Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:2023 Israel–Hamas war

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Armed conflict in the Middle East}}
{{About|the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas|the October 7 Palestinian attack|2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|the October 27 Israeli invasion|2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|other conflicts|Gaza–Israel conflict}}
<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=?|2=Talk:2023 Israel–Hamas war#Requested move 23 December 2023}}
</noinclude>{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023|cs1-dates=l}}
{{2023 Israel–Hamas war infobox}}
An [[armed conflict]] between [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]]-led Palestinian militant groups{{efn|The list of groups included [[Hamas]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], and the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].}} has been taking place chiefly in and around the [[Gaza Strip]] since 7 October 2023, with clashes also taking place in the [[West Bank]] and [[Israel–Lebanon border]]. On that day, militant groups launched [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|a surprise attack]] on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, marking the start of the most significant military escalation in the region since the [[Yom Kippur War]] in 1973.<ref name="Deeb"/> After clearing Hamas militants, the [[Israeli military]] retaliated by conducting an extensive [[aerial bombardment]] campaign on Gazan targets, followed by a [[2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|large-scale ground invasion of Gaza]]. The current hostilities constitute the fifth war of the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], which is part of the broader [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. Around 1.9 million Palestinians, more than 85% of Gaza's population,<ref name="UN1">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Desperation intensifies in Gaza amid uncertainty of 'safe zones' |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144387 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=news.un.org |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> and around 500,000 Israelis have been [[internally displaced]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |title=Around Half A Million Israelis Displaced Inside Israel: Military |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Barron’s |language=en-US |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119040557/https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The war began when Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups targeted Israel with [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023|a barrage of rockets]], while around 3,000 militants breached the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] and [[List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|attacked]] Israeli communities resulting in the death of 695 Israeli civilians, 373 soldiers and 71 foreigners, giving a total of 1,139.<ref name=F24231215>{{cite news |title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=[[France 24]]}}</ref>
The total includes an unknown number of deaths from friendly fire.<ref name="YnetFF" /><ref name=haaretz_helo/>
Hamas stated that its attack was in response to the continued [[Israeli occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] of the [[Palestinian territories]], the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], the expansion of [[International law and Israeli settlements|illegal Israeli settlements]], rising [[Israeli settler violence]] and recent escalations.<ref name="aj7oct-invasion" /><ref name="McKernan-2023">{{cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Graham-Harrison |first3=Emma |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |last6=Taha |first6=Sufian |last7=Sherwood |first7=Harriet |last8=Beaumont |first8=Peter |date=14 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |title=Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East |agency=Anadolu Agency |work=[[The Observer]] |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Pacchiani2023">{{cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Luca |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |title=Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>
An estimated 240 Israeli soldiers, civilians and foreigners were taken to the Gaza Strip as captives or [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|hostages]], with the stated goal of forcing Israel to release [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|Palestinian prisoners]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mills |first1=Andrew |last2=Hassan |first2=Ahmed Mohamed |title=Exclusive: Qatar seeking Israel-Hamas deal to free 50 hostages and 3-day truce |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-seeking-israel-hamas-deal-release-50-hostages-3-day-truce-sources-say-2023-11-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What we know about the captives taken by Hamas |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what-do-we-know-about-the-israeli-captives-held-by-hamas |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> 

Over the first six days, Israel [[aerial bombardment|dropped]] over 6,000 bombs on targets in Gaza, causing widespread destruction and thousands of civilian deaths.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Manisha |last2=Graham-Harrison |first2=Emma |last3=Burke |first3=Jason |last4=Morresi |first4=Elena |last5=Kirk |first5=Ashley |last6=Swan |first6=Lucy |date=18 October 2023 |title=Al-Ahli Arab hospital: piecing together what happened as Israel insists militant rocket to blame |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/al-ahli-arab-hospital-piecing-together-what-happened-as-israel-insists-militant-rocket-to-blame |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/253284-gaza-unprecedented-and-unparalleled-civilian-death-toll-guterres|title=Gaza: 'Unprecedented and unparalleled' civilian death toll: Guterres &#124; United Nations in Palestine |website=palestine.un.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel's military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in recent history, experts say |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-bombs-destruction-death-toll-scope-419488c511f83c85baea22458472a796 |website=AP News |language=en |date=21 December 2023}}</ref> Israel also imposed a [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|total blockade of the Gaza Strip]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/disease-runs-rampant-gaza-clean-water-runs-rcna125091 |title=Disease runs rampant in Gaza as clean water runs out |date=15 November 2023 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Rushdi">{{Cite news |last1=Abu Alouf |first1=Rushdi |last2=Slow |first2=Oliver |date=10 October 2023 |title=Gaza 'soon without fuel, medicine and food' – Israel authorities |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67051292 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="cnbc20231012">{{Cite news |last1=Macias |first1=Amanda |last2=Iordache |first2=Ruxandra |title=Israel calls for evacuation of 1.1 million Palestinians in Gaza; at least 27 Americans killed |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/12/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-latest-news-on-gaza.html |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> leading to accusations that Israel was using starvation as a weapon and forcing Gazans to drink contaminated, salty water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 December 2023 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/12/gaza-undrinkable-water-slowly-poisoning-people |title='Uninhabitable place': Gaza suffers with water 97% polluted |first=Maram |last=Humaid |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=16 November 2023 |title=In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/middleeast/gaza-water-war-climate-intl-cmd/index.html |title=Gazans forced to drink dirty, salty water as the fuel needed to run water systems runs out |first1=Laura |last1=Paddison |first2=Rene |last2=Marsh |date=24 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Israel then launched a [[2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|large-scale ground invasion of Gaza]] with the stated goal of destroying Hamas and controlling Gaza afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-dismisses-international-pressure-nothing-will-stop-us-destroy-hamas/ |title=Netanyahu dismisses international pressure: 'Nothing will stop us' destroying Hamas &#124; The Times of Israel |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel-gaza-war-can-hamas-actually-be-eliminated-experts-weigh-in.html |title=Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think |first=Natasha |last=Turak |date=12 December 2023 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/ |title=Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force &#124; The Times of Israel |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

{{as of|2023|12|22}}, more than 20,000 Palestinians, including over 8,000 children, 6,200 women and [[Killing of journalists in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|61 journalists]] have been killed. It is estimated that thousands more bodies were buried under the rubble.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/ |date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza death toll reaches 20,000 as UN ceasefire vote postponed |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/12/21/gaza-death-toll-reaches-20000-as-un-ceasefire-vote-postponed |date=21 December 2023 |work=[[Euro News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza war 'most dangerous ever' for journalists, says rights group |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-most-dangerous-ever-journalists-says-rights-group-2023-12-21/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=Mikayla />
Widespread civilian [[Casualties of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|deaths]] have led to both Israel and Hamas [[War crimes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|being accused of war crimes]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israeloccupied-palestinian-territory-un-experts-deplore-attacks-civilians |access-date=15 October 2023 |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014225409/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israeloccupied-palestinian-territory-un-experts-deplore-attacks-civilians |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Corder-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Corder |first1=Mike |last2=Frankel |first2=Julia |date=13 October 2023 |title=Experts say Hamas and Israel are committing war crimes in their fight |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-icc-1a42212b95a7f6ce54909fb22e0d681d |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israel ordered Gazans to [[2023 Gaza Strip evacuations|evacuate from northern to southern Gaza]],<ref name="Corder-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Hamas tells Gaza residents to stay put as Israel ground offensive looms |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013165455/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |url-status=live}}</ref> but also bombed locations to which it told Palestinians to evacuate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel intensifies bombardment in southern Gaza, including areas it had deemed safe |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-hamas-war-day-59-1.7048019 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-continues-bombarding-gaza-including-places-it-told-palestinians-to-evacuate-to |title=Israel continues bombarding Gaza, including places it told Palestinians to evacuate to |date=9 December 2023 |work=[[PBS NewsHour]]}}</ref> It was widely reported that there was "no safe place in Gaza".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/israel-gaza-there-is-no-safe-place-in-gaza-warns-humanitarian-organisations-as-israel-moves-assault-to-the-south-4434105 |title=Israel-Gaza: 'There is no safe place in Gaza', warns humanitarian organisations, as Israel moves assault to the south |first=Jane |last=Bradley |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/gaza-airstrikes-warnings-invs/index.html|title=In Gaza, Palestinians have no safe place from Israel's bombs |first=Yahya |last=Abou-Ghazala |date=13 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The war has led to a severe [[2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis|humanitarian crisis in Gaza]] due to the cut off of water, electricity and fuel by Israel as part of the announced blockade of the area.<ref name="Rushdi"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014224531/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Healthcare in the State of Palestine|health system]] is in a [[Timeline of the 2023 Gaza Strip healthcare collapse|state of partial collapse]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2023 |title=Gaza health officials say they lost the ability to count dead as Israeli offensive intensifies |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-health-ministry-gaza-hamas-fe30cbc76479fa437d5f5a0e96c36e52 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125000510/https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-health-ministry-gaza-hamas-fe30cbc76479fa437d5f5a0e96c36e52 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=[[Associated Press]] |title=Live updates: Israel-Hamas truce begins with swap of hostages and prisoners; more expected Saturday |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/live-updates-israel-hamas-truce-begins-cease-fire-105132246 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124180010/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/live-updates-israel-hamas-truce-begins-cease-fire-105132246 |url-status=live}}</ref> most hospitals are out of service,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2023 |title=Under US Pressure, Israel Agrees to Allow Limited Fuel Into Gaza Strip |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/under-us-pressure-israel-agrees-to-allow-limited-fuel-into-gaza-strip/7360075.html |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118010421/http://www.voanews.com/a/under-us-pressure-israel-agrees-to-allow-limited-fuel-into-gaza-strip/7360075.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and there are acute shortages of drinking water, food, fuel and medical supplies.<ref name="Rushdi"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=5 November 2023 |title=Besieged Gaza residents face bombardment and hardship |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/besieged-gaza-residents-face-bombardment-hardship-2023-11-05/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108122221/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/besieged-gaza-residents-face-bombardment-hardship-2023-11-05/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |date=17 November 2023 |title=Gaza faces 'immediate possibility' of starvation as disease spreads, UN says |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/gaza-un-starvation-disease |access-date=17 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117152044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/gaza-un-starvation-disease |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2023 |title=The UN stops delivery of food and supplies to Gaza as a communications blackout hinders coordination |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-17-2023-1811384fac6394329dd71e3aaf461eb5 |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> Israel has also conducted [[Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|mass detentions]], with thousands of Palestinians detained or [[Enforced disappearance|disappeared]] in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigate-inhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza/ |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2023 |title=Hungry, thirsty and humiliated: Israel's mass arrest campaign sows fear in northern Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stack |first1=Liam |last2=Abdulrahim |first2=Raja |last3=Lajka |first3=Arijeta |date=8 December 2023 |title=Israel Defends Mass Detention of Gazan Men Amid Outrage |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/08/world/middleeast/israel-arrests-gaza-men-stripped.html |access-date=22 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mass arrests of Palestinians in occupied West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/17/mass-arrests-of-palestinians-in-occupied-west-bank |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout the duration of the war, there have been [[2023 Israel–Hamas war protests|widespread global protests]] that primarily call for a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Paris to Karachi, protesters rally in support of Palestine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/11/photos-from-paris-to-karachi-protesters-rally-in-support-of-palestine |agency=[[AL Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120045102/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/11/photos-from-paris-to-karachi-protesters-rally-in-support-of-palestine |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds of thousands rally for Gaza in London as police arrest far-right protesters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/hundreds-of-thousands-rally-for-gaza-in-london-as-police-arrest-far-right-protesters |agency=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120135632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/hundreds-of-thousands-rally-for-gaza-in-london-as-police-arrest-far-right-protesters |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|The United States has sided with Israel]] in rejecting calls for a ceasefire, vetoing multiple [[UN Security Council]] resolutions calling for a humanitarian ceasefire to send aid to Gaza, saying that they believed that a ceasefire was in Hamas' best interest,<ref name="DixonHugoReuters">{{cite news |last=Dixon |first=Hugo |date=30 October 2023 |title=Israel war tests US appeal to global swing states |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/israel-war-tests-us-appeal-global-swing-states-2023-10-30/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104115825/https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/israel-war-tests-us-appeal-global-swing-states-2023-10-30/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |agency=[[Al Jazeer English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2023 |title=US vetoes UN resolution backed by many nations demanding immediate humanitarian cease-fire in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> although a humanitarian pause [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712|was approved]] on 15 November with the US abstaining.<ref name="PoliticoUNSec">{{Cite news |last=Starcevic |first=Seb |date=16 November 2023 |title=UN Security Council adopts resolution for 'humanitarian pauses' in Gaza |language=en |work=[[POLITICO]] |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/un-security-council-adopts-gaza-resolution-calling-for-humanitarian-pauses/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116003121/https://www.politico.eu/article/un-security-council-adopts-gaza-resolution-calling-for-humanitarian-pauses/ |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> During [[2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire|a seven-day truce]], 105 Israeli hostages were [[2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners|exchanged]] for 240 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |title=CIA Director Discusses Resuming Hostage Swaps Between Israel and Hamas |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/18/world/middleeast/cia-director-burns-israel-hostages-hamas-gaza-prisoners.html |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> The war still continues with [[United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|United States military and diplomatic support for Israel]], which has been condemned by various human rights groups.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lederer |first=Edith M. |title=US vetoes UN resolution backed by many nations demanding immediate humanitarian cease-fire in Gaza |work=[[AP News]] |date=9 December 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=US risks 'complicity in war crimes', says Human Rights Watch – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/08/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-gaza-palestine-idf-civilians-blinken |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US President Biden sued for 'complicity' in Israel's 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/us-president-biden-sued-for-complicity-in-israels-genocide-in-gaza |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|5}}

== Background ==
{{See also|Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Gaza–Israel conflict|Israeli-occupied territories}}
[[File:Rocket Attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip by year.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|Rockets fired at Israel]] from the Gaza Strip, 2001–2021<ref name="pinfold">{{cite journal |last1=Pinfold |first1=Rob Geist |year=2023 |title=Security, Terrorism, and Territorial Withdrawal: Critically Reassessing the Lessons of Israel's "Unilateral Disengagement" from the Gaza Strip |url=https://academic.oup.com/isp/article/24/1/67/6762979 |journal=International Studies Perspectives |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=67–87 |doi=10.1093/isp/ekac013 |institution=[[King's College London]], UK and [[Charles University]], Czech Republic |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017014412/https://academic.oup.com/isp/article/24/1/67/6762979 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]
[[File:Timeline of Israel-Palestine fatalities 2008-2023.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Israeli casualties of war|Israeli]] and [[Palestinian casualties of war|Palestinian deaths]] preceding the war. Most were civilians.<ref name="OCHAoPt"/><ref name="alfonseca"/>|alt=A bar chart from 2008 to before October 2023. 6,407 Palestinians have been killed during this time frame, while a smaller 308 Israelis have been killed.]]

The [[Gaza Strip]] and Israel have been in conflict since the [[Israeli withdrawal from Gaza]] in 2005, which it had [[Israeli Military Governorate|occupied since 1967]]. The United Nations and several human rights organizations continue to classify Gaza as held under Israeli occupation, due to its effective military control over the territory.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories |journal=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |date=13 October 2023 |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories |ref={{sfnref |International Committee of the Red Cross |2023}} |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029201111/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know |work=[[NBC News]] |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031095143/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |url-status=live}}</ref> 
In 1987, the [[First Intifada]] began, a popular uprising by the Palestinians against the Israeli occupation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Intifada |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada |date=23 October 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071751/https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada |url-status=live}}</ref> The conflict lasted five years and ended with the [[Oslo Accords]], creating the [[Palestinian National Authority]] and [[West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord|dividing the West bank into three administrative areas]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=What are areas A, B, and C of the occupied West Bank? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/11/what-are-areas-a-b-and-c-of-the-occupied-west-bank |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426195631/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/areas-occupied-west-bank-190911093801859.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the failure of the subsequent peace talks at the [[2000 Camp David Summit|Camp David Summits in 2000]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline: How the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process Fell Apart in the Three Decades After the 1993 Oslo Accord |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-israeli-palestinian-peace-process-1993-oslo-accord/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050448/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-israeli-palestinian-peace-process-1993-oslo-accord/ |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=FRONTLINE |language=en-US}}</ref> violence once again escalated during the [[Second Intifada|Second Intifada, which ended with the]] [[Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005|Sharm el-Sheikh Summit]] and [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|Israel's military withdrawal from Gaza]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestinian, Israeli leaders announce cease-fire – Feb 8, 2005 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/08/mideast/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020124803/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/08/mideast/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2007 |title=Jewish Settlers Receive Hundreds of Thousands in Compensation for Leaving Gaza While Palestinians Working for Them Get Nothing |url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/08/16/1326221 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509035456/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/08/16/1326221 |archive-date=9 May 2007 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref>

Hamas, an Islamist militant group, won the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]] and [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|a subsequent battle]] in the Gaza Strip between it and [[Fatah]], which led to it taking over governance in the strip, and further escalating tensions with Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Tom |last2=McDowall |first2=Angus |date=7 October 2023 |title=Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Jan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007105909/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kane-2023">{{Cite magazine |last1=Kane |first1=Alex |last2=Cohen |first2=Mari |last3=Shamir |first3=Jonathan |last4=Scher |first4=Isaac |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |magazine=[[Jewish Currents]] |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014223844/https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel, along with Egypt, imposed a [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]] that significantly damaged Gaza's economy, citing security concerns as the justification.<ref name="Meakem-2023">{{Cite news |last=Meakem |first=Allison |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015213033/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> International rights groups have characterized the blockade as a form of [[collective punishment]],<ref>* {{Cite news |last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |date=13 September 2011 |title=U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Peter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615210724/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |url-status=live |quote=A panel of five independent U.N. rights experts [said] the blockade had subjected Gazans to collective punishment in 'flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law.'}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |title=Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World's Human Rights |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-86210-502-0 |location=London |pages=206–211 |language=en |chapter=Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=This compounded the impact of a 15-year ongoing Israeli blockade that amounts to illegal collective punishment |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016210727/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news |date=13 January 2009 |title=Deprived and Endangered: Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/13/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=The blockade is a form of collective punishment in violation of international law. |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404041422/http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hamas hardliner Yahya Sinwar elected as Gaza leader |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade around Gaza aimed at preventing attacks by militants there, though the measure has been condemned by rights groups as a form of collective punishment. |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022080210/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |url-status=live}}</ref> while Israel defended it as necessary to prevent weapons and [[dual-use goods]] from entering the territory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza Has Suffered Under 16-Year Blockade |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053734/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ynet Cabinet">{{cite news |last=Benhorin |first=Yitzhak |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=20 June 2010 |title=Cabinet: All non-military items can enter Gaza freely |work=[[Ynet]] |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623014021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the blockade, Israel and Palestinian militants have had several clashes and made attacks on each other.<ref name="Meakem-2023"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Kane |first1=Alex |last2=Cohen |first2=Mari |last3=Shamir |first3=Jonathan |last4=Scher |first4=Isaac |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |magazine=[[Jewish Currents]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=Since Israel's disengagement from Gaza in 2006... Hamas has sometimes used rocket fire to exact concessions from Israel... Israel has frequently reacted to Hamas rocket attacks with bombing campaigns, an approach Israeli strategists have referred to as 'mowing the grass'... |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014223844/https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Beauchamp2023">{{cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |title=Why did Hamas invade Israel? |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007185123/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Palestinian Authority]] has not held national elections since 2006.<ref name="Meakem-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=15 July 2022 |title=A New Palestinian Leader Rises in the West Bank. He's Very Unpopular. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/15/world/middleeast/hussein-al-sheikh-palestinian-authoritywest-bank.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718205910/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/15/world/middleeast/hussein-al-sheikh-palestinian-authoritywest-bank.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas tunneled under the border wall to launch cross-border attacks and fired rockets into Israeli territory. This led to multiple conflicts, escalating into outright wars. Israel relied on the Iron Dome rocket defense system for defense, and responded with targeted strikes into Gaza, aiming to minimize the militant threat.<ref name="Beauchamp2023"/> Surveys in 2023 of Palestinians in Gaza and the [[West Bank]] before the war indicated that a majority supported the use of "armed struggle", the creation of "militant groups", and an ''[[intifada]]'' ("uprising") against the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muaddi |first=Qassam |date=19 June 2023 |title=Most Palestinians 'back armed resistance' as Israeli occupation intensifies |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/amid-israeli-violence-palestinians-back-armed-resistance |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]] |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920065745/https://www.newarab.com/news/amid-israeli-violence-palestinians-back-armed-resistance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Sudesh |last=Baniya |date=16 November 2023 |title=Two-state solution losing grounds in Israel and Palestine even before terror attacks, surveys show |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/15/two-state-solution-losing-grounds-in-israel-and-palestine-even-before-terror-attacks-surve |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=[[Euronews]] |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029192035/https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/15/two-state-solution-losing-grounds-in-israel-and-palestine-even-before-terror-attacks-surve |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Gaza Strip's economy declined greatly due to the blockade, with a 30% drop in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within a year. By 2015, the unemployment rate had risen to 45% (compared to the pre-blockade level of 10%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2016 |title=Economic Recovery in the Gaza Strip |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620121/cs-economic-recovery-gaza-strip-271016-en.pdf;jsessionid=E806042F3A359D1CDDAEED58F95E125A?sequence=1 |url-status=live |website=Oxfam Library |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175217/https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620121/cs-economic-recovery-gaza-strip-271016-en.pdf;jsessionid=E806042F3A359D1CDDAEED58F95E125A?sequence=1}}</ref> In 2023, [[UNRWA]] statistics for Gaza reported 81% of people living below the poverty level, and 63% being food insecure and dependent on international assistance.<ref name="alfonseca"/> According to UNICEF, "Israel only approves 64%" of patients requests to leave Gaza for specialized medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[UNICEF]] |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115160019/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to an analysis in ''[[The Independent]]'', the Gaza blockade created hopelessness among Palestinians, which was exploited by Hamas, convincing young Palestinian men that violence was their only solution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Richard |title=The US has ignored the hopelessness of the Israel-Palestine conflict for too long |work=[[The Independent]] |department=Voices |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-palestine-biden-us-gaza-b2426841.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010034130/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-palestine-biden-us-gaza-b2426841.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Daoud Kuttab]] wrote that Palestinian attempts to solve the conflict via negotiations or non-violent boycotts have been fruitless.<ref name="kuttab"/>

Hamas is designated as a terrorist entity by the United States, the United Kingdom and the [[European Union]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Bigg |first=Matthew |title=What We Know About the War Between Israel and Hamas |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143358/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who are the Hamas leaders behind the attacks on Israel? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/11/who-is-hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-deif/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030031426/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/11/who-is-hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-deif/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Deeb">{{cite news |last=El Deeb |first=Sarah |date=9 October 2023 |title=What is Hamas? The group that rules the Gaza Strip has fought several rounds of war with Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a |access-date=5 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140259/https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a |url-status=live}}</ref> but not by other [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|UNSC permanent members]] China<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOhJQbP77h0C&pg=PA84 |title=The Terrorism Reader |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-68731-7 |editor-last=Whittaker |editor-first=David J. |page=84 |access-date=4 November 2023 |orig-date=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175212/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOhJQbP77h0C&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=16 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Russia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Robert O. |title=The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415778626 |editor1-last=Peters |editor1-first=Joel |pages=325–333 [331] |chapter=Russia |editor2-last=Newman |editor2-first=David |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kftqQdNNDWAC&pg=PA331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116175214/https://books.google.com/books?id=kftqQdNNDWAC&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="DixonHugoReuters" /><ref name="WI-Waldo" /> A 2018 attempt to condemn Hamas for "acts of terror" at the United Nations failed to achieve the required two thirds majority, with 87 votes in favor, 58 votes against, 32 abstentions and 16 non-votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN rejects US motion to condemn Hamas |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/un-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas/a-46623413 |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023192107/https://www.dw.com/en/un-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas/a-46623413 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February–March 2021, Fatah and Hamas reached agreement to [[Next Palestinian legislative election|jointly conduct elections for a new Palestinian legislative assembly]], in accordance with the [[Oslo Accords]]. Hamas committed to upholding international law, transferring control of Gaza to the [[Palestinian Authority]] and to allowing it to negotiate with Israel to establish a [[Palestinian state]] along the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 ceasefire lines]], with [[East Jerusalem]] as its capital. According to Menachem Klein, Israeli Arabist and political scientist at [[Bar-Ilan University]], [[Mahmood Abbas]] subsequently cancelled the elections under pressure from Israel and the United States.<ref name="MKlein" >{{cite magazine |quote=The Fatah-Hamas agreement did not come out of the blue. Four years earlier, Hamas published its "General Principles and Policies," a revised organizational document that significantly deviated from the fundamentalist principles of the group's original charter from 1987, and that effectively accepted the Oslo Accords as an existing political fact. Even earlier, in 2014, in the presence and mediations of the Emir of Qatar in Doha, the Fatah leadership headed by Abbas met with the Hamas leadership headed by Khaled Mash'al. The full minutes of the talks were published in an official Emirati document. In essence, the message of the Hamas leadership was clear: "If you in Fatah are convinced that you can get a state from Israel along the 1967 lines through negotiations, go for it. We will not interfere." |first=Menachem |last=Klein |url=https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |title=Israeli arrogance thwarted a Palestinian political path. October 7 revealed the cost |magazine=[[+972 magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129173047/https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |archive-date=29 November 2023 |date=28 November 2023}}</ref> Soon after, the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]] exploded and the [[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades|Al-Aqsa Brigades]] started planning the operation which would break out on 7 October 2023.<ref name="MKlein"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas Says Its Attack on Israel Was Planned for Two Years |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232117/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hamas motivations ===
{{Further|Governance of the Gaza Strip}}
Hamas officials said their attack was a response to the Israeli occupation, [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], [[Israeli settler violence]] against Palestinians, [[Palestinian freedom of movement|restrictions on the movement of Palestinians]], and [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians.]]<ref name="aj7oct-invasion"/><ref name="McKernan-2023"/><ref name="Pacchiani2023"/>

[[Mohammad Deif]], the head of Hamas's military wing, the [[Qassam Brigades]], said in a recorded message on 7 October that it was in response to what he called the "desecration" of the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]], and Israel killing and wounding hundreds of Palestinians in 2023.<ref name="TOI1"/> He called on Palestinians and Arab Israelis to "expel the occupiers and demolish the walls".<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-commander-says-attacks-are-in-defense-of-al-aqsa-claims-5000-missiles-fired |title=Hamas commander says attacks are in defense of Al-Aqsa, claims 5,000 missiles fired |first=Gianluca |last=Pacchiani |access-date=7 October 2023 |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094309/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-commander-says-attacks-are-in-defense-of-al-aqsa-claims-5000-missiles-fired/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |title=What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel's Response |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143358/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He continued, "in light of the continuing crimes against our people, in light of the orgy of occupation and its denial of international laws and resolutions, and in light of American and western support, we've decided to put an end to all this, so that the enemy understands that he can no longer revel without being held to account."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-secretive-hamas-commander-masterminded-attack-israel-2023-10-10/ |title=How a secretive Hamas commander masterminded the attack on Israel |first1=Samia |last1=Nakhoul |first2=Laila |last2=Bassam |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017133933/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-secretive-hamas-commander-masterminded-attack-israel-2023-10-10/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d52e8653-8ee6-40fd-a9b0-14fb5e1794c9 |title='The Guest': the Palestinian mastermind behind deadly Israel incursion |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008222504/https://www.ft.com/content/d52e8653-8ee6-40fd-a9b0-14fb5e1794c9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Many scholars state that Hamas's objective is the establishment of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders,<ref name="borders1967">Sources that believe that Hamas has accepted the 1967 borders:
* {{cite book |last=Brenner |first=Bjorn |title=Gaza Under Hamas |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |page=206}}
* {{cite book |last=Ayoob |first=Mohammed |author-link=Mohammed Ayoob |title=The Many Faces of Political Islam |edition=Second |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |page=133}}
* {{cite book |last=Koinova |first=Maria |title=Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=150}}
* {{cite news |last=Zartman |first=Jonathan |title=Conflict in the Modern Middle East:An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change |year=2021 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=230}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Siniver |editor-first=Asaf |title=Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780367135942}}
* {{cite book |last=Seurat |first=Leila |title=The Foreign Policy of Hamas |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781838607449 |pages=61–62}}
</ref> while others say that Hamas has repeatedly [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|called for the destruction of Israel]].<ref>Sources that say Hamas has called for Israel's destruction: {{Cite news |last=May |first=Tiffany |date=8 October 2023 |title=A Quick Look at Hamas |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014102435/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html |archive-date=14 October 2023 |issn=}} <br /> {{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The |date=9 October 2023 |title=Two-state solution: Israeli-Palestinian history |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/two-state-solution |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}} <br /> {{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Christian |date=16 November 2023 |title=Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza and what laws govern the conflict? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/16/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl/index.html |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116210611/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/16/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Sources that say Hamas calls for Israel's destruction cite the [[1998 Hamas charter]], while sources that say Hamas has accepted the 1967 borders cite the [[2017 Hamas charter]], 2005 [[Palestinian Cairo Declaration]] and 2006 [[Palestinian Prisoners' Document]].}} In 2017, Hamas replaced its old charter with [[2017 Hamas charter|a new one]] that removed antisemitic language and stated that its struggle was with Zionists, not Jews.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Foreign Policy of Hamas |last=Seurat |first=Leila |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781838607449 |page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation |first=Qossay |last=Hamed |page=161 |year=2023 |publisher=IGI Global}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |first=Timea |last=Spitka |year=2023 |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |pages=88–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Khaled Meshaal: Struggle is against Israel, not Jews |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2017/5/6/khaled-meshaal-struggle-is-against-israel-not-jews |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=6 May 2017 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

Other Hamas officials said that they expected a severe Israeli retaliation and were "proud to sacrifice martyrs."<ref name=planningwp>{{cite news |title=Hamas envisioned deeper attacks, aiming to provoke an Israeli war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 November 2023}}</ref> Hamas hoped that the attack would trigger a wider war against Israel.<ref name=gambit>{{cite news |title=Behind Hamas's Bloody Gambit to Create a 'Permanent' State of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-gaza-war.html |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=planningwp/> The attack also was also seen as a resolution of internal tensions within Hamas as to whether the group's main goal is governing the Gaza Strip or fighting against Israel.<ref name=gambit/>

=== Israeli policy ===
[[Benjamin Netanyahu]] has been Israel's prime minister for most of the two decades preceding the war, and was criticized for having championed a policy of empowering Hamas in Gaza.<ref name="TOI123"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/israels-big-new-shift-in-hamas-policy/ |title=Israel's Big New Shift in Hamas Policy |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |access-date=28 October 2023 |date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027132032/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/israels-big-new-shift-in-hamas-policy/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/israel-intelligence-hamas-attack.html |title=How Years of Israeli Failures on Hamas Led to a Devastating Attack |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030000459/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/israel-intelligence-hamas-attack.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He has been accused of doing this to sabotage a [[two-state solution]] by confining the [[Fatah]]-controlled [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] to the West Bank and weakening it in order to demonstrate to the Israeli public and to Western countries that Israel has no Palestinian partner for peace.<ref name="CBS11"/> This criticism was leveled by several Israeli officials, including former prime minister [[Ehud Barak]] and former head of the [[Shin Bet]] internal security service [[Yuval Diskin]].<ref name="CBS11">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/netanyahu-israel-gaza-hamas-1.7010035 |title=How Netanyahu's Hamas policy came back to haunt him — and Israel |access-date=28 October 2023 |date=28 October 2023 |work=[[CBC News]] |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028090732/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/netanyahu-israel-gaza-hamas-1.7010035 |url-status=live}}</ref> Along with the Palestinian Authority, [[Saudi Arabia]] was also critical of Netanyahu's government allowing [[Qatar]] to deliver suitcases of money to Hamas,<ref name="CBS11"/> in exchange for maintaining the ceasefire.<ref name="TOI123"/> Moreover, in recent years, Israel allowed up to 18,000 [[Israeli permit regime in the Gaza Strip|Palestinian laborers from Gaza to work in Israel]] as an incentive to maintain relative calm.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |title=How Hamas duped Israel as it planned devastating attack |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009020650/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-attack-intel-a5287a18773232f26ca171233be01721 |title=What went wrong? Questions emerge over Israel's intelligence prowess after Hamas attack |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107033735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-attack-intel-a5287a18773232f26ca171233be01721 |url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[The Times of Israel|Times of Israel]]'' op-ed argued after the Hamas attack that Netanyahu's policy to treat the Palestinian Authority as a burden and Hamas as an asset had "blown up in our faces".<ref name="TOI123">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |title=For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010105701/https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Associated Press]] wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza."<ref>{{Cite news |last2=Adwan |first2=Issam |last1=Federman |first1=Josef |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |title=Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several human rights organizations, including [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="amnesty">{{cite report |title=Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |date=January 2022 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[B'Tselem]]<ref name="B'Tselem">{{cite web |title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |work=[[B'Tselem]] |access-date=6 November 2023 |date=12 January 2021 |quote=A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met. |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref name="Holmes">{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=27 April 2021 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live}}</ref> have [[Israel and apartheid|likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid]], although supporters of Israel dispute this characterization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Figaro with AFP |date=4 May 2023 |title=Israël : l'Assemblée nationale rejette une résolution communiste dénonçant un "régime d'apartheid" |trans-title=Israel: National Assembly rejects communist resolution denouncing 'apartheid regime' |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Le Figaro]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutzler |first1=Alexandra |last2=Peller |first2=Lauren |title=House passes resolution saying Israel isn't a 'racist or apartheid state' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |work=[[ABC News]] |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030033122/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |url-status=live}}</ref> The UN [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) reported roughly [[Palestinian casualties of war|6,400 Palestinians]] and [[Israeli casualties of war|300 Israelis]] were killed in the wider Israeli–Palestinian conflict, from 2008 through September 2023, before the start of this war.<ref name="alfonseca">{{cite news |last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |title=Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel-Gaza crossfire as death toll rises |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[ABC News]] |date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012150320/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where We Work. Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |work=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ([[UNRWA]]) |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012075032/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OCHAoPt">{{cite web |title=Data on casualties |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231012194834/https://ochaopt.org/data/casualties |archive-date=12 October 2023 |work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory ([[OCHAoPt]]) |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

=== 2023 local escalation ===
{{See also|2023 Neve Yaakov shooting|2023 Al-Aqsa clashes|2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings|May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes|July 2023 Jenin incursion}}

Over the course of 2023, before the attack, 39 Israelis and two foreign nationals had been killed, 116 wounded in Palestinian attacks, while at least 247 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces.<ref name="aj1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |title=Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |url-status=live}}</ref> Increases in settler attacks had displaced hundreds of Palestinians, and there were [[2023 Al-Aqsa clashes|clashes]] around the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] which sits on the [[Temple Mount]], a contested holy site in Jerusalem.<ref name="apn1">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel declares war, goes after Hamas fighters and bombards Gaza |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2023, 1,264 Palestinians were held in administrative detention in Israel, without charge or trial, the highest number in three decades.<ref name=APDetention>{{Cite news |last=Frankel |first=Julia |date=1 August 2023 |title=Israel holds over 1,200 detainees without charge. That's the most in 3 decades, a rights group says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-detention-jails-palestinians-west-bank-793a3b2a1ce8439d08756da8c63e5435 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122095502/https://apnews.com/article/israel-detention-jails-palestinians-west-bank-793a3b2a1ce8439d08756da8c63e5435 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shefaz |first=Hagar |date=3 August 2023 |title=A Quarter of Palestinians Jailed in Israel Are Imprisoned Without Charges or Trial |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-03/ty-article/.premium/a-quarter-of-palestinians-jailed-in-israel-are-imprisoned-without-charges-or-trial/00000189-bce5-d9f3-a1cd-bfff64f00000 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805151758/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-03/ty-article/.premium/a-quarter-of-palestinians-jailed-in-israel-are-imprisoned-without-charges-or-trial/00000189-bce5-d9f3-a1cd-bfff64f00000 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel says this tactic is necessary in order to contain dangerous militants.<ref name=APDetention/>

Tensions between Israel and Hamas rose in September 2023, and the ''[[Washington Post]]'' described the two "on the brink of war".<ref name="wapo">{{cite news |title=What's behind the violence in Israel and Gaza? Here's what to know. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ |first1=Brian |last1=Murphy |first2=Adam |last2=Taylor |first3=Sammy |last3=Westfall |first4=Bryan |last4=Pietsch |first5=Steve |last5=Hendrix |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008184041/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel found explosives hidden in a shipment of jeans and halted all exports from Gaza.<ref name="wapo"/> In response, Hamas put its forces on high alert, and conducted military exercises with other groups, including openly practicing storming Israeli settlements.<ref name="wapo"/> Hamas also allowed Palestinians to resume protests at the [[Israel-Gaza barrier]].<ref name="wapo"/> On 13 September, five Palestinians were killed at the border. According to the ''Washington Post'', the Palestinians were attempting to detonate an explosive device.<ref name="wapo"/> [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]] reported that a Palestinian Explosives Engineering Unit was working to deactivate the device.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/deadly-explosion-hits-gaza-rally-marking-2005-israel-pullout |title=Explosion kills five at Gaza rally marking 2005 Israel pullout |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017163027/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/deadly-explosion-hits-gaza-rally-marking-2005-israel-pullout |url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 September, [[Qatar]], the UN, and Egypt mediated an agreement between Israel and Hamas officials in the Gaza Strip to reopen closed crossing points and deescalate tensions.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Qatar mediates opening of Gaza-Israel crossing as protests end |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/29/qatar-mediates-opening-of-gaza-israel-crossing-as-protests-end |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010153410/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/29/qatar-mediates-opening-of-gaza-israel-crossing-as-protests-end |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=28 September 2023 |title=Israel reopens Gaza crossings, lets Palestinians back to work after two weeks |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-reopens-gaza-crossings-lets-palestinians-back-work-after-two-weeks-2023-09-28/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009220907/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-reopens-gaza-crossings-lets-palestinians-back-work-after-two-weeks-2023-09-28/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Simon Tisdall]] argues that an uptick in Israeli–Palestinian violence in the West Bank in the first half of 2023 had portended war,<ref name="tisdall">{{cite news |last=Tisdall |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Tisdall |date=9 October 2023 |title=In the midst of war, Benjamin Netanyahu is a liability who can only make things worse. He must go |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010013653/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |url-status=live}}</ref> and stated that Netanyahu's "refusal to contemplate any type of peace process" added "fuel to the smouldering fire" in the context of "the relentless expansion of illegal Israeli settlements".<ref name="tisdall"/> Prior to the attack, Saudi Arabia warned Israel of an "explosion" as a result of the continued occupation,<ref name="edwardwong">{{Cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Nereim |first2=Vivian |date=7 October 2023 |title=The war could upend Biden's diplomacy on Saudi-Israel normalization. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008012102/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref> Egypt had warned of a catastrophe unless there was political progress,<ref name="kuttab">{{cite news |title=The lesson from the Hamas attack: The U.S. should recognize a Palestinian state |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/10/09/gaza-war-israel-palestinians-recognition/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215129/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/10/09/gaza-war-israel-palestinians-recognition/ |url-status=live |department=Opinion |url-access=limited}}</ref> and similar warnings were given by Palestinian Authority officials.<ref name="kuttab"/> Two months before the attacks, [[King Abdullah II of Jordan]] commented that Palestinians have "no civil rights; no freedom of mobility".<ref name="kuttab"/>

Iranian officials publicly boasted for years about their role in arming militants in Gaza, and a 2020 US State Department report said [[Iran–Israel proxy conflict|Iran funnels]] $100 million a year to Hamas.<ref name="NBC-Kube">{{Cite news |last1=Kube |first1=Courtney |last2=Lee |first2=Carol E. |last3=De Luce |first3=Dan |title=U.S. investigating whether Iran gave advanced training to Hamas militants |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/us-investigating-whether-iran-gave-advanced-training-hamas-militants-rcna119824 |date=10 October 2023 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015020823/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/us-investigating-whether-iran-gave-advanced-training-hamas-militants-rcna119824 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Israeli intelligence failure ===
Israeli intelligence officials initially claimed they had no warnings or indications of the 7 October attack by Hamas, despite Israel exercising extensive monitoring over Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas Attack Raises Questions Over an Israeli Intelligence Failure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/us/politics/israel-hamas-intelligence.html |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008234117/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/us/politics/israel-hamas-intelligence.html |archive-date=8 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, the United States warned the Israeli government of the possibility of a surprise attack from Hamas a few days before the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=US intelligence warned of the potential for violence days before Hamas attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/13/politics/us-intelligence-warnings-potential-gaza-clash-days-before-attack/index.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122212221/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/13/politics/us-intelligence-warnings-potential-gaza-clash-days-before-attack/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2023 |location=Washington |language=en}}</ref> Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack, "an explosion of the situation is coming, and very soon, and it would be big."<ref name="egyptint">{{cite news |title=Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of 'something big' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009113011/https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel denied receiving such a warning,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israels-national-security-adviser-denies-receiving-egyptian-warning-of-hamas-attack/0000018b-28c9-d1bc-a58b-69ef2ed70000 |title='Utterly Fake': Israel's National Security Adviser Denies Receiving Egyptian Warning of Hamas Attack |first=Jonathan |last=Lis |work=[[Haaretz]] |url-access=subscription|date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013215956/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israels-national-security-adviser-denies-receiving-egyptian-warning-of-hamas-attack/0000018b-28c9-d1bc-a58b-69ef2ed70000 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the Egyptian statement was corroborated by [[Michael McCaul]], Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|US House Foreign Relations Committee]], who said warnings were made three days before the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior US lawmaker says Egypt warned Israel 3 days before onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011163145/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', Israeli officials had obtained detailed attack plans more than a year prior to the actual attack. The document described operational plans and targets, including the size and location of Israeli forces, and raised questions in Israel as to how Hamas was able to learn these details. The document provided a plan that included a large scale rocket assault prior to an invasion, drones to knock out the surveillance cameras and gun turrets that Israel has deployed along the border, and gunmen invading Israel, including with [[paraglider]]s. The ''Times'' reported that "Hamas followed the blueprint with shocking precision." According to the ''Times'', the document was circulating among Israeli military and intelligence leadership, who largely dismissed the plan as being beyond Hamas' capabilities, though it was unclear if the political leadership was informed. In July 2023, a member of the [[Unit 8200|Israeli signals intelligence unit]] alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault, saying that "I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary". An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |title=Israel Knew Hamas's Attack Plan Over a Year Ago |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-attack-intelligence.html?campaign_id=307&emc=edit_igwb_20231201&instance_id=109019&nl=israel-hamas-war-briefing&regi_id=64680187&segment_id=151409&te=1&user_id=1e9c9142246ac5796beabc2f49486341 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206180618/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-attack-intelligence.html?campaign_id=307&emc=edit_igwb_20231201&instance_id=109019&nl=israel-hamas-war-briefing&regi_id=64680187&segment_id=151409&te=1&user_id=1e9c9142246ac5796beabc2f49486341 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', alerts from the signals unit were ignored because they came from lower-ranking soldiers, contradicted the belief that Hamas was contained by Israel's [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], bombing, and placation via aid, and the belief that Hamas was seeking to avoid a full war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Mehul |date=23 November 2023 |title=Israeli intelligence 'dismissed' detailed warning of Hamas raid |work=[[The Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/277573ae-fbbc-4396-8faf-64b73ab8ed0a |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124204856/https://www.ft.com/content/277573ae-fbbc-4396-8faf-64b73ab8ed0a |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dettmer |first1=Jamie |title=Our warnings on Hamas were ignored, Israel's women border troops say |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-border-troops-women-hamas-warnings-war-october-7-benjamin-netanyahu/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122015508/https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-border-troops-women-hamas-warnings-war-october-7-benjamin-netanyahu/ |archive-date=22 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Israel–Saudi normalization talks ===
{{Main |Israel–Saudi Arabia relations}}
At the time of the attack, Israel and Saudi Arabia were conducting [[Arab–Israeli normalization|negotiations to normalize relations]]. Saudi Arabian crown prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] said normalization was "for the first time real".<ref name="nyt7oct"/> [[Saudi Arabia's Foreign Ministry]] said it had "repeatedly warned that Israel's ongoing occupation of Gaza would propel further violence".<ref name="nyt7oct">{{Cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Kershner |first2=Isabel |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Gaza and Israel on War Footing After Militants Launch Surprise Assaults |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

== Events ==
{{for timeline |Timeline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{main list |List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

=== 7 October attack ===
{{Main |2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023}}
[[File:October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict (7– 8 October).svg|thumb|Approximate situation on 7–8 October|alt=The map of the Gaza Strip and some of Israel. A large amount of territory in Israel is marked as having a Hamas presence.]]
[[File:Footage of bodycam of Israeli elite unit clearing the Nova music festival area on 7th October.webm|thumb|Footage of Israeli elite unit clearing after the [[Re'im music festival massacre]]]]

The attack took place during the Jewish holiday of [[Simchat Torah]] on [[Shabbat]],<ref name="npr">{{Cite news |last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[NPR]] |title=In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> and one day after the 50th anniversary of the start of the [[Yom Kippur War]], which also began with a surprise attack.<ref name="ap1"/> At around 6:30&nbsp;a.m. [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]] (UTC+3) on 7 October 2023,<ref name="aj1"/> Hamas announced the start of what it called "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", stating it had fired over 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes. Israeli sources reported that at least 3,000 projectiles had been launched from Gaza. At least five people were killed by the rocket attacks.<ref name="scmp8oct">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aj7oct">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |title=Israel-Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct">{{Cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live}}</ref> Explosions were reported in areas surrounding the strip and in cities in the [[Sharon Plain]] including [[Gedera]], [[Herzliyya]],<ref name="ynet">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Netanyahu: 'We are at war' |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052803/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tel Aviv]], and [[Ashkelon]].<ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 |title=Strikes on Gaza after Palestinian militants enter Israel |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first=David |last=Gritten |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 |url-status=live}}</ref> Air raid sirens were activated in [[Beer Sheva]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Rehovot]], [[Rishon Lezion]], and [[Palmachim Airbase]].<ref name="aa1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-declares-state-of-readiness-for-war/3009882 |title=Israeli army declares 'state of readiness' for war |date=7 October 2023 |work=Anadolu Ajansi |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094111/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-declares-state-of-readiness-for-war/3009882 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas issued a call to arms, with commander Mohammad Deif calling on "Muslims everywhere to launch an attack" and to "kill them [the enemy] wherever you may find them".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Lloyd |title=Mastermind of Hamas terror attacks is so secretive that one of the few images linked to him only shows his shadow |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-mohammad-deif-mastermind-hamas-attack-israel-palestine-gaza-2023-10 |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026085752/https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-mohammad-deif-mastermind-hamas-attack-israel-palestine-gaza-2023-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct"/>

Hamas employed tactics such as using aerial drones to disable Israeli observation posts, paragliders for infiltration into Israel, and motorcycles, which was unusual for Hamas.<ref name=wsj20231025>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |title=Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=25 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian militants opened fire on Israeli boats, while clashes broke out between Palestinians and the [[Israel Defense Forces]] along the [[Gaza–Israel barrier|Gaza perimeter fence]].<ref name="aa1"/> In the evening, Hamas launched another barrage of 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in [[Yavne]], [[Givatayim]], [[Bat Yam]], [[Beit Dagan]], Tel Aviv, and Rishon Lezion.<ref name="aj7oct"/>

Simultaneously, around 3,000 Hamas militants<ref name="strength1">{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Pacchiani |first2=Gianluca |title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101214815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ |url-status=live}}</ref> infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, pickup trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and [[paraglider]]s.<ref name="ap1"/><ref name="aj1"/><ref name="nyt7oct"/> They took over checkpoints at [[Kerem Shalom border crossing|Kerem Shalom]] and [[Erez Crossing|Erez]], and created openings in the border fence in five other places.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beaule |first=Victoria |date=12 October 2023 |title=A detailed look at how Hamas secretly crossed into Israel |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182 |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015144511/https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182 |url-status=live}}</ref> Images and videos showed armed and masked militants, riding pickup trucks<ref name="bbc1"/><ref name="cnn1">{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Netanyahu says Israel is 'at war' after Hamas launches surprise air and ground attack from Gaza |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and opening fire in [[Sderot]]. Other videos display Israelis taken prisoner, a burning Israeli tank,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Federman |first1=Josef |last2=Adwan |first2=Issam |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas militant group launches unprecedented operation against Israel with rockets and infiltration |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct"/> and militants driving Israeli military vehicles.<ref name="bbc1"/>

Hamas has also stated that its attack was in response to the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the expansion of [[illegal Israeli settlements]], rising Israeli settler violence and recent escalations at [[Al-Aqsa]].<ref name="aj7oct-invasion"/><ref name="McKernan-2023"/><ref name="Pacchiani2023"/> Intelligence and security officials from multiple Western countries say that Hamas initiated the war in order to create a "permanent" state of war and to revive interest in the Palestinian cause.<ref name="nytimeshubbard"/><ref name="wpostrubin">{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Shira |last2=Warrick |first2=Joby |date=13 November 2023 |title=Hamas envisioned deeper attacks, aiming to provoke an Israeli war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113024604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Military base attacks ====
{{further |Battle of Re'im |Battle of Zikim}}
Hamas militants carried out an amphibious [[Battle of Zikim|landing in Zikim]].<ref name="bbc1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=This is How Al-Qassam's Naval Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – Video |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Palestine Chronicle |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A military base near Nahal Oz was also taken by the militants, leaving at least two Israeli soldiers dead and six others captured. The IDF said it killed two attackers on the beach and destroyed four vessels, including two rubber boats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Videos show new details on how Hamas launched surprise assault on Israel |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/hamas-videos-visual-timeline/index.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082745/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/hamas-videos-visual-timeline/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Fighting was reported at [[Re'im]] military base, headquarters of Israel's [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="ani">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy |work=ANI |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163708/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later reported that Hamas took control of the base and took several Israeli soldiers captive,<ref name="ani"/> before the IDF regained control later in the day.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=IDF regains control of Re'im military base from Hamas terrorists in southern Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-regains-control-of-reim-military-base-from-hamas-terrorists-in-southern-israel/ |work=[[Times of Israel]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007204043/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-regains-control-of-reim-military-base-from-hamas-terrorists-in-southern-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The police station of Sderot came under Hamas control, with militants killing 30 Israelis, including policemen and civilians.<ref name="Margulies">{{Cite news |author=Margulies |first=Joanie |date=8 October 2023 |title=IDF regains control over Sderot police station |newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-763198 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007170438/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gunmen-homes-captives-abducted-gaza-leave-israelis-shock-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At least six Israeli military bases near the Gaza border were attacked.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war: Images reveal the strategy behind the militant group's attack |language=en |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/14/israel-hamas-war-images-reveal-the-strategy-behind-the-militant-group-s-attack_6173112_4.html |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108015744/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/14/israel-hamas-war-images-reveal-the-strategy-behind-the-militant-group-s-attack_6173112_4.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Towns and rural settlements ====
{{further |Battle of Sderot |Battle of Sufa}}
{{main list |List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war#Surprise attacks on 7 October}}
[[File:Fires in Israel and the Gaza strip - 7 October 2023 (53245908850).jpg|thumb|Satellite view of widespread fires in Israel on 7 October 2023<ref name="ynet"/>]] [[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|A blood-stained home floor in the aftermath of the [[Nahal Oz massacre]] in [[Nahal Oz]], Israel|alt=Caked blood on the floor inside a house.]]

Militants killed civilians at [[Nir Oz]],<ref name="cnn1"/> [[Be'eri]], and [[Netiv HaAsara]], and other [[kibbutz|agricultural communities]], where they took hostages<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Militants infiltrate Israel from Gaza as Hamas claims major rocket attack |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075445/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and set fire to homes.<ref name="ynet"/> This resulted in widespread fires and smoke across the region.<ref name="ynet"/> 52 civilians were killed in the [[Kfar Aza massacre]], 108 in the [[Be'eri massacre]] (a loss of 10% of the [[kibbutz]]'s population) and 15 in the [[Netiv HaAsara attack|Netiv HaAsara massacre]],<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Border town identifies at least 15 of its residents killed in Hamas attack |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234157/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Percent of Kibbutz Population Found Dead After Hamas Massacre in Southern Israel |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170120/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{Cite news |title=Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014231955/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> in what has been described as the bloodiest day in Israel's history and the worst single-day massacre of Jews since [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="The Economist"/> In Sderot, gunmen targeted civilians and set houses ablaze. In [[Ofakim]], hostages were taken during Hamas's deepest incursion.<ref name="f24-2">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=In pictures: Scenes of war and chaos after Hamas launch surprise attack on Israel |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163706/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Economist"/> Hamas said it took prisoners to force Israel to release Palestinian prisoners.<ref name="aj9"/> In [[Be'eri massacre|Be'eri]], Hamas militants took up to [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|50 people hostage]].<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/> Videos showed hostages being led barefoot across a street in the town.<ref name="BBChostage">{{cite news |title=What we know about Israeli hostages taken by Hamas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |date=8 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first=Alys |last=Davies |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025612/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas also [[Re'im music festival massacre|massacred at least 325 and injured many more at an outdoor music festival near Re'im]] and took at least 37 attendees hostage.<ref name=haaretz_helo/><ref name=HDOIH/><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115142350/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hostages Held by Hamas: The Names of Those Abducted From Israel |date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115193110/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> Hamas and the Palestinian Authority denied the massacre, claiming that Israeli helicopters and fighter jets were behind the high number of casualties;<ref name="Halabiynetnews">{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Einav |title=Palestinian Authority denies Hamas music festival massacre |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120022004/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news |title=Palestinian Authority claims Israel, not Hamas, committed Re'im massacre |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119204749/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |url-status=live}}</ref> An Israeli Police investigation stated that the first helicopters at the scene arrived hours after the massacre began, and that they were likely responsible for only a few [[friendly fire]] casualties.<ref name="Halabiynetnews"/><ref name=haaretz_helo/> In Be'eri, a tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 terrorists and 14 hostages, among them 2 children; only one of the hostages in the house survived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Limone |first=Noa |date=13 December 2023 |title=If Israel Used a Controversial Procedure Against Its Citizens, We Need to Talk About It Now |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.is/yfSE0 |archive-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> A [[Ynet]] article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the October 7 attack that "it would not be morally sound to investigate" given their number and the challenges soldiers were facing at the time.<ref name="YnetFF">{{Cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=12 December 2023 |title=One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |access-date=15 December 2023 |quote=Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time.}}</ref><ref name=Cook121215>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |date=15 December 2023 |title=Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref>

Witnesses recounted militants on motorcycles opening fire on participants who were already fleeing due to rocket fire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israeli music festival: 260 bodies recovered from site where people fled in hail of bullets |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG3OY2Esm_0 |title=How the Supernova massacre unfolded, according to analysis of eyewitness and terrorist video |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020131441/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=rckLM4vVfUYRtulf&v=gG3OY2Esm_0&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Graeme Wood (journalist)|Graeme Wood]] reported that the video footage retrieved from the body cameras of Hamas militants displayed several victims "in the beginning of the footage they are alive, by the end they're dead. Sometimes, in fact frequently, after their death their bodies are still being desecrated."<ref name="CBC News">{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Journalist describes footage of Hamas atrocities compiled by the IDF |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g |work=[[CBC News]] |language=en |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026041233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 240 people were [[Kidnappings during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|taken hostage during the attacks]], mostly civilians.<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/><ref name="Atlantic-Kidnapping"/> [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|Captives in Gaza]] include children, festivalgoers, peace activists, caregivers, elderly people, and soldiers.<ref name="Guardian-Jones">{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Sam |last2=Fidler |first2=Matt |date=18 October 2023 |title=Who are the hostages taken by Hamas from southern Israel? |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018104401/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |url-status=live}}</ref>

An Israeli spokesman said militants had entered Israel through at least seven locations from both land and sea,<ref name="ap1"/> and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of [[Sderot]], and two military bases.<ref name="nyt7oct"/> Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including [[Nahal Oz]], [[Kfar Aza]], [[Magen, Israel|Magen]], [[Be'eri]], and [[Sufa, Israel|Sufa]],<ref name="guardianlive"/> and there were 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.<ref name="jordan1">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war |language=en |work=Jordan News |url=https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |url-status=live |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

Israel has reported that [[Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel|rape and sexual violence against Israeli women]] took place during the Re'im music festival massacre, in private homes and an Israeli military base, and [[Physicians for Human Rights–Israel]] issued a report calling for an investigation into what it called the "accounts indicating that sexual and gender-baded violence occurred across several locations".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Georgina |date=11 October 2023 |title=What is a war crime and did Hamas commit war crimes in its attack on Israel? |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-what-is-a-war-crime-and-did-hamas-commit-war-crimes-in-its-attack-on-israel |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012015606/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-what-is-a-war-crime-and-did-hamas-commit-war-crimes-in-its-attack-on-israel |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ben Canaan |first1=Ron |last2=Ziv |first2=Hadas |date=26 November 2023 |editor-last=Grossman |editor-first=Lital |editor2-last=Shalev |editor2-first=Guy |others=Proofreading: Nili Alexandrovitz. Background research: Timor Tal. Cover photo: Oren Ziv |title=Sexual & Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War During the October 7, 2023 Hamas Attacks |url=https://www.phr.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/5771_Sexual_Violence_paper_Eng-final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127212104/https://www.phr.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/5771_Sexual_Violence_paper_Eng-final.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Physicians for Human Rights-Israel]]}}</ref> An 8 October report by ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' referenced videos it said "have raised concerns of sexual assault against women".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |date=8 October 2023 |title=Footage of Hamas assault on civilians shows likely war crimes, experts say |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008204916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/footage-of-hamas-assault-on-civilians-shows-likely-war-crimes-experts-say/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spencer-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Spencer |first1=Saranac Hale |last2=Gore |first2=D'Angelo |date=13 October 2023 |title=What We Know About Three Widespread Israel-Hamas War Claims |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2023/10/what-we-know-about-three-widespread-israel-hamas-war-claims/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014041932/https://www.factcheck.org/2023/10/what-we-know-about-three-widespread-israel-hamas-war-claims/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 October, Israel's military [[forensic]] teams attested that there were indications of torture and multiple rapes among the deceased.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 10 |language=en |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-10 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018035015/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 October, Israeli authorities screened footage of atrocities committed during Hamas's incursion to a small group of foreign journalists. In one clip a partially burnt female corpse was seen, with her dress pulled up to around her waist and underwear missing. An Israeli official said that authorities had evidence of rape.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |title=Israel shows footage of Hamas killings 'to counter denial of atrocities' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028212742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities |url-status=live}}</ref> An NBC News report on 27 October stated "there are signs of rape" in some of the videos.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schecter |first=Anna |date=27 October 2023 |title=Videos of Hamas attack suggest a chilling evolution of jihadist tactics |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/videos-hamas-attack-suggest-jihadism-evolved-chilling-new-ways-rcna122564 |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102132727/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/videos-hamas-attack-suggest-jihadism-evolved-chilling-new-ways-rcna122564 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Initial Israeli counter-operation (7–27 October) ===<!-- This is more for the government and high level military action -->
[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Destruction of the residential Palestine Tower in Gaza following an Israeli airstrike|alt=Two buildings are enveloped in clouds of black smoke with one damaged and falling.]]
[[File:نمایی از راهروی ساختمان بیمارستان اشکلون در جنوب اسرائیل که هدف راکت گروه حماس قرار گرفته.png|thumb|Aftermath of a Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of [[Barzilai Medical Center]], a hospital in [[Ashkelon]], Israel, on October 8, 2023<ref>{{cite news |last=Efrati |first=Ido |title=Direct Rocket Hits, Partial Protection: How a Hospital Operates in Israel's Most Bombarded City |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-01/ty-article/.premium/hospital-serving-israels-most-bombarded-city-operating-at-30-percent-capacity/0000018b-8887-dd28-a7df-9897d1dd0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>]]

After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants, it took hours for the Israeli military to respond by sending troops to counter-attack.<ref name=MIAGO>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ |title=Many Israelis accuse government's of inept, chaotic response to October 7 massacre |publisher=Times of Israel |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113074458/https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The first helicopters sent to support the military were launched from the north of Israel, and arrived at the Gaza Strip an hour after fighting began.<ref name="HDOIH">{{cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=15 October 2023 |title=הטעיה של חמאס למסוקי צה"ל והכוונת טייסים בוואטסאפ |language=he |trans-title=Hamas deception of IDF helicopters |publisher=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050601/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt |archive-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> They immediately encountered difficulty in determining which outposts and settlements were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.<ref name=HDOIH/> The helicopter crews initially poured down fire at a tremendous rate, and in 4 hours, about 300 targets were attacked. Later on the crews began to slow down the attacks and carefully select targets.<ref name=HDOIH/>
According to ''[[Haaretz]]'''s journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation indicated an IDF helicopter which had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in [[Re'im music festival massacre]].<ref name=haaretz_helo>{{cite news |last=Breiner |first=Josh |title=Israeli Security Establishment: Hamas Likely Didn't Have Advance Knowledge of Nova Festival |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=18 November 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 |quote=According to a police source, the investigation also indicates that an IDF combat helicopter that arrived to the scene and fired at terrorists there apparently also hit some festival participants. |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119001351/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Israeli police denied the Haaretz report.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel Police slams 'Haaretz' claim IDF helicopter may have harmed civilians on Oct. 7 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=19 November 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-police-slams-haaretz-claim-idf-helicopter-may-have-harmed-civilians-on-oct-7/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119164605/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-police-slams-haaretz-claim-idf-helicopter-may-have-harmed-civilians-on-oct-7/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequent investigation has determined that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis.<ref name=HDOIH/> This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9:00&nbsp;a.m., amid the chaos and confusion, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization.<ref name=HDOIH/>

The attack appeared to have been a complete surprise to the Israelis.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel |title=Barrages of rockets fired from Gaza as Hamas launches unprecedented operation against Israel |date=7 October 2023 |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities, and the IDF launched '''Operation Swords of Iron''' in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="IDF-RT">{{cite web |title=Hamas-Israel War – Real Time Updates |website=idf.il |url=https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-october-2023/real-time-updates-hamas-israel-war/ |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013102344/https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-october-2023/real-time-updates-hamas-israel-war/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aj7oct"/> In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said, "We are at war".<ref name="nyt7oct"/> He threatened to "turn all the places where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins", called Gaza "the city of evil", and urged its residents to leave.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu: We will turn places where Hamas is hiding into 'cities of ruins' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skforn1za |work=Ynetnews |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015164027/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skforn1za |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aj7oct-invasion">{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> Netanyahu and Defense Minister [[Yoav Gallant]] conducted security assessments at IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv.<ref name="cnn1"/><ref name="bbc1"/> Overnight, Israel's [[Security Cabinet of Israel|Security Cabinet]] voted to act to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad".<ref>{{cite news |title=Security cabinet says Israel will destroy military, governmental abilities of Hamas, Islamic Jihad |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000150/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Israel Electric Corporation]], which supplies 80% of the Gaza Strip's electricity, cut off power to the area.<ref name="bbc1"/> This reduced Gaza's power supply from 120 MW to 20 MW, provided by power plants paid for by the Palestinian Authority.<ref name="aj4">{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/8/israeli-strikes-flatten-buildings-mosques-in-gaza |title=Israeli strikes flatten buildings, mosques in Gaza |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008150411/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/8/israeli-strikes-flatten-buildings-mosques-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref>

The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",<ref name="aj7oct"/> mobilized tens of thousands of army [[reservist]]s,<ref name="aj1"/><ref name="bbc1"/> and declared a state of emergency for areas within {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us}} of Gaza.<ref name="guardianlive">{{Cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Lili |last2=Ho |first2=Vivian |last3=Fulton |first3=Adam |last4=Yang |first4=Maya <!-- author names are changing over time --> |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel declares state of war after Hamas fires thousands of rockets and 'militants cross border' – live |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Yamam]] counterterrorism unit was deployed,<ref name="jordan1"/> along with four new divisions, augmenting 31 existing battalions.<ref name="ap1"/> Reservists were reported deployed in Gaza, in the West Bank, and along borders with Lebanon and Syria.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- |title=Army says it is fighting Gaza militants who entered Israel by land, sea and air |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007112343/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- |url-status=live}}</ref>

Residents near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".<ref name="bbc1"/> The southern region of Israel was closed to civilian movement,<ref name="jordan1"/> and roads were closed around Gaza<ref name="ap1">{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |title=Hamas militant group has started a war that 'Israel will win,' defense minister says |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Josef |last1=Federman |first2=Issam |last2=Adwan |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Tel Aviv.<ref name="bbc1"/> While Ben Gurion Airport and [[Ramon Airport]] remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights to and from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ben Gurion airport stays open as foreign airlines cancel flights |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Globes |date=10 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230802/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Israel Railways]] suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rail.co.il/?page=special-update-081023 |trans-title=Updates and changes in train traffic until further notice |script-title=he:עדכונים ושינויים בתנועת הרכבות, עד להודעה חדשה |language=he |work=רַכֶּבֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל |trans-work=Israel Railways |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012021622/https://rail.co.il/?page=special-update-081023 |url-status=live |title=Page Capture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/middle-east/war-with-gaza-cuts-train-services-in-israel/ |title=War with Gaza cuts train services in Israel |work=International Railway Journal |first=Jeremaya |last=Goldberg |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011093427/https://www.railjournal.com/regions/middle-east/war-with-gaza-cuts-train-services-in-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while [[cruise ship]]s removed the ports of [[Ashdod]] and [[Haifa]] from their itineraries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cruisecritic.com/news/cruise-lines-change-cancel-itineraries-following-israel-attack/ |title=Cruise Lines Change, Cancel Itineraries Following Israel Attack |work=[[Cruise Critic]] |first=Aaron |last=Saunders |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190604/https://www.cruisecritic.com/news/cruise-lines-change-cancel-itineraries-following-israel-attack |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Israeli blockade and bombardment ====
{{further|2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip}}
[[File:The remains of the Sderot city police Photo by Yoav Keren.jpg|thumb|Remains of the Sderot police station, following recapture by IDF|alt=A severely-damaged building, looking as if it were a cross-section. In front is a burned car partially submerged in murky brown water.]]
[[File:Tasnim News Agency - Footage from Israeli airstrikes levelling Gazan buildings.webm|thumb|Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles]]

Following the surprise attack, the Israeli Air Force conducted airstrikes that they said targeted Hamas compounds, command centers, tunnels, and other targets.<ref name="aj7oct"/><ref name="guardianlive"/><ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |last1=Knell |first1=Yolande |last2=Abu Alouf |first2=Rushi |last3=Gritten |first3=David |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045138 |title=Israeli forces fight to drive out Hamas militants and free hostages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008100223/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045138 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> Two days after the surprise attack, Israel said that 426 Hamas targets had been hit, including destroying [[Beit Hanoun]], homes of Hamas officials, a mosque, and an internet hub.<ref name="bbc2"/><ref name="ap5">{{cite news |last1=Federman |first1=Josef |last2=Adwan |first2=Issam |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-hostages-4377e096f62bf535bebcdff38cf16049 |title=Israel strikes and seals off Gaza after incursion by Hamas, which vows to execute hostages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009073701/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-hostages-4377e096f62bf535bebcdff38cf16049 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="bbc3">{{cite news |last=Abu Alouf |first=Rushdi |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045078 |title=Gaza: Fear and chaos for Palestinians as Israel strikes back |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008144624/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045078 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rahhou |first=Jihane |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/10/358152/israeli-strike-destroys-al-amin-muhammad-mosque-in-gaza |title=Israeli Strike Destroys Al-Amin Muhammad Mosque in Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000405/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/10/358152/israeli-strike-destroys-al-amin-muhammad-mosque-in-gaza |archive-date=9 October 2023 |work=Morocco World News |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israel also rescued two hostages before declaring a [[state of war]] for the first time since the [[1973 Yom Kippur War]].<ref name="ap3">{{cite news |last1=Goldenberg |first1=Tia |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |title=Hamas fighters storm Israeli towns in surprise attack; Israel responds with deadly strikes on Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="war dec">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms |title=Israel officially declares war for 1st time since 1973 as death toll mounts to 600 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008131015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> Defense Minister Gallant announced a "total" blockade of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel, adding "We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly".<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |title=Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105739/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This drew criticism from Human Rights Watch who described the order as "abhorrent" and as a "call to commit a war crime".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-gaza-violence/#link-ZY5JY3JP4NCXXAK3JYNMMSRUEE |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: 9 Americans killed; Gaza Strip faces full siege |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009132415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-gaza-violence/#link-ZY5JY3JP4NCXXAK3JYNMMSRUEE |archive-date=9 October 2023 |date=9 October 2023}}</ref> The IDF later deployed [[C-130]] and [[C-130J]] transport aircraft to retrieve off-duty personnel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iaf-flies-hundreds-of-off-duty-troops-back-to-israel/ |title=IAF flies hundreds of off-duty troops back to Israel from Europe |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011064226/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iaf-flies-hundreds-of-off-duty-troops-back-to-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a part of a bombing run targeting Hamas command centers and weapon caches, the IDF stated that it had bombed the [[Nukhba (Hamas)|Nukhba]] forces—a Hamas special forces unit that is thought to have led the attack on Israel.<ref name="newsweek nukhba">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=Ellie |date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/israel-hamas-air-strikes-elite-nukhba-1834045 |title="Elite" Hamas unit behind Saturday massacre targeted in Israel air strikes |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013082300/https://www.newsweek.com/israel-hamas-air-strikes-elite-nukhba-1834045 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Human Rights Watch accused Israel of using [[white phosphorus munitions]] over Gaza on 10 and 11 October, claiming it violated international law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012210108/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon |archive-date=12 October 2023 |location=Beirut |language=en |date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel denied the allegations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Israel denies using white phosphorus munitions in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/13/israel-military-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027052756/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/13/israel-military-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon |archive-date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Evacuation of Northern Gaza ====
{{main|Evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip}}
{{see also|Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City}}

Almost a week after the initial attack on Israel, on 13 October, the IDF issued an evacuation warning for communities north of the [[Wadi Gaza]]. All Palestinians in that region, including those in Gaza City, were given 24 hours to evacuate to the south. The Hamas Authority for Refugee Affairs responded by telling residents in northern Gaza to "remain steadfast in your homes and stand firm in the face of this disgusting psychological war waged by the occupation".<ref name="APEvacuation">{{Cite news |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Lederer |first2=Edith M. |last3=Shurafa |first3=Wafaa |date=13 October 2023 |title=Israel's military orders civilians to evacuate Gaza City, ahead of a feared ground offensive |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183110/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c |url-status=live}}</ref>

The statement by Israel faced widespread backlash; with numerous agencies, such as [[Doctors Without Borders]], the [[World Health Organization]], the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], among others, condemning the order as "outrageous" and "impossible" while calling for an immediate reversal of the order.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khraiche |first=Dana |date=13 October 2023 |title=UN Calls Israel Order to Evacuate 1.1 Million in Gaza Impossible |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-13/un-calls-israel-order-to-evacuate-1-1-million-in-gaza-impossible |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=Bloomberg |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013054305/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-13/un-calls-israel-order-to-evacuate-1-1-million-in-gaza-impossible |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MSF: Israeli order to evacuate northern Gaza 'outrageous' |publisher=[[Doctors Without Borders]] |date=13 October 2023 |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |ref={{sfnref |Doctors Without Borders – USA |2023}} |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013220725/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ohchr-rescind">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international |work=OHCHR |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014175126/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO pleads for immediate reversal of Gaza evacuation order to protect health and reduce suffering |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering |access-date=14 October 2023 |publisher=[[WHO]] |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013232108/https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a part of the order, the IDF announced a six-hour window from 10&nbsp;a.m. to 4&nbsp;p.m. local time on 13 October, for refugees to flee south along specified routes within the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Israel announces 6-hour window for Gazans fleeing south, as troops gather near border |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/gaza-israel-evacuation-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014115624/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/gaza-israel-evacuation-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An [[Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City|explosion]] at 5:30&nbsp;p.m. along one of the safe routes killed 70 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes |title=Gaza civilians afraid to leave home after bombing of 'safe routes' |first1=Bethan |last1=McKernan |first2=Sufian |last2=Taha |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020000224/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes |url-status=live}}</ref> Some sources attributed it to an IDF airstrike, while CNN said the cause was unclear. The Jerusalem Post said open-source analysts believed the explosion originated from a car on the ground, but the cause was unclear.<ref>{{cite news |title=CNN authenticates video that show explosions along Gaza evacuation routes |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-news-hamas-war-10-14-23/h_bfac4f076809b2dbddbfbd8f8751ce6a |first1=Kareem |last1=El Damanhoury |first2=Gianluca |last2=Mezzofiore |first3=Paul |last3=Murphy |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |quote=It's unclear what caused the widespread devastation |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014140340/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-news-hamas-war-10-14-23/h_bfac4f076809b2dbddbfbd8f8751ce6a |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas seen blocking evacuation routes in Gaza – IDF |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-768382 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015045235/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-768382 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' carried out an investigation, concluding "analysis of the video footage rules out most explanations aside from an Israeli strike", although it was "difficult to conclusively prove whether these blasts came from an IDF strike, a potential Palestinian rocket misfire or even a car bomb".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Mehul |last2=Joiner |first2=Sam |last3=Andringa |first3=Peter |date=15 October 2023 |title=Did Israel bomb a civilian evacuation route in Gaza? |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/95c5fcf1-c756-415f-85b8-1e4bbff24736 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018044416/https://www.ft.com/content/95c5fcf1-c756-415f-85b8-1e4bbff24736 |archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

The IDF stated Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating south and caused traffic jams.<ref name="roadblocks">{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |date=14 October 2023 |title=IDF says it's completing preparations to strike Gaza 'from air, sea and land' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232648/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli officials stated this was done to use civilians as "human shields", which Hamas denied.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |date=15 October 2023 |title=Palestinians fleeing to the south find no escape from danger |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-fleeing-fighting-south-find-no-escape-danger-2023-10-15/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113135535/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-fleeing-fighting-south-find-no-escape-danger-2023-10-15/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of countries and international organizations condemned what they called Hamas's use of hospitals and [[Usage of human shields by Hamas|civilians as human shields]].<ref name="Guterres202311">{{Cite web |title=Secretary-General's press conference on the Middle East |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=United Nations |date=6 November 2023 |first1=António |last1=Guterres |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108083954/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2023 |title=EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields' |url=https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113235931/https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Hamas are notorious for using civilians as 'human shields' |work=[[news.com.au]] |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/hamas-are-notorious-for-using-civilians-as-human-shields/video/f7c77dcc2111a710e4efb25b9fa7ed4b}}</ref><ref name="Ynet 14 November">{{Cite news |last=רויטרס |date=14 November 2023 |title=הבית הלבן: יש מידע שחמאס משתמש בבתי החולים בעזה, גם להחזקת חטופים |language=he |trans-title=The White House: There is information that Hamas uses the hospitals in Gaza, also to hold hostages |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/syan5bbnp |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114201011/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/syan5bbnp |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to an unnamed Israeli official, Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] left Gaza City using a vehicle associated with a [[humanitarian relief]] mission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=שרון |first=רועי |date=9 December 2023 |title=עזב בשיירה הומניטרית: יחיא סינוואר נמצא בחאן יונס |language=he |trans-title=Left in a humanitarian convoy: Yahya Sinwar is in Khan Yunis |work=כאן חדשות |url=https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/defense/647984/ |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

==== 17 October Israeli airstrikes ====
{{Further|al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion|October 2023 UNRWA school airstrike}}

On 17 October, Israel bombed areas of southern Gaza.<ref name="Jobain-refuge">{{Cite news |last1=Jobain |first1=Najib |last2=Kullab |first2=Samya |last3=Nessman |first3=Ravi |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel bombs Gaza region where civilians were told to seek refuge, as mediators try to unlock aid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-biden-rafah-e062825a375d9eb62e95509cab95b80c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017144838/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-biden-rafah-e062825a375d9eb62e95509cab95b80c |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> Ministry of Health officials in Gaza reported heavy overnight bombing killing over 70 people, including families who had evacuated from Gaza City in the north.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel bombs homes in southern Gaza, kills more than 70 people |date=17 October 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/17/israel-bombs-homes-in-southern-gaza-kills-more-than-70-people |access-date=18 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024031355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/17/israel-bombs-homes-in-southern-gaza-kills-more-than-70-people |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the airstrikes killed a senior Hamas military commander [[Ayman Nofal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brennan |first=David |date=17 October 2023 |title=Top Hamas commander killed in Israeli strike |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ayman-nofal-top-hamas-commander-killed-israeli-strike-gaza-palestinian-1835403 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=[[Newsweek]] |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017214129/https://www.newsweek.com/ayman-nofal-top-hamas-commander-killed-israeli-strike-gaza-palestinian-1835403 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the afternoon, an [[October 2023 UNRWA school airstrike|Israeli strike hit a UNWRA school]] in the [[Maghazi (camp)|Al-Maghazi refugee camp]], killing six and injuring 12.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |date=17 October 2023 |title='They had nowhere else to go': UN says Israeli strike on school in Gaza kills 6 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-says-israeli-strike-on-school-in-gaza-kills-6/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017171605/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-says-israeli-strike-on-school-in-gaza-kills-6/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 36.jpg|thumb|Wounded child and man receive treatment on the floor at [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] in Gaza City|alt=A bloodied child on the floor of a hospital being treated by a nurse. A man with his head wrapped in a bandage wearing blood-stained clothes lays on the floor nearby.]]

Late in the evening, an [[Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion|explosion occurred]] in the parking lot of the [[Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital]] in the center of Gaza City, burning some nearby vehicles. The cause of the explosion was disputed by Hamas and the IDF, and the ongoing conflict prevented independent on-site analysis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2023 |title=Gaza hospital blast: What does new analysis tell us? |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67216929 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67216929 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian claims that it was an Israeli airstrike were denied by the IDF, which stated that the explosion resulted from a failed rocket launch by [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].<ref name="TOI Baptist">{{Cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Bachner |first2=Michael |date=18 October 2023 |title=IDF presents evidence misfired Gazan rocket caused hospital blast, slams Hamas 'lies' |language=en-US |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-presents-evidence-misfired-gazan-rocket-caused-hospital-blast-slams-hamas-lies/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140437/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-presents-evidence-misfired-gazan-rocket-caused-hospital-blast-slams-hamas-lies/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The PIJ denied any involvement.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel and Palestinian militants blame each other after hospital blast kills hundreds in Gaza |language=en-AU |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-18/gaza-hospital-blast-kills-hundreds-israel-hamas-war/102989448 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024201724/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-18/gaza-hospital-blast-kills-hundreds-israel-hamas-war/102989448 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Iran Helped Plot Attack"/> An independent analysis by [[Human Rights Watch]] indicated that the evidence pointed to a misfired Palestinian rocket as the cause, but stated that further investigation was required.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2023 |title=Human Rights Watch says rocket misfire likely cause of deadly Gaza hospital blast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-rocket-misfire-likely-cause-deadly-gaza-hospital-blast-2023-11-26/ |location=Reuters |access-date=27 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126215601/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-rocket-misfire-likely-cause-deadly-gaza-hospital-blast-2023-11-26/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 October, President Biden said the Pentagon had independently concluded that the explosion was not caused by Israel, but by "the other team", based on data from the [[US Department of Defense|Defense Department]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watson |first=Kathryn |date=18 October 2023 |title=In Israel, Biden says it appears "the other team" is to blame for Gaza hospital explosion |language=en-US |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-israel-denial-hospital-explosion-gaza/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141306/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-israel-denial-hospital-explosion-gaza/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Over the next few days, Canadian, British, and French officials announced that their respective intelligence agencies concluded the cause to be a failed Palestinian rocket and not an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Canada says it is confident Israel not behind deadly blast at Gaza hospital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/canada-says-it-is-confident-israel-not-behind-deadly-blast-at-gaza-hospital |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110170319/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/canada-says-it-is-confident-israel-not-behind-deadly-blast-at-gaza-hospital |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=French intel says Palestinian rocket likely cause of Gaza hospital blast |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/21/french-intel-says-palestinian-rocket-likely-cause-of-gaza-hospital-blast |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103013956/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/21/french-intel-says-palestinian-rocket-likely-cause-of-gaza-hospital-blast |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |first2=Peter |last2=Walker |date=23 October 2023 |title=Gaza hospital blast caused by militants' rocket, UK agencies believe |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/gaza-hospital-blast-caused-by-militants-rocket-uk-intelligence-sunak-israel-palestine |access-date=15 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103013948/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/23/gaza-hospital-blast-caused-by-militants-rocket-uk-intelligence-sunak-israel-palestine |url-status=live}}</ref> In its article dated 2 November, CNN stated that multiple experts said "they believe this to be the most likely scenario – although they caution the absence of munition remnants or shrapnel from the scene made it difficult to be sure. All agreed that the available images of evidence of the damage at the site was not consistent with an Israeli airstrike."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/02/middleeast/al-jazeera-video-gaza-hospital-blast-intl/ |title=Revisiting a key video used to assess the Gaza hospital blast |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105202337/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/02/middleeast/al-jazeera-video-gaza-hospital-blast-intl/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Invasion of the Gaza Strip until the truce (27 October–24 November) ===
{{Main|2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}
[[File:SoI-War 23-10-29 IDF 01-11.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers preparing for the [[2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|ground invasion]] of the Gaza Strip on 29 October|alt=Men in desert-brown fatigues walk towards rows of tanks. All of them have backpacks, and some have firearms.]]
On 27 October, the IDF launched a large-scale ground incursion into northern Gaza. Clashes between Hamas and the IDF were reported near Beit Hanoun and [[Bureij]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravid |first1=Barak |title=Israeli military launches major ground incursion in Gaza |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-ground-invasion-gaza |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028002239/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-ground-invasion-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> The Israeli invasion of Gaza was confirmed after Israel said its units were still in Gaza the next day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=James |title=Hamas vows 'full force'; Israel says troops still on the ground in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233518/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas leader [[Ali Baraka]] said the invading Israeli forces suffered heavy casualties and loss of equipment due to an ambush.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/16950 |title=Israel suffered heavy losses in last night's attack: Hamas leader Ali Baraka |website=Turkiye Newspaper |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103032947/https://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/16950 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later, [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]], the head of the World Health Organization (WHO), described as "deeply concerning" reports from the Palestinian Red Crescent that the [[al-Quds hospital]] had received an urgent evacuation warning along with a notice that it was "going to be bombarded". He reiterated that it was "impossible to evacuate hospitals full of patients without endangering their lives".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with:block-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148#block-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148 |title=Israel-Hamas war live: WHO 'deeply concerned' by report of evacuation warning to Gaza's al-Quds hospital |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 October 2023 |last1=Lowe |first1=Yohannes |last2=Hall |first2=Rachel |last3=Ratcliffe |first3=Rebecca |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029132131/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with%3Ablock-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148#block-653e4a1a8f0837aa4c22d148 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around the hospital, filling parts of the building with smoke and dust, prompting staff to give breathing masks to some patients.<ref name="BBCquds1029">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Patrick |title=Israel Gaza live news: Doctors in Gaza say Israel has told them to evacuate a key hospital in Gaza City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67246761 |access-date=29 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030000224/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67246761 |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 14,000 civilians were believed to be sheltering in or near the hospital.<ref name="BBCquds1029"/> Associated Press reported that Israeli airstrikes also destroyed roads leading to the Al-Shifa hospital, making it increasingly difficult to reach.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with:block-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc#block-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc |title=Israel-Hamas war live: WHO 'deeply concerned' by report of evacuation warning to Gaza's al-Quds hospital |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 October 2023 |last1=Lowe |first1=Yohannes |last2=Hall |first2=Rachel |last3=Ratcliffe |first3=Rebecca |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163942/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/29/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-declares-offensives-second-stage-gaza-internet-coming-back-online?page=with%3Ablock-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc#block-653df77a8f08b48bad7c3fcc |url-status=live}}</ref>

Three days following the beginning of ground operations, the IDF blocked the [[Salah al-Din Road]]; a major thoroughfare connecting the northern and southern parts of the Gaza Strip. A video showed an Israeli tank firing on a taxi with a white flag on its roof that had attempted to turn around. An IDF spokesperson said they were "not shown any proof" that the vehicle was civilian, adding, "terrorists use civilian infrastructure like cars."<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2023 |title=Witness Describes Seeing Israeli Tank Fire on Taxi Southeast of Gaza City |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-gaza-war-latest/card/witness-describes-seeing-israeli-tank-fire-on-taxi-southeast-of-gaza-city-MxFhMYxmv3QxQXpGcpHk |url-access=limited |access-date=30 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref |WSJ |2023}} |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030113723/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-gaza-war-latest/card/witness-describes-seeing-israeli-tank-fire-on-taxi-southeast-of-gaza-city-MxFhMYxmv3QxQXpGcpHk |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{external media|video1=[https://www.irishtimes.com/video/world/middle-east/2023/11/04/gazan-child-speaks-of-having-to-carry-decapitated-body-after-israeli-strike-on-jabalia/ Gazan child speaks of having to carry decapitated body after Israeli strike on Jabalia] (via ''[[The Irish Times]]'')}}
The following day, the IDF [[31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike|struck]] the densely-populated [[Jabalia]] [[Jabalia refugee camp|refugee camp]], killing 50 and wounding 150 Palestinians according to the Hamas run Gaza Health Ministry. According to Israel, a senior Hamas commander and dozens of militants in a vast underground tunnel complex were among those killed. Hamas denied the presence of a senior commander on the scene.<ref name="BBCJabalia">{{cite news |title=Dozens reported killed in Gaza refugee camp blast |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67258466 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=30 October 2023 |language=en-gb |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101025004/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67258466?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=65418cfb8ae7803bb6845e16%26IDF%20gives%20more%20details%20about%20attack%20on%20Jabalia%262023-10-31T23:39:27.247Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:bfe645c9-1a79-457a-996f-76ac44d98154&pinned_post_asset_id=65418cfb8ae7803bb6845e16&pinned_post_type=share |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ReutersJabalia>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Rose |first2=Emily |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |date=31 October 2023 |title=Israel strikes dense Gaza camp, says it kills Hamas commander |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-says-it-fires-israeli-troops-pressing-gaza-ground-assault-2023-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103134432/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-says-it-fires-israeli-troops-pressing-gaza-ground-assault-2023-10-31/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Photos: Dozens killed in Israeli air attack on Jabalia refugee camp in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/31/photos-dozens-killed-in-israeli-air-attack-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031230450/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/31/photos-dozens-killed-in-israeli-air-attack-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the IDF, the destruction of the tunnels caused the collapse of the foundations of several nearby buildings, leading to their collapse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF says Jabaliya strike killed top Hamas commander, collapsed terror tunnels |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-jabaliya-strike-killed-top-hamas-commander-collapsed-terror-tunnels/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-jabaliya-strike-killed-top-hamas-commander-collapsed-terror-tunnels/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Eyewitnesses interviewed by CNN and ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' spoke of "apocalyptic" scenes, with dozens of collapsed buildings, children carrying other injured children, and bodies lying in the rubble.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raine |first=Andrew |date=31 October 2023 |title='Children were carrying other injured children.' Witness describes aftermath of Israeli strike on Gaza refugee camp |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/31/middleeast/jabalya-blast-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235749/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/31/middleeast/jabalya-blast-gaza-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Israelische Armee bestätigt Beschuss von Flüchtlingslager Dschabalia |trans-title=Israeli army confirms shelling of Jabalia refugee camp |language=de |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/israelischer-armeesprecher-bestaetigt-angriff-auf-fluechtlingslager-dschabalija-a-00e1cd38-bf2f-4688-8281-e9d691bf9e7d |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101013057/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/israelischer-armeesprecher-bestaetigt-angriff-auf-fluechtlingslager-dschabalija-a-00e1cd38-bf2f-4688-8281-e9d691bf9e7d |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Willis |first1=Haley |last2=Koettl |first2=Christoph |last3=Erden |first3=Bora |date=31 October 2023 |title=Videos show a densely populated area of Gaza decimated by Israel's airstrike. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/world/middleeast/jabaliya-camp-strike-israel-gaza.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101001055/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/world/middleeast/jabaliya-camp-strike-israel-gaza.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The nearby Indonesian Hospital's surgical director said they had received 120 dead bodies and treated 280 wounded, the majority of them women and children.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Jabalia: Israel air strike reportedly kills dozens at Gaza refugee camp |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67276822 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104223551/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67276822 |url-status=live}}</ref> The attack resulted in several ambassador recalls (see {{slink|#Ambassador recalls}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Gianluca |title=Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Qatar condemn Israeli strikes in Gaza's Jabaliya |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/egypt-and-jordan-condemn-israeli-strikes-on-jabaliya-refugee-camp/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235917/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/egypt-and-jordan-condemn-israeli-strikes-on-jabaliya-refugee-camp/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramos |first=Daniel |date=1 November 2023 |title=Bolivia severs ties with Israel, others recall envoys over Gaza |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031234549/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post-2023-1">{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza war live updates: Injured Gazans enter Egypt; new strike on Jabalya camp, hospital says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/01/israel-war-hamas-news-gaza-palestine/#link-N3D3KADIIVFXFNRD5KKZ7PEW54 |access-date=1 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101172621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/01/israel-war-hamas-news-gaza-palestine/#link-N3D3KADIIVFXFNRD5KKZ7PEW54 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Josep Borrell]], the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], wrote on the social media platform X that he was "appalled by the high number of casualties" from the bombing.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Inhumane': World reacts to Israeli attacks on Jabalia refugee camp |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/a-wake-up-call-world-reacts-to-jabalia-camp-attack |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101150617/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/a-wake-up-call-world-reacts-to-jabalia-camp-attack |url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'' at least two 2,000-pound bombs, the second largest type in Israel's arsenal, were used.<ref name=NYT2KBombs>{{Cite news |last1=Koettl |first1=Christoph |last2=Tiefenthäler |first2=Ainara |last3=Willis |first3=Haley |last4=Cardia |first4=Alexander |date=3 November 2023 |title=Israel Used 2,000-Pound Bombs in Strike on Jabaliya, Analysis Shows |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/world/middleeast/israel-bomb-jabaliya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104021525/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/world/middleeast/israel-bomb-jabaliya.html |archive-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>

[[File:SoI-War 23-11-01 IDF 13-04.jpg|thumb|upright|IDF tanks on operations in the Gaza Strip on 31 October|alt=Two tanks roll on dirt, surrounded by a massive amount of destruction. There is rubble on the ground, and buildings that have been exploded]]
On 1 November, the first group of evacuees left Gaza into Egypt. 500 evacuees, comprising critically wounded and foreign nationals, would be evacuated over the course of several days, with 200 evacuees already waiting at the border crossing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |date=1 November 2023 |title=First evacuees leave Gaza after another night of Israeli bombardments |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-jets-strike-gaza-camp-says-hamas-commander-killed-2023-11-01/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101233626/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-jets-strike-gaza-camp-says-hamas-commander-killed-2023-11-01/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, the Jabalia refugee camp was bombed for a second time; the [[UN Human Rights Office]] expressed "serious concerns" that these were "disproportionate attacks that could amount to war crimes".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=Israel's strikes on Gaza refugee camp could be war crimes, UN says |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3240027/israels-strikes-gaza-refugee-camp-could-be-war-crimes-un-says |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101235934/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3240027/israels-strikes-gaza-refugee-camp-could-be-war-crimes-un-says |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/nasrallah-says-oct-7-assault-100-palestinian-hezbollah-knew-nothing-about-it/ |title=Nasrallah says Oct. 7 assault '100% Palestinian,' Hezbollah knew nothing about it |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103145014/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/nasrallah-says-oct-7-assault-100-palestinian-hezbollah-knew-nothing-about-it/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The IDF released what it claimed was an intercepted call between Hamas operatives and the head of the [[Indonesia Hospital]], where they discuss diverting some of the hospital's fuel supply to Hamas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Hamas siphons fuel from hospitals, IDF reveals in intercepted call |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjhcwfl7p |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122111713/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjhcwfl7p |url-status=live}}</ref>

Two days later, the Gaza health ministry stated that [[Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike|Israel struck an ambulance convoy]] directly in front of Al-Shifa Hospital, killing at least 15 people and injuring 60 more.<ref name=reutershospital1104>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/ |title=Israel strikes ambulance near Gaza hospital, 15 reported killed |access-date=4 November 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103235417/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The IDF acknowledged having launched an airstrike at "an ambulance that was identified by forces as being used by a Hamas terrorist cell in close proximity to their position in the battle zone", adding that a "number of Hamas terrorist operatives were killed in the strike".<ref name=Guardianhospital1104/> The IDF did not provide evidence that the ambulances were being used by Hamas combatants but said that additional information would be released.<ref name=Guardianhospital1104/> A Hamas official described the Israeli claim as "baseless".<ref name="Guardianhospital1104"/> The Palestinian Red Crescent Society (PRCS) said one of its ambulances was struck "by a missile fired by the Israeli forces" about two metres from the entrance to al-Shifa hospital.<ref name="Guardianhospital1104">{{cite news |title=Palestinian Red Crescent condemns deadly strike on Gaza ambulance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/04/israel-hamas-war-live-blinken-set-to-meet-with-middle-east-foreign-ministers-in-jordan-airstrike-on-gaza-ambulance-kills-15?page=with:block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99#block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 November 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104094005/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/04/israel-hamas-war-live-blinken-set-to-meet-with-middle-east-foreign-ministers-in-jordan-airstrike-on-gaza-ambulance-kills-15?page=with:block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99#block-6545d8f88f08d1827a66bd99 |url-status=live}}</ref> The PRCS said another ambulance was fired on about a kilometre from the hospital.<ref name="Guardianhospital1104"/> WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on X that he was "utterly shocked by reports of attacks on ambulances evacuating patients", adding that patients, health workers and medical facilities must always be protected.<ref name=reutershospital1104/><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1720492377796743196 |user=DrTedros |date=3 November 2023 |title=Utterly shocked by reports of attacks on ambulances evacuating patients close to Al-Shifa hospital in #Gaza, leading to deaths, injuries and damage. We reiterate: patients, health workers, facilities, and ambulances must be protected at all times. Always. Ceasefire NOW. #NotATarget}}</ref>

On 4 November a UNRWA spokeswoman confirmed reports that Israel had conducted [[Al-Fakhoora school airstrike|an airstrike]] against a UN-run school in the Jabalia refugee camp.<ref name=ReutersUNSchool1104/> According to the Gaza health ministry, the attack killed 15 and wounded dozens more.<ref name=ReutersUNSchool1104>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Lewis |first2=Simon |last3=Al-Khalidi |first3=Suleiman |date=4 November 2023 |title=Palestinians say Israeli strike hits U.N.-run school as Blinken meets Arab leaders |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-arab-leaders-meet-over-gaza-palestinian-deaths-mount-2023-11-03/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105010423/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-arab-leaders-meet-over-gaza-palestinian-deaths-mount-2023-11-03/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey recalled its ambassador to Israel "in view of the unfolding humanitarian tragedy in Gaza caused by the continuing attacks by Israel against civilians, and Israel's refusal (to accept) a ceasefire." President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] told reporters he held Netanyahu personally responsible for civilian deaths in Gaza and said that he was "no longer someone we can talk to".<ref name=France24Erdogan>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231104-turkey-recalls-envoy-to-israel-blasts-netanyahu |title=Turkey recalls envoy to Israel, 'writes off' Netanyahu |work=[[France 24]] |date=4 November 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104144953/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231104-turkey-recalls-envoy-to-israel-blasts-netanyahu |url-status=live}}</ref>

Abu Ubaida, the spokesperson for the Izz el-Deen al-Qassam Brigades, reported that due to Israeli air strikes, the bodies of 23 missing Israeli hostages were buried under the rubble.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas armed wing: More than 60 hostages are missing due to Israeli airstrikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-armed-wing-more-than-60-hostages-are-missing-due-israeli-airstrikes-2023-11-04/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109204130/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-armed-wing-more-than-60-hostages-are-missing-due-israeli-airstrikes-2023-11-04/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Protests in Israel target Netanyahu over release of captives |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=4 November 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/protests-in-israel-target-netanyahu-over-release-of-hostages |ref={{sfnref |Al Jazeera |2023}} |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107235338/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/protests-in-israel-target-netanyahu-over-release-of-hostages |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{External media
| topic = Instagram videos by Ahmed Hijazi of the Al-Shifa Hospital strike shown in the Visual Investigations report published by ''The New York Times''. Contains graphic images of severe injury.
| video1 = [https://www.instagram.com/p/CzcXxGztkC1/ A video of the airstrikes and immediate injuries.]
| video2 = [https://www.instagram.com/p/CzdNR0CAluI/ Shows dead and injured in the aftermath.]
}}

Fighting continued through the middle of November and on 18 November Israeli strikes killed more than 80 people in Jabalia refugee camp.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli airstrikes kill 80 in Palestinian refugee camp |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/israeli-airstrikes-kill-80-in-palestinian-refugee-camp |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120053637/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/israeli-airstrikes-kill-80-in-palestinian-refugee-camp |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day "pause"<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite news |title=Israel agrees to ceasefire deal, paving way for some captives' release |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/israel-agrees-to-ceasefire-deal-paving-way-for-some-captives-release |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> or "lull"<ref name="Burke-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Borger |first3=Julian |date=22 November 2023 |title=Israel and Hamas agree deal for release of some hostages and four-day ceasefire |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/israel-hamas-war-hostages-freed-deal-ceasefire |access-date=22 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2023 |title=Israel, Hamas agree to ceasefire deal that also sees captives exchanged |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-hamas-hostages-deal-1.7033147 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> in hostilities, to allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Burke-2023"/> The deal also provided for the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.<ref name="Burke-2023"/> The agreement was approved by the Israeli cabinet in the early hours of the day; in a statement, the Israeli Prime Minister's Office stated Israel's intention to continue the war.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Burke-2023"/>

=== Duration of the truce (24 November–1 December) ===
{{main|2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}
Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered [[2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire|truce]] on 24 November, starting at 7:00 AM Israel time, active fighting in the Gaza Strip ceased and some of the Israeli and foreign hostages were released by Hamas in [[2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners|exchange]] for the release of some of the Palestinian political prisoners held by Israel. The truce was announced for a period of four days, but was extended for a longer period.

From 24 to 30 November, Hamas released hostages and Israel released prisoners. On 27 November Qatar announced that an agreement between Israel and Hamas to extend the truce by two days had been reached.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel-Hamas truce extends by two days, Qatar says: Live updates |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-27-23/index.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce on 28 November. On 30 November Hamas released two more hostages as the truce, which was supposed to end minutes later, was extended by another day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: Gaza cease-fire extended a day; Jerusalem shooting kills 3 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna127335 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Resumption of hostilities (1 December–present) ===
The truce expired in the morning on 1 December, as both Israel and Hamas blamed the other side for failing to agree on an extension. According to the ''New York Times'', the disagreement centred on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Hubbard |first2=Ben |last3=Fuller |first3=Thomas |title=Israel Resumes Offensive in Gaza Strip After Truce With Hamas Ends |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/01/world/middleeast/01gaza-israel-fighting-resumes.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 December 2023}}</ref> A Hamas official said that after the exchange, the only remaining hostages were "soldiers and civilian men who served in the occupation army", and refused to exchange them until "all our prisoners are freed and a ceasefire takes hold".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pietromarchi |first1=Usaid |last2=Siddiqui|first2=Virginia |date=2 December 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza war updates: 'No negotiations now on truce', says Hamas |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/2/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-bombs-rain-down-on-gaza-after-truce-collapse |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> US National Security Advisor John Kirby said that "Hamas agreed to allow the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] access to these hostages while the pause was in place," which did not "happen and is still not happening".<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=White House says Israel 'making effort' to better protect Gaza civilians |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/white-house-says-israel-making-effort-to-protect-gaza-civilians/}}</ref>

Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza, released a map online, and dropped leaflets with a [[QR code]] for the link. The maps were criticized for being hard to access due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity, and for causing confusion or panic. Some evacuation instructions have been vague or contradictory,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/02/israeli-grid-system-makes-life-in-gaza-macabre-game-of-battleships-say-aid-workers |title=Israel has started using its new grid system for evacuation warnings |first1=Emma |last1=Graham-Harrison |first2=Jason |last2=Burke |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel-Gaza live news: IDF resumes strikes as ceasefire with Hamas ends |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67584895 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |last2=Talmazan |first2=Yuliya |title=Israel's new grid maps add to confusion and anger in Gaza |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-gaza-grid-maps-hamas-khan-younis-rcna128057 |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hendrix |first1=Steve |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam |title=Israel touts civilian warning system, but for Gazans, nowhere is safe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/06/israel-gaza-civilians-protection/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=6 December 2023}}</ref> and Israel has struck areas it had told people to evacuate to.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barbakh |first1=Arafat |last2=Salem |first2=Mohammed |title=Israel presses ground offensive in southern Gaza, air strikes intensify |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-ground-forces-operating-across-gaza-strip-offensive-builds-2023-12-04/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Robin |last2=Willis |first2=Haley |last3=Jhaveri |first3=Ishaan |last4=Miller |first4=Danielle |last5=Byrd |first5=Aaron |last6=Reneau |first6=Natalie |date=22 December 2023 |title=A Times Investigation Tracked Israel's Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html |access-date=22 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Experts said they had not seen significant changes in Israeli prosecution of the war due to its warnings to civilians appearing ineffective and it being unclear if anywhere in Gaza is safe.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/12/05/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |title=Israel-Hamas War: New Phase of Israel's Military Campaign Remains Deadly for Gazans |first=Ben |last=Hubbard |date=5 December 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Agnes Callamard, Secretary General of Amnesty International, said in a press release that "US-made weapons facilitated the mass killings of extended families". Amnesty found no evidence of military targets at the sites of the strikes, or any indication that the occupants of the homes were affiliated with Hamas, prompting the group to request that the airstrikes be investigated as possible war crimes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hammer |first1=Mathias |title=U.S. Military Equipment Traced to Possible War Crimes in Gaza, Report Finds |url=https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=5 December 2023}}</ref> Several decomposed babies were found in the ICU of Al-Nasr Children's Hospital in northern Gaza, two weeks after its forced evacuation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/abandoned-babies-found-decomposing-gaza-hospital-evacuated-rcna127533 |title=Abandoned babies found decomposing in Gaza hospital weeks after it was evacuated |first1=Yasmine |last1=Salam |first2=Rima |last2=Abdelkader |first3=Matthew |last3=Mulligan |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin warned against replacing "a tactical victory with a strategic defeat" if Israel does not work towards protecting Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/4339335-lloyd-austin-israel-risks-defeat-if-civilians-not-protected/ |title=Israel risks 'strategic defeat' if civilians aren't protected, Pentagon chief says |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=2 December 2023}}</ref> The US State Department said it was too early to definitively assess whether Israel was heeding US calls to protect civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/too-early-assess-if-israel-heeding-us-calls-protect-civilians-us-spokesperson-2023-12-04/ |title=Too early to assess if Israel heeding US calls to protect civilians -US spokesperson |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 December 2023 |last1=Lewis |first1=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |last4=Pamuk |first4=Humeyra |last5=Mason |first5=Jeff}}</ref>

The IDF reported that its troops had reached the centers of Khan Younis, Jabalia, and Shejaiya reporting the most "intense fighting" since the ground invasion of Gaza began.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=IDF: Troops fighting in the heart of Khan Younis in most intensive battles since ground op began |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/troops-fighting-in-heart-of-khan-younis-as-battles-intensify-idf/ |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians further south to Rafah.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/israeli-army-surrounds-khan-younis-as-southern-gaza-attacks-intensify |title=Israeli army surrounds Khan Younis as southern Gaza attacks intensify |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

On 7 December, Israel [[Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war#December 7 mass detention|detained 150 men]] in the Gaza Strip, with dozens more detained on 10 December. According to Israel, the detentions followed a mass surrender of Hamas militants.<ref>{{Cite news |title=היום ה-65 של המלחמה {{!}} עדכונים שוטפים |trans-title=The 65th day of the war {{!}} Regular updates |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/gazawarday65mor |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=ynet |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=i24NEWS |date=7 December 2023 |title=Over 150 Hamas terrorists surrender to IDF forces in Khan Yunis |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1701980659-over-150-hamas-terrorists-surrender-to-idf-forces-in-khan-yunis |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=I24news |language=en}}</ref> The ''New York Times'' reported that the claim of Hamas fighters surrendering was made after video and photographs of "men stripped to their underwear, sitting or kneeling on the ground, with some bound and blindfolded" were seen on social media.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |title=Israel Says It Detained Hundreds of Terrorism Suspects in Gaza |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/08/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-surrender-gaza.html |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>''The Guardian'' reported that among the people seen in the images were people identified as civilians, among them a journalist. The ICRC said it was concerned by the images and that it strongly emphasized "the importance of treating all those detained with humanity and dignity, in accordance with international humanitarian law".<ref>{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Footage shows IDF parading scores of Palestinian men around in underwear |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 December 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/08/footage-idf-israel-military-parading-palestinian-men-around-in-underwear |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> The ''BBC'' reported that a video of the apparent surrender of weapons is unclear whether a man is "surrendering" weapons or just moving them as instructed, suggested the event was performed for the camera, rather than as an act of authentic surrender, and that it not known whether the individuals shown have any involvement with Hamas or the 7 October attack.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67675407 |title=Israel-Gaza war: Video shows Gaza detainees allegedly 'surrendering guns' – what we know |date=10 December 2023 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' reported that Israeli security officials believed that approximately 10–15% of the people shown in the video were actually affiliated with Hamas, and that despite the public claims by Israel that this was not a "massive surrender" by Hamas units.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-10/ty-article-live/israels-ground-offensive-in-gaza-deepens-as-arab-eu-leaders-push-for-a-cease-fire/0000018c-5187-df2f-adac-ffaf03700000#1308272871 |title=Israel-Hamas War Day 65 &#124; Israeli Army Kills Hamas Commander in Gaza; Syria: Israel Struck Near Damascus |date=10 December 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] described the treatment of those detained on 7 December as a violation of international law.<ref name=":0" />

On 8 and 9 December, the IDF released footage of what it said was its soldiers engaging combatants near and inside two schools in Shejaiya. According to the IDF, fighters also discovered a tunnel leading from one of the schools to a nearby mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=8 December 2023 |title=Watch: Dramatic footage shows IDF troops battling Hamas operatives in Gaza City school |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/watch-dramatic-footage-shows-idf-troops-battling-hamas-operatives-in-gaza-city-school/ |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Halabi |first=Einav |date=9 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war: IDF finds elevator in Gaza tunnel, weapons in school |language=en-US |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/article-777308 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> It also released footage of armament that it claimed was found on the campus of [[Al-Azhar University – Gaza|Al-Azhar University]], along with a tunnel shaft leading to a school 1&nbsp;km away.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=8 December 2023 |title=IDF says it destroyed buildings containing Hamas infrastructure at Gaza City's Al-Azhar University |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-destroyed-buildings-containing-hamas-infrastructure-at-gaza-citys-al-azhar-university/ |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> The Israeli military said that, since it designated a humanitarian zone for civilians in the Gaza Strip on October 18, 116 rockets had been fired from there toward Israel, including 38 falling inside Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel suffers heaviest combat losses since October, diplomatic isolation |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-demands-ceasefire-gaza-israel-us-show-increasing-divisions-2023-12-13/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

The Pentagon announced on 9 December that the Biden administration had authorized the sale of around 14,000 rounds of tank ammunition to Israel without congressional authorization by using an emergency power.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden bypasses Congress to sell tank shells to Israel amid further fighting in Khan Younis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/09/biden-administration-emergency-authority-tank-shells-israel |agency=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

On 15 December, the IDF released a statement announcing that they had [[Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka|killed three of their own hostages]] by [[friendly fire]]. According to the Israeli military, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in [[Shuja'iyya]] and subsequently fired at them, killing them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tabachnick |first1=Cara |date=15 December 2023 |title=3 hostages in Gaza were killed by friendly fire, Israeli military says – CBS News |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/3-hostages-in-gaza-killed-by-friendly-fire-israeli-military-says/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post-2023">{{cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: IDF says it mistakenly killed 3 Israeli hostages during fighting |language=en |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna129901 |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Emanuel |last1=Fabian |author2=TOI Staff |date=15 December 2023 |title=IDF troops mistakenly open fire and kill 3 hostages in northern Gaza battlefield |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-mistakenly-open-fire-and-kill-3-hostages-in-northern-gaza-battlefield/ |publisher=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref> According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and were carrying "a stick with a white cloth on it” when an Israeli soldier, who declared them to be “terrorists” after feeling “threatened”, opened fire, killing two hostages and injuring the third, who was killed by Israeli reinforcements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |date=16 December 2023 |title=Israeli hostages killed in Gaza were holding white flag, official says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-hostages-killed-mistakenly-gaza-were-holding-white-flag-official-says-2023-12-16/ |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

== Other confrontations ==
A wider regional military conflict, specifically with the well armed [[Hezbollah]] could bring the entire region into an escalated military conflict, a situation that Israel, Iran and the United States are vocally against. The Iranian backed Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and Houthi militias in Yemen have launched attacks on a limited scale against Israel. Iranian backed militias in Iraq and Syria have also traded attacks with the US and Israeli military.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=1 November 2023 |title=After Years of Vowing to Destroy Israel, Iran Faces a Dilemma |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/world/middleeast/iran-israel-hamas.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Over 100 Palestinians have been killed in confrontations with Israeli soldiers and settlers in the West Bank since 7 October. Settler violence has been heavily criticized by the IDF.<ref name="Tharoor-2023">{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=As Israel pummels Gaza, the crisis in the West Bank comes into focus |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Ishaan |last=Tharoor |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/31/west-bank-violence-settler-crisis-gaza-israel-palestine/ |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title="האלימות של המתנחלים ביו"ש מפריעה לצה"ל. חייבים להבין, זה עלול להביא להסלמה שתוביל לפתיחת עוד זירה" |trans-title="The violence of the settlers in Yosh disturbs the IDF. We must understand, this may lead to an escalation that will lead to the opening of another arena" |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sys11f009qa |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=ynet |language=he}}</ref>

=== West Bank ===
{{further |Late 2023 Jenin incursion |October 2023 Tulkarm raid |2023 Givat Shaul shooting|Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:2023 Israel–Hamas war - West Bank.svg|thumb|West Bank sector of war<br />{{Legend |#e71313ff|West Bank [[Palestinian enclaves]] ([[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord|Areas A & B]])}} {{Legend|#0038b8ff|West Bank under Israeli control ([[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]])}} {{Legend|#13e7dbff|Israeli-annexed [[East Jerusalem]]}}]]

Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank in 20 years. From 7 to 31 October, B'tselem said that Israeli forces had killed more than 100 Palestinians while Israeli settlers had killed at least seven, leading to fears that the situation would escalate out of control.<ref name="Tharoor-2023"/> About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Nazzal |first2=Rami |date=30 October 2023 |title=Settler Violence Against Palestinians in the West Bank Is Rising |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/world/middleeast/west-bank-settlers-palestinians-violence.html}}</ref> According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, which is funded by the European Union, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loveluck |first=Louisa |date=9 November 2023 |title=Settler violence is erasing Palestinian communities in the West Bank |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/09/west-bank-israel-settlers-violence/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

By 10 October, confrontations between rock-throwing Palestinians and Israeli forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East Jerusalem.<ref name="ap6">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinians scramble for safety as Israel pounds sealed-off Gaza Strip to punish Hamas |language=en |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Josef |last1=Federman |first2=Issam |last2=Adwan |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-hostages-bf6c42f84526c4d9416978c8effd932a |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village of [[Qusra]], killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old was fatally shot by the IDF in [[Bani Naim]], while another person was shot dead by the IDF near [[Bethlehem]].<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Four Palestinians killed in Israeli settler attack: ministry |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231011-four-palestinians-killed-in-israeli-settler-attack-ministry}}</ref> On 12 October, two Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and opened fire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=aistishhad 'ab wanajlih birasas almustawtinin janub nabulus |script-title=ar:استشهاد أب ونجله برصاص المستوطنين جنوب نابلس |trans-title=Father and son killed by settlers' gunfire south of Nablus |url=https://www.alquds.com/ar/posts/95970 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=Al Quds |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=2 Palestinians killed after settlers said to ambush funeral in West Bank |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/2-palestinians-killed-after-settlers-said-to-ambush-funeral-in-west-bank/ |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap8">{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Palestinians rush to buy food and struggle under strikes as Israel readies possible ground operation |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-cabinet-beb1fa2b9e4ede6cf4568dd6c86ff11a |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, with clashes reported in [[Ramallah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Amir |first=Khitam |date=18 October 2023 |title=Jordan cancels US President Biden's visit to Amman, quartet summit |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/jordan-cancels-us-president-bidens-visit-to-amman-quartet-summit-1.1697579329973 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> In [[Jenin]], a 12-year-old girl was shot dead by crossfire from Palestinian Authority security forces, and another youth was injured by PA forces in [[Tubas (city)|Tubas]]. One Palestinian was killed in confrontations with Israeli forces in [[Nabi Saleh]], and 30 others were injured across the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Al Tahhan |first=Zena |date=18 October 2023 |title=Palestinian Authority cracks down on protests over Israel Gaza attacks |language=en-US |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/18/palestinian-authority-cracks-down-on-protests-over-israel-gaza-attacks |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight [[October 2023 Tulkarm raid|Israeli raids]] across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West Bank, [[Hassan Yousef (Hamas leader)|Hassan Yousef]].<ref name="cnnarrest">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2023 |title=Hamas spokesman reportedly among scores arrested in occupied West Bank |language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/19/middleeast/hamas-spokesperson-detained-west-bank-intl/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>

On 22 October, Israel [[Al-Ansar Mosque airstrike|struck the al-Ansar Mosque]] in Jenin, saying that it had killed several "terror operatives" from Hamas and Islamic Jihad who were planning attacks inside.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel strikes mosque in occupied West Bank refugee camp |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-strike-kills-two-in-west-bank-palestinian-medics-say |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> Within a few days Ayser Mohammad Al-Amer, a senior commander of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was killed during a clash with IDF in the Jenin refugee camp.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=IDF confirms deadly clashes with gunmen in West Bank raids; 36 arrested |work=[[The Times of Israel]]|first=Emanuel|last=Fabian |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-deadly-clashes-with-gunmen-in-west-bank-raids-36-arrested/ |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> On 31 October, the IDF engaged Hamas around [[Shuweika]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jhaveri |first1=Ashka |last2=Moore |first2=Johanna |last3=Tyson |first3=Kathryn |last4=Carter |first4=Brian |last5=Ganzeveld |first5=Annika |author6=Nicholas Carl |date=31 October 2023 |title=Iran Update, October 31, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-31-2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]] |quote=The al Quds Brigades and the Tulkarm Battalion of the al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades conducted a combined small arms attack on Israeli forces in Shuweika near Tulkarm, indicating growing coordination between the two groups. This was the first combined attack between the al Quds Brigades and al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in the West Bank since October 19.}}</ref>

On 1 November, [[Issa Amro]] stated the situation in the West Bank had become "very hard", noting "All the checkpoints are closed. Israeli settlers and soldiers are acting violently with the Palestinians."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |title=Situation in occupied West Bank 'very hard': Hebron-based activist |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2455280 |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] warned Israeli settler violence against Palestinians was on the rise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Settler violence against Palestinians in West Bank on the rise, OCHA says |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2455649 |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

On 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen [[2023 Givat Shaul shooting|killed]] three and wounded eleven Israelis at a bus stop on the [[Givat Shaul]] Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Liran Tamari Einav |first2=Yoav |last2=Zitun |date=30 November 2023 |title=3 killed, at least 11 injured in shooting attack near entrance to Jerusalem |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hylzfssh6 |work=Ynet |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Israel–Lebanon border ===
{{main |2023 Israel–Lebanon border conflict}}
[[File:Israel-Lebanon-Syria-border-Conflict-2023.svg|thumb|Northern Israel sector of war<br />{{leftlegend|#0038b8ff|Israel}}{{leftlegend|#13e7dbff|Israeli-occupied [[Golan Heights]]}}{{leftlegend|#f7e117ff|[[Hezbollah]] presence in [[Lebanon]]}}{{leftlegend|#ce1126ff|[[Syria]]}}{{legend-line|blue dashed 2px|Areas ordered evacuated by Israel}}]]

A [[2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes|series of border clashes]] occurred along the [[Blue Line (withdrawal line)|Israel-Lebanon]] border. On 8 October, [[Hezbollah]] launched an artillery attack on Israeli positions in [[Shebaa Farms]]; this was met with immediate retaliation.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel, Hezbollah exchange fire raising regional tensions |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/israel-hezbollah-exchange-fire-raising-regional-tensions |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |date=8 October 2023 |title=IDF artillery strikes targets in Lebanon as mortar shells fired toward Israel |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-artillery-strikes-targets-in-lebanon-as-mortar-shells-fired-toward-israel/ |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Skirmishes have occurred every day since. The clashes resulted in the deaths of 89 Lebanese militants and nine Israeli soldiers,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1356193/hamas-israel-war-day-30.html |title=Israeli strike in southern Lebanon kills civilians, including children; intense bombardment of Gaza City commences: Hamas-Israel war, day 30 |website=L'Orient Today}}</ref><ref name="shinbet1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |title=Authorities name 347 soldiers, 58 police officers killed in Gaza war |first=Emanuel |last=Fabian |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=5 November 2023 |quote=Six soldiers have also been killed in attacks claimed by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Hezbollah terror group on the border with Lebanon since the fighting started. One soldier was killed in a West Bank terror attack. The military's list also includes a soldier killed by friendly fire in the West Bank, a soldier killed due to malfunctioning ammunition on the Lebanon border, and two soldiers killed in a tank accident in northern Israel.}}</ref> as well as 19 Lebanese and three Israeli civilians,<ref>{{cite news |title=A woman and 3 children are killed by an Israeli airstrike in south Lebanon, local officials say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/woman-3-children-killed-israeli-airstrike-south-lebanon-104644462 |access-date=2 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="4relatives">{{Cite news |title=Lebanon says Israeli strike kills reporter's 4 relatives |date=5 November 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231105-lebanon-says-israeli-strike-kills-reporter-s-4-relatives |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> one Lebanese Army soldier,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lebanon army says one soldier killed in Israeli shelling on border post |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/lebanese-army-says-one-soldier-killed-in-israeli-shelling-near-border |access-date=6 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> and the displacement of 55,000 people in [[Lebanon]] and tens of thousands more in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tensions high in south Lebanon in anticipation of Hezbollah's next move |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2418661/amp |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zilber |first=Neri |date=16 November 2023 |title=Israel's dilemma in confronting the threat from Hezbollah |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2023/1116/Israel-s-dilemma-in-confronting-the-threat-from-Hezbollah |access-date=19 November 2023 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref>

=== Syria ===
{{See also|Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war|Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war}}

From 12 to 22 October, Israel launched at least three attacks on airports in Syria, particularly on [[Damascus]] and [[Aleppo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria says Israeli missiles hit Damascus, Aleppo airports |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-state-tv-says-israeli-attack-targets-aleppo-damascus-airports-2023-10-12/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Israeli attack on Syrian Aleppo airport puts it out of service |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-attack-syrian-aleppo-airport-puts-it-out-service-2023-10-14/ |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> killing two workers from the Syrian meteorology service based at [[Damascus International Airport]].<ref name="reutersairport">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-air-strikes-kill-two-workers-syrias-damascus-airport-official-2023-10-22/ |title=Israeli air strikes kill two workers at Syria's Damascus airport, official says |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref>

On 24 October, Israeli airstrikes in [[Daraa Governorate]] reportedly resulted in the death of eight Syrian soldiers and injuries to seven others, as per Syria's state-run news agency SANA. The IDF acknowledged the airstrikes, stating they were a response to two rockets fired from Syria into Northern Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Syria says 8 soldiers killed in Israeli strikes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/syria-says-8-soldiers-killed-in-israeli-strikes/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 December, four rockets were fired from Syria at the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, setting off sirens in [[Mas'ade]] and [[Ein Qiniyye]]. The IDF shelled the source of the fire and targeted a [[Syrian Army]] position in response.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=20 December 2023 |title=Israel hits Hezbollah command center in Lebanon; 4 rockets from Syria target Golan |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-hits-hezbollah-command-center-in-lebanon-4-rockets-from-syria-target-golan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210155/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-hits-hezbollah-command-center-in-lebanon-4-rockets-from-syria-target-golan/ |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

=== Iraq ===
On 2 November, the [[Islamic Resistance in Iraq (2020–present)|Islamic Resistance In Iraq]] claimed responsibility for an attack against a "vital Israeli target" on the [[Dead Sea]] coastline in retaliation to Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. In a statement later that day, the group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran-Backed 'Islamic Resistance In Iraq' Claims Attack Against Israeli Target On Dead Sea Coastline |url=https://www.memri.org/jttm/iran-backed-islamic-resistance-iraq-claims-attack-against-israeli-target-dead-sea-coastline |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=MEMRI |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 November, the Islamic Resistance In Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on [[Eilat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muwaffaq |first=Dastan |date=3 November 2023 |title=Iraqi militant group claims responsibility for missile attack on Israel |work=Kurdistan24 |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/33041-Iraqi-militant-group-claims-responsibility-for-missile-attack-on-Israel |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> On 12 November, it claimed responsibility for another missile attack on Eilat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraq's Islamic Resistance attacks Eilat with "appropriate weapons" |url=https://shafaq.com/en/Iraq-News/Iraq-s-Islamic-Resistance-attacks-Eilat-with-appropriate-weapons |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Shafaq News |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 December, the Islamic Resistance In Iraq claimed responsibility for a drone attack on Eilat which was reportedly intercepted by the [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]]. It also claimed responsibility for a drone attack on the [[Karish gas field|Karish rig]] hours after the attack on Eilat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=Iraqi militia claims struck Israel's Karish natural gas rig using drone |language=en |work=[[Ynetnews]] |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1n56vxvt |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ben-Ari |first1=Lior |last2=Zitun |first2=Yoav |date=22 December 2023 |title=Iran-backed militias in Iraq claim struck Israel's Karish natural gas rig in Mediterranean |language=en |work=[[Ynetnews]] |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkf9owqdp |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Yemen and the Red Sea ===
{{Main|Houthi involvement in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:2023 Israel–Hamas war - Bab-el-Mandeb.svg|thumb|right|Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait]]
Several strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the [[Red Sea]] are thought to have launched by Iran-backed [[Houthi movement|Houthi]] militants in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=US warship intercepts missiles fired from Yemen 'potentially towards Israel' |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67166863 |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=US warship in Red Sea intercepts 3 missiles fired from Yemen, possibly at Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-warship-in-red-sea-intercepts-3-missiles-fired-from-yemen-possibly-at-israel/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yemen seen as source of fire on Eilat |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemen-seen-as-source-of-fire-on-eilat/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On 19 October, the United States Navy destroyer {{USS|Carney|DDG-64|6}} shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the [[Red Sea]] towards Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US Navy destroyer in Red Sea shoots down cruise missiles potentially headed toward Israel: Pentagon
|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/security-incident-involving-us-navy-destroyer-red-sea/story?id=104147141 |access-date=12 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref> On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched [[ballistic missile]]s and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-enter-mideast-fray-hardening-spillover-fears-2023-10-31/ |title=Yemen's Houthis enter Mideast fray, hardening spillover fears |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=31 October 2023 |last1=Dahan |first1=Maha El}}</ref> in an event that has been misrepresented in some news sites as a [[declaration of war]] by Yemen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Yemen hasn't declared war on Israel, contrary to online claims. Houthi rebels have launched missiles |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-israel-hamas-war-yemen-houthis-363471853927 |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref>
On 19 November, tensions increased when the {{ship||Galaxy Leader}}, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |date=22 November 2023 |title=Yemen rebels' helicopter-borne attack on ship raises risks in Red Sea |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-red-sea-ship-yemen-houthis-65b611ff878a411900037e7c9a8ee17b |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

On 3 December, the Houthis claimed to have attacked two ships, the ''Unity Explorer'' and ''Number 9'', allegedly linked to Israel, in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".<ref>{{cite news |title=US destroyer shoots down drones after Houthi attack on ships in Red Sea |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231204-us-destroyer-shoots-down-drones-after-houthi-attack-on-ships-in-red-sea |agency=[[France 24]] |date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yemen's Houthis say they targeted two Israeli ships in Red Sea: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/3/yemens-houthis-say-they-targeted-two-israeli-ships-in-red-sea-report |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser [[Tzachi Hanegbi]] called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country "would will act in order to remove this naval siege".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michaelis |first1=Tamar |title=Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, national security adviser says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html |agency=[[CNN]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{Main|2023 attack on the Chem Pluto}}
On 24 November, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the [[CMA CGM]] Symi owned by Israeli billionaire [[Idan Ofer]] in the Indian Ocean according to a US defense official. The drone was suspected to have been a [[Shahed-136]] drone. The attack caused damage to the ship but did not injure any of the crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2023 |title=An Israeli-owned ship was targeted in suspected Iranian attack in Indian Ocean, US official tells AP |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-ship-drone-attack-symi-39929cae42a191b2f242896a053123a7 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref>

In December, the US military was reportedly looking to build a maritime task force to protect trade against Iranian harassment.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jake |last=Epstein |date=14 December 2023 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/exploding-iranian-drones-cause-chaos-us-navy-warships-are-ready-2023-12 |title=Exploding Iranian drones cause chaos, no match for US Navy warships |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

On 23 December, a suspected Iranian drone [[2023 attack on the Chem Pluto|attacked the Israel-affiliated oil tanker MV Chem Pluto]] in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of [[Gujarat]]. The attack did not harm any of its 20 crew members but caused a fire that was put out. The vessel was reportedly carrying Saudi oil to [[Mangalore]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2023 |title=India drone strike: Cargo ship attacked off Gujarat coast |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67811929 |access-date=23 December 2023 }}</ref>

== Casualties ==
{{main |Casualties of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{see also |Killing of journalists in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:מבנה מגורים שרוף בקיבוץ בארי לאחר התקפת הפתע. צילום-יואב קרן.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of the [[Be'eri massacre|attack on Be'eri]]]]

<!-- Visit [[Template:2023 Israel–Hamas war casualties]] to make edits to this transcluded template -->
{{2023 Israel–Hamas war casualties}}

Monitoring group [[Action on Armed Violence]] said that each Israeli airstrike caused an average of 10.1 civilian deaths and that the figure suggested a notable change in Israel's targeting approach. The previous Israeli campaigns in Gaza produced the averages of 1.3–1.7, while in the sieges of [[Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)|Mosul]], [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)|Aleppo]] the ratio exceeded 20 civilian casualties per airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/10/civilian-death-rate-in-israeli-airstrikes-higher-than-in-past-conflicts-study-finds |title=Civilian death rate in Israeli airstrikes higher than in past conflicts, study finds |first1=Dan |last1=Sabbagh |date=10 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=As Gaza death toll soars, secrecy shrouds Israel's targeting process |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/05/israel-strike-targets-gaza-civilians-hamas/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Numbers of civilian deaths per airstrike in 2023 Gaza far higher than previous Israeli bombings, but half that of Russian/Syrian attacks in Mosul and Aleppo. Under-reporting of the dead or less lethal tactics? |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/numbers-civilian-deaths-airstrike-2023-gaza-far-higher-previous-israeli-bombings-half-russiansyrian-attacks-mosul-and-aleppo-under-reporting-dead-or-less-lethal-tactics |website=ReliefWeb |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> Israel uses an [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] system known as ''Gospel'' for its targeting process and experts are sceptical that such a system reduces civilian harm.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets |title='The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza |first1=Harry |last1=Davies |first2=Bethan |last2=McKernan |first3=Dan |last3=Sabbagh |date=1 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |title='A mass assassination factory': Inside Israel's calculated bombing of Gaza |first=Ben |last=Reiff |date=30 November 2023 |website=+972 Magazine}}</ref>

The rate of killing exceeds that of US-led attacks in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan, which were widely criticized by rights groups.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/25/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-death-toll.html |title=Gaza Civilians, Under Israeli Barrage, Are Being Killed at Historic Pace |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 November 2023 |last1=Leatherby |first1=Lauren}}</ref> Israel's war on Gaza has been the deadliest conflict for children this century<ref name="ITV1110">{{Cite news |title='A lot of dreams are being lost': 5,000 Gazan children feared killed since conflict began |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2023-11-10/dreams-are-being-lost-the-gazan-children-left-dead-by-the-israel-hamas-war |work=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |date=12 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124194407/https://www.itv.com/news/2023-11-10/dreams-are-being-lost-the-gazan-children-left-dead-by-the-israel-hamas-war |url-status=live}}</ref>

Multiple generations of families have been killed in Israeli attacks. As of October 31, [[Amnesty International]] has documented five cases of entire families being killed in Israeli airstrikes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza |website=[[Amnesty International]] |date=20 October 2023 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> The Associated Press reported that the killing of entire families in single airstrikes by Israel has "raised troubling questions about Israeli military tactics."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kullab |first1=Samya |last2=Jobain |first2=Najib |title=Their families wiped out, grieving Palestinians in Gaza ask why |work=[[AP News]] |date=16 November 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-airstrikes-gaza-hamas-war-689624bc9069c10b5fa154a762f6da6f |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> As of 15 October, 47 families had been completely wiped away from the population registry, according to the Palestinian Ministry of Health.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |title=Israeli Airstrikes Have 'Wiped Out Entire Families' |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=31 October 2023 |url=https://time.com/6330210/israel-hamas-gaza-families-amnesty-international/ |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that how Palestinian families would have multiple generations living in a single multistory building has had the effect of those families being nearly completely wiped out by airstrikes. As of 23 November, according to Gazan health officials, 312 families had suffered the loss of more than 10 members. This had also led to children being left without any surviving family, with the acronym "WCNSF" for "wounded child, no surviving family" being increasingly used.<ref>{{cite news |title=How the loss of entire families is ravaging the social fabric of Gaza |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c09cc412-ae5c-423e-8e1d-b888d9f65598 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

== Humanitarian situation ==<!--Inviting users to move specific humanitarian-related info here from other sections to make them more readable-->
{{main|2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis}}
{{See also|2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|International aid to Palestinians}}[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 13.jpg|thumb|Residents inspect the ruins of an apartment in Gaza destroyed by Israeli airstrikes|alt=People stand amid the rubble of a building and looking at the ground. A man is carrying a large flower-patterned object.]]

The humanitarian situation in Gaza has been termed a "crisis" and a "catastrophe".<ref name="spiraling humanitarian crisis">{{cite web |last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="humanitarian catastrophe">{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |title=Gaza doctors warn of a humanitarian catastrophe after Israeli attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/supplies-exhausted-doctors-exhausted-in-gaza-catastrophe-looms-large |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> As a result of the [[October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|Israel's siege]] and [[Hamas|Hamas's]] hoarding of resources, Gaza faces shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and medical supplies.<ref name="spiraling humanitarian crisis"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gottbrath |first1=Laurin-Whitney |title=Gaza "fast becoming hell hole" on "brink of collapse" amid Israel strikes: UN |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/14/gaza-humanitarian-crisis-hamas-israel-war-death-toll |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref> The siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mellen |first1=Ruby |last2=Chen |first2=Szu Yu |title=See how Israel's siege has plunged Gaza into darkness and isolation |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=26 October 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/26/gaza-israel-siege-blackout-isolation/ |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> According to WHO, 27 out of 35 hospitals in Gaza have been shut down by 23 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza has become a moonscape in war. When the battles stop, many fear it will remain uninhabitable |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/11/23/gaza-battles-unihabitable-israel-00128573 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=23 November 2023|language=en}}</ref> On 13 October, [[UNRWA]] commissioner [[Philippe Lazzarini]] said, "The scale and speed of the unfolding humanitarian crisis is bone-chilling".<ref name="Residents flee Gaza City">{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=John |last2=Mehul |first2=Srivastava |date=13 October 2023 |title=Residents flee Gaza City as Israel tells 1.1mn to leave |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa?shareType=nongift# |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Healthcare collapse ===
{{main|Timeline of the 2023 Gaza Strip healthcare collapse}}
{{see also|Attacks on health facilities during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|Al-Shifa Hospital siege}}
{{External media|video1=[https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/08/american-nurse-gaza-emily-cali-callahan-intv-ac360-vpx.cnn Emily "Cali" Callahan, an American nurse who worked in Gaza for Doctors Without Borders until early November, describes the humanitarian situation in Gaza to CNN's Anderson Cooper]<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2023 |title=Gaza: Krankenschwester aus den USA berichtet von »massiven Verbrennungen« bei Kindern |language=de |trans-title=Gaza: Nurse from the USA reports "massive burns" among children |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/gaza-us-krankenschwester-berichtet-von-massiven-verbrennungen-bei-kindern-a-23c08e6d-4a19-4bf5-a67b-f1f7c37b5eff |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why an American nurse who got out of Gaza says she would go back |date=8 November 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/08/american-nurse-gaza-emily-cali-callahan-intv-ac360-vpx.cnn |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}

Hospitals faced a lack of fuel and relied on [[backup generator]]s for the first two weeks of the war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Browne |first1=Grace |title='The whole health system is collapsing around us.' Doctors say Gaza is on the brink |url=https://wired.me/science/gaza-health-system-collapse-israel-hamas/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> By 23 October, however, the Indonesia Hospital ran out of fuel and completely shut down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza hospital generators to run out of fuel in 48 hours: Health Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> Hospitals around Gaza also warned they would soon lose power completely, which would lead to the death of 140 [[Premature babies during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|premature babies]] in [[Neonatal intensive care unit|NICUs]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |last3=Kullab |first3=Samya |title=Dwindling fuel supplies for Gaza's hospital generators put premature babies in incubators at risk |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> The Gaza Health Ministry said that more than 192 medical staffers had been killed by Israeli airstrikes, as well as ambulances, health institutions, its headquarters, the Rimal Clinic, and the International Eye Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel: Flash Update #35 |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] said it had counted 18 ambulances destroyed and eight medical facilities destroyed or damaged.<ref name="ajmedic">{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> On 24 October, a Health Ministry spokesman announced the healthcare system had "totally collapsed".<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare system in Gaza has 'totally collapsed' |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |work=The Peninsula Qatar |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>

On 16 October, doctors warned of disease outbreaks due to hospital overcrowding and unburied bodies.<ref name="humanitarian catastrophe"/> The World Health Organization stated the situation was "spiralling out of control".<ref name="aj-hosp">{{cite news |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Biden in Israel, anger over Gaza hospital attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-after-israeli-strike-kills-500-in-hospital |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Palestinian Red Crescent]] reported that it had lost contact with its headquarters on 27 October, disrupting Gazans' ability to contact emergency services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Bergman |first2=Ronen |last3=Yazbek |first3=Hiba |title=Israel Says It Is Expanding Operations as It Steps Up Gaza Bombardment |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 October 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/27/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news/f592bb4a-f66c-52f9-ae12-888473879b76?smid=url-share |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027192102/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/27/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news/f592bb4a-f66c-52f9-ae12-888473879b76?smid=url-share |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 November, Reuters reported that Israel was coordinating the transfer of medical incubators to [[Al-Shifa Hospital|Al Shifa hospital]] in order to assist in the evacuation of newborn babies.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |date=14 November 2023 |title=Israeli forces outside main Gaza hospital, offer to send in incubators |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-says-gaza-hospitals-must-be-protected-2023-11-14/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |quote=The Israeli military said it was coordinating the transfer of incubators into Gaza, in a possible measure to enable the evacuation of newborn babies from the hospital.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel-Hamas war: Fighting continues around hospitals as IDF pledges incubators for sick babies |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-fighting-continues-around-hospitals-as-idf-pledges-incubators-for-sick-babies-13008057 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref> The director of Al-Shifa stated Israel's claim to provide [[Incubator (neonatal)|incubators]] to premature babies was false.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's claims of providing incubators 'false', says al-Shifa director |url=https://aje.io/2jzuwp?update=2494252 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118163021/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/17/israel-hamas-war-live-thousands-in-danger-of-death-amid-hospital-siege?update=2494252 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Gazan malnourishment ===
According to the [[World Food Program]], as of 9 December more than half of the population of Gaza was "starving" and more than nine in ten were not eating everyday and 48% suffering from "extreme hunger".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Namita |title=UN says half of Gaza's population is now starving |work=[[The Independent]] |date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Pietromarchi |first2=Virginia |last3=Quillen |first3=Stephen |title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Fierce battles rage in southern and northern Gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref> One of the few bakeries that had still been standing in the Gaza Strip was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike in [[Deir al-Balah]] overnight, and Gazans were reported to be searching through the rubble of bombed bakeries attempting to find bags of flour.<ref name=cnn_hunger>{{cite news |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |title='It's chaos': Starving Gazans dig for food, supplies under the rubble |work=[[CNN]] |date=5 December 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/gaza-bakery-hunger-israel-hamas-war-intl/index.html |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref> The United Nations has warned that a collapse of social order could result from the intense hunger among Palestinians.<ref name=cnn_hunger /> The Associated Press reported that rare instances of public dissent against Hamas were taking place, with reports of angry chants against Hamas by hundreds of people taking refuge in a UN shelter.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Fights in bread lines, despair in shelters: War threatens to unravel Gaza's close-knit society |language=en |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-palestinians-gaza-water-food-f225bf0723bb5b3ae1961ba6cdef1917 |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

Palestinian Foreign Minister [[Riyad al-Maliki]], who is part of the [[Palestinian Authority]], said Israel was using starvation as a weapon, saying "they are starving because of Israel's deliberate use of starvation as a weapon of war against the people it occupied." An Israeli official responded that the charge was "blood-libellous" and "delusional".<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinian minister accuses Israel of starving Gazans; Israel says charge 'obscene' |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 December 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Responses to crisis ===
On 20 October, [[Doctors Without Borders]] stated it was "deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right now".<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Doctors w/o Borders |user=MSF_USA |number=1715416018594529450 |date=20 October 2023 |title=You need that fuel to run generators for life saving medical equipment.' There is a lack of painkillers. Access to supplies means life or death at this point. We're deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right now. |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> On 21 October, a joint statement by [[UNICEF]], [[WHO]], [[UNDP]], [[UNFPA]], and [[WFP]] stated, "the world must do more" for Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |title='The world must do more' for Gaza, 5 UN agencies say |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142652 |work=[[UN News]] |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> On 26 October, the World Organization stated Gaza's humanitarian and health crisis had "reached catastrophic proportions".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=WHOEMRO |number=1717555357864677477 |date=26 October 2023 |title='The humanitarian and health crisis in Gaza has reached catastrophic proportions. It is our moral duty, an imperative that transcends political boundaries, to demand unobstructed access for delivering life-saving aid.' – Dr Ahmed Al-Mandhari, @WHOEMRO Regional Director |author=WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> On 28 October, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|Red Cross]] president [[Mirjana Spoljaric Egger]] stated she was "shocked by the intolerable level of human suffering".<ref>{{cite news |title=Red Cross president says 'shocked by the intolerable level of human suffering' |url=https://aje.io/nw7juv?update=2445050 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref> During the course of the first month of the war, the Gaza Ministry of Health recorded more than 4,000 children killed in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |title=Gaza death toll tops 10,000; UN calls it a children's graveyard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> UN General Secretary António Guterres said on 6 November that Gaza is "fast becoming a graveyard for children". Israeli UN Ambassador [[Gilad Erdan]] responded directly to Guterres, stating "Shame on [Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9-month-old baby as well as toddlers and children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate this terrorist organization."<ref>{{cite news |title=UN chief: Gaza has become 'graveyard for kids'; Israeli envoy calls for him to resign |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-chief-gaza-has-become-graveyard-for-kids-israeli-envoy-urges-his-resignation/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN chief says Gaza becoming a 'graveyard for children' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-says-gaza-becoming-graveyard-children-2023-11-06/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> On 8 November, UN Human Rights chief [[Volker Turk]] described the [[Rafah Crossing]] as "gates to a living nightmare".<ref>{{cite news |title='We have fallen off a precipice', UN human rights chief says |url=https://aje.io/d5kugr?update=2472540 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> On 10 November, spokesman for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Jens Laerke stated, "if there is a hell on earth, it is the north of Gaza."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tens of thousands flee on foot as UN says north of Gaza is 'hell on earth' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/israel-says-more-than-100000-palestinians-have-moved-from-the-north-to-the-south-of-gaza-in-the-last-two-days |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>

Retired Israeli major general [[Giora Eiland]] compared Israel's situation to that of the United States after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941.<ref name="Eiland 2023-10-10"/> He argued that if Israel wanted to disarm Hamas, it had "no choice" but to make Gaza a place "that is temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalidi |first1=Rashid |title=The U.S. Should Think Twice About Israel's Plans for Gaza |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/opinion/israel-united-states-gaza.html |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Eiland 2023-10-10">{{Cite news |last=איילנד |first=גיורא |date=10 October 2023 |title=זו לא נקמה. זה או אנחנו או הם |language=he |work=[[Ynet]] |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/yedioth/article/yokra13625377 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref> This, he stated, was not a "program for revenge", but a way to get the hostages back.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitman |first=Ariel |date=10 August 2023 |title=Giora Eiland outlines plan to get hostages back alive |language=en |work=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-giora-eiland-outlines-plan-to-get-hostages-back-alive-1001459631 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

On 18 October, the United States UN representative [[Linda Thomas-Greenfield]] vetoed a UN Security Council resolution urging humanitarian aid to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lederer |first1=Edith |title=US vetoes UN resolution condemning Hamas' attacks on Israel and all violence against civilians |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-security-council-resolution-gaza-hamas-1c23913f8552f5379b2c158a83493835 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> On 27 October, the UN General Assembly voted overwhelmingly for a resolution on immediate humanitarian truce in Gaza and aid access.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/27/israel-hamas-war-live-us-strikes-iran-linked-targets-in-syria-eu-calls-for-humanitarian-pauses-in-gaza |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Gaza phone and internet cut off as Israel intensifies attacks |first1=Adam |last1=Fulton |first2=Léonie |last2=Chao-Fong |first3=Ashifa |last3=Kassam |first4=Helen |last4=Sullivan |first5=Adam |last5=Fulton |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027052142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/27/israel-hamas-war-live-us-strikes-iran-linked-targets-in-syria-eu-calls-for-humanitarian-pauses-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> The resolution attracted 121 votes in favor and 44 abstentions; 14 countries voted against, namely Israel, the United States, [[Austria]], [[Croatia]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Fiji]], [[Guatemala]], [[Hungary]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[Papua New Guinea]], Paraguay and [[Tonga]].<ref name="UNGA urges humanitarian truce in Gaza">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/unga-calls-for-humanitarian-truce-in-israel-hamas-war-how-countries-voted |title=UNGA urges humanitarian truce in Gaza: How did your country vote? |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028001329/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/unga-calls-for-humanitarian-truce-in-israel-hamas-war-how-countries-voted |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN overwhelmingly calls for aid truce between Israel and Hamas |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-overwhelmingly-calls-aid-truce-between-israel-hamas-2023-10-27/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=28 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028145904/https://www.reuters.com/world/un-overwhelmingly-calls-aid-truce-between-israel-hamas-2023-10-27/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 November, Israel agreed to daily four-hour "humanitarian pauses" to allow civilians to obtain food and medicine, as well as evacuate to the south.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Israel agrees to daily 4-hour humanitarian pauses in northern Gaza fighting |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-gaza-daily-4-hour-humanitarian-pauses-civilians/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Evacuees described the evacuation path as full of death and horror.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abu Riash |first1=Abdelhakim |title=In Pictures: 'Saw death in every colour': Palestinians fleeing north Gaza recount horror |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/19/saw-death-in-every-colour-palestinians-fleeing-north-gaza-recount-horror |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mousa |first1=Aseel |title='Soldiers started shooting at my feet': Palestinians describe fleeing northern Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/26/palestinians-describe-fleeing-northern-gaza |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> [[Jan Egeland]], the Secretary General of the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]], said on 5 December that "The pulverising of Gaza now ranks amongst the worst assaults on any civilian population in our time and age. Each day we see more dead children and new depths of suffering for the innocent people enduring this hell".<ref>{{cite web |title=Civilian deaths in Gaza are a stain on Israel and its allies |website=[[Norwegian Refugee Council]] |url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2024/december/gaza-statement-december/ |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

On 12 December, the UN General Assembly once again voted overwhelmingly for a resolution on immediate humanitarian truce in Gaza and aid access. The resolution attracted 153 votes in favor and 23 abstentions; 10 countries voted against, namely Israel, the United States, Austria, the Czech Republic, Guatemala, Liberia, Micronesia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea and Paraguay.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/12/un-general-assembly-votes-overwhelmingly-in-favour-of-gaza-ceasefire |title=UN General Assembly votes overwhelmingly in favour of Gaza ceasefire |date=12 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>{{efn|At the same time the vote was being held at the [[United Nations headquarters]] in New York, Israeli airstrikes killed dozens of Palestinians in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |last1=El Atti |first1=Basma |last2=Husseini |first2=Ibrahim |title=Israeli strikes kill dozens in Gaza amid UN vote |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-strikes-kill-dozens-gaza-amid-un-vote |website=The New Arab |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>}}

== War crimes ==
{{Main|War crimes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}{{See also|2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis}}

=== 7 October 2023 Hamas attack on Israel ===

==== Genocide accusation ====
{{Main article|Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel|2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}
Several experts in international law and genocide studies characterized Hamas' assault as [[genocide]].<ref name="Watch-2023">{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=19 October 2023 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WINER-2023">{{Cite news |last=WINER |first=STUART |date=15 October 2023 |title=Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz">{{Cite news |title=Deadly Hamas Rampage Constitutes 'International Crime of Genocide,' Hundreds of Legal Experts Say |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/hamas-deadly-rampage-constitutes-crime-of-genocide-hundreds-of-legal-experts-say/0000018b-37d1-d450-a3af-7fddda070000 |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Legal and genocide experts have condemned the attack, during which 1,200 civilians were killed, mutilated, and subjected to [[sexual violence]]. Israeli police said dozens of women and some men were raped. ''The New York Times'' reported that "videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers."<ref name='"gettleman">{{Cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Sella |first2=Adam |last3=Schwartz |first3=Anat |date=4 December 2023 |title=What We Know About Sexual Violence During the Oct. 7 Attacks on Israel |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/04/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-israel-hamas-sexual-violence.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en}}</ref> They argue that these actions by Hamas constitute a significant violation of international law and were carried out with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group.<ref name="Haaretz"/><ref name="WINER-2023"/><ref name="Watch-2023"/> Some commentators highlight [[1988 Hamas charter|Hamas' founding charter]], which calls for the destruction of Israel, includes [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] language, and, according to certain researchers, implies a call for the genocide of Jews. This has led to suggestions that the attacks on October 7 were an attempt to fulfill this agenda.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayefsky |first1=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Incitement to Terrorism |last2=Blank |first2=Laurie R. |date=22 March 2018 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |isbn=978-90-04-35982-6 |quote=The governing charter of Hamas, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement," openly dedicates Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Breedon |first=Jennifer R. |date=2015–2016 |title=Why the Combination of Universal Jurisdiction and Polical Lawfare Will Destroy the Sacred Sovereignty of States |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection= |journal=[[Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy]] |volume=2 |pages=389 |quote=The Hamas Charter not only calls for the militant, perhaps genocidal, liberation of Palestine (e.g., "raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine"), but also demonstrates antisemitic, murderous intent.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2014–2015 |title=Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection= |journal=[[Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=16 |pages=352 |quote=For Jews, the Holocaust remains a real concern in an age when Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization, continues to advocate genocide in its core Charter.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How the term "genocide" is misused in the Israel-Hamas war |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/11/10/how-the-term-genocide-is-misused-in-the-israel-hamas-war |access-date=7 December 2023 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==== Sexual and gender based violence ====
{{Main|Sexual violence in the 7 October attack on Israel}}

During the 7 October attacks by Hamas on Israeli communities, reports indicated that Israeli women and girls were raped, assaulted, and mutilated by Hamas militants.<ref name="Associated Press-2023">{{Cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Biden calls reports of Hamas raping Israeli hostages 'appalling,' says world can't look away |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-hamas-rape-israel-sexual-violence-155Jq5pu3245d4418M19YnRvau7Rc14hVB}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Shira |date=25 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war |language=en |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |archive-date=28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sexual Violence Evidence Against Hamas Is Mounting, but the Road to Court Is Still Long |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123215829/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 |archive-date=23 November 2023}}</ref> In the months following the attacks, the ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported on 21 December, there was "mounting evidence of sexual violence, based on survivor accounts, first responders and witnesses."<ref name="WSJ 12-21">{{Cite web |last1=Stancati |first1=Margherita |last2=Ayyoub |first2=Abeer |date=21 December 2023 |title=Gazans Are Starting to Blame Hamas for Wartime Suffering |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gazans-are-starting-to-blame-hamas-for-wartime-suffering-066256b0 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.md/rp63F |archive-date=21 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> These acts were denounced as gender-based violence, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, aligning with the International Criminal Court's recognition of sexual violence as such.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Women in War Under International Law |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/51505 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=en.idi.org.il |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lawless |first=Jill |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=5 November 2023 |title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-05/how-international-law-applies-to-war-and-why-hamas-and-israel-are-both-alleged-to-have-broken-it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128175241/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-05/how-international-law-applies-to-war-and-why-hamas-and-israel-are-both-alleged-to-have-broken-it |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2023">{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67629181 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Witnesses recounted scenes, including instances of rape, beheadings, and other brutalities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tapper |first=Jake |date=18 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates sexual violence committed by Hamas as part of October 7 horror |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/17/world/israel-investigates-sexual-violence-hamas/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126232432/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/17/world/israel-investigates-sexual-violence-hamas/index.html |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

Testimonies described the perpetrators using shovels,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sitria |first=Christina Lamb, Chief Foreign Correspondent |date=3 December 2023 |title=First Hamas fighters raped her. Then they shot her in the head |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ten-hamas-fighters-were-raping-the-woman-she-begged-for-death-6ldlmh8sp |access-date=3 December 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> beheading victims, and even playing with severed body parts.<ref name="BBC News-2023" /> The BBC reported that "Videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers."<ref name="williamsonBBC12dec23">{{Cite news |last=Williamson |first=Lucy |date=5 December 2023 |title=Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67629181 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> Forensic examinations revealed signs of sexual abuse, mutilations, broken limbs, and broken pelvises,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinsliff |first=Gaby |author-link=Gaby Hinsliff |date=1 December 2023 |title=Whatever your view of the Israel-Hamas war, rape is rape. To trivialise it is to diminish ourselves |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/01/israel-hamas-war-rape-israelis-palestinians |access-date=14 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Carrie |last=Keller-Lynn |date=9 November 2023 |title=Amid war and urgent need to ID bodies, evidence of Hamas's October 7 rapes slips away |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-war-and-urgent-need-to-id-bodies-evidence-of-hamass-october-7-rapes-slips-away/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111231211/https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-war-and-urgent-need-to-id-bodies-evidence-of-hamass-october-7-rapes-slips-away/ |archive-date=11 November 2023}}</ref> prompting scholars and legal experts to conduct investigations, amassing substantial evidence pointing to crimes against humanity and war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=2 December 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza war: activists decry silence over evidence of sexual violence in Hamas attacks |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3243641/israel-gaza-war-activists-decry-silence-over-evidence-sexual-violence-hamas-attacks |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Risch: Hamas Has Committed Atrocities and War Crimes Against Israel |url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/rep/release/risch-hamas-has-committed-atrocities-and-war-crimes-against-israel |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=4 December 2023 |title=Israel reveals disturbing testimonies of Hamas rape on October 7 at UN |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bjmykooba |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> Hamas was accused of employing rape as a weapon of war.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rape as a Weapon of War: Jewish Women Call on UN to Confront Hamas' Sexual Violence |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-05/ty-article/.premium/israeli-and-jewish-women-implore-a-reticent-un-to-confront-hamas-sexual-violence/0000018c-369b-dc03-a9ec-3efbfcb90000 |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Hamas accused of using rape as weapon of war in Israel in October 7 attack |work=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |url=https://abc7chicago.com/hamas-rape-accounts-sexual-assaults-israel-october-7-videos/14142200/}}</ref> Some of the released hostages also shared testimonies of sexual violence during their time in Gaza.<ref name="Associated Press-2023" /> Israel accused international women's rights and human rights groups of downplaying the assaults.<ref name="AP---New Signs">{{cite news |last1=Mednick |first1=Sam |title=New signs emerge of 'widespread' sexual crimes by Hamas, as Netanyahu alleges global indifference |url=https://apnews.com/article/sexual-assault-hamas-oct-7-attack-rape-bb06b950bb6794affb8d468cd283bc51 |work=[[AP News]] |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Hamas denied that it committed any sexual assaults, and has called for an impartial international investigation into the accusations.<ref name="reuters_rapeaccusations">{{cite news |last=Lubell |first=Mayan |title=Israeli accounts of sexual violence by Hamas rise but justice is remote |work=[[Reuters]] |date=5 December 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/accounts-sexual-violence-hamas-attack-mount-justice-is-remote-israels-victims-2023-12-05/ |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> Hamas condemned “the coordination of some Western media outlets with the Zionist misleading campaigns that promote unfounded lies and allegations aimed at demonizing the Palestinian resistance."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fossum |first1=Jack |last2=Fossum |first2=Sam |date=10 December 2023 |title=Blinken calls sexual violence inflicted by Hamas 'beyond anything I've seen' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/10/politics/cnn-tv-antony-blinken-hamas-sexual-violence/index.html |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Following Hamas attack ===
Both Hamas and the IDF have been accused of attempted or imminent genocide, and several other war crimes, based on their actions in this war.<ref name="Watch-2023"/>

The International Criminal Court issued a statement on 10 October confirming that its [[International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine|mandate to investigate alleged war crimes committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine]] extends to the current conflict.<ref name="UNHRC-1210">{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> ICC prosecutor [[Karim Ahmad Khan]] visited the Rafah crossing and said "the ICC is independently looking at the situation in Palestine," including "events in Israel and allegations that Palestinian nationals have also committed crime." The [[UN Human Rights Council]] said it had "clear evidence" of war crimes by both sides.<ref name="UNHRC-1210"/> The [[Permanent United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Israel Palestine conflict]] said there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable".<ref name="UN11">{{Cite news |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |date=10 October 2023 |title=UN rights chief condemns Israeli 'siege' of Gaza, militants' taking of hostages |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israeli-air-strikes-hit-residences-schools-across-gaza-un-rights-chief-2023-10-10/ |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="ohchr">{{cite press release |title=Commission of Inquiry collecting evidence of war crimes committed by all sides in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories since 7 October 2023 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/commission-inquiry-collecting-evidence-war-crimes-committed-all-sides-israel |work=[[UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9 |title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it |date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

In a 12 October preliminary legal assessment condemning Hamas's attacks in Israel, international humanitarian law scholar and Dean of [[Cornell Law School]] [[Jens David Ohlin]] said the evidence suggested Hamas's "killings and kidnappings" potentially violated Articles 6–8 of the [[Rome Statute]] as well as the [[Genocide Convention]] and were "crimes against humanity"; over a hundred international scholars expressed support for this position.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winer |first1=Stuart |title=Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-actions-are-war-crimes-could-constitute-genocide-international-law-experts/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name="OJ-Ohlin">{{Cite news |last=Ohlin |first=Jens David |title=International Criminal Law Analysis of the Situation in Israel |url=https://opiniojuris.org/2023/10/12/international-criminal-law-analysis-of-the-situation-in-israel/ |date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Opinio Juris (blog)|Opinio Juris]] |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>

==== Genocide accusation ====
On 15 October, [[Third World approaches to international law|TWAILR]] published a statement signed by over 800 legal scholars expressing "alarm about the [[Palestinian genocide accusation|possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces]] against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza |url=https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |date=17 October 2023 |work=Third World Approaches to International Law Review}}</ref> This was then supported by several experts in international law and genocide studies writing in an article from genocidewatch on 17 October.<ref name="Watch-2023"/>

==== Siege of Gaza ====
{{See also|Siege of Gaza City|Urban warfare}}
Israel, in the first 10 days of the war imposed a "complete siege" on Gaza, due to serious security concerns that weapons, fuel and armaments will be transferred to Hamas in the guise of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TOI STAFF |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel denies humanitarian aid wasn't checked for weapons before entering Gaza |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-denies-humanitarian-aid-not-checked-for-weapons-before-entering-gaza/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Baruch |first1=Pnina Sharvit |last2=Caner |first2=Tammy |date=26 October 2023 |title=What are Israel's humanitarian obligations toward the civilians in Gaza? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/israel-duties/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The Institute for National Security Studies}}</ref> Israel later allowed the delivery of limited humanitarian aid following security checks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Live Updates: Current US assessment is Israel 'not responsible' for Gaza hospital blast, White House says |url=https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> Israel's restriction of the flow of food, fuel, water and other humanitarian aid was criticized as a war crime by human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Human Rights Watch: Gaza siege is a 'clear-cut war crime' |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=15 October 2023 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/video/video/2023/10/15/human-rights-watch-gaza-siege-is-a-clear-cut-war-crime/ |ref={{sfnref|The Irish Times|2023}} |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> [[Tom Dannenbaum]], co-director of the Center for International Law & Governance at the [[Fletcher School at Tufts University]], wrote that the order "commands the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, which is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime."<ref name="starvationwarcrime">{{cite web |last=Dannenbaum |first=Tom |title=The Siege of Gaza and the Starvation War Crime |work=Just Security |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/89403/the-siege-of-gaza-and-the-starvation-war-crime/ |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> [[Oxfam]] issued a statement that accused Israel of using starvation as a weapon of war, saying "International Humanitarian Law (IHL) strictly prohibits the use of starvation as a method of warfare and as the occupying power in Gaza, Israel is bound by IHL obligations to provide for the needs and protection of the population of Gaza".<ref>{{cite news |title=Starvation used as a 'weapon of war' in Gaza amid Israeli siege: Oxfam |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=25 October 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/25/starvation-used-as-a-weapon-of-war-on-civilians-in-gaza-oxfam |ref={{sfnref |Al Jazeera |2023}} |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> Geoffrey S. Corn, Chair of Criminal Law and Director of the Center for Military Law and Policy at [[Texas Tech University School of Law]], and Sean Watts, professor in the Department of Law at the [[United States Military Academy at West Point]], write that sieges are subject to the same laws of war as other military tactics, and balancing sieges with efforts to mitigate the effects on civilians may be legally permissible.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corn |first1=Geoff |last2=Watts |first2=Sean |title=Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – Siege Law and Military Necessity |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/siege-law-military-necessity/ |website=Articles of War |access-date=7 November 2023 |date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Amnesty International called for an urgent investigation into Israel's [[Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|mass detentions]] and the [[enforced disappearance]] of Palestinians in Gaza, noting that the disappearances and treatment of captives could amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity.<ref name=":0" />

==== UN condemnation ====
[[United Nations special rapporteur|Independent United Nations experts]]{{efn|[[Francesca Albanese]], [[Pedro Arrojo-Agudo]], {{interlanguage link|Balakrishnan Rajagopal|de}}, Aua Baldé, Gabriella Citroni, [[Angkhana Neelaphaijit|Angkhana Neelapaijit]], Grażyna Baranowska, Ana Lorena Delgadillo Pérez, {{interlanguage link|Reem Alsalem|de}}, [[Mama Fatima Singhateh]], {{interlanguage link|Morris Tidball-Binz|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Ian Fry|de}}, [[Javaid Rehman]], {{interlanguage link|Siobhán Mullally|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Ashwini K. P.|de}}, Tomoya Obokata, {{interlanguage link|Fernand de Varennes|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Michael Fakhri|de}}, [[Irene Khan]], [[Mary Lawlor (human rights advocate)|Mary Lawlor]], {{interlanguage link|Dorothy Estrada-Tanck|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Ivana Radačić|hr}}, [[Elizabeth Broderick]], Meskerem Geset Techane, [[Melissa Upreti]], [[Farida Shaheed]], {{interlanguage link|Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker|de}}, [[Clément Nyaletsossi Voule]], [[Attiya Waris]], [[Vitit Muntarbhorn]], {{interlanguage link|Barbara G. Reynolds|de}}, [[Bina D'Costa]], Catherine S. Namakula, Dominique Day, Miriam Ekiudoko, Isha Dyfan, {{interlanguage link|Alexandra Xanthaki|de}}, [[José Francisco Calí Tzay]], {{interlanguage link|Richard Bennett (Menschenrechtsexperte)|lt=Richard Bennett|de}}, Obiora C. Okafor, [[David Richard Boyd]], Livingstone Sewanyana, [[Alice Jill Edwards]], {{interlanguage link|Muluka Miti-Drummond|lt=Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond|de}}, Ravindran Daniel, Sorcha MacLeod, Chris Kwaja, Carlos Salazar Couto, and {{interlanguage link|Surya Deva|de}}.<ref name="UNexpertsOct12"/>}} condemned the Israel Defense Forces' actions in Gaza, saying Israel had resorted to "indiscriminate military attacks" and "collective punishment".<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Israeli authorities said that the airstrikes are intended to degrade the military infrastructure that is frequently constructed in close proximity to residential areas and civilian establishments.<ref name="nytimes20231025">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-airstrikes.html |title=Israel's Strikes on Gaza Are Some of the Most Intense This Century |date=25 October 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> They also denounced the "deliberate and widespread killing and hostage-taking of innocent civilians" by Hamas, calling them "heinous violations of international law and international crimes".<ref name="UNexpertsOct12">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-experts-statement-gaza-israel-12oct2023/ |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> Israel's [[Evacuation of northern Gaza|forced evacuation of northern Gaza]] also drew international condemnation. On 13 October, Paula Gaviria Betancur, UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of [[internally displaced person]]s, called it a "crime against humanity".<ref name="ohchr-rescind"/> On 14 October, [[Francesca Albanese]], the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories]], characterized it as a "repeat of the 1948 [[Nakba]]", noting Israeli public officials' open advocacy for another Nakba.<ref name="Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights-2013">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> On 16 November, UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and called on the international community to prevent this unfolding genocide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against |title=Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 November 2023 |website=[[OHCHR]] |publisher= |access-date=18 December 2023 |quote=}}</ref> The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] expressed concern regarding reports of "mass detentions, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances of possibly thousands of Palestinians" in the north of Gaza.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=UN Human Rights Office – OPT: Disturbing reports from the north of Gaza of mass detentions, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances of possibly thousands of Palestinians - occupied Palestinian territory {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-disturbing-reports-north-gaza-mass-detentions-ill-treatment-and-enforced-disappearances-possibly-thousands-palestinians |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Destruction of cultural heritage ====
Over 100 landmarks have been destroyed or damaged by Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip according to a report by Heritage for Peace group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip – Palestine |url=https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf |website=Heritage for Peace |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]], which was agreed to by both Palestinians and Israelis, protects sites of [[cultural heritage]].<ref name="Veltman-2023" />

The [[Great Mosque of Gaza]] was left with only the minaret standing<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/outrage-after-israel-destroys-gazas-largest-oldest-mosque |title=Outrage after Israel destroys Gaza's largest, oldest mosque |first=The New Arab |last=Staff |date=8 December 2023 |website=newarab.com/}}</ref> while sites that have been damaged include [[Rafah Museum]], [[Al Qarara Cultural Museum]], and [[Rashad Shawa Cultural Center]]. The [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]] was damaged in an [[Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike|airstrike]]. The destruction of Gaza City's public library and central archives have been compared to the 1992 attacks on the [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osman |first=Nadda |date=7 December 2023 |title=Israel-Palestine war: Israeli forces destroy central archive of Gaza city |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-israeli-forces-destroy-central-archive-gaza-city |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Veltman-2023">{{Cite news |last=Veltman |first=Chloe |date=3 December 2023 |title=More than 100 Gaza heritage sites have been damaged or destroyed by Israeli attacks |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2023 |title=Israeli Airstrikes Destroys Ancient Mosque in Gaza City |work=[[Palestine Chronicle]] |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/israeli-airstrikes-destroys-ancient-mosque-in-gaza-city/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Israel/OPT: 'Nowhere safe in Gaza': Unlawful Israeli strikes illustrate callous disregard for Palestinian lives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-unlawful-israeli-strikes-illustrate-callous-disregard-for-palestinian-lives/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 December, [[The New York Times]] reported that Israeli forces had damaged or destroyed at least six cemeteries in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 December 2023|title=Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html|author-last=Koettl|author-first=Christoph|access-date=2 November 2023|work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Forensic Architecture]] reported on 19 December that Israel had destroyed one of Gaza's most important archaeological sites, located near al-Shati refugee camp.<ref>{{cite news |title=Important Gaza archaeological site mostly destroyed: Research group |url=https://aje.io/unfg1h?update=2567393 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>

==== Summary Executions ====
Between 20:00 and 23:00 on 19 December 2023, the IDF reportedly surrounded and raided the Al-Adwa building in the Rimal neighborhood of Gaza City, where three related families were sheltering in addition to the Annan family. According to witness accounts circulated by media sources and Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor, after securing the premises, IDF allegedly separated the men from the women and children, then shot and killed at least 11 of the men in front of their family members. The OHCHR confirmed the killings, though the details and circumstances are subject to further investigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN calls for probe as Israeli army accused of killing unarmed Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/21/idf-executed-palestinian-men-in-front-of-their-families-un-confirms |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/OHCHR_Palestine/status/1737543509719011784}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2023/12/21/headlines/un_says_israeli_troops_summarily_executed_palestinians_in_gaza_city |title= U.N. Says Israeli Troops Summarily Executed Palestinians in Gaza City |work=[[Democracy Now]] |date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

== Negotiations and diplomacy ==
{{main |Diplomatic impact of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

=== Ceasefire ===
{{main|2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire}}
[[File:Toronto rally for Palestine - Ceasefire Now! - 20231028 193315.webm|upright|thumb|"Ceasefire now" demand at a rally in [[Toronto]], Canada]]On 24 October, UN Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] called for a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=UN chief urges ceasefire to end Gaza's 'godawful nightmare' |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231021-un-chief-urges-ceasefire-to-end-gaza-s-godawful-nightmare |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=24 October 2023 |title=Cease-fire Calls Dominate Fiery U.N. Security Council Session |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/world/middleeast/un-security-council-guterres-israel.html |access-date=26 October 2023}} While condemning Hamas's "appalling" attacks, he emphasized that these actions could not "justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people" and acknowledged the historical grievances of Palestinians. Israeli officials criticized Guterres, with Israeli foreign minister Eli Cohen canceling a meeting and demanding Guterres's resignation.</ref> This was followed by a [[United Nations General Assembly]] vote for a [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|resolution]] calling for an immediate truce. It received 121 votes in favor and 44 abstentions; 14 countries voted no.<ref name="UNGA urges humanitarian truce in Gaza" /><ref name="thenationalnews-20231028">{{cite news |last=Naar |first=Ismaeel |date=28 October 2023 |title=Iraq blames 'technical fault' for Gaza ceasefire vote mix-up at UN General Assembly |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |location=Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/10/28/iraq-blames-technical-fault-for-gaza-ceasefire-vote-mix-up-at-un-general-assembly/ |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>

On 24 October, US President [[Joe Biden]] stated, "We should have those hostages released and then we can talk",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |title=As EU weighs ceasefire call, US rejects any such push, says it only benefits Hamas |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-eu-weighs-ceasefire-call-us-rejects-any-such-push-says-it-only-benefits-hamas/ |work=[[Times of Israel]] |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> and said that a ceasefire would allow Hamas to attack Israel again.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=16 November 2023 |title=Joe Biden issues strident defence of refusal to call for ceasefire in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/16/joe-biden-israel-hamas-war-ceasefire-defence-gaza-why-palestine |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> On 2 November 2023, Hamas chairman [[Ismail Haniyeh]] stated that if Israel agreed to a ceasefire and the opening of humanitarian corridors to bring more aid into Gaza, Hamas is "ready for political negotiations for a two-state solution with [[East Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] as the capital of Palestine."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pacchiani |first1=Gianluca |title=As IDF advances in Gaza, Hamas chief Haniyeh claims to seek 'political negotiations' |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-idf-advances-in-gaza-hamas-chief-haniyeh-claims-to-seek-political-negotiations/ |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>{{efn|[[East Jerusalem]] is considered Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory under international law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=The Illegality of the Israeli Occupation of the Palestinian West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza: What the International Court of Justice Will Have to Determine in its Advisory Opinion for the United Nations General Assembly |url=http://opiniojuris.org/2022/12/23/the-illegality-of-the-israeli-occupation-of-the-palestinian-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem-and-gaza-what-the-international-court-of-justice-will-have-to-determine-in-its-advisory-opinion-for-th/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Opinio Juris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/wb_thematic_9_0.pdf |title=East Jerusalem – OCHA |website=[[United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |date=December 2018}}</ref>}} This followed the 1 November statement by Hamas official Ghazi Hamad that Hamas would repeat the 7 October attack time and again until Israel is annihilated.<ref name="LBC_NEWS">{{Cite news |title=We will repeat the October 7 attack time and again until Israel is annihilated, says Hamas official Ghazi Hamad |language=en |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/hamas-october-7-attack-repeat-israel-annihilated-ghazi-hamad/ |work=[[LBC]] |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> On 3 November, Benjamin Netanyahu stated Israel would not agree to a ceasefire unless Hamas releases all hostages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu says Israel opposes temporary ceasefire unless all hostages are freed |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-03-23/h_fca09ba45ac58e234925ae089404f90a |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=3 November 2023}}</ref> On 6 November, both Israel and Hamas rejected calls for a ceasefire.<ref name="Al-Mughrabi">{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |title=Gaza death toll tops 10,000; UN calls it a children's graveyard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 15 November, Hamas official Izzat al-Risheq stated Israel was "stalling to continue its aggression and war against defenceless civilians."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel 'continues to evade, procrastinate' on truce: Hamas |url=https://aje.io/rpfpqc?update=2489693 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

By 13 December 2023, Israel and the United States were becoming increasingly isolated amid growing global calls for a ceasefire.<ref name="DI1">{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6358201/israel-us-isolation-gaza-hamas-war-end/|title=Israel and U.S. Face Growing Isolation as Deadly War in Gaza Continues With No End in Sight |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=12 December 2023 |accessdate=16 December 2023|quote=Israel and the United States were increasingly isolated as they faced global calls for a cease-fire in Gaza, including a non-binding vote expected to pass at the United Nations later on Tuesday. Israel has pressed ahead with an offensive against Gaza’s Hamas rulers that it says could go on for weeks or months.}}</ref><ref name="DI2">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-12-2023-b52ae70a89443728517f1d3d7508992c |title=Israel and US show sharp divisions over mounting casualties and future of war against Hamas |work=[[AP News]] |date=13 December 2023|accessdate=16 December 2023 |quote=Israel and the United States on Tuesday showed their sharpest public disagreement yet over the conduct and future of the war against Hamas as the two allies became increasingly isolated by global calls for a cease-fire.}}</ref><ref name="DI3">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/12/united-nations-general-assembly-vote-ceasefire-israel-gaza-war |title=US increasingly alone in Israel support as 153 countries vote for ceasefire at UN |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023|quote=The United States was looking increasingly isolated on the world stage on Tuesday after a resounding vote at the UN general assembly calling for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire in Gaza.}}</ref><ref name="DI4">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/u-s-and-israel-increasingly-isolated-amid-calls-for-a-cease-fire-200108613748 |title=U.S. and Israel increasingly isolated amid growing calls for a cease-fire |work=[[NBC News]] |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=As the Israeli military expands its military operations in Gaza, NBC News’ Hala Gorani reports on the Israel Defense Forces latest offensive against Hamas and how the U.S. and Israel are becoming increasingly isolated internationally amid growing calls for a cease-fire.}}</ref>

=== Hostage negotiations ===
{{main |2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners}}
On 9 October, Reuters reported that Qatar was mediating talks between Israel and Hamas to secure the release of female Israeli hostages in exchange for Israel releasing 36 Palestinian women and children.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Mills |first2=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |title=Qatar in talks with Hamas, Israel to swap hostages for prisoners |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-leads-talks-swap-hamas-held-hostages-palestinians-israeli-jails-2023-10-09/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israel publicly denied such negotiations were taking place.<ref name="reuters"/> An Egyptian official told the Associated Press that Israel sought Egyptian assistance to ensure the safety of hostages held by Palestinian militants, and that Egypt's intelligence chief contacted Hamas and Islamic Jihad to seek information.<ref name="ap4">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel battles Hamas militants as country's death toll from mass incursion reaches 600 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Egyptian officials were reportedly mediating the release of Palestinian women in Israeli prisons in exchange for Israeli women captured by Palestinian militants.<ref name="ap5"/> Egypt and Qatar are both trying to mediate talks; according to '' [[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Hamas's military wing mostly communicates to Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Summer |last1=Said |first2=Jared |last2=Malsin |title=Push to Free Israeli Hostages in Gaza Hindered by Mistrust, Anger, Confusion |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/mistrust-anger-and-confusion-hinder-talks-to-free-israeli-hostages-held-in-gaza-22ee5fcf |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', an early offer involved the release of "children, women and elderly and sick people" held hostage in exchange for a 5-day ceasefire, and Netanyahu "rejected the deal outright". More recent offers, after the 27 October ground offensive, involved the release of 10–15 hostages in exchange for a 1–3 day ceasefire. According to ''The Guardian'', Netanyahu, right-wing ministers, and "hawks in the military" took a hardline position on the talks, unlike the [[Mossad]], which leads the hostage negotiations.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Michaelson |first1=Ruth |last2=Borger |first2=Julian |last3=Sinmaz |first3=Emine |date=9 November 2023 |title=Netanyahu rejected ceasefire-for-hostages deal in Gaza, sources say |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/09/netanyahu-rejected-ceasefire-for-hostages-deal-in-gaza-sources-say |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

The [[Abducted and Missing Families Forum]], an Israeli group representing the families of those taken hostage in Gaza, said that they supported a blanket release of all Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the return of all Israeli hostages held in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-28/ty-article/.premium/hostages-families-tell-netanyahu-releasing-palestinian-prisoners-is-only-option/0000018b-77b0-d1da-a1bb-7fb80e600000 |title=Hostages' Families Tell Netanyahu Releasing Palestinian Prisoners Is Only Option |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=28 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029121712/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-28/ty-article/.premium/hostages-families-tell-netanyahu-releasing-palestinian-prisoners-is-only-option/0000018b-77b0-d1da-a1bb-7fb80e600000 |url-status=live}}</ref> The leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, Yahya Sinwar, said the group was prepared to release all Israeli hostages in return for the release of all Palestinian prisoners. The IDF spokesman dismissed the report as "psychological terror cynically used by Hamas to create pressure".<ref name="Ynetnews">{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Einav |last2=Eichner |first2=Itamar |last3=Turgeman |first3=Meir |title=Hamas chief: all Israeli hostages for all Palestinian prisoners |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=28 October 2023 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjv5rrqz6 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029222410/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjv5rrqz6 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United Nations Security Council ===
[[File:UN Resolution regarding the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.svg|thumb|A map that shows the countries and their respective voting in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|resolution ES-10/21]] calling for an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities.
{{Legend|#74C365|In favour}}
{{Legend|#AB4E52|Against}}
{{Legend|#FADA5E|Abstentions}}
{{Legend|#89CFF0|Absent}}
{{Legend|#C0C0C0|Non member}}]]
On 8 October, the [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC) held a closed-door meeting for 90 minutes on the conflict. The meeting concluded without a joint statement being agreed.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN Security Council meets on Gaza-Israel, but fails to agree on statement |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/un-security-council-meets-on-gaza-israel-but-fails-to-agree-on-statement |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> The Council passed a resolution calling for a humanitarian pause on 15 November.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lederer |first1=Edith |title=UN Security Council adopts resolution calling for urgent humanitarian pauses and corridors in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-un-security-council-humanitarian-gaza-7b6d3057f0f754160bd9dbd9d5a88a0a |work=[[AP News]] |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> Israel's ambassador to the UN called the resolution "disconnected from reality", and stated that "Israel will continue acting according to [international] law while the Hamas terrorists will not even read the resolution... let alone abide by it".<ref name="PoliticoUNSec"/> On 6 December, United Nations secretary-general [[Antonio Guterres]] invoked [[Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter#Article 99|Article 99]] of the [[Charter of the United Nations]] for the first time, which allows him to address matters that threaten "international peace and security" before the [[UN Security Council]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN chief rings alarm bell on global security threat from Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-rings-alarm-bell-global-security-threat-gaza-war-2023-12-06/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nazarro |first1=Miranda |title=UN chief Guterres invokes Article 99 of charter over Gaza crisis |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4345665-un-chief-guterres-article-99-gaza-crisis/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=6 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

Diplomats, concerned that Israel has no plan post war and looking to limit the humanitarian crisis as well as prevent any regional expansion of the war, are urging delay of a full-scale land invasion of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abboud |first1=Leila |last2=Foy |first2=Henry |last3=England |first3=Andrew |date=15 October 2023 |title=Western capitals urge restraint in private discussions with Israel |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ace598c3-868d-4a05-ba09-022eb89b7b1d |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Russia requested a UNSC vote on 15 October on a draft resolution calling for a humanitarian ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-asks-un-security-council-vote-monday-israel-gaza-2023-10-14/ |title=Russia asks UN Security Council to vote Monday on Israel, Gaza |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> The Russian draft was rejected while negotiations continued on a Brazilian draft resolution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-un-resolutions-russia-brazil-c601d6aefe9d853428a485c9b6011830 |first=Edith |last=Lederer |author-link=Edith Lederer |title=UN Security Council rejects Russia's resolution on Gaza that fails to mention Hamas |date=16 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

On 18 October, the United States [[List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions|vetoed a UNSC resolution]] that "condemned the Hamas attack on Israel, called for humanitarian pauses in all attacks to allow the delivery of lifesaving aid to civilians, and called for Israel to withdraw its directive for civilians to evacuate the northern part of the Gaza Strip". The UNSC resolution, sponsored by Brazil and supported by 12 of the 15 Council members, calling for "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to Gazan civilians. The UK and Russia abstained.<ref name="unorg1018">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Updating Live: Israel-Gaza crisis; US vetoes Security Council resolution |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142507 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=[[UN News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/18/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-update/#link-SDKVSXBVAFHHHKM3IJMMJKOTFM |title=U.S. says Israel 'not responsible' for hospital blast; Biden says Sisi will allow aid into Gaza |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Louis Charbonneau at [[Human Rights Watch]] said the US had again "cynically used their veto to prevent the UNSC from acting on Israel and Palestine at a time of unprecedented carnage". The US Ambassador to the UN, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, explained that the US wanted more time to let American on-the-ground diplomacy "play out", and criticized the text for failing to mention Israel's right to self-defense, in line with the [[UN Charter]] – a point echoed by UK Ambassador to the UN [[Barbara Woodward]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chao-Fong |first1=Léonie |last2=Belam |first2=Martin |last3=Sullivan |first3=Helen |date=18 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Netanyahu promises limited aid for Gaza via Egypt; US vetoes UN resolution on humanitarian pause to fighting |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/18/israel-hamas-war-live-news-gaza-hospital-west-bank-update-joe-biden-visit-protests-latest-updates |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=UNSC fails to adopt resolution on Israel-Palestine conflict after veto by U.S. |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/unsc-fails-to-adopt-resolution-on-israel-palestine-conflict-after-veto-by-us/article67435649.ece |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=US vetoes Security Council call for 'humanitarian pause' in Israel-Hamas war |language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/18/europe/us-veto-security-council-israel-gaza-war-intl/index.html |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Subsequently, on 25 October, China and Russia vetoed a US drafted resolution and a Russian drafted resolution was vetoed by the UK and US.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-security-council-vote-rival-us-russian-plans-israel-gaza-action-2023-10-25/ |title=Russia, China veto US push for UN action on Israel, Gaza |first=Michelle |last=Nichols |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

On 15 November, the UNSC passed a resolution focusing on the humanitarian situation, calling for the immediate release of all hostages held by Hamas and for urgent and extended humanitarian corridors throughout Gaza to save and protect civilian lives.<ref name=un-20231115>{{cite news |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143632 |title=Israel-Palestine crisis: Security Council calls for urgent, extended humanitarian pauses in Gaza |publisher=United Nations |work=UN News |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> [[Malta]] drafted the resolution; twelve members voted in favour, none against and three abstained. The United Kingdom and United States abstained, while they supported the emphasis on humanitarian relief, because it contained no explicit criticism of Hamas. Russia abstained because it did not call for an immediate ceasefire. The resolution followed four unsuccessful efforts the previous month, and a [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21|United Nations General Assembly Resolution]] calling for a cessation of hostilities on 27 October.<ref name=wp-20231116>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/16/un-security-council-gaza-resolution-vote/ |title=U.N. Security Council calls for humanitarian pauses in Israel-Gaza war |last=Ables |first=Kelsey |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=16 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=guardian-20231115>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/15/un-israel-humanitarian-pause-gaza-resolutiong |title=UN security council backs resolution calling for humanitarian pause in Gaza |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

World leaders, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and United Nations officials criticized the US for its veto on 8 December of a UNSC resolution calling for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire. The UK abstained while the remaining 13 members of the council voted in favor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/09/israel-gaza-war-live-us-criticised-for-veto-on-un-resolution-calling-for-ceasefire-with-hamas|title=Israel-Gaza war live: US criticised for veto on UN ceasefire resolution |first1=Vivian |last1=Ho |first2=Rebecca |last2=Ratcliffe |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 December 2023 |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-12-08-23/h_085bc3236d7fe201a6d10fd3057e1b5a |title=Palestinian officials condemn US veto of Gaza ceasefire draft resolution |first1=Heather |last1=Chen |first2=Sophie |last2=Tanno |first3=Adrienne |last3=Vogt |first4=Tori B. |last4=Powell |first5=Elise |last5=Hammond |date=8 December 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> In response to the US veto, Egypt invoked Resolution 377A, which allows the UN General Assembly to address an issue threatening global security neglected by the UNSC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freedman |first1=Rosa |title=Why UN Israel-Gaza vote will not overrule US veto |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/news/2023/Expert-Comment/Why-UN-Israel-Gaza-vote-will-not-overrule-US-veto-at-Security-Council |website=[[University of Reading]] |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Ambassador recalls ===
On the afternoon of [[October 31, 2023 Jabalia airstrike|Israel's 31 October airstrike]] on the Jabalia refugee camp, Bolivia [[Israel–Bolivia relations|severed all diplomatic ties with Israel]], followed by a series of ambassador recalls by Chile and [[Colombia]] hours later, Jordan on 1 November, Bahrain on 2 November, [[Honduras]] on 3 November, Turkey on 4 November, [[Chad]] on 5 November, South Africa on 6 November, and [[Belize]] on 14 November. Bolivia's [[María Nela Prada|minister of the presidency]] demanded an end to the attacks on the Gaza Strip, while [[Chilean President]] [[Gabriel Boric]] cited Israel's "collective punishment of the Palestinian civilian population" and Columbian President [[Gustavo Petro]] cited the "massacre of the Palestinian people".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |date=1 November 2023 |title=South American countries recall ambassadors and cut ties with Israel over war with Hamas |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime |url-access=limited |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Paola |last2=Politi |first2=Daniel |title=Bolivia severs diplomatic ties with Israel as Chile and Colombia recall their ambassadors |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-israel-104524467 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> Jordan's Foreign Minister cited an "unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe" and condemned the "Israeli war that is killing innocent people in Gaza".<ref name="The Washington Post-2023"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Jordan recalls ambassador to Israel to protest Gaza 'catastrophe' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/jordan-recalls-ambassador-to-israel-to-protest-gaza-catastrophe |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> [[National Assembly (Bahrain)|Bahrain's National Assembly]] additionally cut off all economic relations,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain summons envoy to Israel, suspends economic relations |url=https://aje.io/k8y4b6?update=2457328 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> citing a "solid and historical stance that supports the Palestinian cause and the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arab.news/ybyzj |title=Bahrain expels Israel ambassador and cuts economic ties |date=2 November 2023 |website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/bahrain-recalls-ambassador-from-israel-cuts-economic-ties-over-gaza-war-parliament-1.99148034 |title=Bahrain recalls ambassador from Israel, cuts economic ties over Gaza war: Parliament |date=2 November 2023 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> This decision does not appear to have been implemented.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bahrain-parliament-says-envoy-israel-returned-home-israel-says-ties-stable-2023-11-02/ |title=Bahrain parliament says envoy to Israel returned home, Israel says ties stable |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=2 November 2023 |last1=Hamad |first1=Mohammed}}</ref> [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Honduras)|Honduras' Minister of Foreign Affairs]] cited Israel's violations of international humanitarian law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Honduras latest Latin American country to recall ambassador to Israel |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/ddc07n?update=2460343 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref> [[Turkish President]] Erdogan earlier had said Netanyahu was "no longer someone we can talk to".<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey recalls ambassador to Israel |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2461915 |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> Chad cited the "unprecedented tide of deadly violence."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Said |first1=Summer |title=Chad Recalls Its Ambassador From Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip-2023-11-04/card/chad-recalls-its-ambassador-from-israel-vZ8ZEA1mFMmsRn7D0Ikb |url-access=limited |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> South Africa recalled its entire diplomatic mission and criticized Israel's ambassador for disparaging those "opposing the atrocities and genocide of the Israeli government".<ref>{{cite news |last=Magome |first=Mogomotsi |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=South Africa recalls ambassador and diplomatic mission to Israel and accuses it of genocide in Gaza |website=Times Union |date=6 November 2023 |url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/world/article/south-africa-recalls-ambassador-and-diplomatic-18471371.php |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> Belize suspended diplomatic relations with Israel, citing the "unceasing, indiscriminate bombing in Gaza" and its violations of [[international humanitarian law]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Belize effectively suspends diplomatic relations with Israel |url=https://aje.io/u0xc67?update=2486697 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Willingness to take refugees by third countries ===
Both Jordan and Egypt have rejected the idea of hosting Palestinian refugees fleeing from Gaza,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2023 |title=King Abdullah on Gaza: 'No refugees in Jordan, no refugees in Egypt' |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/king-abdullah-gaza-no-refugees-jordan-no-refugees-egypt-2023-10-17/ |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="thehill20231018">{{cite news |title=Scotland's first minister says country willing to take Gaza refugees |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4262981-scotlands-first-minister-says-country-willing-to-take-gaza-refugees/ |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> with King [[Abdullah II of Jordan]] warning against pushing Palestinians to seek refuge in Jordan, and emphasizing the need to address the humanitarian situation within Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news |title=King of Jordan on Palestine: 'No Refugees in Jordan, No Refugees in Egypt' |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/10/358370/king-of-jordan-on-palestine-no-refugees-in-jordan-no-refugees-in-egypt |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> Both countries have expressed serious concern that Israel may seek to permanently expel Palestinians, a claim that Israel disputes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinian-jordan-egypt-israel-refugee-502c06d004767d4b64848d878b66bd3d |title=Why Egypt and other Arab countries are unwilling to take in Palestinian refugees from Gaza |date=18 October 2023 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> On 2 November, however, Egypt said it will help around 7,000 foreigners and Palestinians with dual-nationalities through the [[Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah border crossing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2 November 2023 |title=Egypt says it will help evacuate about 7,000 foreign passport holders from Gaza |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/02/joe-biden-urges-pause-gaza-fighting-hamas-jabalia-refugee-camp-death-toll |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

Scotland's First Minister, [[Humza Yousaf]], who has family in Gaza, urged the international community to establish a refugee program for those fleeing violence in Gaza and said that Scotland was ready to offer sanctuary to refugees arriving in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Neil |title=Scotland's First Minister Humza Yousaf says UK should offer sanctuary for Gaza refugees |date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2023/10/17/scotlands-first-minister-humza-yousaf-says-uk-should-offer-sanctuary-for-gaza-refugees/ |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> European countries are wary of a refugee influx due to recent pro-Palestinian protests.<ref>{{cite news |title='Willing to be a place of sanctuary': Scotland First Minister says ready to welcome Gaza refugees |work=BI |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/willing-to-be-a-place-of-sanctuary-scotland-first-minister-says-ready-to-welcome-gaza-refugees-402497-2023-10-18 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

In the United States, Representative [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] suggested that the problem of refugees be solved by "the region's partners", but emphasized the "historical role" of the US in accepting refugees, while Representative [[Jamaal Bowman]] said that the US should welcome refugees who are not affiliated with Hamas. Both former President [[Donald Trump]] and Governor [[Ron DeSantis]] oppose accepting any Palestinian refugees.<ref name="thehill20231018"/>

== Reactions ==
=== Reactions in Israel ===
{{main|Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}
{{See also|Mass arrests of Palestinians during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
[[File:משלוחים לחיילים וחיילות של מוצרי מזון, הלבשה וטואלטיקה, תרומות של תושבי נשר 02.jpg|thumb|Volunteers organizing deliveries for soldiers in [[Nesher]]]]
[[File:Policeperson Square with flags and support signs, Raanana, October 2023 (10).jpg|thumb|Support sign for the "citizens of south" and IDF soldiers at the policeperson roundabout in [[Ra'anana]], October 2023|alt=Signs in Hebrew in front of dozens of small Israel flags planted in the grass.]]
Public opinion poll conducted on 23–28 October by the polling company iPanel in collaboration with [[Tel Aviv University]] found that 57.5% of [[Israeli Jews]] believed the Israeli military was using "too little" firepower in Gaza, while 36.6% thought the amount of firepower was "appropriate", 4.2% were not sure, and only 1.8% thought the IDF was using "too much" firepower. In contrast, 50.5% of [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli Arabs]] believed that the Israeli military was using "too much" firepower in Gaza.<ref name="iPanel-poll">{{cite magazine |title=What Israelis Think of the War With Hamas |url=https://time.com/6333781/israel-hamas-poll-palestine/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 November 2023}}</ref> According to a survey by the [[Israel Democracy Institute]], only 10% of Israeli Jews would support a pause in the war in Gaza to allow an exchange of Israeli hostages.<ref name="iPanel-poll"/>

Following the Hamas attack on Israel, the protest group Kaplan Force cancelled its [[2023 Israeli judicial reform protests|protest]] against the [[Israeli judicial reform]] scheduled on 7 October, instead extending support to the IDF amidst the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Judicial reform protests cancelled amid security situation |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-762050 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Other protest groups like Forum 555 and [[Brothers in Arms (organization)|Brothers in Arms]] also urged reservists to serve if called up.<ref name="npr"/> The Israeli government distributed weapons to civilians.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Dan |title=Israel arms civilian security squads, fearing internal strife |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fearing-internal-strife-gaza-war-israel-arms-civilian-security-squads-2023-10-22/ |website=Reuters |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

Some construction sites in [[Jerusalem Municipality|Jerusalem]] prohibited Israeli Arabs from entering due to security concerns, including senior managers, stating that only Jews and foreign workers were permitted.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |date=17 October 2023 |title="אין כניסה לערבים ישראלים, רק יהודים ועובדים זרים" – וואלה! נדל״ן |trans-title="No entry for Israeli Arabs, only Jews and foreign workers" |url=https://nadlan.walla.co.il/item/3616757 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=[[Walla! Communications Ltd|Walla!]] |language=he}}</ref>

[[Adalah (legal center)|Adalah]], an Israeli human rights organization that advocates for [[Arab citizens of Israel|Palestinians living in Israel]], reported that 50 Palestinians studying at academic institutions in Israel had been summoned to disciplinary committees due to perceived support for Hamas on social media, with some suspended from their studies.<ref name="Reiff">{{Cite web |last=Reiff |first=Ben |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel cracks down on internal critics of its Gaza war |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-gaza-war-political-persecution/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A newly created community coalition said that 30 Palestinian citizens of Israel had lost their jobs for the same reason.<ref name="Reiff"/>

Adalah also reported that 100 Israelis have been arrested for posts supporting Palestinians in Gaza, with 70 in detention as of 18 October.<ref name="Rosenfeld">{{Cite news |last=Rosenfeld |first=Arno |date=18 October 2023 |title=Dozens of Israelis arrested for social media posts defending Gaza, advocates say |language=en |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/565699/dozens-of-arrested-for-posts-defending-gaza/ |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> [[Dalal Abu Amneh]], a Palestinian singer born in Israel, was arrested on 17 October for posting "''there is no victor but God''" in Arabic, alongside an image of the Palestinian flag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Palestinian singer Dalal Abu Amneh arrested over Gaza post |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/palestinian-singer-dalal-abu-amneh-arrested-over-gaza-post |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=[[The New Arab]] |language=en}}</ref> She was released the following day and placed under house arrest for five days.<ref name="Alaraby Derbas">{{cite news |trans-title=The Israeli occupation releases Dalal Abu Amna on conditions |script-title=ar:الاحتلال الإسرائيلي يفرج عن دلال أبو آمنة بشروط |title=alaihtilal al'iisrayiyliu yufrij ean dalal 'abu amnat bishurut |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/entertainment_media/الاحتلال-الإسرائيلي-يفرج-عن-دلال-أبو-آمنة-بشروط-0 |work=The New Arab |script-work=ar:العربي الجديد |language=ar |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Israeli police said that 170 Palestinians (all citizens of Israel or residents of Jerusalem) had been arrested or brought in for questioning since the beginning of the war due to social media posts. According to Adalah, this is the highest rate of arrests in such a short period of time for 20 years.<ref name="Reiff"/> Content that led to these arrests included quoting [[Quran]] verses, "prayers for the people of Gaza, and political analysis of Israeli military operations".<ref name="Rosenfeld"/>

Between 1 October and 1 November, the number of Palestinians held in administrative detention, without charge or trial, rose from 1,319 to 2,070.<ref name="Sawafta-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Sawafta |first1=Ali |last2=Chacar |first2=Henriette |date=18 November 2023 |title=West Bank Palestinians report Israeli beatings, mistreatment |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-detainees-report-israeli-beatings-mistreatment-west-bank-arrests-2023-11-18/ |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty International-2023">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests/ |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |date=21 October 2023 |title=Israel doubles number of Palestinian prisoners to 10,000 in two weeks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/21/number-of-palestinian-prisoners-in-israel-doubles-to-10000-in-two-weeks |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> Prisoners have been subject to torture and at least four prisoners have died in Israeli custody.<ref name="Sawafta-2023"/><ref name="Amnesty International-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Butt |first=Maira |date=22 November 2023 |title=Thousands of Gazans missing in Israel as workers 'rounded up and blindfolded' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazan-work-permits-missing-israel-b2432631.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref>

Amidst the escalating violence, [[Magen David Adom]] initiated a blood donation drive and the [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Education Ministry]] closed schools on 7 October, transitioning to online learning from 15 October.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli schools, already shuttered, to shift to remote learning on Sunday |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-schools-idAFS8N39U01W |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Various events and performances were cancelled or postponed including the [[Haifa International Film Festival]], a [[Bruno Mars]] concert, and football matches scheduled by [[UEFA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel: Matches postponed by Uefa over security situation |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67049736 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=8 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Energy (Israel)|Israeli energy ministry]] ordered [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] to temporarily shut down the offshore [[Tamar gas field]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Ron |last1=Bousso |first2=Ari |last2=Rabinovitch |title=Israel shuts down major offshore gas field amid violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/israel-shuts-down-offshore-tamar-gas-field-output-2023-10-09/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=9 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Following a significant drop in the value of the [[New Israeli Shekel]], the [[Bank of Israel]] announced that it would sell up to $30&nbsp;billion in foreign reserves in its first ever sale of foreign exchange.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Steven |last1=Scheer |first2=Ari |last2=Rabinovitch |title=Bank of Israel to Sell $30b of Foreign Currency to Stabilize Shekel Amid Gaza War |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/bank-israel-sell-30-bln-forex-moderate-shekels-volatility-2023-10-09/ |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

Investigations were initiated into the failure of Israeli authorities to prevent the attack, with criticism targeted towards Prime Minister Netanyahu for his inability to foresee and prevent the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=Frank |date=7 October 2023 |title=How did Israeli intelligence fail to stop major attack from Gaza? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221 |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Atlantic-Halevi">{{Cite news |last=Halevi |first=Yossi Klein |title=The Reckoning: Israel must grapple first with its enemies, and then with the failures of its own government. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/10/israel-gaza-netanyahu/675597/|date=10 October 2023 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

To support the war effort, [[El Al]] announced special flights to retrieve vital personnel from New York City and Bangkok on 13&nbsp;October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-s-el-al-to-operate-rare-sabbath-flights-for-soldiers-abroad-447a9281 |title=Israel's El Al To Operate Rare Sabbath Flights For Soldiers Abroad |date=12 October 2023 |work=Barron's}}</ref> Schools advised parents to have certain social media apps deleted from their children's phones to shield them from violent war-related media.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/10/israeli-schools-urge-parents-to-tell-kids-to-delete-instagram-tiktok.html |title=Israeli and Jewish schools reportedly urge parents to tell their kids to delete Instagram and TikTok to avoid disturbing images of hostages |first=Jonathan |last=Vanian |date=10 October 2023 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> IDF Chief of Staff Lieutenant General [[Herzi Halevi]] acknowledged military failures in preventing the attacks on 12&nbsp;October.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=12 October 2023 |title=IDF chief Halevi admits military failed to prevent Hamas attack, vows to investigate |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-chief-halevi-admits-military-failed-to-prevent-hamas-attack-vows-to-investigate/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

The ethics panel of the [[Knesset]] voted to suspend left-wing politician [[Ofer Cassif]] for 45 days over what it deemed as anti-Israel statements in interviews he made after the war broke out. Following a rally in support of Gaza in Haifa, police commissioner Kobi Shabtai threatened to send antiwar protesters to the Gaza Strip. As of 18 October 63 people have been arrested in Israel on suspicion of supporting or inciting "terror" since the start of the conflict, according to Israeli police.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2023 |title=Israel police boss threatens to send anti-war protesters to Gaza 'on buses' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/israel-police-boss-threatens-to-send-anti-war-protesters-to-gaza-on-buses |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> The Palestinian prisoners' rights group Addameer said that about 4,000 labourers from Gaza who were working in Israel were arrested by Israeli authorities along with 1,070 other Palestinians in overnight raids in the West Bank and East Jerusalem since the start of the conflict, with most of the detainees from Gaza being held in [[Be'er Sheva Airfield|Sde Teyman]] near Beersheva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=Israel doubles number of Palestinian prisoners to 10,000 in two weeks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/21/number-of-palestinian-prisoners-in-israel-doubles-to-10000-in-two-weeks |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Amer al-Huzail, a former mayoral candidate in Rahat, was arrested after sharing a map of the Gaza Strip on social media with an analysis of possible scenarios for an expected ground operation by Israeli forces.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=Israeli Arabs arrested over Gaza social media posts |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67181582 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

A poll by the Israeli newspaper ''[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]]'', conducted on 18–19 October, found that 65% of Israelis supported a [[2023 Israeli ground operations in the Gaza Strip|ground invasion of the Gaza Strip]] and 21% opposed it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poll: 80% of Israelis say Netanyahu must publicly take responsibility for Oct. 7 failures |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/poll-80-of-israelis-say-netanyahu-must-publicly-take-responsibility-for-oct-7-failures/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=20 October 2023}}</ref> In comparison, according to a poll conducted for the same newspaper on 25–26 October, 29% of Israelis supported an immediate large-scale ground offensive into the Gaza Strip. ''Maariv'' said "It is almost certain that the developments on the matter of the hostages, which is now topping the agenda, have had a great impact on this shift."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israelis hesitant over Gaza ground invasion amid hostage fears, poll shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/27/israelis-hesitant-over-gaza-ground-invasion-amid-hostage-fears-poll-shows |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> The Hostages and Missing Families Forum, that represents the families of kidnapped Israelis, complained that no-one had explained "whether the ground operation endangers the well-being" of the hostages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu meets Israeli hostages' families anxious over Gaza war plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67248317 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=28 October 2023}}</ref>

According to a survey carried out by the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]] on 7–9 December on the post-war handling of Gaza 56% of Israelis opposed the annexation of Gaza with only 33% in favor while 11% were uncertain. When questioned on who should administer Gaza in the immediate post-war period 23% of Israelis supported a coalition of moderate Arab states, 22% for Israeli military rule, 18% for an international force take charge of the territory, 18% for Israel annexing Gaza and 11% support for the return of the Palestinian Authority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Majority of Israelis oppose annexation, resettlement of Gaza – poll |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/majority-of-israelis-oppose-annexation-resettlement-of-gaza-poll/ |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

==== Emergency unity government ====
{{Main|Israeli war cabinet}}
On 11 October, an emergency unity government was formally announced between Likud and National Unity following a joint statement from the latter party, with Benny Gantz, a former defence minister and military chief of staff, joining a war cabinet also consisting of Netanyahu as Prime Minister and Yoav Gallant as Defence Minister. The statement said the unity government would not promote any policy or laws except those related to the ongoing fighting with Hamas.<ref name="Al Jazeera-2023"/><ref name="Michaelson-2023">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/netanyahu-sets-up-emergency-israeli-unity-government-and-war-cabinet |title=Netanyahu sets up emergency Israeli unity government and war cabinet |first1=Ruth |last1=Michaelson |first2=Harriet |last2=Sherwood |date=11 October 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> It significantly reduces the influence of Netanyahu's previous far-right coalition partners over the conduct of the war, which was one of Gantz's demands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |title=Gantz's entry into government sidelines far right, with judicial overhaul's future dim |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gantzs-entry-into-government-sidelines-far-right-with-judicial-overhauls-future-dim/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Haaretz]]'' reported that former IDF chief of staff [[Gadi Eizenkot]] and Strategic Affairs Minister [[Ron Dermer]] would join the war cabinet as observers.<ref name="Al Jazeera-2023">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Israeli PM Netanyahu, opposition leader Gantz to form emergency unity gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/israeli-pm-netanyahu-opposition-leader-gantz-to-form-emergency-unity-govt |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.news.cn/20231011/ea43cdddbfbf46b0b1acf60ae06c3c37/c.html |title=Israeli PM, opposition leader agree to form "emergency unity gov't"-Xinhua |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref name="Michaelson-2023"/>

On 29 October, Netanyahu blamed security chiefs for Hamas's attack in a post on X (formerly Twitter); this was later deleted following criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |author-link=Isabel Kershner |date=29 October 2023 |title=Netanyahu Apologizes After Blaming Security Chiefs for Failure in Hamas Attack |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/netanyahu-apologizes-hamas-attack.html |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Reactions in the Palestinian territories ===

==== Hamas popularity ====
Prior to the war, Hamas was deeply unpopular in Gaza, with 52 percent of Palestinians stating they had no trust at all in the organization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jamal |first1=Amaney |title=What Palestinians Really Think of Hamas: Before the War, Gaza's Leaders Were Deeply Unpopular—but an Israeli Crackdown Could Change That |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/what-palestinians-really-think-hamas |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=25 October 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Adami |first1=Chelcey |title=Survey sheds light on Palestinian views ahead of Hamas attack on Israel |url=https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/12/05/palestinians-views-oct-7/ |website=Stanford Report |date=5 December 2023 |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> Hamas was even more unpopular in the West Bank, with only around twelve percent support.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Fred |title=Is Israel's War in Gaza Strengthening Hamas? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/israel-war-gaza-hamas-west-bank-poll.html |journal=Slate |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> During the war and Israel's bombardment of Gaza, Hamas's popularity among Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank increased, while Palestinian support for [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peaceful coexistence with Israel]] declined significantly.<ref name="AWRAD poll">{{cite news |title=Israel's Assault on Gaza Is Making Hamas More Popular and Destroying Hope for a Future Peace |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/israels-assault-on-gaza-is-making-hamas-more-popular |work=The Daily Beast |date=21 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With all eyes on Gaza, Hamas might send the West Bank up in flames |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-all-eyes-on-gaza-hamas-might-send-the-west-bank-up-in-flames/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=3 December 2023}}</ref> According to a survey carried out in the beginning of November 2023, almost half, or 47 percent, of Gazans strongly supported the 7 October attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wartime Poll: Results of an Opinion Poll Among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip |url=https://www.awrad.org/files/server/polls/polls2023/Public%20Opinion%20Poll%20-%20Gaza%20War%202023.pdf |website=Awrad |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank said they would never forget or forgive Israel's behavior in Gaza during the war.<ref name="AWRAD poll"/> Another survey released on 13 December found that 57% of respondents in the Gaza Strip and 82% in the West Bank believed Hamas was correct in launching the 7 October attack, while only 10% said they believed Hamas committed war crimes during the conflict. The survey also found that nearly 60% of respondents in the Palestinian Territories agreed with the dissolution of the Palestinian Authority, while 88% supported the resignation of president Mahmoud Abbas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinian poll shows a rise in Hamas support and close to 90% wanting US-backed Abbas to resign |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestinians-opinion-poll-wartime-views-a0baade915619cd070b5393844bc4514 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> In response to a critical social media video, Hamas issued a public statement warning against the publication of “any pictures, videos or materials that are offensive to the image of the steadfastness and unity of our people in Gaza."<ref name="WSJ 12-21"/>

Among Gaza residents to criticize Hamas actions and their outcome, journalist Muhammad Mansour said: "May Allah curse you, Hamas leadership. Sinwar, you are the offspring of a despicable creature. Allah will avenge the destruction you have inflicted upon us".<ref name="jp1012">{{cite news |last1=Alster |first1=Guy |title=Gaza in chaos as Palestinian anger against Hamas grows |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/article-777031 |access-date=17 December 2023 |agency=Walla |publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref> In early November, hundreds of people at a UN shelter in Gaza city shouted insults against Hamas and cried out that they wanted the war to end, in reaction to Hamas rocket launches at Israel.<ref name="toi1211">{{cite news |title=In Gaza, growing signs of anger at Hamas as residents fight for food, battle diseases |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-gaza-growing-signs-of-anger-at-hamas-as-residents-fight-for-food-battle-diseases/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |publisher=[[Times of Israel]] |date=12 November 2023}}</ref> A spokesman for a Hamas ministry was interrupted during a televised speech by a man with a wounded hand shouting: “May God hold you to account, Hamas!”<ref name="toi1211" /> On Al-Jazeera an elderly woman complained that "aid does not reach the nation and the entire people; Everything goes to their houses; They take it, they will even shoot me and do whatever they want to me, Hamas"<ref name="jp1012" />

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported on 21 December that since 7 October, "quiet criticism has begun spreading" against Hamas, with Gazans "blaming the militants for having provoked Israel’s wrath and for their inability to shield the population from a devastating war and a humanitarian crisis that deepens by the day." The ''Journal'' said that such opposition was unlikely to break out into the open, but that the "simmering opposition raises questions about the group’s long-term hold over the strip."<ref name="WSJ 12-21" />

=== Reactions in Gaza ===
Reactions in Gaza ranged from anger at the international community's tepid response to fear.<ref>{{cite AV media |title='The world has turned its back on Palestinians' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyK2cWmNgcU |via=YouTube |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |last2=Malekian |first2=Somayeh |title='Scary as hell': Gazan describes fearful nights amid Israeli airstrikes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/scary-hell-gazan-describes-fearful-nights-amid-israeli/story?id=103964930 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> The territory faced numerous major crises. The Israeli blockade caused significant difficulties, including a lack of food, medicine, and water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlawful Gaza Blockade Deadly for Children |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> Azmi Keshawi, a US-educated researcher in Gaza, expressed outrage, stating, "How the hell did the entire world just watch and let Israel turn off the water?"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Jobain |first2=Najib |title=Gaza under Israeli siege: Bread lines, yellow water and nonstop explosions |url=https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-under-israeli-siege-bread-205805152.html |work=[[Y! News]] |date=19 October 2023 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> On 19 October, Omar Ghraieb, an officer at Oxfam, commented about his lack of food, water, or internet, writing, "Families are displaced, humanitarian situation is beyond dire, thousands killed & injured, hundreds of thousands are traumatized".

Some Gazans in Israel on work permits were unable to return to Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Business Daily – Some Gaza residents with Israeli work permits unable to return home |first1=Lila |last1=Paulou |first2=Carys |last2=Garland |first3=Clémence |last3=Waller |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/business-daily/20231013-some-gaza-residents-with-israeli-work-permits-unable-to-return-home |access-date=22 October 2023 |work=[[France 24]]}}</ref> In interviews, workers indicated they were subject to intensive police questioning and abuse.<ref name="being apart from family">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Miriam |date=18 October 2023 |title=For Gazan workers stranded in Israel, being apart from family is agony |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/16/israel-gaza-workers-family-war-hamas/ |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> Speaking to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', one man stated, "I can't stay here, eating and drinking while my children are dying. There is no electricity or water or anything. Let me die there between my children".<ref name="being apart from family"/>

Due to the Israeli Air Force's [[airstrike]]s, many Gazans expressed fears they could die. In an interview, a US citizen said, "People are worried, people are essentially preparing to die".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mayes-Osterman |first1=Cybele |title='Preparing to die': Palestinians flee as Gaza braces for Israeli ground invasion |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/10/13/palestinians-flee-gaza-israel-ground-attack/71169928007/ |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> Muhammad Smiry, a journalist, wrote, "We are losing everyone and everything".<ref>{{Cite tweet |last1=Smiry |first1=Muhammad |user=MuhammadSmiry |number=1715296995307397370 |date=20 October 2023 |title=We are losing everyone and everything. #Gaza |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> A 27-year-old engineer said, "I just really, really want to live".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Shbair |first2=Fatima |author2-link=Fatima Shbair |title=Palestinians in Gaza face an impossible choice — stay home under airstrikes, or flee under airstrikes? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/palestinians-in-gaza-face-an-impossible-choice-stay-home-under-airstrikes-or-flee-under-airstrikes |work=[[PBS Newshour]] |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

==== Healthcare workers ====
Among healthcare workers in Gaza, reactions ranged from grief to outrage. One doctor at the [[al-Ahli Arab Hospital]] stated, "This is really a genocide".<ref name="aj-hosp"/> A pediatrics doctor at Kamal Edwan Hospital described the situation in Gaza as "really dangerous".<ref name="Entire Families Wiped Out">{{cite web |title=Entire Families Wiped Out As Israel Continues Heaviest-Ever Airstrikes On Gaza |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/entire-families-wiped-out-as-israel-continues-heaviest-ever-airstrikes-on-gaza-4483566 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> He described the difficulties of compliance with Israel's [[Evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip|mandatory evacuation order]], as transferring the children would mean "handing them a death sentence".<ref name="Entire Families Wiped Out"/> He stated that, as a result of Israel's denial of clean water, babies in his ward were experiencing vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.<ref name="med-dwindle">{{cite news |last=Talwar Badam |first=Ramola |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/10/19/doctors-warn-of-catastrophic-conditions-in-gaza-hospitals-as-medical-supplies-dwindle/ |title=Doctors warn of 'catastrophic' conditions in Gaza hospitals as medical supplies dwindle |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> A doctor who survived the explosion at al-Ahli hospital, stated, "We collected bodies of children and many body parts. It's a sight that will remain in my mind even if I live a thousand years".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khaled |first1=Mai |last2=Saleh |first2=Heba |title=A sight that will remain . . . if I live a thousand years': Palestinians bear witness to hospital blast |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2c172e7a-c12d-4ceb-8deb-9fd8668c4c83?shareType=nongift |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

In response to the 27 October communications blackout in Gaza, Al Jazeera journalist Hani Mahmoud reported via satellite that the "fear just begins to mount."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahmoud |first1=Hani |title=The search for comfort in the Gaza night |url=https://aje.io/nw7juv?update=2444677 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref>

==== Dual citizens ====
When both of Gaza's border points were closed at the start of the conflict, foreign nationals and [[dual citizen]]s were trapped. This included some 500–600 US citizens, who reported the [[US Embassy]] provided little to no support to them.<ref name="Palestinian-Americans stuck">{{cite news |last1=Abou-Ghazala |first1=Yahya |title=Palestinian-Americans stuck in Gaza say they feel trapped, abandoned by US Embassy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/us/palestinian-americans-gaza/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdelbary |first1=Mohammed |last2=McSweeney |first2=Eoin |title='There is no way I can leave family members behind': Palestinian-Americans in Gaza face unthinkable choice |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/17/middleeast/palestinian-americans-gaza-cmd-intl/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=17 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> A resident of [[Salt Lake City]] reported the embassy said their "emergency line is for Israel".<ref name="Palestinian-Americans stuck"/> A US citizen visiting Gaza with her husband and five children, stated, "The double standard is incredibly harsh".<ref name="Incredibly harsh">{{cite news |last1=Turak |first1=Natasha |date=20 October 2023 |title='Incredibly harsh': Up to 600 Americans are trapped in besieged Gaza |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/20/up-to-600-americans-are-trapped-in-gaza.html |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> Another US national stated, "America's not helping us, Biden's not helping us, the embassy is not helping us".<ref name="Incredibly harsh"/> Sammy Nabulsi, an [[immigration attorney]] in Boston, stated, "We are barreling toward a grave national tragedy, and the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|White House]] and the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] do not seem to care".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam |title=Americans stuck in Gaza at wits' end after another false report they could leave |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/22/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-aid-updates/#link-NRD4F5VXUBBIDO2HKZ2HA7UTZY |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> An Australian man trapped in Gaza with his family stated, "We are terrified that we may not live until tomorrow".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |title='Petrified' children, dwindling water and a destroyed home: Australian family pleads for help to escape Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/24/petrified-children-dwindling-water-and-a-destroyed-home-australian-family-pleads-for-help-to-escape-gaza |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> Another US citizen complained that they had been unsuccessfully contacting the US embassy for two days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Treisman |first1=Rachel |last2=Fadel |first2=Leila |title=An overdue reunion became a nightmare for this American family now trapped in Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/12/1205357394/american-family-trapped-gaza |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> A Canadian teenager trapped in Gaza stated that the [[List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Canadian embassy]] only sent "emails telling us to stay safe, but they give us no way of staying safe. They really haven't done anything for us."<ref>{{cite news |title='They haven't done anything for us,' Palestinian-Canadian girl slams Ottawa |url=https://aje.io/91bdr3?update=2466724 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref>

==== Gazan officials ====
The [[Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education|Palestinian Education Ministry]] said schools in the Gaza Strip were closed until further notice.<ref name="aa1"/> On 7 October, the Palestinian Health Ministry appealed for blood donations.<ref name="ap1"/>
On 13 October, the spokesperson for Gaza's [[Interior Minister of the Gaza Strip|Interior Ministry]] said Israel had not been honest about only striking military targets, and "everyone in Gaza is a target".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title='Everyone in Gaza is a target': Palestine's interior ministry in Gaza holds press conference |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62XrIoEhx1w |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Yahya al-Sarraj, the mayor of [[Gaza City]], commented that the Israeli siege was a violation of international law and urged the international community to "support the victims".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Exclusive Interview with Gaza Mayor |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/tlh_euitTf0 |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Hamas military aims ====
Hamas stated it abducted Israelis to secure the freedom of Palestinian prisoners, currently estimated to number between 4,499 and 5,200, including 170 children.<ref name="aj9">{{cite news |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="ap1"/><ref name="aj2"/> [[Prisoner exchange]]s have long been practiced in the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/08/israeli-hostages-now-face-a-terrifying-ordeal |title=Israeli hostages now face a terrifying ordeal |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 2006, Hamas exchanged [[Gilad Shalit]] for 1,000 Palestinians as part of a prisoner swap.<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli hostage crisis in Hamas-ruled Gaza becomes a political trap for Netanyahu |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-military-prisoners-hostage-hamas-soldiers-e75729364f8c0b453da272365c16d136 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 October 2023 |first=Isabel |last=Debre |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri told Al Jazeera they had enough Israeli hostages to secure the release of Palestinian prisoners in Israel.<ref name="aj2">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> Hamas spokesperson [[Abu Obaida (Hamas)|Abu Obaida]] said they were holding captured Israeli soldiers in "safe places" and tunnels.<ref name="ap1"/>

On 10 October, Hamas official [[Basem Naim]] denied any civilians were killed, saying that only Israeli soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title=Hamas official: 'We have not killed any civilians' |language=en |work=[[Sky News]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Egipqa0ZhUk |access-date=14 October 2023 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> On 11 October, Hamas again denied in a statement that it had killed civilians and said its military wing "worked to target the Israeli military and security systems", calling them "legitimate targets".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title='Horrific scenes' as dozens of bodies found in Israel's Kfar Aza near Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/horrific-scenes-as-dozens-of-bodies-found-in-israels-kfar-aza-near |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A spokesperson for Palestinian Islamic Jihad stated they did not consider Israelis to be civilians, due to Israel's [[Conscription in Israel|mandatory military service]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Revheim-Rafaelsen |first1=Mathias |last2=Alayoubi |first2=Mohammed |last3=Løve Pilskog Loe |first3=Isak |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas til NRK: – Hovedmålet er å få palestinske fanger løslatt |language=Norwegian Bokmål |trans-title=Hamas to NRK: "Primary goal is to have Palestinian prisoners freed" |work=[[NRK]] |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/hamas-til-nrk_-__hovedmalet-er-a-fa-palestinske-fanger-loslatt-1.16586790 |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007155819/https://www.nrk.no/urix/hamas-til-nrk_-__hovedmalet-er-a-fa-palestinske-fanger-loslatt-1.16586790 |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

Senior Hamas official [[Khaled Mashal]] said that the group was fully aware of the consequences of attack on Israel, stating that Palestinian liberation comes with sacrifices.<ref name="arabnews">{{cite news |first1=Umut |last1=Uras |first2=Priyanka |last2=Shankar |first3=Mersiha |last3=Gadzo |title=Hamas official says group 'well aware' of consequences of attack on Israel, Palestinian liberation comes with 'sacrifices'|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2394966/amp |work=Arab News |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

According to Taher El-Nounou, a Hamas media adviser, the goal of Hamas is to create a permanent state of war. Hamas also rejected its responsibility to govern Gaza with [[Khalil al-Hayya]] stating, "Hamas's goal is not to run Gaza and to bring it water and electricity and such."<ref name="nytimeshubbard">{{cite news |last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben |last2=Abi-Habib |first2=Maria |title=Behind Hamas's Bloody Gambit to Create a 'Permanent' State of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-gaza-war.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Reactions in the West Bank ===
Initially, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinians' right to self-defense against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahmoud Abbas: Palestinians have right to defend themselves against 'terror' |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Mahmoud-Abbas-Palestinians-have-right-to-defend-themselves-against-terror- |publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007120458/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Mahmoud-Abbas-Palestinians-have-right-to-defend-themselves-against-terror- |url-status=live}}</ref> and condemned the orders by Israel for residents to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba".<ref>{{Cite news |title='We reject the forced displacement' in Gaza: Abbas tells Blinken in Jordan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/abbas-blinken-jordan |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Later, Abbas rejected the killing of civilians on both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative of the Palestinians.<ref name="reuters16">{{Cite news |title=President Abbas says Hamas' actions do not represent Palestinians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/president-abbas-says-hamas-actions-do-not-represent-palestinians-2023-10-15/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=16 October 2023 |time=12:06 AM GMT+3}}</ref>

Following the attack, celebrations occurred in [[Nablus]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Jaafar Ashtiyeh / AFP |title=Palestinians celebrate in Nablus after fighters infiltrated Israel |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWOw7YI7vzo |access-date=8 December 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[France 24]] reported "Hamas called on "resistance fighters in the West Bank" to join the battle.<ref name="f24-3"/> Neighborhood watches were established in 50 locations amid fears of reprisals by [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]], while a general strike was called for 8 October.<ref name="aj7oct"/> Seven Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli forces on 7 October,<ref name="f24-3">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Almost 1,000 killed in Israel war with Hamas |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231008-israel-battles-hamas-as-pm-warns-of-long-and-difficult-war |access-date=8 October 2023 |quote=Hamas called on "resistance fighters in the West Bank" and "Arab and Islamic nations" to join the battle}}</ref> while 126 others were injured.<ref name="aj7oct"/> As of 19 October, Al Jazeera reported that 76 Palestinians were killed in the West Bank and Jerusalem, eight of them by armed Israeli settlers;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Al Tahhan |first=Zena |title=Israel's war on Gaza: Is the West Bank under increased attack too? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/israels-war-on-gaza-is-the-west-bank-under-increased-attack-too |access-date=20 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> the Palestinian Health Ministry said that 61 people have been killed and 1,250 injured in the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |last3=Khadder |first3=Kareem |last2=Anderson |first2=Becky |author2-link=Becky Anderson |first1=Zeena |last1=Saifi |date=19 October 2023 |title=Gaza conflict spills into the West Bank as settler attacks and clashes leave dozens of Palestinians dead |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/19/middleeast/west-bank-settler-attacks-israel-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> The Palestinian Prisoners Club said that 850 Palestinians, including lawmakers, prominent figures, journalists, and former detainees have been arrested by Israeli authorities since the start of the war.<ref name="cnnarrest"/>

=== Arab world ===
In contrast to previous Palestinian–Israeli wars, as many Arab governments such as Egypt and Jordan had strongly negative views on Hamas,<ref>Tianshe CHEN (2010) Support or Hostility: the Relationship between Arab Countries and Hamas, Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 4:2, 100–120, DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2010.12023158</ref> they restrained their official reaction to neutral press statements, while news programs in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia interviewed Arabic-speaking Jews instead of Hamas officials. News anchors in these countries did not refer to the IDF as an "occupation army", and referred to Palestinian casualties as "victims" rather than "martyrs".<ref name="The Economist-2">{{cite news |title=The Arab world thinks differently about this war |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/18/the-arab-world-thinks-differently-about-this-war |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> The public reaction in the Arabic world was much more negative, being strongly influenced by Hamas-produced social media videos that were viewed millions of times.<ref name="Kirkpatrick-2023">{{cite magazine |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David |last2=Rasgon |first2=Adam |title=The Hamas Propaganda War |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-hamas-propaganda-war |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, originally blamed on an Israeli airstrike, inflicted further damage on diplomatic relations between Israel and Arab states keen to avoid antagonizing their public.<ref>{{cite news |title=Only America can stop the Israel-Gaza war from becoming a bigger catastrophe |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2023/10/19/the-stakes-could-hardly-be-higher-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> Governments and news programs such as [[Al Arabiya]] and [[Sky News Arabia]] increasingly took an anti-Israel and pro-Hamas stance.<ref name="Kirkpatrick-2023"/> Many in Lebanon, Syria and Egypt also fear that they may unwillingly be drawn in to the conflict through the actions of Hezbollah and Iran. In Egypt populist pro-government talk show hosts have opposed Hamas, asking why Egyptians should suffer to help Palestinians.<ref name="The Economist-2"/> Egypt, despite having being pressed by the United States, refused to accept refugees from Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=As war looms Israel calls for 1.1m people to evacuate northern Gaza |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/13/as-war-looms-israel-calls-for-11m-people-to-evacuate-northern-gaza |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref>

A joint Islamic-Arab summit in Riyadh on 11 November 2023 called for the International Criminal Court to investigate "war crimes and crimes against humanity that Israel is committing" in the Palestinian territories and for an immediate end to the fighting in Gaza.<ref name=ReutersRiyadh/> The summit was attended by dozens of leaders including Iranian President [[Ebrahim Raisi]], Turkish President [[Tayyip Erdogan]], Qatar's Emir [[Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] and Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]], who had been welcomed back into the Arab League earlier in 2023.<ref name=ReutersRiyadh/> [[Prince Mohammed bin Salman]] expressed "condemnation and categorical rejection of this barbaric war against our brothers in Palestine".<ref name=ReutersRiyadh>{{Cite news |last1=Yaakoubi |first1=Aziz El |last2=Abdallah |first2=Nayera |date=12 November 2023 |title=Arab and Muslim leaders demand immediate end to Gaza war |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-host-extraordinary-joint-islamic-arab-summit-riyadh-saturday-2023-11-10/ |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

Many across the Middle East, particularly among the younger population, have been [[boycotting]] US brands for perceived complicity in the destruction in Gaza since the start of the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Allam |first1=Hannah |last2=Chamaa |first2=Mohamad El |date=23 November 2023 |title=Many in Middle East blame United States for devastation in Gaza |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/23/israel-gaza-war-america-middle-east/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

=== Hezbollah ===
Hezbollah denied knowledge of the attacks and warned the United States not to invade Lebanon saying that they were prepared to face the US military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/207889/US-fully-responsible-for-events-in-Gaza-Nasrallah |title=US fully responsible for events in Gaza: Nasrallah |date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/11/03/2982724/al-aqsa-storm-operation-100-percent-palestinian-says-hezbollah-chief |title=Al-Aqsa Storm Operation 100 Percent Palestinian, Says Hezbollah Chief – World news |website=Tasnim News Agency}}</ref>
In a speech on 3 November, Hezbollah leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] said Americans had threatened to bomb Iran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/202311035080 |title=حسن نصرالله: آمریکا پیام داده اگر به عملیات ادامه دهیم، ایران را بمباران خواهد کرد |language=fa |trans-title=Hassan Nasrallah: America has sent a message that if we continue the operation, it will bomb Iran |date=3 November 2023}}</ref> and emphasised that Hezbollah entered the war the day after Hamas's attack and that it would not stop with its actions with its ongoing skirmishes with Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/hezbollahs-hassan-nasrallah-speech-on-israel-hamas-war-key-takeaways |title=Hezbollah's Hassan Nasrallah speech on Israel-Hamas war: Key takeaways |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> He stated that the United States is fully responsible for the current war against Gaza and its people and that Israel is merely the instrument of execution. He also said that anyone who wants to prevent a regional war must immediately stop the aggression against Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah chief warns Israel-Hamas war could become regional conflict |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231103-hezbollah-chief-to-break-silence-on-israel-hamas-war |work=[[France 24]] |date=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After Nasrallah speech, US warns Hezbollah not to 'take advantage' of Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-nasrallah-speech-us-warns-hezbollah-not-to-take-advantage-of-israel-hamas-war |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
Iran has praised the attack while being cautious to distance itself from its planning and execution.<ref name=Polit>{{cite news |first=Giselle Ruhiyyih |last=Ewing |title=Iran praises Hamas as attack reverberates around Middle East |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/07/iran-praises-hamas-attack-israel-middle-east-00120491 |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=[[The Politico]] |date=7 October 2023 |quote=top military adviser to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Major General Yahya Rahim Safavi, pledged Iranian support to the Hamas operation against Israel}}</ref> Hamas spokesman [[Ghazi Hamad]] told the BBC that Hamas had direct backing for the attack from Iran;<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Paul |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel faces 'long, difficult war' after Hamas attack from Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044182 |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=Ghazi Hamad, a Hamas spokesman, meanwhile told the BBC that the group had direct backing for the attack from Iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Clement |date=9 October 2023
|title=Middle East risks prospect of fresh regional war after Hamas stealth attack on Israel |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-attack-middle-east-risks-prospect-of-fresh-regional-war.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> European, Iranian and Syrian officers corroborated Iran's involvement,<ref name=largeWSJ>{{cite news |first1=Summer |last1=Said |first2=Benoit |last2=Faucon |first3=Stephen |last3=Kalin |title=Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25?mod=WTRN_pos1&cx_testId=3&cx_testVariant=cx_160&cx_artPos=0 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=8 October 2023 |language=en |quote=Iranian security officials helped plan Hamas's Saturday surprise attack on Israel and gave the green light for the assault at a meeting in Beirut last Monday, according to senior members of Hamas and Hezbollah [...] Details of the operation were refined during several meetings in Beirut attended by IRGC officers [...] A European official and an adviser to the Syrian government, however, gave the same account of Iran's involvement in the lead-up to the attack as the senior Hamas and Hezbollah members}}</ref><ref name=nytiran>{{cite news |first1=Farnaz |last1=Fassihi |first2=Ronen |last2=Bergman |title=Hamas Attack on Israel Brings New Scrutiny of Group's Ties to Iran |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/world/middleeast/hamas-iran-israel-attack.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 October 2023 |quote=leaders from Iran, Hezbollah and Hamas helped plan the attack starting over a year ago, trained militants and had advanced knowledge of it. That account is based on interviews with three Iranians affiliated with the Revolutionary Guards, one Iranian connected to senior leadership and a Syrian affiliated with Hezbollah}}</ref> while senior Hamas official Mahmoud Mirdawi said the group planned the attacks on its own.<ref name="Iran Helped Plot Attack">{{cite news |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |date=8 October 2023 |title=Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> The Israeli army and the United States say that there is no evidence that Iran is connected with the attack by Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=No evidence yet of Iran link to Hamas attack, says Israeli military |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/09/no-evidence-yet-of-iran-link-to-hamas-attack-says-israeli-military |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2023}}</ref> American intelligence appeared to show that Hamas's attack on Israel caught Iranian authorities by surprise.<ref>{{cite news |last1=De Luce |first1=Dan |last2=Dilanian |first2=Ken |title=U.S. intelligence indicates Iranian leaders were surprised by Hamas attack |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/us-intelligence-indicates-iranian-leaders-surprised-hamas-attack-rcna119946 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=11 October 2023}}</ref>

According to a report by [[Al-Monitor]], since the start of the war between Israel and the Gaza militias, Iran has tried to show a face of disinterest in the spillover of the conflict, and on the other hand, it has pursued an active diplomatic campaign to isolate Israel. Supporting the cause of Palestine has been one of the ideological principles of Iran's [[Shia Islam]]ic theocracy after the [[Iranian revolution|1979 revolution]],<ref>{{cite web|title=How might Iran respond to an Israeli ground incursion into Gaza?|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/10/how-might-iran-respond-israeli-ground-incursion-gaza |work=Al-Monitor |date=21 October 2023}}</ref> with Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the first supreme leader of Iran, announcing the last Friday of every Ramadan as "[[Quds Day]]"<ref>{{cite book |last=Reiter |first=Yitzhak |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemitsrole00reit |title=Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-60782-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalemitsrole00reit/page/n96 88]}}</ref> and inviting all the Muslims of the world to express solidarity with the legitimate rights of the Palestinian Muslim people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Quds_Day/Quds%20dayEn.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031028225026/http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Quds_Day/Quds%20dayEn.htm |archive-date=28 October 2003 |title=Qudsday}}</ref>

The Iranian government opened an account for people to deliver charitable aid.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:چگونه می‌توانیم به غزه کمک کنیم |language=fa |trans-title=How can we help Gaza? |url=https://www.irna.ir/amp/85263298/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |work=IRNA}}</ref> It also opened a website and reported that more than six million volunteered to fight.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://alaqsastorm.com/aqsa/ |script-title=ar:طوفان الاقصی |language=ar |trans-title=Al-Aqsa flood |work=Al-Aqsa Storm |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140301/https://alaqsastorm.com/aqsa/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Supreme Leader Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] threatened that Islamic resistance was going to become unstoppable should the war continue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/amp/32641011.html |title=خامنه‌ای درباره تداوم حملات اسرائیل به حماس در غزه هشدار داد |trans-title=Khamenei warned about the continuation of Israel's attacks on Hamas in Gaza |work=Radio Farda |language=fa}}</ref> His spokesperson later said that the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|2015 Iran nuclear deal]] would have delayed it but Israel would have collapsed within five years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.didbaniran.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/166519-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA |title=رئیس دفتر رهبری: آیت الله خامنه ای وقایع را پیش بینی می کنند/برخی از مسؤولین نظامی اظهار داشته اند که نابودی اسرائیل در ۵ سال آینده شدنی است |trans-title=The head of the leadership office: Ayatollah Khamenei is predicting events/some military officials have stated that the destruction of Israel is possible in the next 5 years. |date=24 October 2023 |work=دیدبان ایران |language=ar}}</ref>
Khamenei pointed to foreign visits to Israel and said that the fall of Israel was imminent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/490582/Western-leaders-flocking-to-Israel-indicative-of-regime-collapse |title=Western leaders flocking to Israel indicative of regime collapse: Leader |date=25 October 2023 |work=[[Tehran Times]]}}</ref>

The [[Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC) said that the IDF would be depleted through the ground invasion of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/amp/207595/ |title=Ground op. in Gaza to devour Israeli army troops: IRGC chief |work=Mehr News}}</ref>

Addressing the United Nations, Iranian foreign minister [[Hossein Amir-Abdollahian]] warned Americans they would be unsafe if the conflict did not remain under control.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/7327171.html |title=امیرعبداللهیان: احتمال خارج شدن کنترل از دست همه طرفین وجود دارد |trans-title=Amir Abdollahian: There is a possibility that control will go out of the hands of all parties |date=26 October 2023 |language=fa}}</ref> US military forces conducted strikes on two facilities in eastern Syria used by the IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3570798/secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iiis-statement-on-us-military-strikes-in-ea/ |title=Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III's Statement on U.S. Military Strikes in Eastern S |work=[[US Department of Defense]]}}</ref> President Joe Biden warned Khamenei not to attack the US military.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231027-biden-warned-iran-leader-against-attacks-white-house |title=Biden warned Iran leader against attacks: White House |work=[[France 24]] |date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

On 1 November, the Iranian government criminalized expressions of support for Israel and making contact with its people.<ref>{{cite web |title=ایران حمایت از اسرائیل در فضای مجازی را "جرم" دانست |trans-title=Iran considered supporting Israel in cyberspace as a "crime". |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/amp/iran-support-israel-crime/32663489.html |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=روابط ایرانیان و اسرائیلی‌‌‌‌ها در فضای مجازی "جرم" اعلام شد – Dw – ۱۴۰۲/۸/۹ |trans-title=The relations between Iranians and Israelis in cyber space was declared a "crime" – Dw – 8/9/1402 |url=https://amp.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF/a-67268444 |language=fa}}</ref> That same day, Khamenei called on Muslim states to impose a food and fuel blockade on Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/11/1/irans-khamenei-calls-upon-muslim-countries-to-boycott-israel-over-gaza-war |title=Iran's Khamenei calls for boycott of Israel amid Gaza bombardment |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

On 15 November, Reuters and the Telegraph reported that Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, conveyed to Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh during their November meeting in Tehran that Iran would not directly intervene in the conflict with Israel, citing lack of prior warning about the 7 October attack. Despite this, Iran pledged to continue providing political and moral support to Hamas, urging restraint against calls for direct involvement by Iran and its ally Hezbollah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2023 |title=Iran tells Hamas it will not enter the war with Israel |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/15/iran-tells-hamas-will-not-enter-war-israel/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hafezi |first1=Parisa |last2=Bassam |first2=Laila |last3=Mohammed |first3=Arshad |date=15 November 2023 |title=Insight: Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' against Israel faces trial by fire |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-axis-resistance-against-israel-faces-trial-by-fire-2023-11-15/ |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> The IRGC's [[Quds Force]] promised it would continue supporting Hamas,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=Iran will do 'whatever it takes' to help Hamas in war with Israel: Quds Force chief |work=[[Al Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/11/16/Iran-will-do-whatever-it-takes-to-help-Hamas-in-war-with-Israel-Quds-Force-chief}}</ref> while the IRGC's commander General [[Hossein Salami]] said that the war would bring about a political and economic decline of the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تمام اندوخته‌ غرب با طوفان‌الاقصی بر باد رفت/ مدافعان حرم یک ملت را از تحقیر نجات دادند |trans-title=All the reserves of the West were blown away by the Al-Aqsa storm/ The defenders of the shrine saved a nation from humiliation |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85298426/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%DB%8C%DA%A9 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=www.irna.ir |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2023 |title=فرمانده کل سپاه پاسداران:‌ اقتصاد آمریکا تحت تاثیر جنگ غزه افول خواهد کرد |trans-title=Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC: The American economy will decline under the influence of the Gaza war |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202311185078 |website=ایران اینترنشنال |language=fa}}</ref>

The Municipality of [[Tehran]] announced that it would help rebuild Gaza after the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=شهرداری تهران غزه را می‌سازد! |trans-title=Tehran Municipality builds Gaza! |url=https://www.eghtesadnews.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-57/611721-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=Economy News |language=fa}}</ref>

Following the US veto of a UN Security Council resolution calling for a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip, Hossein Amir-Abdollahian called the threat of war by any party as uncontrollable.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-warns-explosion-middle-east-165539039.html |title=Iran warns of 'explosion' in Middle East if war in Gaza continues: report |date=12 December 2023 |work=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref>

=== United States ===
{{further|United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria}}
Polling has indicated a divide between official government policy on the Israel–Hamas war and the viewpoints of the general public.<ref name="Lange-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Lange |first1=Jason |last2=Spetalnick |first2=Matt |date=15 November 2023 |title=US public support for Israel drops; majority backs a ceasefire, Reuters/Ipsos shows |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-public-support-israel-drops-majority-backs-ceasefire-reutersipsos-2023-11-15/ |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> A large majority of Americans support an immediate ceasefire in the conflict. A plurality of Americans oppose American military aid to Israel and believe that the United States "should be a neutral mediator".<ref name="Lange-2023"/> A [[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] poll found that 50% of respondents supported Israel's actions in Gaza, while 45% disapproved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Half of adults in new poll support Israel's action in Gaza, 45 percent disapprove |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4334964-half-of-adults-in-new-poll-support-israels-action-gaza/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
[[File:231013-D-TT977-1296 (53255665504).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]] with Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and Minister of Defense [[Yoav Gallant]] in Tel Aviv, Israel, 13 October 2023]]
Hours after Hamas's attack, US President Biden promised "rock-solid and unwavering" support to Israel and called Hamas's attack "unadulterated evil", comparing the group to [[Islamic State|ISIS]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Biden condemns Hamas actions, says US is sending Israel military aid |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/biden-condemns-hamas-actions-says-u-s-is-sending-israel-military-aid-194851909853 |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> To replenish Israel's stockpiles, the US said it would send [[Iron Dome]] missiles, small bombs, and [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|JDAM]] conversion kits, in addition to fulfilling previous contracts to deliver [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] fighter jets, [[Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion|CH-53]] helicopters, and [[Boeing KC-46 Pegasus|KC-46]] air refueling tankers.<ref name="Hammer-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Hammer |first=Mathias |date=3 November 2023 |title=What to Know About U.S. Military Support to Israel |url=https://time.com/6331133/israel-gaza-biden-military-support/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en}}</ref> Biden also called on Congress to pass $14.3 billion in emergency military aid to Israel.<ref name="Hammer-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Demirjian |first2=Karoun |date=20 October 2023 |title=Biden Requests $105 Billion Aid Package for Israel, Ukraine and Other Crises |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/20/us/politics/biden-aid-israel-ukraine-taiwan-border.html |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> Details of weapons sent to Israel, which have been arriving daily, have been kept secret. Leaked details have shown that the US has sent laser-guided missiles, 155mm shells, new army vehicles, among others, at Israel's request.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Capaccio |first=Anthony |date=14 November 2023 |title=US Is Quietly Sending Israel More Ammunition, Missiles |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-14/pentagon-is-quietly-sending-israel-ammunition-laser-guided-missiles |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

While the US says it is discussing with Israel about ways to minimize [[civilian casualty|civilian casualties]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Pentagon]] said it would impose no limits on Israel's use of American weapons in the war.<ref name="Hammer-2023"/> Annie Shiel of the [[Center for Civilians in Conflict]] expressed concerns, saying that America is responsible for ensuring that "its assistance does not contribute to devastating civilian harm and possible violations of international humanitarian law".<ref name="Hammer-2023"/> ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' reported on a "groundswell of opposition" among US diplomats and national security officials, against what they perceived as Biden's "blank check" for the Israeli counterattack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gramer |first=Robbie |date=1 November 2023 |title=The Storm of Dissent Brewing in the State Department |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/01/israel-hamas-war-state-department-internal-dissent-biden-policy/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |language=en-US}}</ref> "More than 630 employees" of the [[US Agency for International Development]] signed a letter calling for an "immediate ceasefire".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Salcedo |first1=Andrea |last2=Hudson |first2=John |date=4 November 2023 |title=USAID staffers urge Biden to push Israel toward 'immediate cease-fire' |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/03/usaid-workers-ceasefire-israel-hamas/ |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> US State Department official Josh Paul, who spent more than 11 years as the director of congressional and public affairs at the bureau overseeing arms transfers to foreign nations, resigned in protest at the US government's decision to send weapons to Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=John |first=Ismay |date=19 October 2023 |title=State Department Official Resigns Over Arms Transfers to Israel |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/19/us/state-department-official-resigns-israel-arms.html}}</ref>

[[File:President Biden Delivers Remarks On The Terrorist Attacks in Israel.webm|thumb|US President [[Joe Biden]] delivers remarks on the ongoing situation in Israel, 7 October 2023]]
US Defense Secretary [[Lloyd Austin]] ordered the deployment of the [[United States Navy]]'s [[Carrier Strike Group 12]]—led by the aircraft carrier {{USS|Gerald R. Ford|CVN-78|6}}, and supported by the cruiser {{USS|Normandy|CG-60|6}} and the destroyers {{USS|Thomas Hudner|DDG-116|6}}, {{USS|Ramage|DDG-61|6}}, USS ''Carney'', and {{USS|Roosevelt|DDG-80|6}}—to the [[Eastern Mediterranean]]. The [[United States Air Force]] augmented its [[F-35]], [[F-15]], [[F-16]], and [[A-10]] fighter squadrons in the region,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=The US will send a carrier strike group to the Eastern Mediterranean in support of Israel |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-american-carrier-strike-force-mediterranean-db05d535a9ebb931f684f758c9b6f628 |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> reportedly to deter other actors from entering the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=10 October 2023 |title=US Strike Group arrives in Eastern Mediterranean as 'strong signal of deterrence' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/4248644-us-strike-group-arrives-in-eastern-mediterranean-as-strong-signal-of-deterrence/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 15 October, it was reported that a US naval strike group composed of the aircraft carrier {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|6}}, the guided missile cruiser {{USS|Philippine Sea|CG-58|6}} and the guided missile destroyers {{USS|Laboon|DDG-58|6}}, {{USS|Mason|DDG-87|6}} and {{USS|Gravely|DDG-107|6}} was deployed to the eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Martha |last1=Raddatz |author1-link=Martha Raddatz |first2=Luis |last2=Martinez |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/exclusive-us-send-2nd-aircraft-carrier-eastern-mediterranean/story?id=103984246 |title=Exclusive: US to send 2nd aircraft carrier to eastern Mediterranean |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=15 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> Austin also ordered that approximately 2,000 troops be prepared for possible deployment to Israel, according to several defense officials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bertrand |first1=Natasha |date=16 October 2023 |title=US Marine rapid response force moving toward Israel as Pentagon strengthens military posture in region |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/16/politics/us-marines-pentagon-israel/index.html}}</ref>

On 17 October, it was reported that a US naval group consisting of the amphibious assault ship {{USS|Bataan|LHD-5|6}}, the amphibious transport dock {{USS|Mesa Verde|LPD-19|6}} and the dock landing ship {{USS|Carter Hall|LSD-50|6}}, was deployed to the eastern Mediterranean and the Red Sea to transport the [[26th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] in case they were needed in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Copp |first1=Tara |last2=Baldor |first2=Lolita |date=17 October 2023 |title=More US ships head toward Israel and 2,000 troops are on heightened alert. A look at US assistance |language=en-US |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-states-israel-military-aid-2211b0c7bc27e13175d179a53fde3ac5 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

[[File:The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS USS Gerald R. Ford carrier strike groups in November 2023.jpg|thumb|The {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|6}} and {{USS|Gerald R. Ford|CVN-78|6}} carrier strike groups in November 2023]]
On 19 October, the US Department of Defense announced that the USS ''Carney'' had shot down three [[cruise missile]]s and eight drones that were northbound over the Red Sea. They said the missiles had been fired by [[Houthi rebels]] in Yemen and may have been en route to Israeli targets.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b |title=US Navy warship in Red Sea intercepts three missiles, several drones heading north out of Yemen |first1=Tara |last1=Copp |first2=Lolita |last2=Baldor |date=19 October 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olson |first=Emily |date=20 October 2023 |title=Pentagon says it shot down Yemen missiles that may have been headed towards Israel |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/20/1207523642/yemen-missiles-intercepted |access-date=20 October 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

After multiple [[Drone warfare|drone]] and rocket [[2023 Al-Asad air base attack|attacks]] on military bases in [[Iraq]] that house US troops, the US ordered all non-emergency staff to leave their embassy in [[Baghdad]] and consulate in [[Erbil]] on 22 October.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US orders its non-emergency staff to leave Baghdad embassy |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-orders-its-non-emergency-staff-to-leave-baghdad-embassy/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A few days earlier, a false alarm in [[Al-Asad Airbase]] caused the death of a civilian contractor from cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Idrees |date=20 October 2023 |title=US troops attacked in Iraq, Syria and on alert for more strikes |language=en |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-troops-attacked-iraq-syria-alert-more-strikes-2023-10-19/ |access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref> Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] threatened Iran that its attacks would not be tolerated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/politics/blinken-unsc-iran-israel/index.html |title=Blinken warns US will defend itself 'swiftly and decisively' against attacks by Iran or proxies |first=Jennifer |last=Hansler |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

US officials said the Biden administration advised Israel to delay the ground invasion of the Gaza Strip to allow more time for hostage negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Marquardt |title=US seeks delay of Israeli ground incursion for more time for hostage talks |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/22/politics/us-israel-ground-incursion-delay/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=22 October 2023}}</ref> President Biden said that attacks on Israel were intended in part to scuttle the potential normalization of the US ally's relations with Saudi Arabia. He mentioned that Hamas attacks aimed to halt Israel-Saudi Arabia agreement.<ref>{{cite news |first=Giselle Ruhiyyih |last=Ewing |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/21/biden-says-hamas-attacks-aimed-to-halt-israel-saudi-arabia-agreement-00122880 |title=Hamas attacks aimed to halt Israel-Saudi Arabia agreement |work=[[Politico]] |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>

On 4 November, the Defense Department confirmed that it was flying reconnaissance drones over Gaza in "support of hostage recovery efforts".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67317218 |title=Pentagon acknowledges flying unarmed drones over Gaza |first=Max |last=Matza |date=4 November 2023 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The Republican-controlled House of Representatives on December 5 passed a resolution that included language that said the House "clearly and firmly states that anti-Zionism is antisemitism." The organization also condemned the slogan "[[From the river to the sea]]". [[Yasmine Taeb]], the human rights attorney and [[Democratic National Committee]] official
said "The intent of these members is to smear and silence peace activists calling to end the massacre of Palestinian children and families."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harb |first1=Ali |title='Anti-Zionism is antisemitism,' US House asserts in 'dangerous' resolution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/anti-zionism-is-antisemitism-us-house-asserts-in-dangerous-resolution |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

On December 10, Israeli National Security Adviser [[Tzachi Hanegbi]] said that the United States had not given Israel any deadline to complete military operations in Gaza, and that "they understand that they are not in a position to tell the IDF how long it needs in order to achieve the goals".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Heather |date=10 December 2023 |title=Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

Also in December, Biden criticized Israel's war cabinet and called on Netanyahu to replace it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/isolated-internationally-on-gaza-biden-delivers-rebuke-to-netanyahu/7395986.html |title=Isolated Internationally on Gaza, Biden Delivers Rebuke to Netanyahu |date=12 December 2023 |work=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> Later on White House National Security Council spokesperson [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]] declared that some of the steps the IDF has taken to prevent civilian casualties in Gaza might go further than what the United States would have done if it were in Israel's place.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/biden-aide-israel-taking-steps-to-protect-civilians-that-even-us-might-not-have-done/ |title=Biden aide: Israel taking steps to protect civilians that even US might not have done |date=14 December 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

=== United Nations ===
[[File:Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations.png|thumb|On 12 December 2023, the UN General Assembly passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22|Resolution ES-10/22]] calling for an immediate ceasefire and the "immediate and unconditional" release of the hostages.]]
On 25 October, UN General-Secretary António Guterres called for a ceasefire, during a speech in which he stated that the attacks by Hamas "did not happen in a vacuum" and needed to be understood in the context of 56 years of Israel's "suffocating occupation" of Palestinians, further stating, "the grievances of the Palestinian people cannot justify the appalling attacks by Hamas. And those appalling attacks cannot justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |date=25 October 2023 |title=UN's António Guterres calls for immediate ceasefire to end 'epic suffering' in Gaza |language=en |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/24/un-calls-for-immediate-ceasefire-to-end-epic-suffering-in-gaza |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hülsemann-2023">{{Cite news |first=Laura |last=Hülsemann |date=24 October 2023 |title=Israel slams UN chief for saying Hamas attack 'did not happen in a vacuum,' calls for his resignation |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-united-nations-antonio-guterres-hamas-attack-vacuum-comments/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref> Israel responded by saying it would ban UN representatives from Israel to "teach them a lesson", and called for the General-Secretary's resignation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |date=25 October 2023 |title=Israel says it will ban UN staff after secretary general's comments |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/israel-says-it-will-ban-un-staff-after-secretary-generals-comments |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gritten |first1=David |date=25 October 2023 |title=Israel demands UN chief resign over Hamas attack comments |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67215620 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> The Secretary General rejected the Israeli accusations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-chief-says-false-accuse-him-justifying-hamas-attacks-2023-10-25/ |title=UN chief rejects Israel accusations he justified Hamas attacks |first=Michelle |last=Nichols |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=25 October 2023 |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

On 27 October, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution ES-10/21 calling for an immediate and sustained humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities and condemned "all acts of violence against Palestinian and Israeli civilians, including all acts of terror and [[indiscriminate attack]]s", adopted by a vote of 121 states to 14, with 44 abstentions.<ref name="un-20231027">{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12548.doc.htm|title=General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling for Immediate, Sustained Humanitarian Truce Leading to Cessation of Hostilities between Israel, Hamas |id=GA/12548 |work=[[United Nations]] |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>

In remarks to the Security Council, UN Secretary-General Guterres expressed deep concern at "clear violations of [[international humanitarian law]]" in Gaza and also said, "It is important to also recognise the attacks by Hamas did not happen in a vacuum. The Palestinian people have been subjected to 56 years of suffocating occupation", leading the Israeli ambassador [[Gilad Erdan]] to call for Guterres's resignation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guterres |first=António |date=24 October 2023 |title=Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council – on the Middle East |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-10-24/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-the-middle-east%C2%A0 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=United Nations |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025005219/https://www.un.org/sg/tr/content/sg/speeches/2023-10-24/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-the-middle-east%C2%A0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2023 |title=UN chief warns that the risk of the Gaza war spreading is growing as situation becomes more dire |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/24/un-israel-palestinian-gaza-war-humanitarian-mideast/febd0ed2-7287-11ee-936d-7a16ee667359_story.html |access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030031427/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/24/un-israel-palestinian-gaza-war-humanitarian-mideast/febd0ed2-7287-11ee-936d-7a16ee667359_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hülsemann-2023"/> Following this, Guterres said that he was "shocked by the misrepresentations" of his statement, pointing out he had also said "... the grievances of the Palestinian people cannot justify the appalling attacks by Hamas."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |last2=Pilkington |first2=Ed |date=25 October 2023 |title=UN chief 'shocked' by 'misrepresentation' of comments in row with Israel |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/israel-says-it-will-ban-un-staff-after-secretary-generals-comments |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029083759/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/25/israel-says-it-will-ban-un-staff-after-secretary-generals-comments |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gritten |first=David |date=25 October 2023 |title=Israel demands UN chief resign over Hamas attack comments |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67215620 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026005805/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67215620 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 12, the UN General Assembly voted to demand "immediate humanitarian ceasefire". The [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22|resolution]] passed overwhelmingly with 153 votes for, 23 neutral and 10 against.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasefire during emergency session |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144717 |work=UN News |date=12 December 2023}}</ref>

=== International ===
{{Main|International reactions to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

{{further |2023 Israel–Hamas war protests |Violent incidents in reaction to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{Multiple image |total_width=400
| image1            = Israel solidarity protest Berlin 2023-10-08 33.jpg
| image2            = Palestine Rally End The Siege, Stop the War on Gaza (53264633371).jpg
| caption1          = Solidarity with Israelis in [[Berlin]], Germany on 8 October
| caption2          = Solidarity with Palestinians in [[Melbourne]] on 15 October
}}
[[File:International views on whether 2023 Hamas attack on Israel is a terrorist attack.svg|thumb|{{Legend|#3D63BD|Countries that have condemned the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] as a terrorist attack}}]]

International leaders from Argentina,<ref name="Telam Argentina">{{cite news |title=El Gobierno deploró el ataque a Israel y reforzó la seguridad |trans-title=The Government deplored the attack on Israel and reinforced security |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202310/642683-gobierno-argentino-condena-ataques-hamas-israel.html |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=[[Télam]] |date=8 October 2023 |language=es}}</ref> India,<ref name="india1">{{cite news |title=India sides with West, condemns 'terrorist attacks in Israel' by Palestine's Hamas group |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/world/india-sides-with-west-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-by-palestines-hamas-group/cid/1971848 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Philippines, the United States, and European countries condemned the attacks by Hamas, expressed solidarity with Israel, said Israel has a right to defend itself from armed attacks and described Hamas's tactics as terrorism.<ref>{{cite news |title=World reaction to surprise attack by Palestinian Hamas on Israel |language=en |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/we-are-at-war-reactions-to-palestinian-hamas-surprise-attack-in-israel |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="cpj-2023">{{Cite web |url=https://cpj.org/2023/10/3-palestinian-journalists-killed-1-injured-2-missing-in-gaza-israel-conflict/ |title=3 Palestinian journalists killed, 1 injured, 2 missing, in Gaza-Israel conflict |date=10 October 2023 |work=CPJ |language=en |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> South Korea condemned Hamas and called Hamas's attack "indiscriminate"; expressed worries that despite missile interceptor defense systems it would remain vulnerable if [[North Korea]] attempted a similar attack on South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AsiaNews.it |title=South Korea condemns Hamas, worries about North Korean rockets |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/South-Korea-condemns-Hamas,-worries-about-North-Korean-rockets-59343.html |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en}}</ref> Most Latin American governments condemned Hamas's attacks in Israel, while some, such as Colombia, expressed solidarity with Palestinians.<ref name="DW-Zorrilla">{{Cite news |last=Gonzalez Zorrilla |first=Gabriel |title=Latin America reacts to Hamas attacks on Israel |url=https://www.dw.com/en/latin-american-leaders-react-to-hamas-terror-attacks-on-israel/a-67069815 |date=11 October 2023 |work=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> The European Union announced it would review aid to Palestinian authorities to ensure the aid was not funding terrorism, and subsequently announced that immediate humanitarian aid to Gaza would be tripled.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-triples-immediate-humanitarian-aid-gaza-2023-10-14/ |title=EU triples immediate humanitarian aid for Gaza |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foy |first1=Henry |last2=Dunai |first2=Marton |date=11 October 2023 |title=EU commissioner reiterates claim that Palestine aid is suspended |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/758f33fb-14ee-4c0e-a8a1-f05550ade059 |access-date=12 October 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Austria, Germany, and Sweden suspended development aid to Palestine in response to Hamas's attack and said that they would review other projects and aid given.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023|title=Germany 'Temporarily Suspends' Palestinian Development Aid: Ministry |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/germany-temporarily-suspends-palestinian-development-aid-ministry-a8c0f077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125828/https://www.barrons.com/news/germany-temporarily-suspends-palestinian-development-aid-ministry-a8c0f077 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023|work=Barron's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Austria Suspends Aid For Palestinians After Hamas Attack |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/austria-suspends-aid-for-palestinians-after-hamas-attack-8ea1a10d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125807/https://www.barrons.com/news/austria-suspends-aid-for-palestinians-after-hamas-attack-8ea1a10d |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Barron's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Palmström |first=Ola |date=10 October 2023 |title=Utvecklingsbiståndet till palestinska myndigheter pausas |language=sv |trans-title=Development aid to the Palestinian Authority is paused |work=SVT Nyheter |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/tidopartierna-haller-presstraff-om-bistandet-till-palestinska-myndigheter |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> Germany sent two [[Heron TP]] drones to Israel.<ref name="Germany Drones">{{cite tweet |user=AJABreaking |number=1712262837022699599 |date=11 October 2023 |script-title=ar:عاجل د.ب.أ عن الدفاع الألمانية: وافقنا على طلب إسرائيلي باستخدام اثنتين من طائراتنا المسيرة في القتال ضد حماس |language=ar |trans-title=Urgent DPA on German Defense: We agreed to an Israeli request to use two of our drones in the fight against Hamas |author=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Germany clears Israel's use of two Heron TP combat drones, source says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/germany-clears-use-two-heron-tp-combat-drones-by-israel-spiegel-2023-10-11/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> On 8 November 2023, the German [[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action|Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs]] announced that the German government had authorised a tenfold increase in arms exports to Israel; the export of military equipment to Israel would be treated and approved as a priority. Exports worth around 32 million euros in all of 2022 rose to almost 303 million euros in 2023, most of which was authorised after the start of the war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2023 |title=Deutsche Rüstungsexporte nach Israel fast verzehnfacht |trans-title=German arms exports to Israel increased almost tenfold |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/israel-deutschland-ruestungsexporte-100.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108183141/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/israel-deutschland-ruestungsexporte-100.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=[[tagesschau.de]]}}</ref> Heads of the [[World Uyghur Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Statement: WUC condemns Hamas attacks on civilians and stands with all those suffering from violence |url=https://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/statement-wuc-condemns-hamas-attacks-on-civilians-and-stands-with-all-those-suffering-from-violence/ |work=[[World Uyghur Congress]]}}</ref> and the [[Uyghur Human Rights Project]] condemned Hamas while [[East Turkistan Government-in-Exile]] minister [[Salih Hudayar]] declared support for Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Filistin meselesi Uygurları ikiye böldü |trans-title=The Palestinian issue has divided the Uyghurs |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/filistin-meselesi-uygurlari-ikiye-boldu-2133386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102105408/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/filistin-meselesi-uygurlari-ikiye-boldu-2133386 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |website=[[Cumhuriyet]] |language=tr}}</ref> Croatia's president [[Zoran Milanović]] publicly stated that Israel had lost his sympathy due to its humanitarian crimes and "reprisal actions" in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Seb |last=Starcevic |date=13 October 2023|title=Israel has lost my sympathy, says Croatia's president |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-has-lost-my-sympathy-says-croatian-president/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref> Colombian president Gustavo Petro likened IDF attacks against Palestinians to Nazis and asked the Israeli ambassador to "apologize and leave the country".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Colombia tells Israel envoy to leave as diplomatic feud over Gaza war deepens |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/colombia-tells-israel-envoy-to-leave-as-diplomatic-feud-over-gaza-war-deepens/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Spain's deputy prime minister [[Yolanda Díaz]] called on the international community to put pressure on Israel to stop what she called a massacre in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Alyssa |last=Mcmurtry |title=Spain's deputy PM urges Europe to help stop 'massacre' in Gaza |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/spain-s-deputy-pm-urges-europe-to-help-stop-massacre-in-gaza/3018907 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=AA}}</ref> On multiple occasions, [[Pope Francis]] referred to Israel's actions in Gaza as "terror" and "terrorism".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Anthony |title=In undisclosed call, Pope Francis warned Israel against committing 'terror' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/pope-francis-israel-war-terrorism/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

Responses from African governments varied, showing division about the source of the conflict and who is to blame. However, most expressed grief and deep concerns about the outbreak of violence, with condemnations of attacks against civilians and calls for restraint and de-escalation to prevent further loss of Israeli and Palestinian lives.<ref name="ABC-Ogao">{{Cite news |last=Ogao |first=Emma |title=African leaders react as Israel declares war on Hamas |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/International/african-leaders-react-israel-declares-war-hamas/story?id=103885919 |date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

As many as 20,000 Thai workers (around half of Israel's migrant work force) live all over Israel, including areas close to Gaza.<ref name="CNN-Chen">{{Cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Heather |last2=Olarn |first2=Kocha |title=Thai deaths in Hamas massacre spotlight poor agricultural workers from Asia who toil in Israel's fields |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/asia/thailand-migrant-workers-israel-gaza-conflict-intl-hnk/index.html |date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> [[Thailand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said their stance towards "the deadly Hamas-led attack against Israel is one of neutrality, and the Kingdom promotes a solution that would allow Palestine and Israel to coexist".<ref name="CFR-Kurlantzick">{{Cite web |last=Kurlantzick |first=Joshua |title=How Southeast Asian States Are Responding to the Growing Middle East Conflict |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-southeast-asian-states-are-responding-growing-middle-east-conflict |date=9 October 2023 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Isaac Herzog in Tel Aviv-Yafo, October 2023 (ABG 0395).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] and Israeli President [[Isaac Herzog]] in Tel Aviv, Israel, 12 October 2023]]
[[Queen Rania of Jordan]] said leaders of Western countries had double standards and were "complicit" in civilian suffering in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haq |first1=Sana Noor |last2=Calzonetti |first2=Claire |title=Queen Rania of Jordan accuses West of 'glaring double standard' as the death toll rises in besieged Gaza |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/24/middleeast/queen-rania-jordan-amanpour-interview-intl/index.html |access-date=25 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=25 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

A summit in [[Amman]] hosted by King Abdullah II that was also to be attended by Biden, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was cancelled by the Jordanian government on 18 October, in response to the [[Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=18 October 2023 |title=Jordan cancels summit with Biden, Sisi and Abbas in Amman |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-cancels-summit-with-biden-egyptian-leader-amman-2023-10-17/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>

On 31 October, Bolivia severed diplomatic relations with Israel due to what the deputy foreign minister called "the aggressive and disproportionate Israeli military offensive".<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Bolivia becomes first country to sever ties with Israel over war with Hamas |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Several other countries followed suit in severing relations with Israel.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hellyer |first=H.A. |date=3 November 2023 |title=The West Is Losing the Global South Over Gaza |url=https://time.com/6330746/global-south-ukraine-israel-gaza/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> South Africa, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Comoros and Djibouti submitted a referral to the International Criminal Court asking for an investigation into possible war crimes by Israel in the Palestinian territories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rios |first=Michael |date=17 November 2023 |title=Five countries ask International Criminal Court to investigate the situation in Palestinian territories |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/17/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-crimes-icc-referral/index.html |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

==== Evacuations of foreign nationals ====
{{Main|Evacuations during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Guilherme |last1=Mazui |first2=Mateus |last2=Rodrigues |date=8 October 2023 |title=Governo prepara seis aviões para resgatar brasileiros na zona de conflito entre Israel e Hamas |language=pt |trans-title=Government prepares six planes to rescue Brazilians in the conflict zone between Israel and Hamas |work=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/10/08/reuniao-itamaraty-confronto-israel-hamas.ghtml |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> [[Poland]] announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 of its nationals from Ben-Gurion airport.<ref name="f24live2">{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Live: More than 600 Israelis killed, more than 100 held 'prisoner' in war with Hamas |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-us-israel-discussions-on-military-aid-very-much-underway-says-white-house-official |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two [[TAROM]] planes and two private aircraft on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Romania, Hungary Evacuate Citizens From Israel By Air |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/israel-hungary-romania-evacuate-citizens-hamas/32629062.html |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref> Australia also announced repatriation flights.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/11/israel-hamas-war-repatriation-flights-australians-qantas-virgin-evacuation |title=Qantas to help repatriate Australians from Israel starting Friday |last=Hurst |first=Daniel |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> 300 Nigerian pilgrims in Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/11/israel-palestine-death-toll-rises-sharply-as-african-nationals-evacuated/ |title=Israel-Palestine: death toll rises sharply, as African nationals evacuated |work=Africanews |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due to available commercial flights. However, the flights were commercial.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sean |last=Seddon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67091170 |title=UK arranges flights for Britons stranded in Israel |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Nepal arranged a flight to evacuate at least 254 of its citizens who were studying in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal: First batch of 254 students, stranded amid Israel-Hamas war, land in Kathmandu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-first-batch-of-254-students-stranded-amid-israel-hamas-war-land-in-kathmandu/articleshow/104385637.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 October 2023}}</ref> India launched [[Operation Ajay]] to evacuate its citizens from Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Saikat Kumar |last=Bose |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/israel-gaza-war-israel-hamas-war-indians-in-israel-operation-ajay-operation-ajay-first-flight-to-evacuate-indians-from-israel-tonight-4473665 |title=Operation Ajay: First Flight To Evacuate Indians From Israel Tonight |work=NDTV |date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Ukraine has facilitated the evacuation of around 450 of its citizens from Israel as of 18 October, with additional evacuation flights in the planning for the near future.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Martin |last=Fornusek |url=https://kyivindependent.com/update-ukrainian-woman-killed-in-gaza-18-citizens-confirmed-killed-in-israel/ |title=UPDATE: Ukrainian woman killed in Gaza, 18 citizens confirmed killed in Israel |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

== Regional effects ==
{{Main|Effects of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
According to [[Daniel Byman]] and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in [[Politics of the Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian politics]]. They predicted the PLO's further decline if the ''status quo'' held.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Byman |first2=Daniel |last2=Palmer |first1=Alexander |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |title=What You Need to Know About the Israel-Hamas Violence |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007230520/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO. However it may soon lead to conflict between them, possibly leading the PLO losing control of the security situation in the West Bank, if more militant groups there begin to launch their own independent attacks.<ref name="IISS">{{cite web|url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/10/iiss-experts-assess-the-hamas-israel-war-and-its-international-implications/ |title=IISS experts assess the Hamas–Israel war and its international implications |website=IISS |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

Political journalist [[Peter Beaumont (journalist)|Peter Beaumont]] described the attack as "an intelligence failure for the ages" on the part of the Israeli government.<ref name="beaumont">{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-stealth-attack-will-be-remembered-as-israeli-intelligence-failure-for-the-ages |title=Hamas's stealth attack will be remembered as Israeli intelligence failure for the ages |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Jewish News Syndicate]] deemed it a "[[failure of imagination]]".<ref>Limor, Yoav (7 October 2023). [https://www.jns.org/israels-failure-of-imagination-on-hamas/ "Israel's failure of imagination on Hamas"]. ''[[Jewish News Syndicate]]''. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> A BBC report on the intelligence failure commented that "it must have taken extraordinary levels of operational security by Hamas."<ref>Gardner, Frank (8 October 2023). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221 "How did Israeli intelligence fail to stop major attack from Gaza?"]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> US officials expressed shock at how Israeli intelligence appeared to be unaware of any preparations by Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/politics/us-officials-israeli-intelligence-concerns/index.html |title=US officials raise concerns over Israeli intelligence after Hamas attacks |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Israeli officials later anonymously reported to ''[[Axios (website)|Axios]]'' that the IDF and Shin Bet had detected abnormal movements by Hamas the day before the attack, but decided to wait for additional intelligence before raising the military's alert level. They also did not inform political leaders of the intelligence reports.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/12/hamas-attack-israel-intelligence-failure-high-alert-shen-bet |title=Israel had intel on Hamas activity but didn't put Gaza border on high alert |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

[[Amit Segal]], chief political commentator for Israel's [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Channel 12]], said that the conflict would test Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]], noting that [[List of wars involving Israel|past wars]] had toppled the governments of several of his predecessors such as that of [[Golda Meir]] following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, [[Menachem Begin]] following the [[1982 Lebanon War]], and [[Ehud Olmert]] following the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gotkine |first=Elliott |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/middleeast/hamas-attack-crisis-benjamin-netanyahu-intl/ |title=Israel's history suggests the clock is ticking for Netanyahu after Hamas attack failures |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Prior to the formation of an emergency unity government on 11 October, ''[[Politico]]'' described the then-potential move as Netanyahu's opportunity to correct his course and save his political legacy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aronson |first=Cole S. |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/08/israel-war-benjamin-netanyahu-legacy-00120532 |title=Bibi's Big Chance |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Citing the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to [[Thirty-seventh government of Israel|the incumbent government]] focusing more on internal dissent, the [[2023 Israeli judicial reform|judicial reform]], and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories,<ref>{{cite web|last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.vox.com/23910085/netanyahu-israel-right-hamas-gaza-war-history |title=Benjamin Netanyahu failed Israel |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up Hamas,<ref name="Schneider 2023">{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Tal |date=8 October 2023 |title=For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> and described him as a liability.<ref name="tisdall"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/most-israelis-think-netanyahu-responsible-failing-prevent-hamas-attack-poll-2023-10-20/ |title=Most Israelis think Netanyahu responsible for failing to prevent Hamas attack, poll shows |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

In an analysis by ''The Times of Israel'', the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/saudi-israeli-normalization-effort-takes-a-violent-detour-after-hamas-attack/ |title=Saudi-Israeli normalization effort takes a violent detour after Hamas attack |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> Andreas Kluth wrote in his [[Bloomberg News]] column that Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed between Saudi Arabia, Israel and the United States would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to "blow the whole thing up". He added that, viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse, considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution for the conflict. He suggested they would prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid state.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kluth |first=Andreas |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |title=Hamas Just Torched Biden's Deal to Remake the Middle East |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008111839/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Economic impact ===
{{main|Economic impact of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
On 9 November, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labour supply caused by the war was costing the Israeli economy $600 million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/war-is-costing-economy-some-600m-a-week-due-to-work-absence-bank-of-israel/ |title=War is costing economy some $600m a week due to work absence — Bank of Israel |date=9 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> However, the bank also stated that the estimate does not reflect total damage and did not include damages caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.

== Media coverage ==
{{main |Media coverage of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}

=== Criticism from journalists ===
Over 750 journalists signed an open letter condemning "Israel's killing of reporters in Gaza and criticizing Western media's coverage of the war." The letter said newsrooms are "accountable for dehumanizing rhetoric that has served to justify ethnic cleansing of Palestinians." Signers of the letter were criticized for potentially impeding their organizations' ability to gather news, and could face management backlash,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hundreds of journalists sign letter protesting coverage of Israel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/11/09/open-letter-journalists-israel-gaza/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=9 November 2023}}</ref> [[Semafor (website)|Semafor]] reported that ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' journalists who signed the letter were barred from covering the Gaza war "in any way" for at least three months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tani |first=Max |date=16 November 2023 |title=LA Times blocks reporters who signed open letter criticizing Israel from covering Gaza |url=https://www.semafor.com/article/11/16/2023/la-times-bars-reporters-who-signed-open-letter-from-covering-gaza |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Semafor |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 November 2023, 11 international news organizations sent a letter to Israel and Egypt, asking for access to the Gaza Strip in order to cover the war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=Live updates: Israel-Hamas war, Gaza evacuations, Al-Shifa Hospital |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-13-23/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

[[CBS]] reported on 14 December 2023 a statement of the International Federation of Journalists noting that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed the amount killed in the [[Vietnam War]], which lasted two decades".<ref name=Mikayla>{{cite news |first=Mikayla |last=Price |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/journalists-vigil-killed-gaza-israel/ |title=Chicago journalists hold vigil for colleagues killed in Gaza and Israel |publisher=[[CBS]] |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> More than 50 Palestinian journalists lost their lives.<ref name=Mikayla /> Various dangerous facts such as airstrikes, but also starvation due to lack of food, risks linking for having no clean water available and shelter made that "Palestine is one of the most dangerous places for a journalist to do their job".<ref name=Mikayla />

=== Social media censorship ===
On December 20, 2023, Human Rights Watch issued a 51 page report which documents [[Meta|Meta's]] pattern of undue removal and suppression of protected speech on [[Facebook]] and [[Instagram]] including peaceful expression in support of Palestine and public debate about Palestinian human rights.<ref><web src="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/20/meta-systemic-censorship-palestine-content"></ref>

=== Early reports of atrocities on 7 October and unverified allegations ===
{{main|2023 Hamas attack on Israel#Reports of atrocities}}

In the aftermath of the initial Hamas assault, witnesses from the Israeli soldiers, the Israeli Department Forces, and the first responder Israeli organization [[ZAKA]] said on French Israeli TV channel [[i24news]] that they had seen the bodies of beheaded infants at the site of the Kfar Aza massacre.<ref name="i24-smell">{{cite news |first=Nicole |last=Zedeck |title='It smells of death here': Surveying the scenes of atrocities in Kfar Aza |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696938010-it-smells-of-death-here-surveying-the-scenes-of-atrocities-in-kfar-aza |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=I24news |date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tuquero |first=Loreben |date=13 October 2023 |title=Reports of 260 Israeli music fest deaths aren't unsubstantiated |work=[[PolitiFact]] |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2023/oct/13/instagram-posts/reports-of-260-deaths-at-israeli-music-fest-are-no/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="cbs">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Holly |author1-link=Holly Williams (journalist) |last2=Lyall |first2=Erin |date=11 October 2023 |title=Israel kibbutz the scene of a Hamas "massacre", first responders say: "The depravity of it is haunting" |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/ |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> During Antony Blinken's visit to Israel, he said he was shown photos of the massacre by Hamas of Israeli civilians and soldiers, and specifically that he saw beheaded IDF soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Greg |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israeli PM's office releases graphic photos purporting to show Hamas 'murdered and burned' babies |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/israeli-pms-office-releases-graphic-photos-purporting-show-hamas-murdered-burned-babies |access-date=19 October 2023 |work=[[Fox News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> U.S. President Biden separately said that he had seen photographic evidence of terrorists beheading children, but it was not the case; the White House subsequently clarified that Biden was alluding to news reports of beheadings, which have not contained or referred to photographic evidence.<ref name="NBCnews" /> [[NBC News]] called reports of "40 beheaded babies" unverified allegations,<ref name="NBCnews">{{Cite news |last1=Tenbarge |first1=Kat |last2=Chan |first2=Melissa |date=12 October 2023 |title=Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media |publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> adding that they appeared "to have originated from Israeli soldiers and people affiliated with the Israel Defense Force" and that "an Israeli official told CNN the government had not confirmed claims of the beheadings".<ref name="NBCnews" /> The allegation mainly "stemmed from a viral Israeli news broadcast clip" and the main X / Twitter accounts propagating the claims were i24NEWS and Israel's official account, even though Israeli Defense spokesperson Doron Spielman told NBC News that he could not confirm i24NEWS's report.<ref name="NBCnews" /> As of 12 October, [[CNN]] had extensively reviewed online media content to verify Hamas-related atrocities but found no evidence to support claims of decapitated children.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chance |first1=Matthew |last2=Greene |first2=Richard Allen |last3=Berlinger |first3=Joshua |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israeli official says government cannot confirm babies were beheaded in Hamas attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/israel-hamas-beheading-claims-intl/index.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

An Israeli ZAKA volunteer reported on 14 October seeing children's bodies with severe injuries and burns. Some of the bodies appeared to have been decapitated, but the exact circumstances were not clear.<ref name="bbc14oct2023">{{cite news |first=Joel |last=Gunter |date=14 October 2023 |title=Zaka: The volunteers giving dignity to Israel's dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67100014 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', which reprinted an article from the Israeli website ''Themedialine.org'' (whose founder, Felice Friedson, was praised by ''The Jerusalem Post'' and is a contributor to it<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/author/felice-friedson |title=Felice Friedson |publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>), approximately 200 forensic pathologists and other experts—from Israel, Switzerland, New Zealand, the U.S. and elsewhere—reviewed evidence of the attack at the [[Abu Kabir Forensic Institute|National Center of Forensic Medicine (Abu Kabir)]] in Tel Aviv.<ref name="jposttorture">{{cite news |first=Aaron |last=Poris |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769339 |title=Hamas torture confirmed as Israeli forensics institute identifies victims |publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> Chen Kugel, head of the center, said that many bodies, including those of babies, were without heads. When asked whether the bodies had been decapitated, Kugel answered yes.<ref name="themedialine1">{{cite web |first=Aaron |last=Poris |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/evidence-on-display-at-israels-forensic-pathology-center-confirms-hamas-atrocities/ |title=Evidence on Display at Israel's Forensic Pathology Center Confirms Hamas' Atrocities |date=19 October 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130055222/https://themedialine.org/top-stories/evidence-on-display-at-israels-forensic-pathology-center-confirms-hamas-atrocities/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He added that it was difficult to determine whether the dead were decapitated before or after death, or whether their heads had been "cut off by knife or blown off by [[rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]]".<ref name="jposttorture"/>

On 24 October, Israeli authorities screened bodycam footage of Hamas atrocities for journalists, including "an attempt to decapitate someone who appeared to be still alive using a garden hoe",<ref>{{Cite news |first=Joel |last=Gunter |date=23 October 2023 |title=Israel shows Hamas bodycam attack footage to journalists |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67198270 |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> as well as a still image of a decapitated IDF soldier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=23 October 2023 |title=Israel shows footage of Hamas killings 'to counter denial of atrocities' |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardcan.com/world/2023/oct/23/israel-shows-footage-of-hamas-killings-to-counter-denial-of-atrocities |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

On 4 December, ''[[Haaretz]]'' reported that "unverified stories [had been] disseminated by Israeli search and rescue groups, army officers and even Sara Netanyahu".<ref name=HaaAzz>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2023 |title=Hamas Committed Documented Atrocities. But a Few False Stories Feed the Deniers |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-04/ty-article-magazine/.premium/hamas-committed-documented-atrocities-but-a-few-false-stories-feed-the-deniers/0000018c-34f3-da74-afce-b5fbe24f0000 |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli personnel gave false information about 7 October attack crimes – report |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-personnel-false-information-7-october-attack |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' journalists Nir Hasson and Liza Rozovsky related the chronology of the news items about "beheaded babies" and "hung babies" and concluded, "this story is false".<ref name=HaaAzz /> They quoted Ishay Coen, a journalist for the ultra-Orthodox website Kikar Hashabbat, who admitted he made a mistake by unquestioningly accepting the IDF's claims.<ref name=HaaAzz /> "Why would an army officer invent such a horrifying story?", Hashabbat asked, adding, "I was wrong".<ref name=HaaAzz /> ''Haaretz'' also reported that some testimony came from reservist officers.<ref name=HaaAzz />

== See also ==
* [[2020s in military history]]
* [[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East]]
* [[List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war]]
* [[List of wars involving Israel]]
* [[List of wars involving the State of Palestine]]
* [[List of wars: 2003–present]]
* [[Outline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war]]
* [[Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
<ref name="WI-Waldo">{{cite web |last1=Waldo |first1=Cleary |last2=Epstein |first2=Gabriel |last3=Hilbush |first3=Sydney |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel |title=International Reactions to the Hamas Attack on Israel |work=PolicyWatch 3793 |publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|The Washington Institute]] |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016215412/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}
* [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|OCHA]]: ''Hostilities in Gaza and Israel, Flash Updates'': [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-1 #1], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-2 #2], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-3 #3], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-4 #4], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-5 #5], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-6 #6], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-7 #7], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-8 #8], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9 #9], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-10 #10], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-11 #11], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-12 #12], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-13 #13], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-14 #14], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-15 #15], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-16 #16], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-17 #17], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-18 #18], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-19 #19], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-20 #20], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-21 #21], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-22 #22], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-23 #23], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-24 #24], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-25 #25], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-26 #26], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-27 #27], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28 #28], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-29 #29], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-30 #30], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-31 #31], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-32 #32], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-33 #33], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-34 #34], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35 #35], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-36 #36], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-37 #37], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-38 #38], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-39 #39], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40 #40], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-41 #41], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-42 #42], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-43 #43], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44 #44], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-45 #45], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-46 #46], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-47 #47], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48 #48], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-49 #49], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-50 #50], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-51 #51], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-52 #52], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-53 #53], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-54 #54], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55 #55], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-56 #56], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-57 #57], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-58 #58], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-59 #59], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60 #60],[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-61 #61], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62 #62], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63 #63], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-64 #64], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-65 #65], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66-enarhe #66], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-67 #67], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-68 #68]
* [[UNRWA]]: ''Gaza Situation Reports'': [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ #1], [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-2-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ #2], #3, [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-4-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-11-october-2023/ #4] (11 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-5-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-12-october-2023/ #5] (12 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-6-on-the-gaza-strip-the-west-bank/ #6] (15 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-7-on-the-gaza-strip-the-west-bank/ #7] (16 October), [https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-8-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem #8] (18 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-9-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-and-the-west-bank-20-october-2023/ #9] (19 October), [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/unrwa-situation-report-17-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem-information-covers-period-27-29-october-2023-and-valid-29-october-1800-local-time-enar #17] (30 October), [https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-34-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem #34] (21 November)

{{2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Gaza–Israel conflict}}
{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}
{{Israeli wars}}
{{Hamas}}
{{Benjamin Netanyahu}}
{{Portal bar|2020s|Current events|Israel|Lebanon|Modern history|Palestine|Iran|Politics}}
{{Authority control|authorityControl}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Israel-Hamas war, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 Israel–Hamas war| ]]
[[Category:2023 in the State of Palestine]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2023]]
[[Category:Gaza–Israel conflict|2023]]
[[Category:Invasions of Israel]]
[[Category:October 2023 events in Israel|Hamas war]]
[[Category:November 2023 events in Israel|Hamas war]]
[[Category:December 2023 events in Israel|Hamas war]]
[[Category:Houthi Movement]]
[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict]]
[[Category:Wars involving Israel]]
[[Category:Wars involving Palestinians]]
[[Category:Wars involving Hezbollah]]
[[Category:Ongoing conflicts in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]