Council : We are ready to start negotiating with Damascus], 02-11-2019, Lawk Ghafuri, rudaw.net.</ref>

===International reactions to Turkish incursion of October 2019===
Several US lawmakers have criticized the abandonment of their Kurdish allies, remarking that it undermines [[United States|US]] credibility as an ally while benefiting [[Russia]], [[Iran]], and the [[Syria|Syrian regime of Assad]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olorunnipa |first1=Toluse |last2=Kim |first2=Seung Min |title=Republicans deliver rare rebuke of Trump, slamming his Syria withdrawal decision |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mcconnell-joins-other-republicans-in-rebuking-trumps-syria-withdrawal/2019/10/07/aef0d11e-e914-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |date=8 October 2019}}</ref> Meanwhile, several commentators in [[Moscow]] have stated that the situation is not in the immediate Russian interests, as the [[Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war|Turkish intervention in Syria]] clashes with Russia's backing of the [[Politics of Syria|Syrian government]] in the region, but it may provide opportunities for Russia as mediator as the US withdraws from Syria.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sherwin |first1=Emily |title=Turkey offensive in Syria forces Russia into a balancing act |url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-offensive-in-syria-forces-russia-into-a-balancing-act/a-50828950 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=14 October 2019 }}</ref> Commentators have remarked that, since the US withdrawal, Russia has cemented its status as the key power broker in the [[Middle East]].<ref name=ol-ram/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Steve |title=Putin: From pariah to Middle East power broker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50068498 |website=BBC |date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Pitarakis |first1=Lefteris |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |title=Russia Seeks to Cement its Role as a Power Broker in Syria |url=https://time.com/5701729/russia-troops-syria-turkey-conflict/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016020939/https://time.com/5701729/russia-troops-syria-turkey-conflict/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |magazine=Time |language=en |date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

Due to the situation in Syria, there are signs of a schism between [[Turkey]] and other [[NATO]] members, in which NATO is seen as effectively "powerless" to manage the situation and the [[Government of Turkey|Turkish government]] is aware that NATO does not hold much leverage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stolton |first1=Samuel |title=Turkey's relationship with NATO tested over Syria operation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/turkey-relationship-nato-tested-syria-operation-191013190857028.html |website=Aljazeera | date=14 October 2019}}</ref> Furthermore, [[President of the United States|US President]] Trump, as well as [[United States Armed Forces|US military]] and diplomatic officials, has cited the NATO membership of Turkey as a key reason that the [[United States]] can not be involved in the conflict between the Turkish and Syrian Kurdish forces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolfgang |first1=Ben |last2=Glenn |first2=Mike |title=Turkey's NATO status complicates U.S. response to Erdogan's Syria incursion |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/oct/16/turkey-nato-status-complicates-response-erdogan-sy/ |website=The Washington Times |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> Meanwhile, due to Turkey's strategic position between Europe and the Middle East, the NATO alliance members are in a situation where they have limited themselves to relatively muted criticism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Esper chides NATO ally Turkey for "heading in the wrong direction" with Russia in Syria |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/turkey-syria-wrong-direction-russia-mark-esper-says-us-nato-ally-donald-trump-lauds-ceasefire-2019-10-24/ |website=CBS News |date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] is reviewing the potential withdrawal of its [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|nuclear weapons]] from [[Incirlik airbase]] under NATO's [[nuclear sharing]] as a result of the Turkish offensive per [[The New York Times|NYT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-rising-tensions-us-said-considering-plan-to-remove-nukes-from-turkish-base/|title=US said considering plan to remove nukes from Turkish base near Syrian border|first=T. O. I.|last=staff|website=timesofisrael.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/u-s-turkey-tensions-fears-future-nuclear-weapons-syria-donald-trump-erdogan-1465331|title=U.S.-Turkey tensions raise fears over future of nuclear weapons near Syria|first=David|last=Brennan|date=15 October 2019|website=Newsweek}}</ref> Republican senator [[Lindsey Graham]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/10/turkey-and-nato-troubled-relationship/599890/|title=Why is Turkey in NATO Anyway?|agency=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/lindsey-graham-warns-turkey-nato-suspension-sanctions-if-kurds-attacked-2019-10|title=Lindsey Graham says Congress will call for Turkey to be suspended from NATO and hit it with sanctions if it attacks Kurds|agency=Business Insider|date=7 October 2019}}</ref> and Democratic representative [[Eric Swalwell]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/465847-democratic-lawmaker-expelling-turkey-from-nato-should-be-on-the-table|title=Democratic lawmaker: Expelling Turkey from NATO 'should be on the table'|agency=The Hill|date=15 October 2019}}</ref> have called for possibly suspending [[Ankara]]'s membership in NATO.

===Agreement to Northern Buffer Zone===
{{main|Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone}}

[[Russia]] and [[Turkey]] made an agreement via the [[Sochi Agreement of 2019]] to set up a [[Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone]]. [[President of Syria|Syrian President]] [[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]] expressed full support for the deal, as various terms of the agreement also applied to the [[Politics of Syria|Syrian government]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50152235|title=Russia deploys troops to Turkey-Syria border|date=2019-10-23|access-date=2019-10-24|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/22/turkey-and-russia-agree-deal-over-buffer-zone-in-northern-syria Turkey and Russia agree on deal over buffer zone in northern Syria]. Erdoğan hails agreement with Putin in which Kurdish fighters will be moved from border area. guardian.com.</ref>

The agreement reportedly included the following terms:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkeys-erdogan-meets-with-putin-in-russia-to-discuss-syrian-operation/2019/10/22/764abcea-f43f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html|title=Russia and Turkey reach deal to push Kurdish forces out of zone in northern Syria|last1=Fahim|first1=Kareem|last2=DeYoung|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022204410/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkeys-erdogan-meets-with-putin-in-russia-to-discuss-syrian-operation/2019/10/22/764abcea-f43f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/german-defense-minister-proposes-security-zone-for-syria/2019/10/22/19af90b8-f49f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023122439/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/german-defense-minister-proposes-security-zone-for-syria/2019/10/22/19af90b8-f49f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-10-23|title=Russia, Turkey seal power in northeast Syria with new accord|last1=Fraser|first1=Suzan|last2=AP|first2=Vladimir Isachenkov {{!}}|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-syria-map-troops-deal-turkey-1467252|title=Russia shows off new Syria map, sends troops to border after its deal with Turkey|last=EDT|first=Tom O'Connor On 10/23/19 at 11:49 AM|date=2019-10-23|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ragipsoylu/status/1186692319703130119|title=LATEST — Here is the complete text of Turkish, Russian agreement on Northern Syria, that pushed YPG 30km from Turkish, Syria borderpic.twitter.com/jwiOurbfa3|last=Soylu|first=Ragıp|date=2019-10-22|website=@ragipsoylu|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>[https://lobelog.com/the-sochi-agreement-and-its-implications/ The Sochi Agreement And Its Implications] OCTOBER 25, 2019.</ref>

* A [[Safe Zone (Syria)|buffer zone]] would be established in Northern Syria. The zone would be around '''{{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=}}''' deep,{{Efn|Starting from the [[Syrian-Turkish border]] and going south into Syria|name=|group=}} stretching from [[Euphrates River]] to [[Tall Abyad]] and from [[Ras al-Ayn]] to the [[Iraq–Syria border|Iraq-Syria border]], but excluding the town of [[Qamishli]], the Kurds' ''de facto'' capital.{{Efn|See the "External links" section in the article [[Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone]], for a link to an article containing an explanatory map of the buffer zone.|name=|group=}}
* The buffer zone would be controlled jointly by the [[Syrian Army]] and [[Russian Military Police]].
* All [[YPG]] forces, which constitute the majority of the [[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]], must withdraw from the buffer zone entirely, along with their weapons, within 150 hours from the announcement of the deal. Their withdrawal would be overseen by Russian Military Police and the Syrian Border Guards, which would enter the zone at noon on 23 October.
* The YPG would also withdraw from the cities of [[Manbij]] and [[Tell Rifaat]].{{Efn|Both of these cities are further to the south and not covered by the depth of the buffer zone, but are nonetheless explicitly mentioned in the agreement.|name=|group=}}
* Following the YPG withdrawal, joint Russian-Turkish ground patrols would be held in the buffer zone area, but only within '''{{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=}}''' from the border and not including Qamishli.{{Efn|No joint patrols will be held in the remaining part of the buffer zone.|name=|group=}}{{Efn|Later, the Turkish President announced that the patrols would only be held to a depth of 7km, as opposed to 10. No reason was given for this change.|name=|group=}}
* [[Ankara]] would retain sole control of the areas it had captured during its offensive between the towns of [[Tell Abyad]] and [[Ras al-Ayn]].
* The [[Syrian Government]] would construct and man 15 border posts on the [[Turkish-Syrian border]].
* The parties would launch a joint effort to resettle [[Syrian refugee]]s in a "safe and voluntary manner". 
* The parties would agree to "preserve the political unity and territorial integrity of [[Syria]]" as well as protect the "national security of Turkey".
* The parties would agree to reaffirm the importance of the [[Adana Agreement]]. [[Moscow]] will facilitate the implementation of the Adana Agreement.

===Reactions===
Various parties reacted to this new agreement, as follows.

* {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Nations.svg}} [[United Nations]] - On 1 November 2019 the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] met with President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdogan]] of [[Turkey]] to discuss Turkey's proposal to relocate a large number of [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey|Syrian Refugees in Turkey]] to the [[Safe Zone (Syria)|Safe Zone]]. Mr. [[António Guterres|Guterres]] informed the Turkish President that the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] will immediately form a team to study the proposal and engage in discussions with Turkish authorities, in line with its mandate.<ref name="un.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/readout/2019-11-01/readout-of-the-secretary-general%E2%80%99s-meeting-he-mr-recep-tayyip-erdogan-president-of-turkey |title=Readout of the Secretary-General’s meeting with H.E. Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, President of Turkey &#124; United Nations Secretary-General |publisher=Un.org |date=2019-11-01 |accessdate=2022-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/11/1050451|title = Guterres in Turkey: UN to study 'new settlement areas' plan for Syrian refugees|date = November 2019}}</ref> The Secretary-General greenlighted the proposal but told the Turkish President that the relocations should be "voluntary, safe and dignified".<ref name="un.org"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] - The SDF stated that they consider themselves as "Syrian and a part of [[Syria]]", adding that they will agree to work with [[Damascus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/772557773/kurdish-reaction-to-turkey-russia-deal-to-patrol-northern-syria|title=Kurdish Reaction To Turkey-Russia Deal To Patrol Northern Syria|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> The SDF officially announced their support for the deal on October 27.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://syrianobserver.com/EN/news/53885/sdf-agrees-to-sochi-deal-for-northern-syria.html|title=SDF Agrees to Sochi Deal for Northern Syria|date=2019-10-28|website=The Syrian Observer|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://ekurd.net/syrian-kurds-say-pulling-2019-10-28|title=Syrian Kurds say pulling out from entire length of Turkey border|author=Editorial Staff|date=2019-10-28|website=Kurd Net - Ekurd.net Daily News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Syria}} - Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] thanked the [[Vladimir Putin|Russian President]] for his role in the negotiation of the deal and expressed his full support for it. At the same time, he raised concerns about Turkish interference in Syrian affairs and dubbed Turkish President Erdogan a "thief".<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/turkey-russia-agree-clear-kurdish-fighters-control-syria-turkey-border-n1070141|title=Turkey, Russia agree to clear Kurdish fighters and control the Syria-Turkey border|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Turkey}} - Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] threatened to forcefully "clear terrorists" from the [[Syria–Turkey border|Syrian-Turkish border]] should the deal fail. He further reiterated his threat to let the Syrian refugees residing in Turkey at that point to freely emigrate into [[Europe]], if [[Ankara]] does not receive "support" in its plan for the relocation of 1 to 2 million refugees within the buffer zone in what the Turkish President dubbed the "first stage" of their return.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/erdogan-says-will-clear-terrorists-syria-border-if-sochi-deal-fails|title=Erdogan Says Will 'Clear Terrorists' From Syria Border if Sochi Deal Fails|website=Voice of America|language=en|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Iran}} - [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)|Iran's foreign ministry]] called the agreement "a positive step" and stated that it "backed any move to restore stability in the region".<ref name=":2" />
* {{Flag|United States}} - US President [[Donald Trump]] praised the deal that he viewed as allowing "someone else [to] fight over this long bloodstained land", following which he ordered the lifting of the sanctions that he had placed on Turkey nine days prior as a reaction to the start of Turkey's offensive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50157439|title=Trump lifts sanctions on Turkey over Syria assault|date=2019-10-23|access-date=2019-10-24|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Germany}} - [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]] proposed that the buffer zone be enforced through an international force. Turkish Foreign Minister [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]] rejected the plan, dubbing it "unrealistic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-rejects-german-security-zone-plan-unrealistic-191026141506342.html|title=Turkey rejects German security zone plan as 'unrealistic'|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref>

==General operational developments, December 2019 to present==
{{updated|12-11-2019}} ''updated''

As a result of the Turkish incursion, multiple Kurdish groups that were once rivals have begun to seek greater unity. Additionally, Syrian Kurdish officials have had some positive discussions with the [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Assad government]], and with local countries such as [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Jordan]].<ref name="al-monitor overview">[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/turkey-syria-gulf-ankara-kurdish-sweep-backfiring.html Turkey’s Kurdish sweep backfires], Fehim Tastekin December 11, 2019, al-monitor.com</ref>

On the ground, Turkish areas of operations have been delineated by Russian mediators. Russian military officials forged agreements between [[Syria]], [[Turkey]] and [[Kurds]] for areas to be patrolled by each side.<ref>[https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal Russian forces in Syria, SDF discuss phase two in border security deal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724183004/https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal |date=2020-07-24 }}, Dec 07 2019.</ref> [[Russia]] handles security through its own forces deployed in some key towns.

[[Damascus]] has forged agreements with some opposition groups to return to various local border areas.<ref name="al-monitor overview"/> The [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF) reached agreement with the Assad regime for the [[Syrian Army]] to patrol several border areas. They also agreed on areas of deployment for Russian forces.<ref>[https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal Russian forces in Syria, SDF discuss phase two in border security deal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724183004/https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal |date=2020-07-24 }}, Dec 07 2019, ahvalnews.com.</ref> The first agreement between SDF and the Assad regime occurred in October 2019, directly as a result of the Turkish incursion.<ref>[https://ahvalnews.com/operation-peace-spring/live-day-6-turkeys-syria-operation Live: Day 6 of Turkey's Syria operation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210205222/https://ahvalnews.com/operation-peace-spring/live-day-6-turkeys-syria-operation |date=2019-12-10 }},
Ahval, Oct 14 2019.</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/>

In general positive negotiations have increased between Syria and Turkey, and between Syria and Kurdish groups.<ref>[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/the-takeaway-december-11-2019.html The Takeaway: December 11, 2019], Andrew Parasiliti December 11, 2019.</ref>

On December 9, Russian troops entered [[Raqqa]] and began distributing humanitarian aid.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Russian-forces-enter-former-Islamic-State-stronghold-in-Syria-610347 Russian forces enter former Islamic State stronghold in Syria]:Russian troops in Raqqa were handing out humanitarian aid and its military doctors were offering residents medical attention. By REUTERS DECEMBER 9, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://thedefensepost.com/2019/12/10/syria-russia-raqqa-us-withdraw/ Russian troops enter Syria’s Raqqa, filling void of withdrawing US forces], by Jared Szuba DECEMBER 10, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Russians-in-Raqqa-two-years-after-US-helped-take-city-from-ISIS-610377 Russians near Raqqa two years after US helped take city from ISIS] By SETH J. FRANTZMAN DECEMBER 9, 2019.</ref>

Russia and Syria escalated their attacks against rebel forces in [[Idlib]].<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/russian-syrian-regime-forces-step-attacks-rebel-stronghold-idlib Russian, Syrian Regime Forces Step Up Attacks on Rebel Stronghold Idlib], By Sirwan Kajjo, December 08, 2019</ref>

===Refugees status===
Numerous refugees remain in local refugee camps. Conditions there are reported to be severe, especially with winter approaching.<ref name="washokani">[https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/winter-threatens-the-idps-in-the-washokani-camp-39991 Winter threatens the IDPs in the Washokani Camp].For the displaced people in northern and eastern Syria, winter is a torture: many set up for those seeking shelter have already collapsed due to rain and wind. Almost all international aid organisations are watching the misery. ANF HESEKÊ  Tuesday, 10 Dec 2019.</ref>

4,000 people are housed at the Washokani Camp. No organizations are assisting them other than the Kurdish [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]]. Numerous camp residents have called for assistance from international groups.<ref>[https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/over-3500-refugees-accommodated-in-the-washokani-camp-39924 Over 3500 refugees accommodated in the Washokani camp]. The Washokani camp, set up by the autonomous administration of North-East Syria near Hesekê, now hosts 3566 people who have fled the Turkish occupation troops in Serêkaniyê. ANF HESEKÊ  Saturday, 7 Dec 2019.</ref><ref>[https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/no-help-for-people-displaced-by-the-turkish-invasion-39771 No help for people displaced by the Turkish invasion]. More than 2,500 people now live in the northern Syrian camp Washokani who had to flee due to the Turkish occupation war. No help has arrived from international organisations yet. ANF HESEKE Sunday, 1 Dec 2019.</ref>

Refugees in Northeast Syria report they have received no help from international aid organizations.<ref>[https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/ignorance-of-aid-organisations-exacerbates-the-situation-of-idps-39283 Ignorance of aid organisations exacerbates the situation of IDPs] Hundreds of thousands have fled home due to the attacks of the AKP regime and its gangs on Northern Syria. The living conditions of the refugees are being exacerbated by the ignorance of international aid organisations. ANF HESEKE Wednesday, 13 Nov 2019.</ref>

===Syrian and Kurdish actions===
Some reports stated that [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar Assad]] was favorable towards Russia's efforts to restore calm and to stabilize the situation in [[Syria]].<ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30025808.ece Syria: Russian helping hand], by JOHN CHERIAN, December 06, 2019.</ref>

Meanwhile various Kurdish faction that were historical rivals began to meet in order to work together more. Their stated reason was to stand together against [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]] more strongly if needed.<ref>[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/sdf-woo-syria-kurd-rivals-turkey-assault.html SDF woos Syrian Kurdish rivals in wake of Turkish assault], Amberin Zaman December 4, 2019.</ref><ref name="what now">[https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/09122019 2 months of Operation Peace Spring: what now?] Karwan Faidhi Dri, Dec 10, 2019.</ref> The [[Government of Russia|Russian government]] has informed the Kurdish factions that they should reconcile and come up with a unified set of demands to clarify to [[Moscow]].<ref>[https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/10122019 Russia wants Syrian Kurds to unify, clarify their demands of Moscow: Kurdish opposition] Karwan Faidhi Dri, Dec 10, 2019.</ref> Various Kurdish factions blamed each other and their council for lack of progress.<ref>[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/kurds-syria-pyd-national-council-russia-syrian-regime.html Syria’s Kurdish parties do not see eye to eye], Shivan Ibrahim December 9, 2019.</ref>

Mustafa Bali, head of the [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF) said there were some agreements on the ground with the [[Politics of Syria|Syrian government]], for [[Syrian Armed Forces|Syrian forces]] to be deployed along the [[Syria–Turkey border|border]].<ref>[https://www.rudaw.net/english/interview/09122019 Mustafa Bali: Turkey continues to violate ceasefire deals, targets Kurds], Dec 9, 2019.</ref>

The national Syrian government sent representatives to northeast Syria to meet with local groups there in order to address their concerns and to emphasize unity and combined effort to address problems.<ref>[https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/faisal-azouz-our-goal-is-to-know-regions-project-we-do-not-wish-to-see-any-disagreement-h13091.html Faisal Azouz: Our goal is to know region's project, we do not wish to see any disagreement]. The coordinator of the National Dialogue Follow-up Committee of the Arab Socialist Baath Party, Faisal, indicated that they are looking for ways to find a formula for compatibility between the Autonomous Administration project and Article 107 of the Syrian constitution related to local administrations.</ref> A meeting occurred in [[Qamishli]] city, in northeast Syria, that included Syrian national officials, and delegates from Kurdish, Arab, and Syrian figures and forces.<ref>[https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2027786/northeast-syria-between-autonomous-local-administrations Northeast Syria Between Autonomous, Local Administrations], Monday, 9 December 2019.</ref> Kurdish delegates emphasized their desire to help to protect Syria as a whole. They expressed willingness to have positive discussions with the [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Assad government]].<ref>[https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/e0a4a994-9c19-4560-af63-eeddc1c0aac2 Syrian delegation explores dialogue between Kurds and Damascus, following US withdrawal] by Wladimir van Wilgenburg, December 10, 2019.</ref>

Luqman Ehmê, spokesman for the [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|North East Syria Autonomous Administration]], said that his organization was ready for positive discussions with the Syrian regime.<ref>[https://anfenglish.com/rojava-syria/ehme-we-are-ready-for-dialogue-with-damascus-39977 Ehmê: We are ready for dialogue with Damascus]  ANF RAQQA Tuesday, 10 Dec 2019, 09:33.
"We are ready for dialogue with the Damascus government for a lasting solution to the Syrian crisis," said Luqman Ehmê, spokesman for the North East Syria Autonomous Administration in a press release.</ref>

SDF General Commander Mazlum Abdi has met with local leaders of the Wise Committee, which is composed of leaders of local communities and local family groupings. This meeting emphasized the importance on national unity, and the need to stand against Turkish invaders.<ref>[https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/sdf-general-commander-abdi-met-wise-leaders-40002 SDF General Commander Abdi met Wise leaders]. SDF General Commander Mazlum Abdi met with the Committee of Wise people in North and East Syria. At the meeting, developments in the region were discussed. NF NEWS DESK Wednesday, 11 Dec 2019.</ref>

SDF Commander Mazlum Abdi called on the [[United States|US]] and Russia to help stop [[Turkey]] from displacing entire communities and ethnic groups from the areas that it controls.<ref>[https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/b622efd0-c175-4602-aa3c-a118cd8ee09e Syrian Kurdish leader calls on US, Russia to prevent ethnic cleansing by Turkey], Wladimir van Wilgenburg Wladimir van Wilgenburg | December 11, 2019.</ref>

===Turkish actions===
[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdogan]] stated that [[Turkey]] was ready to resettle the [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war|Syrian refugees]] in the northern area that Turkey had invaded, and that Turkey would pay for it if necessary.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey/erdogan-says-turkey-aims-to-settle-1-million-refugees-in-syria-offensive-area-idUSKBN1YD27R Erdogan says Turkey aims to settle 1 million refugees in Syria offensive area], reuters, December 9, 2019.</ref> On December 9, 2019, various local accounts indicated that [[Ankara]] was moving Syrian refugees into its zone of operations in Northern Syria for the first time.<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/09/turkey-resettling-refugees-northeastern-syria/ Turkey Begins Resettling Refugees in Northeastern Syria: Continued reports of atrocities by Turkish-backed forces raise concerns about ethnic cleansing]. BY LARA SELIGMAN | DECEMBER 9, 2019.</ref> Erdogan said that Turkey was working to settle one million people in the cities of [[Tell Abyad|Tal Abyad]] and [[Ras al-Ayn|Ras Al-Ain]] in northern Syria.<ref>[https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/ Erdogan announces start working to house one million people in northern Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724181315/https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/ |date=2020-07-24 }}, December 9, 2019.</ref> This has led to fears of population change<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/americas-ally-in-syria-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-by-turkey|title = America's Ally in Syria Warns of Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey|magazine = [[The New Yorker]]|date = 20 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Russia]] said it would pledge to remove Turkish forces from a key highway in northern Syria, and replace them with Russian forces to maintain stability.<ref>[https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/051220193 Russia has pledged to remove Turkish forces from strategic highway], 05-12-2019 by Karwan Faidhi Dri.</ref> Meanwhile, Turkey began to appoint local mayors and governors in several northern Syrian towns.<ref>[https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/06122019 Turkey appoints mayors in recently invaded northern Syrian towns], 06-12-2019, Karwan Faidhi Dri.</ref> They have also appointed about 4,000 police officers and other local officials, and are providing some basic local services for citizens.<ref>[https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-syria/turkey-appoint-4000-police-officers-syria Turkey to appoint 4,000 police officers to Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207062508/https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-syria/turkey-appoint-4000-police-officers-syria |date=2019-12-07 }}, Dec 07 2019.</ref>

It was reported that the Russian and Turkish armies had made a deal whereby electricity would be supplied to Tal Abyad by Russia's allies, the Kurdish-led [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF) who support [[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]]; while water would be supplied by the Alouk water station that is controlled by Turkish forces.<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191209-russia-and-turkey-armies-strike-deal-to-swap-water-for-electricity/ Russia and Turkey armies strike deal to swap water for electricity], December 9, 2019, middleeastmonitor.com</ref> This deal was mainly facilitated by Russian military officials.<ref>[https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/860c5e68-1e9e-4bb5-a014-6a3505d90ad4 Russians appear to broker deal with Turkey in electricity for water swap in Syria], Wladimir van Wilgenburg Wladimir van Wilgenburg |December 09-2019.</ref>

It appeared that Turkey was withdrawing all of its forces away from the al-Shirkark silos, which hold important supplies of wheat, this seemed to be a result of Russian mediation.<ref>[https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/what-is-happening-in-al-shirkark-silos-in-ain-issa-district-h13119.html What is happening in al-Shirkark silos in Ain Issa district?]
The Turkish occupation army withdrew from al-Shirkrak silo, according it seems agreement with Russia, while yesterday, the Russian forces headed with the Syrian regime to remove mines in the silos' vicinity, we have no precise information about the forces which will be stationed in the silos. 10 Dec 2019, Tue - 14:38 2019-12-10T14:38:00 AIN ISSA – SHARVIN MUSTAFA. hawarnews.com</ref> However, some reports said they later returned to re-occupy that area.<ref>[https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/turkish-forces-re-occupy-the-wheat-silo-it-retreated-from-39989 Turkish forces re-occupy the wheat silo they retreated from.] AIN ISSA Tuesday, 10 Dec 2019.</ref>

Russian and Turkish forces are continuing their joint patrols.<ref name="what now"/> Questions remained about how much control Turkey has over its proxies, such as the [[Free Syrian Army]].<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/23/life-on-the-front-lines-in-northern-syria/ Life on the Front Lines in Northern Syria]; With echoes of shelling from Turkish-allied forces nearby, families sheltering in abandoned villages wonder when they can go home. BY JADE SACKER, NOVEMBER 23, 2019.</ref>

==Diplomatic developments, December 2019 to present==
At a panel discussion on the conflict in December 2019, several experts said the conflict was slowly moving towards resolution. One expert said that the "[[Nur-Sultan|Astana]]" diplomatic process, involving [[Turkey]], [[Russia]], and [[Iran]], was having some positive results. Experts also said that [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar Assad]] had made progress in restoring rule by local councils in areas affected by the conflict.<ref>[https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/12/08/syria-the-most-complex-conflict-of-our-time/ Syria: the most complex conflict of our time], By Elias Hazou, December 8, 2019</ref>

===Diplomacy with NATO member nations===
At the [[2019 London summit|NATO summit in London]] in December 2019, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] of [[France]] highlighted major differences with Turkey over the definition of terrorism, and said there was little chance this aspect of the conflict could be resolved positively.<ref>[https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1214065/emmanuel-macron-news-turkey-syria-terrorism-definition Macron and Turkey clash over terrorism after Syria conflict 'No consensus possible!'] By ROMINA MCGUINNESS,  Dec 6, 2019.</ref> Macron criticized Turkey strongly for fighting against groups who had been allied with France and the West in fighting terrorism.<ref name="euobserver nato">[https://euobserver.com/foreign/146810 Macron spars with US and Turkey over Nato], By NIKOLAJ NIELSEN BRUSSELS, 4. DEC, euobserver.com.</ref>

Numerous issues in resolving the conflict emerged at the NATO summit in [[London]]. [[Ankara]] proposed a safe zone where Syrian refugees could be relocated, but this idea did not receive support from all parties.<ref name="euobserver nato"/> One professed "exclusive" press report claimed that prior to the NATO Summit, there was a meeting at [[10 Downing Street]] of the leaders of France, the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Germany]] and Turkey. One key point that emerged that the Western countries insisted that refugees could only be relocated voluntarily.<ref>[https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/yahya_bostan/2019/12/09/exclusive-details-of-erdogans-meeting-with-johnson-merkel-and-macron Exclusive details of Erdoğan's meeting with Johnson, Merkel and Macron], by Yahya Bostan, dailysabah.com</ref> Meanwhile, there were concerns in NATO about Turkey's growing closeness with [[Russia]].<ref>[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/turkey-united-states-russia-is-erdogan-trojan-horse-in-nato.html Erdogan in NATO: Russia’s ‘Trojan horse’?], by Cengiz Candar December 9, 2019.</ref>

[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdogan]] claimed that a four-way summit on [[Syria]] was scheduled to occur in Turkey in February 2020, to include [[Ankara]], [[Berlin]], [[London]] and [[Paris]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/a-four-way-summit-on-syria-will-be-in-turkey-149498 A four-way summit on Syria will be in Turkey], NewsTurkey December 05 2019.</ref>

===Diplomacy with nations outside NATO===
At a meeting in [[Damascus]], Russian and Syrian officials clearly stated their support for [[Syria]] regaining control over all of its territory.<ref>[https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2018801/putin%E2%80%99s-envoy-tells-assad-russia-supports-%E2%80%98recapturing-all-syrian-territories%E2%80%99 Putin’s Envoy Tells Assad Russia Supports ‘Recapturing All Syrian Territories’], Tuesday, 3 December 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/intel-russia-change-course-syria.html Intel: How Russia is changing course in Syria], Maxim A. Suchkov December 3, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3928776 Press release on Russian officials’ meeting with President of Syria Bashar al-Assad], 02-12-2019.</ref> The [[United Arab Emirates]] also expressed official support for Assad.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/uae-officially-backs-syria-assad-win-1475341 UAE OFFICIALLY BACKS SYRIA'S ASSAD TO WIN WAR], BY TOM O'CONNOR ON 12/3/19.</ref>

A new round of meetings for the [[Nur-Sultan|Astana]] summit process took place in the [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] capital Nur Sultan. The meeting includes [[Russia]], Syria, [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]].<ref>[https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/astana-round-begins-with-a-meeting-between-the-meeting-sponsors-h13118.html Astana round begins with a meeting between the meeting sponsors]
The 14th round of the Astana meetings began in the Kazakh capital Nur Sultan on Tuesday morning with a series of meetings of the meeting sponsors (Russia, Turkey and Iran). 10 Dec 2019, Tue - 14:07 2019-12-10T14:07:00 NEWS DESK</ref> At this meeting [[Moscow]], stated that the "safe zone" established by Turkey should not be expanded, as this would not accomplish anything positive for the region.<ref>[https://www.rudaw.net/english/world/10122019 Astana talks: Expanding Syria ‘safe zone’ will ‘do nothing good’, says Russian envoy], 18 hours ago, Karwan Faidhi Dri, rudaw.net.</ref>

The Astana process was created by Turkey, Iran and Russia in order to find a lasting solution to the conflict. they have examined a process to reform the [[constitution of Syria]] via the newly-formed [[Syrian Constitutional Committee]].<ref name="Astana Sabah">[https://www.dailysabah.com/syrian-crisis/2019/12/10/regime-continues-to-violate-sochi-deal-amid-diplomatic-efforts-for-political-solution-in-syria Regime continues to violate Sochi deal amid diplomatic efforts for political solution in Syria] DAILY SABAH, ISTANBUL Published Dec. 10, 2019.</ref> The parties reported that they reached some important understandings at this meeting, including affirming a commitment to work together to respect Syrian territorial integrity.<ref>[https://www.inform.kz/en/14th-round-led-to-significant-results-mfa-about-the-astana-process-on-syria_a3593712 14th round led to significant results, MFA about the Astana process on Syria], 11 December 2019, inform.kz, kazinform news agency.</ref>

==Syrian Constitutional Committee==
{{main|Syrian Constitutional Committee}}

On November 20, 2019, a new [[Syrian Constitutional Committee]] began operating in order to discuss a new settlement and to draft a new constitution for [[Syrian civil war|Syria]].<ref name="Astana Sabah"/>  This committee comprises about 150 members. It includes representatives of the Syrian regime, opposition groups, and countries serving as guarantors of the process such as e.g. [[Russia]]. However, this committee has faced strong opposition from the [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Assad regime]]. 50 of the committee members represent the regime, and 50 members represent the opposition. The committee began its work in November 2019 in [[Geneva]], under [[United Nations|UN]] auspices. However, the Assad regime delegation left on the second day of the process.<ref name="Astana Sabah"/>

At a summit in October 2018, envoys from Russia, [[Turkey]], [[France]] and [[Germany]] issued a joint statement affirming the need to respect territorial integrity of Syria as a whole. This forms one basis for their role as "guarantor nations."<ref name="Astana Sabah"/>

The second round of talks occurred around November 25, but was not successful due to opposition from the Assad regime.<ref name="Astana Sabah"/>  At the [[Nur-Sultan|Astana]] Process meeting in December 2019, a [[United Nations|UN]] official stated that in order for the third round of talks to proceed, co-chairs from the Assad regime and the opposition need to agree on an agenda.<ref name="Astana Sabah"/>

The committee has two co-chairs, Ahmad Kuzbari representing the Assad regime, and [[Hadi al-Bahra|Hadi Albahra]] from the opposition. It is unclear if the third round of talks will proceed on a firm schedule, until the Assad regime provides its assent to participate.<ref name="Astana Sabah"/>

==See also==
* [[NATO]]
* [[Arab League]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Syrian Civil War|b=no|n=Category:Syrian Civil War|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|display=the Syrian Civil War}}
'''Interviews'''
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20161205135549/http://nation.foxnews.com/2013/09/18/fox-news-exclusive-interview-syrian-president-bashar-al-assad Fox News exclusive interview with Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad] [[Fox News]], 18 September 2013
* [http://www.presidentassad.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=307&Itemid=468 Interview with Bashar Assad: 'In the End, a Lie Is a Lie'] [[Der Spiegel]], 7 October 2013
* [http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-syrian-president-bashar-assad-a-926456.html President Bashar al-Assad's interview with Agence France Presse AFP 20-01-2014] 20 January 2014
* A discussion of the [http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=1017 causes of the civil war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002194557/http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=1017 |date=2018-10-02 }} at the ''[[United Nations University for Peace]]''.
* [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/12/al-qaeda-leader-syria-speaks-al-jazeera-20131218155917935989.html First ever broadcast interview with Jabhat al Nusra founder Abu Mohammed al-Joulani]
'''Supranational government bodies'''
* [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/syria/en/ FAO – Syria crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107223032/http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/syria/en/ |date=2019-11-07 }}
'''Human rights bodies'''
* [http://www.icrc.org/eng/where-we-work/middle-east/syria/index.jsp The ICRC in Syria], [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
'''Media'''
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17258397 Syria's war] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/syrian-uprising-one-year-of-bloodshed/index.html Syrian uprising: A year in turmoil] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
* [http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/syria-pulse Syria Pulse] collected news and commentary at ''[[Al Monitor]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160320165721/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/Now-Syria/latest_syria_developments Latest Syria developments] at ''[[NOW Lebanon]]''
* {{Guardian topic|world/syria|Syria}}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html Syria] collected news and commentary at ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/ Syria news, all the latest and breaking Syria news] at ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''
* [http://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/syria.html Syria] collected coverage at ''[[Al Jazeera English]]''
* [http://www.intelligenceonline.com/search/search.aspx?keywords=Syria Syria] collected news at ''[[Intelligence Online]]''
* [https://syriancivilwarmap.com/ Interactive Map of the Syrian Civil War]
* [https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria Syria Deeply] at [[News Deeply]]
* [http://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/20151007/ Maps of Europe and Syrian Civil War (omniatlas.com)]

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==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Decades in politics}}{{Syrian Civil War}}
{{Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)}}{{2010s}}{{Portal bar|Asia|Kurdistan|Turkey|War}}

[[Category:2010s in Syria]]
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[[Category:2010s decade overviews]]
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