Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:2023 Nigerian presidential election

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{see also|2023 Nigerian elections|2020s in electoral politics}}
<!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox election
<!--      DO NOT REMOVE THE SPACING, IT HELPS LEGIBILITY    -->
| election_name      = 2023 Nigerian presidential election
| country            = Nigeria
| type               = presidential
| ongoing            = no
| previous_election  = 2019 Nigerian general election
| previous_year      = 2019
| next_election      = 2027 Nigerian presidential election
| next_year          = 2027
| election_date      = 25 February 2023{{efn|name=fnDate}}
| opinion_polls      = 2023 Nigerian presidential election#Polling
| registered         = 93,469,008
| turnout            = 26.71% ({{decrease}}8.04[[Percentage point|pp]])<!--{{efn|name=fnTurnout|This figure is based on the number of accredited voters; # voters (%) cast votes (validly or invalidly) while # voters (%) cast valid votes. Another turnout metric used by INEC is based on Permanent Voter Card-holding voters: either the percent of Permanent Voter Card-holding voters that were accredited to vote (%) or the percent of Permanent Voter Card-holding voters that cast a vote—either validly or invalidly (%); also there is the percent of Permanent Voter Card-holding voters that cast valid votes (%).}}-->
| needed_votes = 25% in 2/3 [[States of Nigeria|States]] + [[Plurality]]
<!--      APC    -->
| image1             = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bola Tinubu portrait (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=160}}
| nominee1           = '''{{nowrap|[[Bola Tinubu]]}}'''
| running_mate1      = '''{{nowrap|[[Kashim Shettima]]}}'''
| party1             = All Progressives Congress
| home_state1        = [[Lagos State|Lagos]]
| states_carried1    = '''12'''
| popular_vote1      = '''8,794,726'''
| percentage1        = '''36.61%'''
<!--      PDP    -->
| image2             = {{CSS image crop|Image=Atiku Abubakar-2010 (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=160}} 
| nominee2           = {{nowrap|[[Atiku Abubakar]]}}
| running_mate2      = {{nowrap|[[Ifeanyi Okowa]]}}
| party2             = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| home_state2        = [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]]
| states_carried2    = 12
| popular_vote2      = 6,984,520
| percentage2        = 29.07%
<!--      LP    -->
| image4             = {{CSS image crop|Image=Peter Obi.png|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=160}}
| nominee4           = {{nowrap|[[Peter Obi]]}}
| running_mate4      = [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]]
| party4             = Labour Party (Nigeria)
| home_state4        = [[Anambra State|Anambra]]
| states_carried4    = 11 + [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|FCT]]
| popular_vote4      = 6,101,533
| percentage4        = 25.40%

<!--      NNPP   -->
| image5             = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rabiu Kwankwaso (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=160}}
| nominee5           = [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]]
| running_mate5      = Isaac Idahosa
| party5             = New Nigeria Peoples Party
| home_state5        = [[Kano State|Kano]]
| states_carried5    = 1
| popular_vote5      = 1,496,687
| percentage5        = 6.40%

<!--    bottom   -->
| map_image          = Map of the 2023 Nigerian presidential election.svg
| map_size           =
| map_caption        = Results by state 
| title              = [[President of Nigeria|President]]
| before_election    = [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
| before_party       = All Progressives Congress
| after_election     = [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]]
| after_party        = All Progressives Congress
| announced          = [[Bola Tinubu]]
| announced_Party    = All Progressives Congress
}}
{{Politics of Nigeria}}

The '''2023 Nigerian presidential election''' was held on 25 February 2023{{efn|name=fnDate|Due to disruptions—mainly violence or technical issues—on election day, INEC either postponed or extended voting to 26 February in certain affected areas.}} to elect the [[President of Nigeria|president]] and [[Vice President of Nigeria]].<ref name="New Dates">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=INEC Sets New Dates For 2023 General Elections |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-inec-sets-new-dates-for-2023-general-elections |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> [[Bola Tinubu]],  
a former [[Governor of Lagos State]] and nominee of the [[All Progressives Congress]],<ref name="PDP primary results" /><ref name="APC primary results" /> won the election with 36.61% of the vote, which is about 8,794,726 total votes. Runners-up were former Vice President [[Atiku Abubakar]], [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]], and former [[Governor of Anambra State]] [[Peter Obi]], [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]]. [[2023 Nigerian elections#Federal elections|Other federal elections]], including elections to the [[2023 Nigerian House of Representatives election|House of Representatives]] and the [[2023 Nigerian Senate election|Senate]], held on the same date while [[2023 Nigerian elections#State elections|state elections]] were held on 18 March.<ref name="New Dates" /> The [[Inauguration of Bola Tinubu|inauguration]] was held on 29 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Bola Tinubu is now Nigeria's president-elect. What happens next? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/now-that-tinubu-is-nigerias-president-what-happens-next |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

The candidates were nominated in the party primaries conducted between 4 April and 9 June 2022. Incumbent [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] President [[Muhammadu Buhari]] was term-limited and could not seek re-election for a third term.  The [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]] nominated former [[Governor of Kano State]] [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]].<ref name="LP primary results" /><ref name="NNPP primary results" /> In the weeks after the primaries, vice presidential running mates were announced with Abubakar choosing Governor [[Ifeanyi Okowa]].<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Atiku dumps Wike, chooses Okowa as running mate for presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/atiku-dumps-wike-chooses-okowa-as-running-mate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Obi submits Okupe">{{cite web |last1=Aliyu |first1=Abdullateef |title=Running Mate: Like Tinubu, Peter Obi Picks Doyin Okupe As Placeholder |url=https://dailytrust.com/peter-obi-picks-doyin-okupe-as-running-mate |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tinubu submits Masari">{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Tinubu submits name of running mate to INEC |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/tinubu-submits-name-of-running-mate-to-inec/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Obi selecting former Senator [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]], Tinubu picking Senator [[Kashim Shettima]], and Kwankwaso choosing pastor Isaac Idahosa.<ref name="Obi selects Baba-Ahmed">{{cite web |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Idowu |title=Updated: Peter Obi picks Datti Baba-Ahmed as running mate |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-peter-obi-unveils-running-mate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=8 July 2022 |date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tinubu picks Shettima">{{cite web |last1=Akinboyo |first1=Temidayo |title=Updated: Tinubu finally names Shettima as running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/541904-breaking-2023-tinubu-finally-names-shettima-as-running-mate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

The general election was noted by initially high projected turnout and lack of a peaceful voting process. It was marred by reports of vote buying, voter intimidation, attacks on polling units in certain areas, and unpunctual electoral officials along with accusations of outright fraud;<ref>{{cite news |title=CDD releases preliminary report on polls, alleges voter suppression |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cdd-releases-preliminary-report-on-polls-alleges-voter-suppression/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="NHRC malpractices" /> to compound issues with trust in the election, [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] officials failed to upload polling unit results to the INEC result viewing portal as previously assured would happen on election day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sulaimon |first1=Adekunle |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC backtracks on promise to upload results from polling units |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-reneges-on-promise-to-upload-results-from-polling-units/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaibu |first1=Nathaniel |title=#NigeriaElections2023: YIAGA expresses concern over failed result upload |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-yiaga-expresses-concern-over-failed-result-upload/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jannamike |first1=Luminous |title=Address issues threatening to mar credibility of election results, CSO charges INEC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/address-issues-threatening-to-mar-credibility-of-election-results-cso-charges-inec/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> As state results started to be announced on 26 February at the national collation centre in [[Abuja]], opposition emerged as results data had still not been fully uploaded prior to their announcement in accordance with the law.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=Party agents protest delay in uploading results on iReV, discrepancies in results |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/584972-party-agents-protest-delay-in-uploading-results-on-irev-discrepancies-in-results.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="INEC continues collation despite protests">{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |last2=Folorunsho-Francis |first2=Adebayo |last3=Shaibu |first3=Nathaniel |last4=Olatunji |first4=Daud |title=Presidential poll: INEC continues results collation despite protests |url=https://punchng.com/presidential-poll-inec-continues-results-collation-despite-protests/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> These circumstances along with statements critical of INEC from observers and civil society groups led the Abubakar, Obi, and Rabi'u Kwankwaso campaigns to question and then officially reject the announced election results by 28 February.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023 elections: EU faults INEC, says process distorted, lacks transparency |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/2023-elections-eu-faults-inec-says-process-distorted-lacks-transparency/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Odoh |first1=Innocent |title=US, UK, IRI Observers React To Electoral Process |url=https://leadership.ng/us-uk-iri-observers-react-to-electoral-process/ |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Okowa, Baba-Ahmed reject results" /><ref name="NNPP rejects results" /> All three main opposition campaigns, in addition to some civil society groups and former President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], called on the commission to rerun the election due to fraud and violence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oludare |first1=Ishola |title=Full text of Obasanjo's message on 2023 presidential election |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/full-text-of-obasanjos-message-on-2023-presidential-election/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/02/28/2023-elections-kwankwasos-nnpp-joins-pdp-lp-to-call-for-cancellation/|title=2023 Elections: Kwankwaso's NNPP Joins PDP, LP To Call For Cancellation|first=Donatus|last=Anichukwese|publisher=[[Channels TV]]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="TD World questions results" /><ref name="WSJ Observers, Opposition criticize election">{{cite web |last1=Steinhauser |first1=Gabriele |last2=Akingbule |first2=Gbenga |title=Nigeria Election Criticized by International Observers, Opposition Parties |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nigerias-ruling-party-candidate-takes-early-lead-in-slow-vote-count-5875b068 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="NYT LP, PDP call for rerun" /> Meanwhile, the Tinubu campaign praised the commission and called for the arrest of PDP spokesmen for "incitement of violence".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ajayi |first1=Omeiza |title=Tinubu Campaign demands arrest of Dino, Momodu, Pastor Enenche |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/polls-tinubu-campaign-demands-arrest-of-dino-momodu-pastor-enenche/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> In the early morning of 1 March, INEC chairman [[Mahmood Yakubu]] declared Tinubu as the victory after all state results were collated.<ref>{{cite web |title=INEC declares APC's Bola Tinubu winner of Nigeria's presidential election |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/585443-breaking-inec-declares-apcs-bola-tinubu-winner-of-nigerias-presidential-election.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> In response, Abubakar, Obi, and [[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Rabi'u Kwankwaso]] rejected and vowed to challenge the results.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bola Tinubu wins Nigeria's presidential election against Atiku Abubakar and Peter Obi |work=BBC News |date=March 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64760226 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> On 2 March, [[Peter Obi]] claimed he won the election and will prove it,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/02/peter-obi-challenge-nigeria-election-result |title=Third-party candidate Peter Obi to challenge Nigeria election result |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 March 2023 |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> and both he and Atiku separately filed formal petitions challenging Tinubu's victory on 22 March.<ref name="ftrobi" /><ref name="ftratiku" />

== Electoral system ==
The [[President of Nigeria]] is elected using a modified [[two-round system]] with up to three rounds. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the national vote and over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the [[States of Nigeria|36 states]] and the [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal Capital Territory]]. If no candidate passes this threshold, a second round is held between the top candidate and the candidate winning the second-highest number of states. To win in the second round, a candidate must still receive the most votes nationally and over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states and the [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal Capital Territory]]. If neither candidate passes this threshold, a third round is held where a simple majority of the national vote is required to be elected.<ref name="constitution1999">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Art. 134 |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/fr/text/179202 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Wipo |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
After the first term of [[Muhammadu Buhari]] as [[President of Nigeria|President]], he won re-election to the office as the nominee of the [[All Progressives Congress]] by defeating [[Atiku Abubakar]] of the [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] with a margin of 14 percentage points—nearly 4 million votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPDATED: Buhari wins second term - Punch Newspapers |author=Ayodele Oluwagbemi |work=Punch Newspapers |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url= https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-buhari-winner-of-2019-presidential-election/}}</ref> For the legislative elections, the APC solidified its majorities in both the [[2019 Nigerian House of Representatives election|House of Representatives]] and the [[2019 Nigerian Senate election|Senate]] after nearly losing the majorities due to defections in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APC Retains Majority Seats in Senate |author=Deji Elumoye |work=thisdaylive.com |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url= https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/02/28/apc-retains-majority-seats-in-senate/}}</ref> [[2019 Nigerian gubernatorial elections|On the state level]], the PDP gained two governorships in total as the party gained four governorships from the APC while the APC gained two governorships from the PDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Governorship Elections Tally: APC 15 states, PDP 14 |last=Ogundipe |first=Samuel |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=5 April 2019 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url= https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/324136-2019-governorship-elections-tally-apc-15-states-pdp-14.html}}</ref> During the first two years of the 2019–2023 term, the APC expanded slightly through the defections of dozens of state and federal legislators and three governors—[[Ebonyi State]]'s [[Dave Umahi]], [[Cross River State]]'s [[Benedict Ayade]], and [[Zamfara State]]'s [[Bello Matawalle|Bello Muhammad Matawalle]]—but went through a prolonged leadership crisis;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olagoke |first1=Bode |title=2020: APC's year of crisis management, harvest of defectors, reconciliation |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/2020-apcs-year-of-crisis-management-harvest-of-defectors-reconciliation/ |website=[[Blueprint Newspaper]] |date=30 December 2020 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> for the PDP, the losses through defection took a toll but the party resolved its leadership crisis and held a peaceful convention.<ref name="Rancour-free PDP Convention" /> During the second half of the term, both parties were hit by defections but the APC held its long-postponed convention and the PDP underwent public disputes over not zoning its presidential nomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023: PDP zoning committee reportedly throws party's presidential ticket open |last=Iroanusi |first=QueenEsther |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=6 April 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url= https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/522054-2023-pdp-zoning-committee-reportedly-throws-partys-presidential-ticket-open.html}}</ref>

Ahead of Buhari's second term, his promises included the completion of in-process rail lines and other infrastructure projects, the further inclusion of women in government, educational reform, and increasing anti-corruption initiatives.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olufemi |first1=Alfred |title=30 things Buhari promised Nigerians in second term – IPC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/336187-30-things-buhari-promised-nigerians-in-second-term-ipc.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=16 May 2022 |date=21 June 2019}}</ref> In terms of his performance, the administration was commended for improving the agriculture sector, finishing infrastructure projects, successful advances in the fight against terrorists in the [[North East (Nigeria)|northeast]], securing the return of previously looted public funds from abroad, and increasing the minimum wage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bello |first1=Dorcas |title=Nigeria: Are the pictures of rice pyramids an election tactic? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/172527/nigeria-are-the-pictures-of-rice-pyramids-an-election-tactic/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |access-date=16 May 2022 |date=2 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria reopens revamped Akanu Ibiam International Airport |url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/nigeria-akanu-ibiam-international-airport/ |website=Airport Technology |date=31 August 2020 |access-date=16 May 2022|last1=Chakraborty |first1=Aninda}}</ref><ref name="Lagos-Ibadan train">{{cite web |title=Nigerians escape nightmare Lagos traffic with new Chinese-built train |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/24/nigerians-escape-nightmare-lagos-traffic-with-new-chinese-built-train// |website=[[Africanews]] |date=24 March 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugbodaga |first1=Mary |title=Buhari inaugurates 157km Lagos-Ibadan rail line |url=https://www.thecable.ng/buhari-inaugurates-157km-lagos-ibadan-rail-line |website=[[TheCable]] |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abiola |first1=Adetokunbo |title=Borno Terrorists Surrender as Nigerian Army Goes on the Offensive |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/02/18/nigeria-borno-strategy/ |website=The Defense Post |access-date=16 May 2022 |location=[[Akure]] |date=18 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Libby |title=U.S., Jersey sign $300 million Abacha loot repatriation deal with Nigeria |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nigeria/u-s-jersey-sign-300-million-abacha-loot-repatriation-deal-with-nigeria-idUSKBN1ZY1W0 |website=[[Reuters]] |date=4 February 2020 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Students hail President Buhari for New Minimum Wage |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/students-hail-president-buhari-for-new-minimum-wage/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=18 April 2019 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> However, he faced criticism for abandoning anti-corruption initiatives, poor quality of life, an increasingly dire security situation outside of the [[North East (Nigeria)|northeast]] ([[Nigerian bandit conflict|bandit]]s and some terrorist expansion in the [[North West (Nigeria)|North West]], [[Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria|herder-farmer]] and interethnic conflicts in the [[North Central Nigeria|North Central]], [[Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea|pirates]] and [[Oil theft in Nigeria|illegal oil bunkering gangs]] in the [[Niger Delta]], and a [[Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria|violent separatist movement]] in the [[South East Nigeria|South East]] along with nationwide kidnapping and security force brutality epidemics), and increasing national debt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Finally, Buhari shipwrecks the anti-corruption war |url=https://punchng.com/finally-buhari-shipwrecks-the-anti-corruption-war/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=16 May 2022 |date=20 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tade |first1=Oludayo |title=Why Buhari's government is losing the anti-corruption war |url=https://theconversation.com/why-buharis-government-is-losing-the-anti-corruption-war-155488 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Unprecedented hardship">{{cite web |last1=Olawoyin |first1=Oladeinde |title=Nigerians battle unprecedented hardship as Buhari nears 7 years in office |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/516438-nigerians-battle-unprecedented-hardship-as-buhari-nears-7-years-in-office.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="PT security failure">{{cite web |last1=Ayitogo |first1=Nasir |title=Analysis: Six years after, Buhari has failed to keep promise of securing Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464754-analysis-six-years-after-buhari-has-failed-to-keep-promise-of-securing-nigeria.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=31 May 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Diverse Security Threats">{{cite web |last1=Duerksen |first1=Mark |title=Nigeria's Diverse Security Threats |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/nigeria-diverse-security-threats/ |website=[[Africa Center for Strategic Studies]] |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Rampant banditry">{{cite web |last1=Hassan |first1=Idayat |title=Nigeria's rampant banditry, and some ideas on how to rein it in |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2021/11/8/Nigeria-banditry-peace-deal-jihadists-how-to-rein-it-in |website=[[The New Humanitarian]] |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Communities Sacked by Bandits, Ethnoreligious Conflicts">{{cite web |title=Inside Northern Communities Sacked By Bandits, Ethnoreligious Conflicts |url=https://dailytrust.com/inside-northern-communities-sacked-by-bandits-ethno-religious-conflicts |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=12 March 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Ansaru expansion">{{cite web |last1=Sadiq |first1=Lami |last2=Yaba |first2=Mohammed I. |title=Ansaru In Massive Recruitment In Kaduna, Distributes 'Sallah Gifts' |url=https://dailytrust.com/ansaru-in-massive-recruitment-in-kaduna-distributes-sallah-gifts |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Farmer-Herder Conflict complexity">{{cite web |last1=Brottem |first1=Leif |title=The Growing Complexity of Farmer-Herder Conflict in West and Central Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/publication/growing-complexity-farmer-herder-conflict-west-central-africa/ |website=[[Africa Center for Strategic Studies]] |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="NCentral Endemic Violence">{{cite web |last1=Ojewale |first1=Oluwole |title=Violence is endemic in north central Nigeria: what communities are doing to cope |url=https://theconversation.com/violence-is-endemic-in-north-central-nigeria-what-communities-are-doing-to-cope-157349 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Increasing Gulf of Guinea piracy">{{cite web |last1=Pelz |first1=Daniel |title=Why is piracy increasing on the Gulf of Guinea? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-is-piracy-increasing-on-the-gulf-of-guinea/a-56637925 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Illegal oil refineries">{{cite web |last1=Onukwue |first1=Alexander |title=Nigeria's illegal oil refineries keep killing people |url=https://qz.com/africa/2158492/nigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people/ |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |date=25 April 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Brunt of Nigerian separatist lockdowns">{{cite web |last1=Egbejule |first1=Eromo |title=Small businesses bear the brunt of Nigerian separatist lockdowns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/11/22/small-businesses-bear-the-brunt-of-nigerian-separatist-lockdowns |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kidnap-for-ransom">{{cite web |last1=Arvin |first1=Jariel |title=How kidnap-for-ransom became the "most lucrative industry in Nigeria" |url=https://www.vox.com/22596198/students-nigeria-profit-kidnapping |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=2 August 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olurounbi |first1=Ruth |title=Nigeria: Buhari's legacy is one of 'missed opportunities and inaction' says analyst |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/73266/nigeria-buharis-legacy-is-one-of-missed-opportunities-and-inaction-says-analyst/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tayo |first1=Teniola |title=Analysis: High stakes as Nigeria prepares for elections in 2023 |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/516719-analysis-high-stakes-as-nigeria-prepares-for-elections-in-2023.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=11 March 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Inside Nigeria's Debt Crisis: How foreign loan under Buhari triples past govts' combined figure |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/489041-inside-nigerias-debt-crisis-how-foreign-loan-under-buhari-triples-past-govts-combined-figure.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=10 October 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=February 2023}}

Buhari also came under fire for instituting a seven-month long national [[Ban of Twitter in Nigeria|ban on Twitter]] after the site removed an abusive tweet he posted in reference to the [[Nigerian Civil War|Civil War]]; the ban was decried as a failed attempt at censorship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blankenship |first1=Mary |last2=Golubski |first2=Christina |title=Nigeria's Twitter ban is a misplaced priority |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2021/08/11/nigerias-twitter-ban-is-a-misplaced-priority/ |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=11 August 2021 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> Another key source of controversy was the administration's handling of the October 2020 protest wave of the [[End SARS|End SARS movement]] with the most fervent criticism emerging over the [[Lekki massacre]] when soldiers in [[Lagos]] killed multiple peaceful protesters before the Army and administration attempted to deny the shooting ever took place.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ezeamalu |first1=Ben |title=Nigerian Army Killed Unarmed Protesters, Report Finds |work=The New York Times |date=16 November 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/16/world/africa/nigeria-protest-report-massacare.html |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

Buhari also had to contend with a fluctuating, but consistently low, approval rating.<ref>{{cite web |title=Approval Ratings |url=https://noi-polls.com/category/approval-ratings/ |website=NOIPolls |access-date=16 May 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922133528/https://noi-polls.com/category/approval-ratings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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==Primary elections==
The primaries, along with any potential challenges to primary results, were to take place between 4 April and 3 June 2022 but the deadline was extended to 9 June.<ref name="New Dates" /><ref name="INEC primary extension">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Dominic |title=Primaries: INEC Grants Parties Six Extra Days, Timetable Remains Unchanged |url=https://inecnews.com/primaries-inec-grants-parties-six-day-window-timetable-remains-unchanged/ |website=[[Independent National Electoral Commission|INEC]] News |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> An informal zoning [[gentlemen's agreement]] sets the South (the [[South East (Nigeria)|South East]], [[South South]], and [[South West (Nigeria)|South West]] [[Geopolitical zones of Nigeria|geopolitical zones]]) to have the next President as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaledzi |first1=Isaac |title=Nigeria's presidential zoning practice under scrutiny |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-presidential-zoning-scrutiny-election/a-59482698 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> Another informal convention calls for nominees to have vice presidential running mates from a different region and religion as themselves. Despite the arrangement, most parties did not formally close their primaries to non-Southern candidates or officially designate that their tickets cannot have running mates of the same religion.

Both the APC and PDP had heated internal debates over zoning and same religion tickets in the year ahead of the primary. Despite the informal convention, the People's Democratic Party declined to formally zone its nomination in early May 2022 before going against the convention to nominate northerner [[Atiku Abubakar]]; the All Progressives Congress also declined to formally zone its nomination but later nominated a southerner, [[Bola Tinubu]], as its flagbearer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=PDP dumps zoning, throws presidential ticket open |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/529158-breaking-pdp-dumps-zoning-throws-presidential-ticket-open.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=11 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elumoye |first1=Deji |last2=Okocha |first2=Chuks |last3=Akinwale |first3=Adedayo |title=Abdullahi Adamu: No Decision Yet on Zoning of APC's Presidential Ticket |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/30/abdullahi-adamu-no-decision-yet-on-zoning-of-apcs-presidential-ticket/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=16 May 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=30 April 2022}}</ref> The APC, however, did break the other major convention by picking a same religion ticket; the PDP did not.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I chose Shettima as running mate despite religious concerns - Tinubu |last=Majeed |first=Bakare |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url= https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/541951-why-i-chose-shettima-as-running-mate-despite-religious-concerns-tinubu.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Running mate: Atiku picking Okowa solves Muslim/Muslim ticket fears ― Arewa Coalition |work=Tribune Online |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url= https://tribuneonlineng.com/running-mate-atiku-picking-okowa-solves-muslim-muslim-ticket-fears-%E2%80%95-arewa-coalition/}}</ref>

=== All Progressives Congress ===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2022 All Progressives Congress presidential primary
| flag_image = 
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Nigerian general election#APC
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2027 Nigerian presidential election#All Progressives Congress
| next_year = 2027
| election_date = 8 June 2022
| turnout = 91.09%
<!--        Tinubu -->| image1 = File:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (Cropped).png
| colour1 = ff3174
| nominee1 = {{nowrap|'''[[Bola Tinubu]]'''}}
| home_state1 = [[Lagos State|Lagos]]
| party1 = All Progressives Congress
| popular_vote1 = '''1,271'''
| percentage1 = '''60.5%'''
<!--        Amaechi -->| image2 = Chibuike Amaechi (cropped).jpg
| colour2 = fdd696
| nominee2 = [[Rotimi Amaechi]]
| home_state2 = [[Rivers State|Rivers]]
| party2 = All Progressives Congress
| popular_vote2 = 316
| percentage2 = 15.0%
<!--        Osinbajo -->| image3 = Yemi Osinbajo 2017-05-27.jpg
| colour3 = 084447
| nominee3 = [[Yemi Osinbajo]]
| home_state3 = [[Ogun State|Ogun]]
| party3 = All Progressives Congress
| popular_vote3 = 235
| percentage3 = 11.2%
<!-- bottom -->| title = Presidential Nominee
| after_election = [[Bola Tinubu]]
| after_party = All Progressives Congress
}}
With [[Muhammadu Buhari]] having been elected to the presidency twice, he was ineligible for renomination. In July 2021, then-national APC Caretaker chairman and [[Governor of Yobe State|Yobe State Governor]] [[Mai Mala Buni]] backed the consensus method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the more common direct or indirect primary methods but the party did not come to a decision on the primary method at the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amodu |first1=Taiwo |title=APC Congresses: Buni Insists On Consensus Option, Warns Against Media War |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-congresses-buni-insists-on-consensus-option-warns-against-media-war/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=29 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> During Buni's term as Caretaker chairman from 2020 to 2022, he campaigned heavily for prominent PDP members to defect to the APC, weakening the opposition's caucus in the [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]] and gaining three governors—[[Ebonyi State]]'s [[Dave Umahi]], [[Cross River State]]'s [[Benedict Ayade]], and [[Zamfara State]]'s [[Bello Matawalle|Bello Muhammad Matawalle]]—in 2020 and 2021. However, the APC's electoral performance and party unity were more mixed as it came a distant third in the [[2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election]]{{efn|name=APCprimary|On election day, [[Andy Uba]] and Emeka Okafor were officially listed as the APC gubernatorial and deputy gubernatorial nominees, respectively. However, in December 2021, a Federal High Court nullified the APC gubernatorial primary and declared Uba's nomination illegal, null, and void.}} and was still beset by infighting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=Marafa threatens to sue APC leadership, says decisions since appointment illegal |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/495456-marafa-threatens-to-sue-apc-leadership-says-decisions-since-appointment-illegal.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=15 November 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> The APC primary was framed in the wider context of internal party feuds stemming from the APC's formation in 2013 and pre-[[2019 Nigerian general election|2019 election]] party crises to the 2020 removal of party leadership and contentious 2021 state party congresses. The ability of the APC national caretaker committee to resolve state party factionizations and properly organize the 2022 national party convention was seen as vital for both the APC's presidential chances and its future as a party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Can Nigeria's ruling party survive after Buhari? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/164910/nigeria-2023-buhari-may-be-the-apcs-last-presidential-candidate-heres-why/ |website=[[Africa Report]] |date=8 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> After several postponements, the convention was successfully held on 26 March 2022 despite some controversy over the consensus method used for most party offices.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ndujihe |first1=Clifford |last2=Umoru |first2=Henry |last3=Nwabughiogu |first3=Levinus |last4=Ajayi |first4=Omeiza |last5=Yakubu |first5=Dirisu |title=APC Convention: High wire politics as Adamu, Omisore, 75 others emerge |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/apc-convention-high-wire-politics-as-adamu-omisore-75-others-emerge/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=APC's national convention and fear of fair, open competition |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/apcs-national-convention-and-fear-of-fair-open-competition/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

In terms of zoning, there was no announced formal zoning agreement for the APC nomination despite calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023: APC In Fresh Dilemma Over Zoning, Convention |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-apc-in-fresh-dilemma-over-zoning-convention |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=25 June 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Like the PDP, the ruling APC is set to abandon zoning |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/153614/2023-like-the-pdp-nigerias-apc-set-to-abandon-zoning/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=8 December 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> Countering its proponents were prospective candidates from the North and the Northern Governors' Forum, which did not oppose a southern presidency but initially disagreed with formal zoning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Govs Didn't Oppose Power Shift, But Rejected Language Of Compulsion – El-Rufai |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/09/29/northern-govs-didnt-oppose-power-shift-reject-language-of-compulsion-el-rufai/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> On the other hand, there were few proponents of a same religion ticket, mainly supporters and allies of eventual nominee [[Bola Tinubu]] who argued that there were few powerful Northern Christian APC politicians who could be his running mate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baiyewu |first1=Leke |title=Muslim-Muslim ticket doesn't matter with Tinubu as APC presidential candidate – Support group |url=https://punchng.com/muslim-muslim-ticket-doesnt-matter-with-tinubu-as-apc-presidential-candidate-support-group/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=4 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> Allies of other potential candidates and groups like the [[Christian Association of Nigeria]] came out strongly against the idea of a same religion ticket on grounds of national unity and religious harmony.<ref name="Tinubu Muslim ticket">{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Tinubu's team bets the farm on a Muslim/Muslim ticket |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/164244/nigeria-2023-tinubus-team-bets-the-farm-on-a-muslim-muslim-ticket/ |website=[[Africa Report]] |date=7 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |last2=Olokor |first2=Friday |title=Muslim/Muslim ticket unacceptable, says CAN, NSCIA differs |url=https://punchng.com/muslim-muslim-ticket-unacceptable-says-can-nscia-differs/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>

On 20 April 2022, the APC National Executive Committee announced the party timetable for the presidential primary and that the primary would use the indirect primary method. The announcement set the party's expression of interest form price at ₦30&nbsp;million and the nomination form price at ₦70&nbsp;million with a 50% nomination form discount for candidates younger than 40 while women and candidates with disabilities get free nomination forms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why we are charging N100m for presidential nomination form - APC National Chairman |last=Maishanu |first=Abubakar Ahmadu |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=28 April 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |url= https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/526573-why-we-are-charging-n100m-for-presidential-nomination-form-apc-national-chairman.html}}</ref> Forms were to be sold from 26 April to 6 May until the deadline was later extended to 10 May then 12 May.<ref name="APC timetable changes">{{cite web |last1=Odunsi |first1=Wale |title=2023: APC extends sale of forms, fixes dates to elect delegates |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/04/2023-apc-extends-sale-of-forms-fixes-dates-to-elect-delegates/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> After the submission of nomination forms by 13 May, candidates were to be screened by a party committee on 24 and 25 May but it was delayed several times to while the screening appeal process will take place afterwards.<ref name="APC new primary date">{{cite web |last1=Nseyen |first1=Nsikak |title=2023: APC fixes new date for governorship primaries, others |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/11/2023-apc-fixes-new-date-for-governorship-primaries-others/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=11 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: APC fixes date for screening of presidential aspirants |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/529821-2023-apc-fixes-date-for-screening-of-presidential-aspirants.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nseyen |first1=Nsikak |title=2023: APC fixes new date to screen presidential aspirants |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/23/2023-apc-fixes-new-date-to-screen-presidential-aspirants/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> Ward congresses and LGA congresses were rescheduled for between 12 and 14 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary. Candidates approved by the screening process were to advance to a primary set for 30 May and 1 June but the party delayed the primary to 6–8 June.<ref name="APC primary date 1">{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=Updated: 2023: APC fixes presidential forms for N100 million, adopts indirect primaries |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/524823-updated-2023-apc-fixes-presidential-forms-for-n100-million-adopts-indirect-primaries.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |date=20 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |last2=Ayeni |first2=Victor |last3=Dada |first3=Peter |last4=Naku |first4=Dennis |last5=Ede |first5=Raphael |title=Presidential primary: APC silent on zoning, Nigerians condemn N100m nomination fee |url=https://punchng.com/presidential-primary-apc-silent-on-zoning-nigerians-condemn-n100m-nomination-fee/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=APC Nigeria |user=OfficialAPCNg |number=1521947603981774848 |title=REVISED |access-date=7 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/OfficialAPCNg/status/1521947603981774848}}</ref><ref name="APC primary date 2">{{cite web |last1=Ajayi |first1=Omeiza |title=Just in: APC postpones presidential convention to June 6–8 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/just-in-apc-postpones-presidential-convention-to-june-6-8/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>

Before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.<ref name="NASS Electoral Act amendment">{{cite web |title=Senate amends Electoral Act to allow President, NASS members, govs, others vote at party congresses, primaries |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/senate-amends-electoral-act-to-allow-president-nass-members-govs-others-vote-at-party-congresses-primaries/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the APC to suddenly prohibit statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent Buhari and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates from over 7,800 to just the 2,322 elected "ad hoc delegates."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |last2=Baiyewu |first2=Leke |last3=Folorunsho-Francis |first3=Adebayo |last4=Odeniyi |first4=Solomon |last5=Angbulu |first5=Stephen |last6=Bamigbola |first6=Bola |title=APC primary: Lagos, Borno lose jumbo delegates, party shifts senatorial poll |url=https://punchng.com/apc-presidential-primary-lagos-borno-lose-jumbo-delegates-again-party-shifts-senatorial-poll/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Statutory delegate crises">{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Buhari's refusal to sign electoral law puts APC, PDP in fresh crisis |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/207022/nigeria-2023-buharis-refusal-to-sign-electoral-law-puts-apc-pdp-in-fresh-crisis/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=APC Convention: 22 governors, 2,322 delegates to determine fate of 23 aspirants |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/534856-apc-convention-22-governors-2322-delegates-to-determine-fate-of-23-aspirants.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=5 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>

The pre-primary period was dominated by questions about major candidates and Buhari's endorsement. Of the formally announced candidates, analysts viewed six as the major contenders: [[Rotimi Amaechi]]—former Minister of Transportation and former [[Governor of Rivers State]], [[Kayode Fayemi]]—[[Governor of Ekiti State]], [[Ahmad Lawan]]—Senate President, [[Yemi Osinbajo]]—[[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]], former science minister [[Ogbonnaya Onu]], and [[Bola Tinubu]]—former [[Governor of Lagos State]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/apc-presidential-primary-lawan-osinbajo-tinubu-amaechi-onu-umahi-look-strong-amid-jonathan-joker/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611154457/https://sunnewsonline.com/apc-presidential-primary-lawan-osinbajo-tinubu-amaechi-onu-umahi-look-strong-amid-jonathan-joker/ |archive-date=11 June 2022 |url-status=unfit |date=27 May 2022 |author=Wilfred Eya |title=Osinbajo, Tinubu, Amaechi, Onu, Umahi look strong amid Jonathan joker |work=Sun News}}</ref> however, two potential surprises emerged: former President [[Goodluck Jonathan]] and [[Central Bank of Nigeria#Governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria|Governor of the Central Bank]] [[Godwin Emefiele]]. Groups purchasing forms on behalf of Emefiele and Jonathan coupled with months of speculation about their candidacies led to rumours of a plot to impose one of the two as nominee despite the legally-mandated nonpartisanship of Emefiele's office and Jonathan's membership in the PDP; neither candidacy came to fruition as Jonathan refused the forms,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023: Jonathan says he's undecided, rejects APC presidential form |last=Majeed |first=Bakare |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=5 March 2023 |url= https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/528722-2023-jonathan-says-hes-undecided-rejects-apc-presidential-form.html}}</ref> while Emefiele was forced to withdraw due to public pressure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goodluck Jonathan APC 2023: former president reject All Progressives Party presidential form group buy for am |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61389824 |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |language=pcm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ejekwonyilo |first1=Ameh |title=2023: CBN's Emefiele retreats, withdraws suit against INEC, AGF |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/531937-2023-cbns-emefiele-retreats-withdraws-suit-against-inec-agf.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> The other main question was Buhari's endorsement; despite months of contending that he would not weigh in on the primary, about a week before the primary, Buhari held a meeting with APC governors where he asked them to support his preferred candidate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chiedozie |first1=Ihuoma |title=Analysis: APC presidential primary – All eyes on Buhari |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/analysis-apc-presidential-primary-all-eyes-on-buhari/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=30 May 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Taiwo-Obalonye |first1=Juliana |title=APC primaries: Buhari meets govs, gives hint of preferred successor |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/apc-primaries-buhari-meets-govs-gives-hint-of-preferred-successor/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Reports emerged that while the vast majority of governors agreed, a few rejected the proposal or did not state their position.<ref>{{cite web |title=APC presidential ticket: 17 govs stand behind Buhari on preferred aspirant |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/apc-presidential-ticket-17-govs-stand-behind-buhari-on-preferred-aspirant/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Another point of contention was the oft-postponed candidate screening, where a committee led by former APC National chairman [[John Odigie Oyegun]] cleared all twenty-three candidates but recommended only thirteen candidates continue their campaigns due to their perceived chances of victory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nwachukwu |first1=John Owen |title=APC presidential primary: No candidate was disqualified – Adamu counters Oyegun |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/04/apc-presidential-primary-no-candidate-was-disqualified-adamu-counters-oyegun/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=Exclusive: No APC presidential aspirant disqualified – Screening committee member |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/534641-exclusive-no-apc-presidential-aspirant-disqualified-screening-committee-member.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=3 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>

In the days directly before the primary, the vast majority of northern APC governors released a letter in support of a southern nominee where they also asked northern candidates to withdraw; in response, one northern candidate withdrew from the primary.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: 10 APC govs ask Northern aspirants to withdraw from presidential race |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-10-apc-govs-ask-northern-aspirants-to-withdraw-from-presidential-race/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> Later that day (4 June 2022), Buhari held a meeting with most APC candidates where he reportedly privately backed a nominee from the south and told the candidates to find a consensus nominee amongst themselves.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Buhari backs southern candidate for president |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-buhari-backs-southern-candidate-for-president/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> However, on 6 June—the day before primary voting, national party chairman [[Abdullahi Adamu]] told northern APC governors that the party's (and Buhari's) consensus candidate would be Lawan; the announcement was met with opposition by governors and other members of the party's National Working Committee leading the party to backtrack and claim that Adamu was just expressing his personal opinion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=APC House of Confusion: Northern APC governors 'clash' with Chairman Adamu over zoning |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/535202-apc-house-of-confusion-northern-apc-governors-clash-with-chairman-adamu-over-zoning.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=Just In: Northern APC govs meet Buhari, insist on southern presidential candidate |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-northern-apc-govs-meet-buhari-insist-on-southern-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=APC NWC members divided over announcement of Lawan as consensus candidate |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-apc-nwc-members-divided-over-announcement-of-lawan-as-consensus-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |last2=Olokor |first2=Friday |last3=Folorunsho-Francis |first3=Adebayo |last4=Angbulu |first4=Stephen |last5=Tolu-Kolawole |first5=Deborah |title=APC presidential ticket: Adamu's consensus plot fails, 21 aspirants in battle royale |url=https://punchng.com/apc-presidential-ticket-adamus-consensus-plot-fails-21-aspirants-in-battle-royale/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=7 June 2022 |date=7 June 2022}}</ref> The same day, Buhari stated that he had no anointed candidate in the primary.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Just In: I won't impose consensus candidate, Buhari tells Northern govs |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-i-wont-impose-consensus-candidate-buhari-tells-northern-govs/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> Then early on primary day, APC governors and the party NWC made a joint recommendation of five southern candidates—Amaechi, Fayemi, Osinbajo, Tinubu, and [[Governor of Ebonyi State]] [[Dave Umahi]]—to Buhari while asking all other aspirants to withdraw from the race.<ref name="APC Governors/NWC Recommendations">{{cite web |last1=Mojeed |first1=Musikilu |title=APC Governors, party's NWC cut presidential contenders to five, eliminate 17 |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/535273-apc-governors-partys-nwc-cut-presidential-contenders-to-five-eliminate-17.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> Seven other candidates released a joint statement rejecting the shortlist while all six southeastern candidates penned a letter to Buhari asking that the nomination be zoned to the [[South East (Nigeria)|South-East]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Seven presidential aspirants reject APC northern govs' five-man list |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-seven-presidential-aspirants-reject-apc-northern-govs-five-man-list/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Just In: Pick one of us, Okorocha, other South-East aspirants write Buhari |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-pick-one-of-us-okorocha-other-south-east-aspirants-write-buhari/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>

On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in [[Eagle Square, Abuja]] to be accredited and vote. The early part of the exercise was beset by logistical issues as there were significant delays in both delegate and journalist accreditation along with the deployment of tear gas by security to disperse crowds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yakubu |first1=Dirisu |title=Convention: Rowdiness, disorder mar APC accreditation process |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/convention-rowdiness-disorder-mar-apc-accreditation-process/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Folorunsho-Francis |first1=Adebayo |title=Few hours to APC primary, many journalists remain unaccredited |url=https://punchng.com/few-hours-to-apc-primary-many-journalists-remain-unaccredited/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Folorunsho-Francis |first1=Adebayo |title=APC Primary: Security operatives teargas supporters, journalists |url=https://punchng.com/apc-primary-security-operatives-teargas-supporters-journalists/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> Meanwhile, inside the Square, [[Economic and Financial Crimes Commission]] personnel took positions to prevent bribery before candidates gave their final speeches to the delegates before voting.<ref>{{cite web |title=EFCC officials storm APC Special Convention |url=https://guardian.ng/news/efcc-officials-storm-apc-special-convention/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=7 June 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> During these speeches, six candidates—[[Godswill Akpabio]], [[Ibikunle Amosun]], [[Dimeji Bankole]], [[Robert Ajayi Boroffice]], Fayemi, and [[Uju Kennedy Ohanenye]]—stepped down in favour of Tinubu and one aspirant—Nicholas Felix—withdrew for Osinbajo while the remaining candidates issued promises and proposals for their prospective campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onyeji |first1=Ebuka |last2=Udegbunam |first2=Oge |title=APC Primaries: Nine Candidates who withdrew, who they endorsed |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/535493-apc-primaries-nine-candidates-who-withdrew-who-they-endorsed.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> After the candidate's speeches and an address by Buhari, voting began in the early morning of 8 June and after hours of voting, votes were publicly tabulated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Live: Bola Tinubu Declared Winner Of APC Presidential Primary|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/06/08/live-a-big-task-ahead-buhari-addresses-apc-delegates-before-primary-election/|website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> When collation was completed, [[Bola Tinubu]] emerged as nominee after results showed him winning 60% of the votes with a margin of 45% over runner-up Amaechi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 June 2022 |title=Tinubu wins APC presidential ticket |language=en |agency=Reuters |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/08/tinubu-wins-apc-presidential-ticket/ |access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Elusoji |first1=Solomon |title=Tinubu Beats Osinbajo, Amaechi, 11 Others To Win APC Presidential Primary |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/06/08/tinubu-beats-osinbajo-amaechi-11-others-to-win-apc-presidential-primary/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="APC primary results" /> In his acceptance speech, Tinubu thanked his team while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Full speech: My opponents have nothing to fear, Tinubu says after victory |url=https://punchng.com/full-speech-my-opponents-have-nothing-to-fear-tinubu-says-after-victory/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Tinubu's victory, namely: other candidates' focus on a Buhari endorsement that never came, the failure of Buhari's succession plan, bribery, and the last-minute withdrawals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baiyewu |first1=Leke |title=How APC presidential aspirants waited in vain for Buhari's anointed candidate |url=https://punchng.com/how-apc-presidential-aspirants-waited-in-vain-for-buharis-anointed-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: How a Lagos godfather crushed the opposition |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/212084/nigeria-2023-how-a-lagos-godfather-crushed-the-opposition/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kogbara |first1=Donu |title=Nigeria: Buhari's failure to plan his succession |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/212835/nigeria-buharis-failure-to-plan-his-succession/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> The week after the primary were based around the search for Tinubu's running mate, as Tinubu is a southern Muslim, it was expected that his running mate would be a northern Christian but controversy emerged as some prominent APC politicians stated their openness to a Muslim-Muslim ticket.<ref name="Tinubu, Atiku search for running mates" /><ref name="APC openness to a Muslim-Muslim ticket">{{cite web |last1=Ajayi |first1=Omeiza |last2=Bello |first2=Bashir |last3=Nwankwo |first3=Tony |title=RUNNING MATES: Battle for Muslim-Muslim ticket rages as El-Rufai, others back pairing |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/running-mates-battle-for-muslim-muslim-ticket-rages-as-el-rufai-fani-kayode-others-back-pairing/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> As the deadline neared, the party submitted the name of [[Kabir Ibrahim Masari]]—a politician and party operative from [[Katsina State]]—as a placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted at a later date.<ref name="Tinubu submits Masari" /> On 10 July, Ibrahim Masari withdrew and Tinubu announced [[Kashim Shettima]]—a senator and former [[Governor of Borno State]]—as his running mate after a meeting with Buhari in [[Daura]].<ref name="Ibrahim Masari withdraws">{{cite web |last1=Terzungwe |first1=Saawua |title=Tinubu's Placeholder Running Mate Resigns |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-tinubus-placeholder-running-mate-resigns |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tinubu picks Shettima" /> Breaking the anti-same religion ticket convention, Tinubu argued in a statement that "religion...cannot always and fully determine our path" and that he picked "the man who can help me bring the best governance to all Nigerians, period, regardless of their religious affiliation" and compared the ticket to the last Yoruba Muslim-Kanuri Muslim ticket, the successful [[M. K. O. Abiola]]-[[Baba Gana Kingibe]] slate in [[1993 Nigerian presidential election|1993]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2023: Why I Didn't Choose A Christian Running Mate – Tinubu |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-why-i-didnt-choose-a-christian-running-mate-tinubu |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> Opponents, like the [[Christian Association of Nigeria]] and civil society groups, derided the pick as divisive in a trying time for Nigerian unity.<ref name="CAN fumes over M-M ticket">{{cite web |last1=Odeniyi |first1=Solomon |title=CAN fumes over Tinubu's choice of Muslim running mate |url=https://punchng.com/can-fumes-over-tinubus-choice-of-muslim-running-mate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Decry APC's Muslim-Muslim ticket">{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |last2=Abuh |first2=Adamu |last3=Akhaine |first3=Saxone |last4=Michael |first4=Danjuma |title=CAN, MBF, Arewa ex-scribe, others decry APC's Muslim-Muslim ticket |url=https://guardian.ng/news/can-mbf-arewa-ex-scribe-others-decry-apcs-muslim-muslim-ticket/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=11 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> Analysts noted the previous reports from before Tinubu was nominated said that his inner circle did not think a Northern Christian would help the party in the majority-Muslim states and thus a fellow Muslim should be picked.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Will Tinubu's Muslim/Muslim ticket mirror MKO's win? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/221738/nigeria-2023-will-tinubus-muslim-muslim-ticket-mirror-mkos-win/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=11 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Siollun |first1=Max |title=Nigeria: Bola Tinubu must reckon with history after picking his running mate |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/221742/nigeria-bola-tinubu-must-reckon-with-history-after-picking-his-running-mate/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=11 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

==== Nominated ====
* [[Bola Tinubu]]: former [[Governor of Lagos State]] (1999–2007) and former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Lagos West (1992–1993)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyero |first1=Kayode |title=Breaking: Tinubu picks N100m APC presidential form |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-tinubu-picks-n100m-apc-presidential-form/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCRecommendation}}<ref name="APC primary results" />
** Running mate—[[Kashim Shettima]]: Senator for Borno Central (2019–present), former [[Governor of Borno State]] (2011–2019), and son of former [[Governor of Northern Nigeria]] [[Kashim Ibrahim]]<ref name="Tinubu picks Shettima" />

==== Eliminated in primary ====
* [[Rotimi Amaechi]]: former Minister of Transportation (2015–2019; 2019–2022), former [[Governor of Rivers State]] (2007–2015), and former [[Speaker of the Rivers State House of Assembly]] (1999–2007)<ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking: Amaechi Declares Interest In Succeeding Buhari |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-amaechi-declares-interest-in-succeeding-buhari |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=9 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Opejobi |first1=Seun |title=2023: Rotimi Amaechi finally obtains APC's N100m presidential form |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/06/2023-rotimi-amaechi-finally-obtains-apcs-n100m-presidential-form/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCRecommendation|This candidate was recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.<ref name="APC Governors/NWC Recommendations" />}}
* [[Benedict Ayade]]: [[Governor of Cross River State]] (2015–present) and former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Cross River North (2011–2015)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Idowu |title=2023: Ayade joins presidential race |url=https://punchng.com/2023-ayade-joins-presidential-race/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Race: Ben Ayade picks presidential form |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/2023-race-ben-ayade-picks-presidential-form/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation|This candidate was not recommended by the party screening committee.<ref name="APC Screening Recommendations" />}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Tunde Bakare]]: pastor<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adelagun |first1=Oluwakemi |title=2023: Tunde Bakare joins race for president |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/522884-2023-tunde-bakare-joins-race-for-president.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=10 April 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Opejobi |first1=Seun |title=Breaking: 2023: Pastor Tunde Bakare buys N100m APC presidential form |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/05/2023-pastor-tunde-bakare-buys-n100m-apc-presidential-form/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Pastor Tunde Bakare scores zero votes, after picking N100m forms, boasting of becoming president |url=https://theinformant247.com/pastor-tunde-bakare-scores-zero-votes-after-picking-n100m-forms-boasting-of-becoming-president/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=The Informant247 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Yahaya Bello]]: [[Governor of Kogi State]] (2016–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=2023: Bello pays N100m nomination fee, picks APC forms Wednesday |url=https://punchng.com/2023-bello-pays-n100m-nomination-fee-picks-apc-forms-wednesday/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Tein Jack-Rich]]: businessman<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Oil tycoon, Jack-Rich, declares for Presidency, submits N100m APC form |url=https://punchng.com/oil-tycoon-jack-rich-declares-for-presidency-submits-n100m-apc-form/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=13 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Ahmad Lawan]]: [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Yobe North (2007–present), [[President of the Senate of Nigeria|President of the Senate]] (2019–present), and former [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] member for Bade/Jakusko (1999–2007)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Opejobi |first1=Seun |title=Breaking: 2023 Presidency: Senate President, Ahmed Lawan picks APC N100m nomination forms |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/09/2023-presidency-senate-president-ahmed-lawan-picks-apc-n100m-nomination-forms/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Ikeobasi Mokelu]]: former Minister of Information and Culture<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adepegba |first1=Adelani |title=2023: Buhari's ally Mokelu joins presidential race |url=https://punchng.com/2023-buharis-ally-mokelu-joins-presidential-race/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Richards |first1=Oludare |title=Mokelu picks APC presidential nomination form, joins 27 other aspirants |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/mokelu-picks-apc-presidential-nomination-form-joins-27-other-aspirants/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=11 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]]: former Minister of State for Education (2019–2022) and former [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] member for Ehime Mbano/Ihitte Uboma/Obowo (2019; 1999–2003)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=Just In: Buhari's minister, Nwajiuba, buys N100m APC Presidential form |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-buharis-minister-nwajiuba-buys-n100m-apc-presidential-form/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=27 April 2022 |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Rochas Okorocha]]: [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Imo West (2019–present) and former [[Governor of Imo State]] (2011–2019)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Emperor |title=Okorocha Formally Declares For Presidency, Says Igbos Won't Leave Nigeria |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/01/31/okorocha-formally-declares-for-presidency-says-igbos-wont-leave-nigeria/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Odeniyi |first1=Solomon |title=2023 presidency: Don't vote with sentiments – Okorocha tells APC delegates |url=https://punchng.com/2023-presidency-dont-vote-with-sentiments-okorocha-tells-apc-delegates/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Ogbonnaya Onu]]: former Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation (2015–2019; 2019–2022) and former [[Governor of Abia State]] (1992–1993)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: Another Buhari's minister, Ogbonnaya Onu, joins presidential race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/528039-2023-another-buharis-minister-ogbonnaya-onu-joins-presidential-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Boroffice, Amosun, Onu pick APC forms" />{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Yemi Osinbajo]]: [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] (2015–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Osinbajo officially declares for President |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-osinbajo-officially-declares-for-president/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Just In: Support groups pick up nomination form for Osinbajo |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-osinbajo-picks-n100m-apc-nomination-form/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCRecommendation}}
* [[Ahmad Sani Yerima]]: [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Zamfara West (2007–2019) and former [[Governor of Zamfara State]] (1999–2007)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nwannah |first1=Ifeanyi |title=2023: Ex Zamfara governor, Yarima declares intention to run for president |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/01/22/2023-ex-zamfara-governor-yarima-declares-intention-to-run-for-president/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=22 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bankole |first1=Abe |title=2023: Former Zamfara governor Yerima joins presidential race |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/2023-former-zamfara-governor-yerima-joins-presidential-race/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}
* [[Dave Umahi]]: [[Governor of Ebonyi State]] (2015–present) and former Deputy Governor of Ebonyi State (2011–2015)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sunday |first1=Ochogwu |title=2023 presidency: Gov Umahi pays N100m, gets APC nomination form |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/04/28/2023-presidency-gov-umahi-pays-n100m-gets-apc-nomination-form/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=28 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCRecommendation}}

==== Withdrew ====
* [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar]]: [[Governor of Jigawa State]] (2015–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bukar |first1=Muhammad |title=2023: Gov Badaru joins presidential race, purchases N100m APC form |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/04/2023-gov-badaru-joins-presidential-race-purchases-n100m-apc-form/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Gov Badaru withdraws from APC presidential race |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-gov-badaru-withdraws-from-apc-presidential-race/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}
* [[Godswill Akpabio]]: former Minister of Niger Delta Affairs (2019–2022), former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District|Akwa Ibom North-West]] (2015–2019), and former [[Governor of Akwa Ibom State]] (2007–2015)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Imukudo |first1=Saviour |title=Akpabio joins presidential race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/527646-akpabio-joins-presidential-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation|This candidate was recommended by the party screening committee.<ref name="APC Screening Recommendations">{{cite web |last1=Oluwasanjo |first1=Ahmed |title=APC disqualifies only female aspirant, Tunde Bakare; clears Tinubu, Lawan, Osinbajo for presidential primary |url=https://gazettengr.com/apc-disqualifies-only-female-aspirant-tunde-bakare-clears-tinubu-lawan-osinbajo-for-presidential-primary/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation|This candidate was not recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.<ref name="APC Governors/NWC Recommendations" />}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Akpabio steps down for Tinubu |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-akpabio-steps-down-for-tinubu/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ibikunle Amosun]]: [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Ogun Central (2003–2007; 2019–present) and former [[Governor of Ogun State]] (2011–2019)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sunday |first1=Ochogwu |title=2023: Sen Amosun joins presidential race |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/04/27/2023-sen-amosun-joins-presidential-race/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=27 April 2022 |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |url=https://punchng.com/amosun-declares-for-presidency-says-im-ready-to-serve/ |title=Amosun declares for presidency, says I'm ready to serve |website=[[The Punch]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Boroffice, Amosun, Onu pick APC forms">{{cite web |last1=Orintunsin |first1=Jide |title=Breaking: Emefiele, Boroffice, Amosun, Onu pick APC presidential forms |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/breaking-emefiele-boroffice-amosun-onu-pick-apc-presidential-forms/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |access-date=6 May 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=6 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Amosun steps down for Tinubu |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-amosun-steps-down-for-tinubu/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Moses Ayom]]: businessman<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ukaibe |first1=Chibuzo |title=APC: Ayom Withdraws From Presidential Race Over Zoning |url=https://leadership.ng/apc-ayom-withdraws-from-presidential-race-over-zoning/ |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Dimeji Bankole]]: former [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] member for Abeokuta South (2003–2011) and former [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] (2007–2011)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babalola |first1=Ayoola |title=2023: Ex-Reps speaker Dimeji Bankole joins presidential race |url=https://gazettengr.com/2023-ex-reps-speaker-dimeji-bankole-joins-presidential-race/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=27 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Isenyo |first1=Godwin |title=2023: Ex-Reps Speaker, Dimeji Bankole, buys APC presidential form |url=https://punchng.com/2023-ex-reps-speaker-dimeji-bankole-buys-apc-presidential-form/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Dimeji Bankole withdraws from presidential race, backs Tinubu |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-dimeji-bankole-withdraws-from-presidential-race-backs-tinubu/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Robert Ajayi Boroffice]]: [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Ondo North (2011–present)<ref name="Boroffice, Amosun, Onu pick APC forms" />{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Senator Boroffice steps down for Tinubu |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-senator-boroffice-steps-down-for-tinubu/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ibrahim Bello Dauda]]: businessman<ref>{{cite web |title=Businessman Dauda joins 2023 presidential race |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/businessman-dauda-joins-2023-presidential-race/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |date=16 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Kayode Fayemi]]: [[Governor of Ekiti State]] (2010–2014; 2018–present) and former Minister of Solid Mineral Development (2015–2018)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |last2=Oyeleke |first2=Sodiq |title=Updated: Fayemi officially declares for presidency |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fayemi-officially-declares-for-presidency/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=2023: Fayemi picks presidential form 24 hours after declaration – Aide, APC source |url=https://punchng.com/2023-fayemi-picks-presidential-form-24-hours-after-declaration-aide-apc-source/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=8 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCRecommendation}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Breaking: Fayemi becomes third aspirant to step down for Tinubu |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-fayemi-becomes-third-aspirant-to-step-down-for-tinubu/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Fayemi, Akpabio, Amosun, 3 other aspirants step down for Tinubu |url=https://theinformant247.com/fayemi-akpabio-amosun-3-other-aspirants-step-down-for-tinubu/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=The Informant247 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Nicholas Felix (pastor)|Nicholas Felix]]: pastor<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chime |first1=Vivian |title=Nicholas Felix, US-based Nigerian pastor, obtains APC presidential nomination form |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nicholas-felix-us-based-nigerian-pastor-obtains-apc-presidential-nomination-form |website=[[TheCable]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onyeji |first1=Ebuka |title=Presidential aspirant steps down for Osinbajo at #APCPrimaries |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/535475-presidential-aspirant-steps-down-for-osinbajo-at-apcprimaries.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Adamu Garba II]]: businessman (defected before the primary to the YPP to unsuccessfully run in its presidential primary)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salau |first1=Abdullateef |title=IT Expert, Adamu Garba Joins Presidential Race |url=https://dailytrust.com/it-expert-adamu-garba-joins-presidential-race |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=18 April 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Salau |first1=Abdullateef |title=Adamu Garba Withdraws From Presidential Race After Raising N83.2m |url=https://dailytrust.com/adamu-garba-withdraws-from-presidential-race-after-raising-n83-2m |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=10 May 2022 |date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Godwin Emefiele]]: [[Central Bank of Nigeria#Governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria|Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria]] (2014–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyero |first1=Kayode |title=CBN Gov Emefiele picks N100m APC presidential form |url=https://punchng.com/cbn-gov-emefiele-picks-n100m-apc-presidential-form/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=6 May 2022 |date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=Emefiele's Meffy2023… a messy affair |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/emefieles-meffy2023-a-messy-affair/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=15 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Orji Uzor Kalu]]: [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Abia North (2019–present) and former [[Governor of Abia State]] (1999–2007) (to [[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Abia State#Abia North|run for re-election as senator for Abia North]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ibeh |first1=Ifeanyi |title=Why I am now running for president – Orji Kalu |url=https://guardian.ng/news/why-i-am-now-running-for-president-orji-kalu/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Odeyemi |first1=Joshua |title=2023: Orji Kalu Drops Presidential Ambition, Picks Form For Senate |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-orji-kalu-drops-presidential-ambition-picks-form-for-senate |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Chris Ngige]]: Minister of Labour and Employment (2015–2019; 2019–present), former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Anambra Central (2011–2015), and former [[Governor of Anambra State]] (2003–2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=2023: Ngige joins presidential race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/524439-2023-ngige-joins-presidential-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=18 April 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ngige pulls out of presidential race, says he wants to focus on his job |url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-ngige-pulls-out-of-presidential-race-says-he-wants-to-focus-on-his-job |website=[[TheCable]] |date=13 May 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ken Nnamani]]: former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Enugu East Senatorial District|Enugu East]] (2003–2007) and former [[President of the Senate of Nigeria|President of the Senate]] (2005–2007)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=2023: Nnamani declares for presidency, seeks N100m forms fees reduction |url=https://punchng.com/2023-nnamani-declares-for-presidency-seeks-n100m-forms-fees-reduction/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2023: Jettisoning zoning'll amount to injustice, says Nnamani |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/2023-jettisoning-zoningll-amount-to-injustice-says-nnamani/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shibayan |first1=Dyepkazah |title=Ken Nnamani pulls out of race for APC presidential ticket |url=https://www.thecable.ng/ken-nnamani-withdraw-apc-presidential-ticket |website=[[TheCable]] |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Uju Kennedy-Ohanenye]]: lawyer<ref>{{cite web |title=APC gets first female presidential aspirant |url=https://punchng.com/apc-gets-first-female-presidential-aspirant/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=6 May 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fnAPCScreeningNotRecommendation}}{{efn|name=fnAPCGovernorsNWCNonRecommendation}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onyeji |first1=Ebuka |title=Sole female aspirant steps down for Tinubu at #APCPrimaries |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/535481-sole-female-aspirant-steps-down-for-tinubu-at-apcprimaries.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Gbenga Olawepo-Hashim]]: activist and businessman<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=2023: No empty promises, Olawepo-Hashim says as he declares for presidency |url=https://punchng.com/2023-no-empty-promises-olawepo-hashim-says-as-he-declares-for-presidency/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=3 May 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aderele |first1=Ademola |title=2023: APC's Olawepo-Hashim withdraws from presidential race |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/13/2023-apcs-olawepo-hashim-withdraws-from-presidential-race/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=13 May 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Adams Oshiomhole]]: former [[Governor of Edo State]] (2008–2016) (to [[2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Edo State#Edo North|run for senator for Edo North]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: Oshiomhole joins presidential race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/527641-2023-oshiomhole-joins-presidential-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gabriel |first1=Emameh |title=Oshiomhole Drops Presidential Ambition, Shifts Focus to Senate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/16/oshiomhole-drops-presidential-ambition-shifts-focus-to-senate/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Timipre Sylva]]: Minister of State for Petroleum Resources (2019–present) and former [[Governor of Bayelsa State]] (2007–2008; 2008–2012)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: Sylva to commence consultations as group buys APC presidential nomination form for him |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/528664-2023-sylva-to-commence-consultations-as-group-buys-apc-presidential-nomination-form-for-him.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Just In: Petroleum minister Sylva withdraws from presidential race |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-petroleum-minister-sylva-withdraws-from-presidential-race/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=16 May 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

==== Declined ====
* [[Rauf Aregbesola]]: Minister of the Interior (2019–present) and former [[Governor of Osun State]] (2010–2018)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oluwafemi |first1=Ayodele |title=Aregbesola: I won't just jump into 2023 presidential race — I'm a serious politician |url=https://www.thecable.ng/aregbesola-i-wont-just-jump-into-2023-presidential-race-im-a-serious-politician |website=[[TheCable]] |date=26 May 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Yakubu Dogara]]: [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] member for Dass/Bogoro/Tafawa Balewa (2007–present) and former [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] (2015–2019)<ref name="North's Search">{{cite web |last1=Sabiu |first1=Muhammad |title=2023 Presidency: As North Begins Search For Candidate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2023-presidency-as-north-begins-search-for-candidate/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=12 December 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]]: [[Governor of Kaduna State]] (2015–present) and former [[List of ministers of the Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Minister of the Federal Capital Territory]] (2003–2007)<ref name="North's Search" /><ref name="Flagbearer search">{{cite web |title=In search of flagbearers |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/13765/In_search_of_flagbearers |website=[[Africa Confidential]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Buhari's bloc vote">{{cite web |last1=Asadu |first1=Chinedu |title=Nigeria: Who will inherit President Buhari's bloc vote in 2023? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/90630/nigeria-who-will-inherit-president-buharis-bloc-vote-in-2023/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Dele |title=Nigeria: What is Kaduna Governor Nasir el-Rufai planning for 2023? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/136290/nigeria-what-is-kaduna-governor-nasir-el-rufai-planning-for-2023/ |website=[[Africa Report]] |date=14 October 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Shina Peller]]: [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] member for Iseyin/Kajola/Iwajowa/Itesiwaju (2019–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aliyu |first1=Abdullateef |title=Contesting Presidency Is A War I Can't Win – Shina Peller |url=https://dailytrust.com/contesting-presidency-is-a-war-i-cant-win-shina-peller |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=6 May 2022 |date=6 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ali Modu Sheriff]]: [[Governor of Borno State]] (2003–2011) and former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Borno Central (1999–2003)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=I'm running for APC chairman, not president —Ex-Borno gov, Sheriff |url=https://punchng.com/im-running-for-apc-chairman-not-president-ex-borno-gov-sheriff/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Babagana Umara Zulum]]: [[Governor of Borno State]] (2019–present)<ref name="North's Search" /><ref name="Flagbearer search" />

==== Primary results ====
{{Pie chart
|caption='''Candidates' vote share'''
|label1={{nowrap|[[Bola Tinubu]]}}
|label2={{nowrap|[[Rotimi Amaechi]]}}
|label3={{nowrap|[[Yemi Osinbajo]]}}
|label4={{nowrap|[[Ahmad Lawan]]}}
|label5=Other candidates
|value1=60.47
|value2=15.03
|value3=11.18
|value4=7.23
|value5=6.09
|color1=#ff3174
|color2=#fdd696
|color3=#084447
|color4=#573328
|color5=silver}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = APC primary results<ref name="APC primary results">{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Full result of APC presidential primary |url=https://punchng.com/full-result-of-apc-presidential-primary/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |date=8 June 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Bola Tinubu]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 1,271
| percentage = 60.47%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Rotimi Amaechi]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 316
| percentage = 15.03%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Yemi Osinbajo]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 235
| percentage = 11.18%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ahmad Lawan]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 152
| percentage = 7.23%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Yahaya Bello]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 47
| percentage = 2.24%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Dave Umahi]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 38
| percentage = 1.81%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Benedict Ayade]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 37
| percentage = 1.76%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ahmad Sani Yerima]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 4
| percentage = 0.19%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ogbonnaya Onu]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.05%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.05%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Tunde Bakare]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Tein Jack-Rich]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ikeobasi Mokelu]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Rochas Okorocha]]
| party = All Progressives Congress
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 2102
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box invalid no change
| votes = 13
| percentage = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 2,322
  |percentage = 91.09%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Peoples Democratic Party ===
{{Infobox election
| election_name      = 2022 Peoples Democratic Party presidential primary
| flag_image         = 
| type               = presidential
| ongoing            = no
| previous_election  = 2019 Nigerian general election#PDP
| previous_year      = 2019
| next_election      = 2027 Nigerian presidential election#Peoples Democratic Party
| next_year          = 2027
| election_date      = 28 May 2022
| turnout            = 98.43%  
<!--        Abubakar -->
| image1            = [[File:Atiku Abubakar-2010 (cropped).jpg|120x120px]]
| colour1           = 5999ef
| nominee1          = {{nowrap|'''[[Atiku Abubakar]]'''}}
| home_state1       = [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]]
| party1            = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| popular_vote1     = '''371'''
| percentage1       = '''49.3%'''
<!--        Wike -->
| image2            = <div style="width:120px;"><span style="line-height:120px; vertical-align:center; text-align:center; color:#05361c; font-size:40px;"> '''Wike'''</span></div>
| colour2           = 05361c
| nominee2          = [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike|Nyesom Wike]]
| home_state2       = [[Rivers State|Rivers]]
| party2            = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| popular_vote2     = 237
| percentage2       = 31.5%
<!--        Saraki -->
| image3            = [[File:Bukola Saraki (cropped).jpg|120x120px]]
| colour3           = 373897
| nominee3          = [[Bukola Saraki]]
| home_state3       = [[Kwara State|Kwara]]
| party3            = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| popular_vote3     = 70
| percentage3       = 9.3%
<!-- bottom -->
| title             = Presidential Nominee
| after_election    = [[Atiku Abubakar]]
| after_party       = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
}}
In October 2021, newly elected PDP chairman [[Iyorchia Ayu]] backed the indirect primary method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the direct or consensus methods.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ojiego |first1=Nnamdi |title=Internal democracy will stop defections — Iyorchia Ayu, new PDP Chair |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/internal-democracy-will-stop-defections-iyorchia-ayu-new-pdp-chair/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=31 October 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> In the year prior to Ayu's election at the October 2021 PDP National Convention, the party had been beset by months of defections from prominent members, most notably of over a dozen [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]] members and three governors—[[Ebonyi State]]'s [[Dave Umahi]], [[Cross River State]]'s [[Benedict Ayade]], and [[Zamfara State]]'s [[Bello Matawalle|Bello Muhammad Matawalle]]; the party also came a distant second in the [[2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election]] and suspended then-national party chair, [[Uche Secondus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Updated: Court okays PDP convention, dismisses Secondus' suit |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/492320-just-in-court-okays-pdp-convention-dismisses-secondus-suit.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=29 October 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> However, the PDP was able to hold its convention without controversy or violence in October, electing nearly all party officials by consensus and inaugurating the full [[National Working Committee]] in December.<ref name="Rancour-free PDP Convention">{{cite web |last1=Okocha |first1=Chuks |title=Rancour-free Convention: Has PDP Beaten APC to Its Game? |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/11/21/rancour-free-convention-has-pdp-beaten-apc-to-its-game/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

In terms of zoning, the PDP did not have a formal zoning agreement for the nomination, however, there were calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as the APC's Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyero |first1=Kayode |title=2023: PDP has not zoned presidential ticket – Spokesman |url=https://punchng.com/2023-pdp-has-not-zoned-presidential-ticket-spokesman/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=8 January 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fabiyi |first1=Olusola |last2=Alechenu |first2=John |last3=Aworinde |first3=Tobi |last4=Odogun |first4=Gbenga |title=2023: PDP may counter Southern govs on zoning, throw presidential ticket open |url=https://punchng.com/2023-pdp-may-counter-southern-govs-on-zoning-throw-presidential-ticket-open/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=10 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Amid calls for zoning, the party set up an internal committee in March 2022 with a decision on the issue expected by April.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Momoh Jimoh |first1=Azimazi |title=PDP raises 37-man panel on zoning |url=https://guardian.ng/news/pdp-raises-37-man-panel-on-zoning/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Momoh Jimoh |first1=Azimazi |title=Ortom heads PDP's zoning panel |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-pdp-inaugurates-zoning-committee/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=25 March 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> However, the decision's release was delayed until May when the party announced that it would not zone its nomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP dumps zoning, throws presidential ticket open |last=Iroanusi |first=QueenEsther |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=11 May 2022 |access-date=5 March 2023 |url= https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/529158-breaking-pdp-dumps-zoning-throws-presidential-ticket-open.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP approved 50% nomination fee for youth, makes 11 other resolutions |last=Ibeh |first=Nnenna |work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2023 |url= https://www.legit.ng/politics/1460808-50-reduction-nomination-fees-for-youths-aged-25-30-years-11-other-resolutions-approved-by-pdp/}}</ref>

On 16 March 2022, the national PDP announced its primary schedule, setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦35 million with a 50% discount for candidates between 25 and 30.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023: Nigerians flay N40m PDP forms for presidential aspirants |last=Iniobong |first=Iwok |work=Businessday NG |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=5 March 2023 |url= https://businessday.ng/politics/article/2023-nigerians-flay-n40m-pdp-forms-for-presidential-aspirants/}}</ref> Forms were to be sold from 18 March to 1 April but the party later extended the deadline four times before reaching a final deadline of 22 April. After the submission of nomination forms by 25 April, candidates were screened by a party committee on 29 April while 2 May was the rescheduled date for the screening appeal process. Ward congresses were set for 29 April and LGA congresses were rescheduled for 10 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary; ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—will not be electors unlike previous primaries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=2023: PDP extends sale of forms for fourth time |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-2023-pdp-extends-sale-of-forms-for-fourth-time/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=21 April 2022 |date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=PDP reschedules governorship, senatorial primaries |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-pdp-reschedules-governorship-senatorial-primaries/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=2023: Only elected delegates will vote at our primaries, convention – PDP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/531466-2023-only-elected-delegates-will-vote-at-our-primaries-convention-pdp.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> Candidates approved by the screening process will advance to a primary set for 28 and 29 May.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yakubu |first1=Dirisu |title=[Breaking] 2023: PDP Presidential primary holds in May |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/breaking-2023-pdp-presidential-primary-holds-in-may/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=7 April 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=16 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary date">{{cite web |last1=Akpan |first1=Samuel |title=2023: PDP releases pre-election schedule, fixes presidential primary poll for May 28 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/2023-pdp-releases-pre-election-schedule-fixes-presidential-primary-poll-for-may-28 |website=[[TheCable]] |access-date=7 April 2022 |date=17 March 2022}}</ref>

At the party screening, a committee led by former Senate President [[David Mark]] cleared most candidates but disqualified two—Nwachukwu Anakwenze and Cosmos Chukwudi Ndukwe; The disqualifications were then upheld by a screening appeal committee led by Ayu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=2023: PDP panel screens 17 presidential aspirants, disqualifies two |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/526860-2023-pdp-panel-screens-17-presidential-aspirants-disqualifies-two.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP Disqualification" /> After the screening, the party's oft-postponed zoning decision was announced with the PDP National Executive Council choosing not to zone the nomination to any particular region, throwing the race open to all candidates.<ref>{{cite web |title=[Updated] PDP NEC Dumps Zoning, Throws Contest For Presidential Ticket Open |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/05/11/breaking-pdp-nec-jettisons-zoning-throws-presidential-ticket-open/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> Of the candidates, analysts viewed five as the most likely to win: [[Atiku Abubakar]]—former [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] and 2019 presidential nominee, [[Peter Obi]]—former [[Governor of Anambra State]] and 2019 vice presidential nominee, [[Bukola Saraki]]—former Senate President, [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]]—[[Governor of Sokoto State]] and former [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Speaker of the House of Representatives]], and [[Nyesom Wike]]—[[Governor of Rivers State]] with a few other notable candidates seen as unlikely to have a chance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Despite online popularity, Obi trails Atiku, Wike in race for PDP delegates |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/205408/nigeria-2023-despite-online-popularity-obi-trails-atiku-wike-in-race-for-pdp-delegates/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=Analysis: How aspirants stand in PDP presidential race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/532898-analysis-how-aspirants-stand-in-pdp-presidential-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> However, a few days before the primary, Obi suddenly withdrew from the primary and decamped to the [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugwu |first1=Chinagorom |title=Why I joined Labour Party – Peter Obi |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/532951-why-i-joined-labour-party-peter-obi.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LOWDOWN: Wike, Atiku, Tambuwal, Saraki… enter the top PDP presidential contenders |url=https://www.thecable.ng/lowdown-wike-atiku-tambuwal-saraki-enter-the-top-pdp-presidential-contenders |website=[[TheCable]] |date=11 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>

In the days before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.<ref name="NASS Electoral Act amendment" /> However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the PDP to suddenly barr statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent incumbent governors and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates to just 810 then 774.<ref name="Statutory delegate crises" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral Act: Governors To Miss Presidential Primaries, Fear Inability To Control Delegates |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/05/24/electoral-act-governors-miss-presidential-primaries-fear-inability-control-delegates |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PDP, APC presidential primaries: How delegates emerge and go vote for di parties national conventions |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61599259 |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=pcm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Udegbunam |first1=Oge |title=PDP Convention: 774 delegates accredited to vote |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/533164-pdp-convention-774-delegates-accredited-to-vote.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>

On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in the Velodrome of the [[Moshood Abiola National Stadium]] to be accredited and vote. Despite a few unexpected events, including the arrival of [[Economic and Financial Crimes Commission]] personnel meant to prevent bribery and the withdrawal of candidate [[Mohammed Hayatu-Deen]] in protest of the "obscenely monetized" race, the process continued as every candidate gave a final speech to the delegates before voting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanusi |first1=Abiodun |title=Why we stormed PDP presidential primary venue – EFCC |url=https://punchng.com/why-we-stormed-pdp-presidential-primary-venue-efcc/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=Another PDP presidential aspirant, Hayatu-Deen, withdraws from race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/533000-another-pdp-presidential-aspirant-hayatu-deen-withdraws-from-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> Another surprise came after the speeches, when Tambuwal returned to the dais to withdraw from the primary and direct his delegates to vote for Abubakar.<ref name="Tambuwal withdraws">{{cite web |last1=Udegbunam |first1=Oge |title=PDP Convention: Tambuwal withdraws from race, endorses Atiku |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/533215-pdp-convention-tambuwal-withdraws-from-race-endorses-atiku.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> After the withdrawal, voting began and after over an hour of voting, the votes were publicly tabulated. When collation completed, [[Atiku Abubakar]] emerged as nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the votes with a margin of 18% over runner-up Wike.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=Breaking: Again, Atiku emerges PDP presidential candidate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/533251-breaking-again-atiku-emerges-pdp-presidential-candidate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2022 |title=Nigeria opposition picks veteran Abubakar as presidential candidate |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-opposition-picks-veteran-abubakar-presidential-candidate-2022-05-28/ |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" /> Later investigations into reported vote breakdowns stated that Abubakar won the majority of delegates from the [[North West (Nigeria)|North West]] and [[North East (Nigeria)|North East]] while delegates from the [[North Central Nigeria|North Central]] and [[South West (Nigeria)|South West]] split Abubakar, Saraki, and Wike; delegates 
from the [[South East (Nigeria)|South East]] and [[South South]] also split, mainly between Abubakar and Wike but with Emmanuel winning a portion of the votes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=Exclusive: Atiku Vs Wike: How state delegates voted at PDP presidential primary |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/534129-exclusive-atiku-vs-wike-how-state-delegates-voted-at-pdp-presidential-primary.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> In his acceptance speech, Abubakar vowed to carry the party to victory in the general election on a platform based on unity and economic growth while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents. Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Abubakar's victory, namely: Tambuwal's withdrawal, Abubakar's public office and campaign experience, the higher number of Northern delegates, and bribery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayitogo |first1=Nasir |title=2023: Five factors that helped Atiku defeat Wike, others in PDP primaries |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/533358-2023-five-factors-that-helped-atiku-defeat-wike-others-in-pdp-primaries.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> The weeks after the primary were dominated by the search for Abubakar's running mate, as Abubakar is a northern Muslim it was expected that his running mate would be a southern Christian with Wike, Emmanuel, and [[Governor of Delta State]] [[Ifeanyi Okowa]] being shortlisted as potential options.<ref name="Tinubu, Atiku search for running mates">{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Tinubu, Atiku search for running mates, worry about Obi, Kwankwaso |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/536496-pt-state-of-the-race-tinubu-atiku-search-for-running-mates-worry-about-obi-kwankwaso.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |last2=Abuh |first2=Adamu |last3=Njoku |first3=Lawrence |last4=Akpa |first4=Nnamdi |title=PDP narrows VP choice to Wike, Okowa, Udom |url=https://guardian.ng/news/pdp-narrows-vp-choice-to-wike-okowa-udom/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref> On 16 June, Abubakar announced that Okowa would be his running mate;<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Just In: Atiku Announces Okowa As Running Mate |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/06/16/just-in-atiku-announces-okowa-as-running-mate/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref> observers noted that despite Okowa's [[South South]] origins, his [[Ika people|Ika]] ethnicity could be a nod to [[South East (Nigeria)|southeastern]] clamours for an [[Igbo people|Igbo]] running mate.{{efn|name=OkowaIka|Okowa is ethnically [[Ika people|Ika]], a group alternatively classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup; Okowa has steadfastly adhered to the latter interpretation, referring to himself as "Igbo." For his part, Wike is ethnically [[Ikwerre people|Ikwerre]]—another group classified as either a distinct ethnic group or an Igbo subgroup—however, Wike follows the former definition and has long denied being Igbo.<ref name="Okowa Implications" />}}<ref name="Okowa Implications">{{cite web |last1=Ogbuenyi |first1=Nosike |title=Analysis: 2023: Implications of Atiku's selection of Okowa as running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/537432-analysis-2023-implications-of-atikus-selection-of-okowa-as-running-mate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Just In: Okowa favourite to emerge Atiku's running mate |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-okowa-favourite-to-emerge-atikus-running-mate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref> In the announcement speech, Abubakar said that he consulted party leadership in the search for his running mate and that Okowa was chosen due to his extensive experience and personal qualities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyeleke |first1=Sodiq |title=Full speech: Why I picked Okowa as my running mate -Atiku |url=https://punchng.com/full-speech-why-i-picked-okowa-as-my-running-mate-atiku/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

==== Nominated ====
* [[Atiku Abubakar]]: former [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] (1999–2007)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=2023: Atiku officially declares for President, vows to reduce govt borrowing |url=https://punchng.com/2023-atiku-officially-declares-for-president-vows-to-reduce-govt-borrowing/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=23 March 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP forms 1" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Atiku Abubakar]] |user=atiku |number=1520392101325856768 |title=I scaled the screening for the PDP Presidential primaries, but our @OfficialPDPNig delegates will determine the most consequential exam. Our consultation continues unabated. |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/atiku/status/1520392101325856768}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
**Running mate—[[Ifeanyi Okowa]]: [[Governor of Delta State]] (2015–present) and former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Delta North Senatorial District|Delta North]] (2011–2015)<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa" />

==== Eliminated in primary ====
* [[Anyim Pius Anyim]]: former [[Secretary to the Government of the Federation]] (2011–2015), former [[President of the Senate of Nigeria|President of the Senate]] (2000–2003), and former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Ebonyi South (1999–2003)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arinze |first1=Gideon |title=2023: Anyim Declares Interest in Presidency |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/01/07/2023-anyim-declares-interest-in-presidency-2/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Okocha |first1=Chuks |title=Anyim, Bala Mohammed Submit PDP Presidential Forms |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/13/anyim-bala-mohammed-submit-pdp-presidential-forms/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Anyim, Bala M., Saraki cleared">{{Cite tweet |author=Official [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] Nigeria |user=OfficialPDPNig |number=1520386368731377665 |title=2023 General Elections: As part of preparations for the 2023 Presidential Election, the @OfficialPDPNig has screened the 17 Presidential aspirants in line with the party's Guidelines for primaries. Those screened are as attached. PDP…Power to the people! |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/OfficialPDPNig/status/1520386368731377665}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel]]: [[Governor of Akwa Ibom State]] (2015–present)<ref name="PDP forms 2">{{cite web |last1=Yakubu |first1=Dirisu |title=2023 PRESIDENCY: Udom, Hayatu-Deen, Ohuabunwa join race, pick PDP form |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/2023-presidency-udom-hayatu-deen-ohuabunwa-join-race-pick-pdp-form/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Imukudo |first1=Saviour |title=Gov Emmanuel accepts PDP form from Brekete, joins presidential race |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/522605-gov-emmanuel-accepts-pdp-form-from-brekete-joins-presidential-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Udom Emmanuel]] |user=MrUdomEmmanuel |number=1520634215850721280 |title=Screened and cleared to run! We have acknowledged that Nigeria is blessed but that we lack leadership. Now, the opportunity beckons for good leadership under the political party that has given Nigeria the better version of good governance. #RescueNigeria #PDP |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/MrUdomEmmanuel/status/1520634215850721280}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Ayo Fayose]]: former [[Governor of Ekiti State]] (2003–2006; 2014–2018)<ref name="Fayose+Ndukwe buy forms" /><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Chikwendu Kalu]]: former Speaker of the [[Abia State House of Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalu joins presidential race |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kalu-joins-presidential-race/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Bala Mohammed]]: [[Governor of Bauchi State]] (2019–present), former [[List of ministers of the Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Minister of the Federal Capital Territory]] (2010–2015), and former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Bauchi South (2007–2010)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Michael |first1=Ishola |title=2023: Bauchi Gov, Bala Mohammed, Gets PDP Presidential Nomination Form |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2023-bauchi-gov-bala-mohammed-gets-pdp-presidential-nomination-form/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP forms 1" /><ref name="Anyim, Bala M., Saraki cleared" /><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Dele Momodu]]: journalist, publisher, and businessman<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oladeji |first1=Mayowa |title=Momodu joins 2023 presidential race |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/momodu-joins-2023-presidential-race/ |website=[[Ripples Nigeria]] |date=10 January 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Addeh |first1=Emmanuel |title=Dele Momodu Submits PDP Nomination Form, Pledges to Save Nigeria from Backwardness |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/13/dele-momodu-submits-pdp-nomination-form-pledges-to-save-nigeria-from-backwardness/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Dele Momodu]] Ovation |user=DeleMomodu |number=1520186039628931072 |title=Honored to be presented the certificate of clearance to contest the PDP Presidential primary in May 2022 by our dear beloved Mummy, DAME DR. ESTHER ODUEHI, Secretary to Screening Committee… |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/DeleMomodu/status/1520186039628931072}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Sam Ohuabunwa]]: pharmacist, former president of the [[Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria]], and brother of former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Abia North [[Mao Ohuabunwa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ohuabunwa notifies PDP of intention to run for president |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/505706-ohuabunwa-notifies-pdp-of-intention-to-run-for-president.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=13 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP forms 2" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Mazi [[Sam Ohuabunwa]], OFR, MON, NPOM, FPSN |user=SOhuabunwa_OFR |number=1520452248953884672 |title=Yesterday I received my provisional clearance certificate from the screening committee of the @OfficialPDPNig to contest in the primaries of our party. I call on all delegates to vote their conscience as a show of support for the emergence of a New Nigeria that works for all. |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/SOhuabunwa_OFR/status/1520452248953884672}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Bukola Saraki]]: former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Kwara Central Senatorial District|Kwara Central]] (2011–2019), former [[President of the Senate of Nigeria|President of the Senate]] (2015–2019), and former [[Governor of Kwara State]] (2003–2011)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=2023: Saraki declares intention to run for president |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/508123-2023-saraki-declares-intention-to-run-for-president.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP forms 1" /><ref name="Anyim, Bala M., Saraki cleared" /><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Diana Oliver Tariela]]<ref name="PDP forms 1">{{cite web |last1=Martins |first1=Baba |last2=Abah Emmanuel |first2=Hope |title=Presidential Race: PDP Rakes In N285m From Atiku, Saraki, 6 Others |url=https://dailytrust.com/presidential-race-pdp-rakes-in-n285m-from-atiku-saraki-6-others |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Charles Ugwu]]: real estate developer<ref>{{cite web |last1=Megbolu |first1=Innocent |title=Ugwu, PDP's Presidential Hopeful, Asks North to Concede Ticket to South |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/17/ugwu-pdps-presidential-hopeful-asks-north-to-concede-ticket-to-south/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />
* [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]]: [[Governor of Rivers State]] (2015–present) and former Minister of State for Education (2011–2014)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Imukudo |first1=Saviour |title=2023: Governor Wike declares for president |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520130-2023-governor-wike-declares-for-president.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 March 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Naku |first1=Dennis |title=Wike submits presidential form, PDP promises level playing field |url=https://punchng.com/wike-submits-presidential-form-pdp-promises-level-playing-field/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=15 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP primary results" />

==== Disqualified by screening committee ====
* [[Nwachukwu Anakwenze]]: medical doctor<ref>{{cite web |last1=Orji |first1=Ndubuisi |title=Road to 2023: Anakwenze obtains PDP presidential forms, promises to champion national unity |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/road-to-2023-anakwenze-obtains-pdp-presidential-forms-promises-to-champion-national-unity/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP forms 1" /><ref name="PDP Disqualification">{{cite web |last1=Martins |first1=Baba |title=PDP Upholds Disqualification Of Two Presidential Aspirants |url=https://dailytrust.com/pdp-upholds-disqualification-of-two-presidential-aspirants |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Cosmos Chukwudi Ndukwe]]: former [[Executive Council of Abia State|Abia State Executive Council official]]<ref name="Fayose+Ndukwe buy forms">{{cite web |last1=Martins |first1=Baba |last2=Moses |first2=Peter |title=2023: PDP Presidential Aspirants Swell To 15 |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-pdp-presidential-aspirants-swell-to-15 |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP Disqualification" />

==== Withdrew ====
* [[Mohammed Hayatu-Deen]]: banker and economist<ref>{{cite web |last1=Okobi |first1=Sunday |title=2023: Hayatu-Deen Declares Presidential Bid, Vows to Tackle Insecurity, Poverty |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/03/03/2023-hayatu-deen-declares-presidential-bid-vows-to-tackle-insecurity-poverty/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP forms 2" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Mohammed Hayatu-Deen]] |user=MHayatu_Deen |number=1520661738546515969 |title=Make every day count. Two days ago, my screening was another step taken in the journey to get Nigeria back from the brink. I am glad to have followed due process during the presidential screening of PDP aspirants and now received the clearance certificate. #hayatudeen |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/MHayatu_Deen/status/1520661738546515969}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tolu-Kolawole |first1=Deborah |title=2023: PDP aspirant, Hayatu-Deen, withdraws from presidential race, gives reasons |url=https://punchng.com/2023-pdp-aspirant-hayatu-deen-withdraws-from-presidential-race-gives-reasons/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Peter Obi]]: former [[Governor of Anambra State]] (2006; 2007; 2007–2014) (defected before the primary to the LP to run in its presidential primary)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eleweke |first1=Titus |title=Just In: Peter Obi Joins 2023 Presidential Race |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-peter-obi-joins-2023-presidential-race |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=Groups buy PDP presidential form for Peter Obi, pledge 10m votes |url=https://punchng.com/groups-buy-pdp-presidential-form-for-peter-obi-pledge-10m-votes/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Peter Obi]] |user=PeterObi |number=1520467451787493376 |title=Glad to have completed the PDP screening process and received my Provisional Clearance Certificate. - PO |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/PeterObi/status/1520467451787493376}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=Peter Obi quits PDP days before presidential primaries |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/peter-obi-quits-pdp-days-before-presidential-primaries/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Doyin Okupe]]: physician and former aide to presidents [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] and [[Goodluck Jonathan|Jonathan]] (defected before the primary to the LP)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aborisade |first1=Sunday |title=Okupe declares 2023 presidential ambition on PDP platform |url=https://punchng.com/okupe-declares-2023-presidential-ambition-on-pdp-platform/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=5 October 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oludare |first1=Ishola |title=Okupe withdraws from presidential race, asks Wike, others to team up with Peter Obi |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/03/30/okupe-withdraws-from-presidential-race-asks-wike-others-to-team-up-with-peter-obi/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]]: [[Governor of Sokoto State]] (2015–present), former [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] (2011–2015), and former [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] member for Kebbe/Tambuwal (2003–2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tambuwal Declares Intention To Run For Presidency In 2023 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/01/31/tambuwal-declares-intention-to-run-for-presidency-in-2023/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="PDP forms 1" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Aminu Tambuwal|Aminu W. Tambuwal]] |user=AWTambuwal |number=1520150575177994241 |title=I have just received my Provisional Clearance Certificate from PDP Presidential Screening Committee. #TogetherWeRebuildNigeria |access-date=1 May 2022|link=https://twitter.com/AWTambuwal/status/1520150575177994241}}</ref><ref name="Tambuwal withdraws" />

==== Declined ====
* [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]]: former [[Governor of Gombe State]] (2011–2019)<ref name="Ex-PDP governors">{{cite web |last1=Odunsi |first1=Wale |title=Ex-PDP governors declare bid for 2023 presidential ticket |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/08/ex-pdp-governors-declare-bid-for-2023-presidential-ticket/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Azubuike |first1=Chima |title=2023: I'll purchase presidential form if urged -Dankwambo |url=https://punchng.com/2023-ill-purchase-presidential-form-if-urged-dankwambo/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=2 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[Goodluck Jonathan]]: former [[President of Nigeria|President]] (2010–2015), former [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] (2007–2010), and former [[Governor of Bayelsa State]] (2005–2007)
* [[Sule Lamido]]: former [[Governor of Jigawa State]] (2007–2015) and former [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nigeria)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] (1999–2003)<ref name="PDP Titans" /><ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Presidency: Delta group rallies support for Sule Lamido |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/2023-presidency-delta-group-rallies-support-for-sule-lamido/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ahmed Makarfi]]: former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Kaduna North (2007–2011) and former [[Governor of Kaduna State]] (1999–2007)<ref name="Ex-PDP governors" />
* [[Seyi Makinde]]: [[Governor of Oyo State]] (2019–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sulaimon |first1=Nimot |title=I have no presidential ambition in 2023 – Makinde |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/09/13/i-have-no-presidential-ambition-in-2023-makinde/ |website=[[P.M. News]] |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif]]: former [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for Bauchi North (2015–2019)<ref name="Ex-PDP governors" />
* [[Ibrahim Shema]]: former [[Governor of Katsina State]] (2007–2015)<ref name="Ex-PDP governors" />
* [[Kabiru Tanimu Turaki]]: former Minister of Special Duties and Intergovernmental Affairs (2013–2015) and former Supervising Minister of Labour and Productivity (2014–2015)<ref name="PDP Titans">{{cite web |last1=Usigbe |first1=Leon |title=2023: As PDP Presidential Titans Make Their Move… |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2023-as-pdp-presidential-titans-make-their-move/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=7 November 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

==== Primary results ====
{{Pie chart
|caption='''Candidates' vote share'''
|label1={{nowrap|[[Atiku Abubakar]]}}
|label2={{nowrap|[[Nyesom Wike]]}}
|label3={{nowrap|[[Bukola Saraki]]}}
|label4={{nowrap|[[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel]]}}
|label5=Other candidates
|value1=49.34
|value2=31.52
|value3=9.31
|value4=5.05
|value5=4.78
|color1=#5999ef
|color2=#05361c
|color3=#373897
|color4=#E57415
|color5=silver}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = PDP primary results<ref name="PDP primary results">{{cite web |title=2023 Presidential race: Atiku wins PDP ticket |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/2023-presidential-race-atiku-wins-pdp-ticket/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Atiku Abubakar]]}}
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 371
| percentage = 49.34%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Nyesom Wike]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 237
| percentage = 31.52%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Bukola Saraki]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 70
| percentage = 9.31%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 38
| percentage = 5.05%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Bala Mohammed]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 20
| percentage = 2.66%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Anyim Pius Anyim]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 14
| percentage = 1.86%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Sam Ohuabunwa]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.13%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Diana Oliver Tariela]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.13%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ayo Fayose]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Chikwendu Kalu]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Dele Momodu]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Charles Ugwu]]
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 752
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box invalid no change
| votes = 12
| percentage = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 764
  |percentage = 98.43%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Minor parties ===
{{hidden begin
|title=Accord
|titlestyle= background:#99FF33;
}}
Accord first scheduled its primary for 2 June before shifting it to 4 June.<ref name="ZLP, Accord primary dates">{{cite web |last1=Amodu |first1=Taiwo |title=2023: APC, PDP, APGA, Labour Party Notify INEC On Convention |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2023-apc-pdp-apga-labour-party-notify-inec-on-convention/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |access-date=10 May 2022 |date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Primary date list">{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |last2=Oyero |first2=Kayode |title=Timetable: INEC talks tough as 18 parties fail to conduct primaries |url=https://punchng.com/timetable-inec-talks-tough-as-18-parties-fail-to-conduct-primaries/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=17 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> That day the party nominated entrepreneur, [[Christopher Imumolen]], as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined by voice vote after all other candidates stepped down.<ref name="Accord primary results">{{cite web |last1=Olafusi |first1=Ebunoluwa |title=39-year-old Imumolen wins presidential ticket of Accord Party |url=https://www.thecable.ng/39-year-old-imumolen-wins-presidential-ticket-of-accord-party |website=[[TheCable]] |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Raji |first1=Miftaudeen |title=2023: 39-yr-old Prof, Imumolen is Accord's presidential candidate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/2023-39-yr-old-prof-imumolen-is-accords-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> On 25 August, [[Bello Bala Maru]]—a former Zamfara State cabinet official—was named as Imumolen's running mate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Idowu |title=Accord picks ex-Zamfara SSG as vice-presidential candidate |url=https://punchng.com/accord-picks-ex-zamfara-ssg-as-vice-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 August 2022 |access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Accord primary results<ref name="Accord primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Christopher Imumolen]]}}
| party = Accord (Nigeria)
| votes = ''Voice vote''
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = N/A
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = N/A
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{colour|white|Action Alliance}}
|titlestyle= background:#3498DB;
}}
{{Pie chart
|caption='''Candidates' vote share'''
|label1={{nowrap|[[Hamza al-Mustapha]]}}
|label2={{nowrap|[[Samson Odupitan]]}}
|value1=70.08
|value2=29.92
|color1=#3f1c38
|color2=#ff006c}}
The Action Alliance initially scheduled its primary for 3 June 2022 but moved it to 9 June with forms being sold from 4 April to 15 May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Action Alliance postpones special convention for presidential primaries |url=https://gazettengr.com/action-alliance-postpones-special-convention-for-presidential-primaries/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=28 May 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5&nbsp;million and the nomination form price at ₦10&nbsp;million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Humbe |first1=Miriam |title=Action Alliance Releases Time Table For 2023 Elections |url=https://thefact.ng/16284-2/ |website=TheFact |access-date=17 April 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Primary date list" />

On the primary date, two candidates ([[Tunde Kelani]] and [[Felix Johnson Osakwe]]) withdrew while the other two candidates continued to an indirect primary in [[Abuja]] that ended with [[Hamza al-Mustapha]]—former [[Military dictatorship in Nigeria|military dictator]] [[Sani Abacha]]'s former security officer, close aide, and death squad leader—emerging as the party nominee after results showed al-Mustapha winning over 70% of the delegates' votes.<ref name="AA primary results">{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/535907-ex-abachas-cso-al-mustapha-clinches-aa-presidential-ticket.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=9 June 2022|title=Ex-Abacha's CSO, Al-Mustapha, clinches AA presidential ticket |date=9 June 2022 }}</ref> In his acceptance speech, al-Mustapha called for national and party unity before his sole opponent, [[Samson Odupitan]], pledged to support al-Mustapha in the general election.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aborisade |first1=Sunday |title=Abacha's ex-CSO, Al-Mustapha, Emerges Action Alliance Presidential Candidate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/06/09/abachas-ex-cso-al-mustapha-emerges-action-alliance-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> [[Chukwuka Johnson]] was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.

{{Election box begin no change
| title = AA primary results<ref name="AA primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Hamza al-Mustapha]]}}
| party = Action Alliance
| votes = 506
| percentage = 70.08%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Samson Odupitan]]
| party = Action Alliance
| votes = 216
| percentage = 29.92%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 722
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 854
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{color|white|Action Democratic Party}}
|titlestyle= background:#000080;
}}
The Action Democratic Party scheduled its primary for 31 May where the party nominated its national chairman, [[Yabagi Sani]], as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined using the consensus method which ended in Sani's emergence as nominee. Sani thanked the party in his acceptance speech, noting that the consensus method was beneficial and promising to adhere to party members as their nominee.<ref name="ADP primary results">{{cite web |title=Sani emerges as ADP presidential candidate |url=https://guardian.ng/news/sani-emerges-as-adp-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=31 May 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> On 23 June, Udo Okey-Okoro was announced as Sani's running mate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amodu |first1=Taiwo |title=2023: ADP National Chairman Announces Treasurer As Running Mate |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2023-adp-national-chairman-announces-treasurer-as-running-mate/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=23 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>

{{Election box begin no change
| title = ADP primary results<ref name="ADP primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Yabagi Sani]]}}
| party = Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = ''Consensus''
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = N/A
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = N/A
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{color|white|Action Peoples Party}}
|titlestyle= background:#2b2a29;
}}
The Action Peoples Party nominated [[Osita Nnadi]] and [[Isa Hamisu]] as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominees, respectively.
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{colour|white|African Action Congress}}
|titlestyle= background:#6F4E37;
}}
The years prior to the AAC primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization, one faction led by [[Leonard Nzenwa]] and the other faction led by party founder [[Omoyele Sowore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AAC Leadership Crisis Worsens |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/aac-leadership-crisis-worsens/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=15 March 2021 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> Both politicians claimed to be party chairman with INEC initially recognizing Nzenwa until Sowore was confirmed to be the rightful chair in early June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oloniniran |first1=Gbenga |title=Court affirms Sowore as AAC chairman |url=https://punchng.com/court-affirms-sowore-as-aac-chairman/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=2 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>

The African Action Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 to 3 June before moving it to 9 June with candidates registering to contest between 6 and 9 May.<ref>{{cite web |title=African Action Congress Party To Hold Presidential Primary Thursday |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/06/08/african-action-congress-party-hold-presidential-primary-thursday |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> The party waived fees for both its expression of interest and nomination forms with candidates only having to pay ₦500,000 "obligatory donation" fees with a 25% discount for women and no fees for candidates with disabilities, students, honorably discharged security personnel, teachers, nurses, and emergency service workers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanusi |first1=Abiodun |title=Unlike APC, PDP, our nomination form is free – AAC |url=https://punchng.com/unlike-apc-pdp-our-nomination-form-is-free-aac/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=African Action Congress Party Fixes June 1 To 3 For Primary Elections |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/05/07/african-action-congress-party-fixes-june-1-3-primary-elections |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>

On the primary date, Sowore was the sole candidate but first resigned as party chairman before the primary in accordance with the party constitution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking: Sowore Steps Down As AAC National Party Chairman |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/06/09/breaking-sowore-steps-down-aac-national-party-chairman |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> He then won the nomination by acclamation.<ref name="AAC primary results">{{cite web |last1=Shibayan |first1=Dyepkazah |title=Sowore wins AAC presidential primary election |url=https://www.thecable.ng/sowore-wins-aac-presidential-primary-election |website=[[TheCable]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Omogbolagun |first1=Tope |title=Sowore steps down as AAC chairman, emerges presidential candidate |url=https://punchng.com/sowore-steps-down-as-aac-chairman-emerges-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Essien |first1=Hillary |title=Sowore emerges AAC consensus presidential candidate for 2023 |url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-sowore-emerges-aac-consensus-presidential-candidate-for-2023/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> At the end of the month, [[Haruna Garba Magashi]]—a lawyer from [[Kano State]]—was unveiled as the vice presidential nominee in [[Abuja]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Idowu |title=2023: Sowore unveils running mate, vows to win Kano votes |url=https://punchng.com/2023-sowore-unveils-running-mate-vows-to-win-kano-votes/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

{{Election box begin no change
| title = AAC primary results<ref name="AAC primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Omoyele Sowore]]}}
| party = African Action Congress
| votes = ''Consensus''
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = N/A
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = N/A
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{colour|white|African Democratic Congress}}
|titlestyle= background:#00A86B;
}}
During the 2019 elections, the ADC solidified its place as one of the larger minor parties by becoming the fourth largest party in the House of Representatives and taking a distant fourth in the presidential race. However, the party faced difficulty as the majority of its legislators decamped to different parties during their terms.<ref name="Minor Parties PT">{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=2023: ADC, LP, PRP, others eager to test strength against APC, PDP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/534819-2023-adc-lp-prp-others-eager-to-test-strength-against-apc-pdp.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=5 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>

The African Democratic Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 June but rescheduled it for 8 June with forms being sold from 24 March to 24 May.<ref name="Primary date list" /> The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5&nbsp;million and the nomination form price at ₦20&nbsp;million with forms being free for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Folasade-Koyi |first1=Adetutu |title=ADC declares nomination forms free for women, youths, PWDs |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/adc-declares-nomination-forms-free-for-women-youths-pwds/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |access-date=17 April 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abuh |first1=Adamu |title=ADC chief decries monetisation of primaries as party picks presidential candidate June 8 |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/adc-chief-decries-monetisation-of-primaries-as-party-picks-presidential-candidate-june-8/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|caption='''Candidates' vote share'''
|label1={{nowrap|[[Dumebi Kachikwu]]}}
|label2={{nowrap|[[Kingsley Moghalu]]}}
|label3={{nowrap|[[Chukwuka Monye]]}}
|label4={{nowrap|Other candidates}}
|value1=49.29
|value2=29.69
|value3=17.09
|value4=7.51
|color1=#dc0029
|color2=#234e70
|color3=#adb6dd
|color4=silver}}

Ahead of the primary in [[Abeokuta]], it was noted that the ADC had a high number of aspirants compared to other smaller parties with analysts viewing two as the major contenders: [[Dumebi Kachikwu]]—[[Roots Television Nigeria]] founder and brother of former minister [[Ibe Kachikwu]] along with [[Kingsley Moghalu]]—a former [[Central Bank of Nigeria|Central Bank]] official.<ref name="Minor Parties PT" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ohwovoriole |first1=Ogheneuvede |title=ADC Presidential Ticket: Kachikwu, Moghalu, Others Take Battle to Abeokuta |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/06/06/adc-presidential-ticket-kachikwu-moghalu-others-take-battle-to-abeokuta/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adewole |first1=Segun |title=Kachikwu, Moghalu, others jostle for ADC presidential ticket |url=https://punchng.com/kachikwu-moghalu-others-jostle-for-adc-presidential-ticket/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=5 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> On the primary date, the candidates contested an indirect primary that ended with Kachikwu emerging as the presidential nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the delegates' votes.<ref name="ADC primary results">{{cite web |last1=Oladeji |first1=Mayowa |title=2023: Moghalu fails to win ADC presidential ticket, loses to Kachikwu |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/2023-moghalu-fails-to-win-adc-presidential-ticket-loses-to-kachikwu/ |website=[[Ripples Nigeria]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=2023: Kachikwu defeats Moghalu, others to clinch ADC presidential ticket |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/535747-2023-kachikwu-defeats-moghalu-others-to-clinch-adc-presidential-ticket.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> A few days later, Moghalu left the party in protest amid allegations that Kachikwu's win was mainly due to bribes given to delegates.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Okonoboh |first1=Rita |title='I won't endorse obscene corruption' — Moghalu dumps ADC after losing presidential ticket |url=https://www.thecable.ng/just-in-moghalu-resigns-from-adc-after-losing-presidential-ticket |website=[[TheCable]] |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> Kachikwu denied the allegations and claimed that it was Moghalu that attempted bribery;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nseyen |first1=Nsikak |title=Moghalu bribed state chairmen but lost presidential ADC ticket – Dumebi Kachikwu alleges |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/14/moghalu-bribed-state-chairmen-but-lost-presidential-adc-ticket-dumebi-kachikwu-alleges/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> however, a few days later, American assets of Kachikwu were seized and a previous seizure related to the [[William J. Jefferson corruption case]] resurfaced leading to questions on his credibility.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akintade |first1=Adefemola |title=U.S. govt confiscates assets of Dumebi Kachikwu, ADC candidate who delivered cash bribes to William Jefferson |url=https://gazettengr.com/u-s-govt-confiscates-assets-of-dumebi-kachikwu-adc-candidate-who-delivered-cash-bribes-to-william-jefferson/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> The party first nominated Ahmed Mani for the vice presidency as a placeholder before picking [[Malika Sani]] later in June;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eromosele |first1=Fortune |title=Just In: ADC picks Malika Sani as Kachikwu's running mate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/just-in-adc-picks-malika-sani-as-kachikwus-running-mate/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> however, Sani's nomination fell through and about a month later, Kachikwu announced [[Ahmed Buhari]]—an oil and gas consultant from [[Niger State]]—as his substantive running mate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onochie |first1=Bridget Chiedu |title=Kachikwu unveils Ahmed Buhari as running mate |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/kachikwu-unveils-ahmed-buhari-as-running-mate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> Soon afterward, the party descended into crisis as factions attempted to expel Kachikwu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=Analysis: Peter Obi threatens the political establishment while ADC remains in disarray |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/554652-analysis-peter-obi-threatens-the-political-establishment-while-adc-remains-in-disarray.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=18 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>

{{Election box begin no change
| title = ADC primary results<ref name="ADC primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Dumebi Kachikwu]]}}
| party = African Democratic Congress
| votes = 978
| percentage = 49.29%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Kingsley Moghalu]]
| party = African Democratic Congress
| votes = 589
| percentage = 29.69%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Chukwuka Monye]]
| party = African Democratic Congress
| votes = 339
| percentage = 17.09%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Chichi Ojei]]
| party = African Democratic Congress
| votes = 72
| percentage = 3.63%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ebiti Ndok-Jegede]]
| party = African Democratic Congress
| votes = 5
| percentage = 0.25%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Angela Johnson (politician)|Angela Johnson]]
| party = African Democratic Congress
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.05%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 1,984
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 2,100
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title=Allied Peoples Movement
|titlestyle= background:#00FFFF;
}}
The Allied Peoples Movement initially scheduled its primary for 30 May but rescheduled it for 9 June.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party suspends six national officers, state chairpersons |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/523620-party-suspends-six-national-officers-state-chairpersons.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=13 April 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Primary date list" /> Party chairman [[Yusuf Mamman Dantalle]] was the sole candidate and won the nomination unopposed at the party secretariat.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chideraa |first1=Collins |title=Dantalle Clinches APM Presidential Ticket |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/dantalle-clinches-apm-presidential-ticket/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> [[Princess Chichi Ojei]] was then nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee. However, Dantalle withdrew from the nomination in July and Ojei was nominated in his place.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moses |first1=Orjime |title=APM Gets Female Presidential Candidate, As Dantalle Withdraws |url=https://leadership.ng/apm-gets-female-presidential-candidate-as-dantalle-withdraws/ |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |date=8 July 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708224343/https://leadership.ng/apm-gets-female-presidential-candidate-as-dantalle-withdraws/ |archive-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> She later picked Ibrahim Mohammed as running mate.
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{colour|white|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}
|titlestyle= background:#00923F;
}}
In 2021 and 2022, APGA [[2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election|retained]] the Anambra State governorship by a substantial margin and gained [[Enyinnaya Abaribe|a senator]] through defection, cementing its place as the nation's third largest party. However, the party rarely expands out from its [[South East (Nigeria)|southeastern]] base and has not obtained over a percent of the vote in any presidential election since [[2003 Nigerian presidential election|2003]].

The All Progressives Grand Alliance scheduled its primary for 1 June 2022 with ward congresses set for 10 May to elect delegates for the primary. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5&nbsp;million and the nomination form price at ₦20&nbsp;million with a 50% discount for women and candidates with disabilities;<ref>{{cite web |title=Provisional Timetable/Schedule of Activities for 2022 Primary Election |url=https://www.facebook.com/apganewmedia/photos/a.569151543571420/1294488517704382 |website=Facebook |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=2023: APGA begins sale of forms Tuesday |url=https://punchng.com/2023-apga-begins-sale-of-forms-tuesday/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=8 April 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=25 March 2022}}</ref> forms were to be sold from 29 March to 11 April but the deadline was extended to 15 April.<ref>{{cite web |title=APGA extends sale of nomination forms by four days as over 300 aspirants troop in to pick forms |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/apga-extends-sale-of-nomination-forms-by-four-days-as-over-300-aspirants-troop-in-to-pick-forms/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=10 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>

On primary day, [[Peter Umeadi]]—former Chief Judge of Anambra State—was the sole presidential candidate and was nominated by voice vote.<ref name="APGA primary results">{{cite web |last1=Olabimtan |first1=Bolanle |title=Peter Umeadi, ex-chief judge, wins APGA presidential ticket |url=https://www.thecable.ng/peter-umeadi-ex-chief-judge-wins-apga-presidential-ticket |website=[[TheCable]] |date=June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> [[Abdullahi Muhammed Koli]], a labour union activist from [[Bauchi State]], was announced as Umeadi's vice presidential running mate on 12 June.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chukindi |first1=Joe |title=2023: APGA presidential candidate, Umeadi nominates running mate |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/06/12/2023-apga-presidential-candidate-umeadi-nominates-running-mate/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

{{Election box begin no change
| title = APGA primary results<ref name="APGA primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Peter Umeadi]]}}
| party = All Progressives Grand Alliance
| votes = ''Voice vote''
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 150
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 150
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title=Boot Party
|titlestyle= background:#82ff81;
}}
The Boot Party nominated [[Sunday Adenuga]] and [[Mustapha Usman Turaki]] as the party's presidential and vice presidential nominee, respectively.
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin|title={{colour|white|Labour Party}}|titlestyle=background:#ee0000;}}
In 2021, a number of politicians and activists led by [[Patrick Utomi]], [[Attahiru Jega]], and [[Femi Falana]] announced an effort to find a party to lead a "Third Force" alliance in an attempt to unseat the APC and the PDP.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adetayo |first1=Olalekan |last2=Alechenu |first2=John |title=Jega, Utomi groups, others team up against APC, PDP, unveil party Oct 1 |url=https://punchng.com/jega-utomi-groups-others-team-up-against-apc-pdp-unveil-party-oct-1/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> After a number of delays, in May 2022, the group adopted the Labour Party as its platform with hopes of forming an alliance with a number of other smaller parties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olatunji |first1=Kehinde |title=LP emerges '3rd Force' mega party for 2023 elections |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/lp-emerges-3rd-force-mega-party-for-2023-elections/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Utomi, Falana, Jega's Third Force Mega group adopts Labour Party |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/utomi-falana-jegas-third-force-mega-party-adopts-labour-party/ |website=[[Ripples Nigeria]] |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=Updated: Utomi, Wabba, others adopt Labour Party as third force |url=https://punchng.com/updated-utomi-wabba-others-adopt-labour-party-as-third-force/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adeuyi |first1=Seun |title=2023: Utomi's 'Big Tent' Seeks Coalition With ADC, PRP, SDP Others |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-utomis-big-tent-seeks-coalition-with-adc-prp-sdp-others |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> The party received another boost when former [[Governor of Anambra State]] [[Peter Obi]] joined the party in May 2022 to continue his presidential campaign after leaving the PDP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Obi joins Labour Party |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/532899-peter-obi-joins-labour-party.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> Obi was welcomed into the party by its leadership which also used the announcement to attack the APC and PDP as well as commit to the party manifesto.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anigbogu |first1=Joy |last2=Onoiribholo |first2=Francis |title=Labour Party Welcomes Peter Obi, Others To Grand Coalition |url=https://independent.ng/labour-party-welcomes-peter-obi-others-to-grand-coalition/ |website=[[Independent Nigeria]] |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> However, the party had to contend with deep divisions as a factional crisis from 2018 is still in the courts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ufuoma |first1=Vincent |title=Obi emerges Labour Party presidential candidate amid leadership crisis |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/obi-emerges-labour-party-presidential-candidate-amid-leadership-crisis/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=30 May 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

The Labour Party initially scheduled its primary for 3 June but rescheduled it for 30 May.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Terzungwe |first1=Saawua |title=APC NEC To Ratify May 30/31 Presidential Primaries Today |url=https://dailytrust.com/apc-nec-to-ratify-may-30-31-presidential-primaries-today |website=[[Daily Trust]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |date=20 April 2022 |quote=The New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) and Labour Party (LP) have slated May 25–26 and June 3 for the presidential primaries and May 20 and June 1, 2022 for the governorship.}}</ref><ref name="Primary date list" /> It set the price for expression of interest and nomination forms at ₦30 million. On the day of the primary, 104 delegates gathered in [[Asaba]] for the primary but no election was needed as three of four candidates—Utomi, Olubusola Emmanuel-Tella, and Joseph Faduri—withdrew in favour of Obi. Obi then won the primary unanimously with only a sole invalid vote not going for him. In his acceptance speech, he promised to revolutionize the nation economically and mobilize an effective general election campaign.<ref name="LP primary results">{{cite web |title=2023: Obi picks LP presidential ticket |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-obi-picks-lp-presidential-ticket/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Odunsi |first1=Wale |title=2023 election: 'Nigeria a laughing stock, they now spend dollars' – LP's Peter Obi's full speech |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/30/2023-election-nigeria-a-laughing-stock-they-now-spend-dollars-lps-peter-obis-full-speech/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=30 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> A few days after the primary, the other Labour faction held its own parallel primary but INEC recognized the Obi-won election.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akintade |first1=Adefemola |title=Peter Obi's Labour Party recognised by INEC |url=https://gazettengr.com/peter-obis-labour-party-recognised-by-inec/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> On 17 June, the party submitted the name of [[Doyin Okupe]]—a physician and former PDP candidate who became the Director-General of the Obi Campaign Organisation—as a placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.<ref name="Obi submits Okupe" /> On 7 July, Okupe formally withdrew ahead of the announcement of Obi's substantive running mate.<ref name="Okupe withdraws as LP VP">{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=Okupe withdraws as Peter Obi's running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/541460-okupe-withdraws-as-peter-obis-running-mate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=7 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> The next day, [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]]—a businessman who previously served as Senator for Kaduna North—was announced as the party's vice presidential nominee.<ref name="Obi selects Baba-Ahmed" /> Analysts noted the regional balance of the ticket as Baba-Ahmed is a northerner but questioned his electoral experience as he has not won an election since 2011; at the same time, pundits said his prominent [[Zaria]]-based family and technocratic image could help Obi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria: Can Baba-Ahmed boost Peter Obi's chances in the Muslim north? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/221610/nigeria-can-baba-ahmed-boost-peter-obis-chances-in-the-muslim-north/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=11 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Babangida |first1=Mohammed |title=Datti Baba-Ahmed: The economist selling Obi's candidature in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/542475-datti-baba-ahmed-the-economist-selling-obis-candidature-in-northern-nigeria.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> Peter Obi's running mate, [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]], in November 2011, called for LGBTQ within the society to be killed, whilst debating the levity of punishment contained in the proposed bill to criminalise such relationships, in a Senate session<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzqRdnVKPb8|title=Senate passes bill prohibiting same sex marriage|accessdate=7 May 2023|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgbtplushistorymonth.co.uk/2011/11/nigeria-passes-anti-lgb-bill/|title=Nigeria Passes Anti-LGB Bill|date=30 November 2011|accessdate=7 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nigeria-criminalizes-gay-marriage-advocacy/|title=Nigeria criminalizes gay marriage, advocacy|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=29 November 2011 |accessdate=7 May 2023}}</ref>

{{Election box begin no change
| title = LP primary results<ref name="LP primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Peter Obi]]}}
| party = Labour Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 96
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 96
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box invalid no change
| votes = 1
| percentage = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 97 
  |percentage = 93.27%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title=National Rescue Movement
|titlestyle= background:#fecd00;
}}
The National Rescue Movement scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June;<ref name="Primary date list" /> setting its expression of interest form price at ₦1.5 million and nomination form price at ₦17.5 million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samuel |first1=Edward |title=2023: NRM Approves Sales Of Expression Of Interest Form For Youths, Women, Others |url=https://von.gov.ng/2022/04/08/2023-nrm-approves-sales-of-expression-of-interest-form-for-youths-women-others/ |website=[[Voice of Nigeria]] |access-date=17 April 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414030153/https://von.gov.ng/2022/04/08/2023-nrm-approves-sales-of-expression-of-interest-form-for-youths-women-others/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the primary, [[Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike]]—a businessman—defeated seven other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 60% of the vote.<ref name="NRM primary results">{{cite web |last1=Joshua |first1=Kingsley |title=2023: Nwa-Anyajike Emerges NRM Presidential Candidate In Land Slide Victory |url=https://independent.ng/2023-nwa-anyajike-emerges-nrm-presidential-candidate-in-land-slide-victory/ |website=[[Independent Nigeria]] |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> However, when INEC released its provisional nominee list, Nwa-Anyajike had been substituted for [[Felix Johnson Osakwe]]—a withdrawn AA presidential candidate; Nwa-Anyajike and other party members allege that Osakwe colluded with a portion of NRM leadership to forge Nwa-Anyajike's withdrawal and substitute Osakwe as the nominee.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abuh |first1=Adamu |title=2023: Uproar as INEC removes Mwa-Anyajike as NRM presidential candidate |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/2023-uproar-as-inec-removes-mwa-anyajike-as-nrm-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> When the INEC final nominee list was released in September, Osakwe's name remained as the party presidential nominee with [[Yahaya Muhammad Kyabo]] as vice presidential nominee.<ref name="INEC Sept. final nominee list" />

{{Pie chart
|caption='''Candidates' vote share'''
|label1={{nowrap|[[Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike]]}}
|label2={{nowrap|[[Benedicta Egbo]]}}
|label3=Other candidates
|value1=78.26
|value2=14.78
|value3=6.96
|color1=#90251f
|color2=#e8de52
|color3=silver}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = NRM primary results<ref name="NRM primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike]]}}
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 180
| percentage = 78.26%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Benedicta Egbo]]
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 34
| percentage = 14.78%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ibrahim Yunusa]]
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 10
| percentage = 4.35%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Vincent Anthony Ubani]]
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 2
| percentage = 0.87%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Sam Emiaso]]
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.43%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Barry Avotu Johnson]] <small>(withdrawn)</small>
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.43%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Emeka Mandela Ukaegbu]]
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.43%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Solomon Uchenna Winning]]
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 1
| percentage = 0.43%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Francis Ikechukwu Igbo]] <small>(withdrawn)</small>
| party = National Rescue Movement
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 230
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box invalid no change
| votes = 10
| percentage = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 240
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title=New Nigeria Peoples Party
|titlestyle= background:#00FF00;
}}
In early 2022, former [[List of governors of Kano State|Governor of Kano State]] [[Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] and many of his allies defected from the PDP to join the NNPP.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=[Updated] 2023: Finally, Kwankwaso dumps PDP for NNPP |url=https://punchng.com/kwankwaso-dumps-pdp-ahead-of-2023-elections/ |website=[[The Punch]] |access-date=12 April 2022 |date=29 March 2022}}</ref> Within a few weeks, a number of other politicians (mainly from the North, especially [[Kano State]]) joined the party and Kwankwaso was named national leader of the party in preparation for his presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babangida |first1=Mohammed |title=Analysis: How NNPP became Kano's main opposition party within three months |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/530694-analysis-how-nnpp-became-kanos-main-opposition-party-within-three-months.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=Kwankwanso emerges NNPP national leader |url=https://punchng.com/kwankwanso-emerges-nnpp-national-leader/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |last2=Akubo |first2=John |last3=Adewale |first3=Murtala |title=From Kano, NNPP plots national upset with Kwankwasiyya |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/from-kano-nnpp-plots-national-upset-with-kwankwasiyya/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=17 May 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

The New Nigeria Peoples Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June 2022 before pushing it back to 8 June.<ref name="Primary date list" /> To elect delegates for the primary, ward and local government congresses were set for 22 and 25 April, respectively. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦10&nbsp;million and the nomination form price at ₦20&nbsp;million with those forms being sold from 10 to 15 April.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule of activities for New Nigeria People's Party NNPP ahead of 2023 general election, sales of forms and cost of Expression of Interest and Nomination Forms. |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=289754816670508&set=a.154686920177299 |website=Facebook |publisher=New Nigeria People's Party -NNPP |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>

Ahead of the primary, the party attempted to woo [[Peter Obi]] to be Kwankwaso's running mate but he instead went to the [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]];<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akowe |first1=Tony |title=NNPP offers Obi vice presidential ticket |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nnpp-offers-obi-vice-presidential-ticket/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Egobiambu |first1=Emmanuel |title=Peter Obi Could Have Been My Vice President In NNPP – Kwankwaso |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/05/30/peter-obi-could-have-been-my-vice-president-in-nnpp-kwankwaso/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> as an alternative, presidential candidate [[Olufemi Ajadi]] stepped down and agreed to be Kwankwaso's running mate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edeme |first1=Victoria |title=Presidency: Industrialist steps down, becomes Kwankwaso's running mate |url=https://punchng.com/presidency-industrialist-steps-down-becomes-kwankwasos-running-mate/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=26 May 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> Ajadi's withdrawal left Kwankwaso unopposed in the primary.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Obogo |first1=Chinelo |title=Kwankwaso only presidential candidate of NNPP -Aniegbonam, founder |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kwankwaso-only-presidential-candidate-of-nnpp-aniegbonam-founder/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=5 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> On 8 June, Kwankwaso won the nomination by voice vote at the primary in Velodrome of the [[Moshood Abiola National Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lawal |first1=Taofeek |title=2023: 774 Delegates To Elect NNPP Presidential Candidate Today In Abuja |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2023-774-delegates-to-elect-nnpp-presidential-candidate-today-in-abuja/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="NNPP primary results">{{cite web |last1=Jalal |first1=Aliyu |title=Kwankwaso Emerges NNPP Presidential Candidate |url=https://dailytrust.com/just-in-kwankwaso-emerges-as-nnpp-presidential-candidate |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> The party would later nominate [[Ladipo Johnson]] instead of Ajadi as a placeholder vice presidential nominee while negotiations with the Labour Party resumed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Uthman |first1=Samad |title=Ladipo Johnson named Kwankwaso's running mate |url=https://www.thecable.ng/ladipo-johnson-named-kwankwasos-running-mate |website=[[TheCable]] |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2023: NNPP Announces Ladipo Johnson As Kwankwanso's Running Mate |url=https://leadership.ng/2023-nnpp-announces-ladipo-johnson-as-kwankwansos-running-mate/ |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> After the negotiations failed, [[Isaac Idahosa]]—a [[Lagos]]-based pastor originally from [[Edo State]]—was named as the substantive vice presidential nominee on 14 July.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=After failed alliance talks with Obi, Kwankwaso picks popular cleric, Isaac Idahosa, as running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/542641-after-failed-alliance-talks-with-obi-kwankwaso-picks-popular-cleric-isaac-idahosa-as-running-mate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

{{Election box begin no change
| title = NNPP primary results<ref name="NNPP primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]]}}
| party = New Nigeria Peoples Party
| votes = ''Voice vote''
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = N/A
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 774
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{colour|white|People's Redemption Party}}
|titlestyle= background:#ed3136;
}}
{{Pie chart
|caption='''Candidates' vote share'''
|label1={{nowrap|[[Kola Abiola]]}}
|label2={{nowrap|[[Usman Bugaje]]}}
|label3={{nowrap|[[Patience Key]]}}
|label4={{nowrap|[[Gboluga Mosugu]]}}
|value1=59.88
|value2=23.22
|value3=9.39
|value4=7.51
|color1=#ba041a
|color2=#95b5db
|color3=#1a1c66
|color4=#ead9ad}}
The People's Redemption Party first scheduled its primary for 28 May but moved it to 4 and 5 June;<ref name="Primary date list" /> setting its expression of interest form price at ₦500,000 and its nomination form price at ₦10&nbsp;million with a 50% discount for women candidates and free nomination forms for candidates with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ogundele |first1=Bolaji |title=PRP: we charge N2.5m, N10m for governorship, presidential forms |url=https://www.solacebase.com/2022/04/25/prp-cautions-public-on-fraudulent-nomination-fees-in-circulation/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> In the primary, [[Kola Abiola]]—businessman and the son of former president-elect [[M. K. O. Abiola]]—defeated three other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 37% of the vote.<ref name="PRP primary results">{{cite web |title=Kola Abiola declared winner of PRP presidential primary |url=https://www.thecable.ng/kola-abiola-declared-winner-of-prp-presidential-primary |website=[[TheCable]] |date=5 June 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><!--Check if these results are correct instead - https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=707633293688222&set=pcb.4827775673998748--> Unlike other parties' presidential primaries, the PRP had delegates vote from their state events instead of holding one central primary. In the weeks after the primary, [[Ribi Marshal]] was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee; he was replaced by [[Haro Haruna Zego]] in the final INEC nominee list.<ref name="INEC Sept. final nominee list" />

{{Election box begin no change
| title = PRP primary results<ref name="PRP primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Kola Abiola]]}}
| party = People's Redemption Party
| votes = 2,097
| percentage = 59.88%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Usman Bugaje]]
| party = People's Redemption Party
| votes = 813
| percentage = 23.22%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Patience Key]]
| party = People's Redemption Party
| votes = 329
| percentage = 9.39%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Gboluga Mosugu]]
| party = People's Redemption Party
| votes = 263
| percentage = 7.51%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 3,502
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box invalid no change
| votes = 158
| percentage = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 3,660
  |percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{colour|white|Social Democratic Party}}
|titlestyle= background:#e67819;
}}
The Social Democratic Party initially scheduled its primary for 28 to 30 May 2022 but one faction instead scheduled its primary for 8 June while another faction held its primary on 31 May. Ward/LGA and state congresses were set for 19 and 20 May, respectively, to elect delegates for the primary.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tauna |first1=Amos |title=SDP announces dates for Congresses, National Convention |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/13/sdp-announces-dates-for-congresses-national-convention/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=13 May 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=SDP To Pick Presidential Candidate June 8 |url=https://dailytrust.com/sdp-to-pick-presidential-candidate-june-8 |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> The party set its expression of interest form price at ₦3&nbsp;million and its nomination form price at ₦32&nbsp;million with a 50% discount for youth and free forms for women and candidates with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olumide |first1=Seye |last2=Omolaoye |first2=Sodiq |title=SDP sells nomination forms at N35m to presidential aspirants |url=https://guardian.ng/news/sdp-sells-nomination-forms-at-n35m-to-presidential-aspirants/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |access-date=17 April 2022 |location=[[Ibadan]] and [[Abuja]] |date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

The months prior to the SDP primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agboluaje |first1=Rotimi |title=SouthWest SDP leaders warn INEC against recognising Garba, Agunloye |url=https://guardian.ng/news/southwest-sdp-leaders-warn-inec-against-recognising-garba-agunloye/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership Crisis Tears SDP Apart |url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/leadership-crisis-tears-sdp-apart/ |website=The Will Nigeria |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> On 31 May, the Supo Shonibare-led faction held its primary and nominated [[Ebenezer Ikeyina]]—former Senator for [[Anambra Central Senatorial District|Anambra Central]]—unopposed.<ref name="SDP primary results 1">{{cite web |title=2023: Ebenezer Ikeyina emerges SDP presidential candidate |url=https://gazettengr.com/2023-ebenezer-ikeyina-emerges-sdp-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=31 May 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akpan |first1=Samuel |title=Ebenezer Ikeyina, ex-lawmaker, wins presidential primary organised by SDP faction |url=https://www.thecable.ng/ebenezer-ikeyina-ex-lawmaker-wins-presidential-primary-organised-by-sdp-faction |website=[[TheCable]] |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=2023: SDP faction picks ex-Senator as presidential candidate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/533971-2023-sdp-faction-picks-ex-senator-as-presidential-candidate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> On 8 June, the Olu Agunloye-led faction held its primary at the [[Abuja International Conference Centre]] and nominated [[Adewole Adebayo]]—a lawyer and media mogul—by a wide margin over his sole opponent, [[Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi]].<ref name="SDP primary results 2">{{cite web |last1=Yakubu |first1=Dirisu |title=Just In: Adebayo wins SDP Presidential Primaries |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/just-in-adebayo-wins-sdp-presidential-primaries/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> Adebayo's nomination was recognized by INEC as he and his vice presidential running mate—[[Yusuf Buhari]]—were placed on the final nominee list.<ref name="INEC Sept. final nominee list" />

{{Election box begin no change
| title = {{strikethrough|SDP (Shonibare faction) invalid primary results}}<ref name="SDP primary results 1" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{strikethrough|[[Ebenezer Ikeyina]]}}
| party = Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = {{strikethrough|308}}
| percentage = {{strikethrough|99.35%}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = ''{{strikethrough|Against [[Ebenezer Ikeyina]]}}''
| party = Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = {{strikethrough|2}}
| percentage = {{strikethrough|0.65%}}
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = {{strikethrough|310}}
| percentage = {{strikethrough|100.00%}}
}}
{{Election box invalid no change
| votes = {{strikethrough|1}}
| percentage = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = {{strikethrough|311}}
  |percentage = {{strikethrough|100.00%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = SDP (Agunloye faction) primary results<ref name="SDP primary results 2" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Adewole Adebayo]]}}
| party = Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 1,546
| percentage = 94.90%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi]]
| party = Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)
| votes = 83
| percentage = 5.10%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 1,629
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box invalid no change
| votes = 44
| percentage = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 1,673
  |percentage = 97.84%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title={{color|white|Young Progressives Party}}
|titlestyle= background:#810000;
}}
The Young Progressives Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June.<ref name="Primary date list" /> It was won by [[Malik Ado-Ibrahim]], the founder of the Reset Nigeria Initiative and son of [[Ohinoyi of Ebiraland]] [[Abdul Rahman Ado Ibrahim]], by a large margin over Ruby Isaac.<ref name="YPP primary results">{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=2023: Ebira Monarch's Son, Malik Ado-Ibrahim Wins YPP Presidential Ticket |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-ebira-monarchs-son-malik-ado-ibrahim-wins-ypp-presidential-ticket |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> In his acceptance speech, Ado-Ibrahim vowed to unify Nigerians and provide basic services.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eromosele |first1=Fortune |title=Prince Malik Ado-Ibrahim emerges YPP presidential candidate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/prince-malik-ado-ibrahim-emerges-ypp-presidential-candidate/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> [[Kasarachi Enyinna]] was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.

{{Election box begin no change
| title = YPP primary results<ref name="YPP primary results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{nowrap|[[Malik Ado-Ibrahim]]}}
| party = Young Progressives Party
| votes = 66
| percentage = 94.29%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Ruby Isaac]]
| party = Young Progressives Party
| votes = 4
| percentage = 5.71%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 70
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
  |votes      = 70
  |percentage = 94.59%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title=Zenith Labour Party{{efn|name=fnZPA}}
|titlestyle= background:#f5ec00;
}}
The then-Zenith Labour Party{{efn|name=fnZPA|The party was renamed the "Zenith Progressives Alliance" on 8 June 2022.<ref name="ZPA primary" />}} initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June;<ref name="Primary date list" /> setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5&nbsp;million and the nomination form price at ₦18&nbsp;million with free forms for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZLP resumes sales of nomination forms |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/zlp-resumes-sales-of-nomination-forms/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=17 April 2022 |date=9 April 2022}}</ref> At the primary, [[Dan Nwanyanwu]]—the party national chairman—won the nomination on the same day that the party name was changed to the ''Zenith Progressives Alliance''.<ref name="ZPA primary">{{cite web |last1=Yakubu |first1=Dirisu |title=2023: Nwanyanwu clinches ZPA Presidential ticket |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/2023-nwanyanwu-clinches-zpa-presidential-ticket/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> [[Ramalan Abubakar]] was nominated as the party's vice presidential nominee.
{{hidden end}}

== Conduct ==
=== Electoral timetable ===
On 26 February 2022, the [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] released a timetable, setting out key dates and deadlines for the election.<ref name="New Dates" /> Months later on 27 May 2022, INEC made a slight revision to the timetable, allowing parties extra time to conduct primaries.<ref name="INEC Timeline" />

* 28 February 2022 – Publication of Notice of Election
* 4 April 2022 – First day for the conduct of party primaries
* 9 June 2022{{efn|The original deadline was 3 June; however, INEC pushed it back to 9 June at the behest of parties.<ref name="INEC primary extension" />}} – Final day for the conduct of party primaries, including the resolution of disputes arising from them
* 10 June 2022 – First day for submission of nomination forms to INEC via the online portal
* 17 June 2022 – Final day for submission of nomination forms to INEC via the online portal
* 28 September 2022 – Commencement of the official campaign period
* 23 February 2023 – Final day of the official campaign period
* 25 February 2023 – Election day

=== Recognized parties and nominees ===
After the [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019 elections]], [[Independent National Electoral Commission|INEC]] deregistered 74 political parties for failing to "satisfy the requirements" of continued registration based on their performances during the elections.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanni |first1=Kunle |title=Updated: INEC deregisters 74 political parties |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/376095-updated-inec-deregisters-74-political-parties.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=6 February 2020 |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why INEC deregistered 74 political parties |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/why-inec-deregistered-74-political-parties/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=6 February 2020 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ajayi |first1=Omeiza |title=Full list of the 74 parties deregistered by INEC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/full-list-of-the-74-parties-deregistered-by-inec/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=6 February 2020 |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> The move, which was unsuccessfully challenged in court several times from 2019 to 2022, left the nation with 18 political parties: [[Accord (Nigeria)|Accord]], the [[Action Alliance]], the [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]], the [[Action Peoples Party]], the [[African Action Congress]], the [[African Democratic Congress]], the [[Allied Peoples Movement]], the [[All Progressives Congress]], the [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]], the [[Boot Party (Nigeria)|Boot Party]], the [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]], the [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]], the [[National Rescue Movement]], the [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]], the [[People's Redemption Party]], the [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]], the [[Young Progressives Party]], and the [[Zenith Labour Party|Zenith Progressives Alliance]]. In March 2022, INEC announced that no new parties would be registered before the 2023 elections.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Okocha |first1=Chuks |title=INEC: We are Not Registering New Parties Because They Won't Participate in 2023 Elections |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/03/04/inec-we-are-not-registering-new-parties-because-they-wont-participate-in-2023-elections/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

Parties were required to submit their presidential and vice presidential nominees between 10 and 17 June 2022.<ref name="INEC Timeline">{{cite web |title=Schedule of Activities for 2023 General Election |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/02/27/schedule-of-activities-for-2023-general-election/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akpan |first1=Samuel |title=INEC asks presidential candidates to keep to deadline for naming running mates |url=https://www.thecable.ng/inec-gives-presidential-candidates-one-week-to-name-running-mates |website=[[TheCable]] |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> On 25 June, INEC released the provisional list of most recognized presidential and vice presidential nominees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abbas |title=Akpabio, Lawan Missing As INEC Publishes List Of 2023 Candidates |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-inec-publishes-particulars-of-presidential-n-assembly-candidates |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=24 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> The final list was released on 20 September.<ref name="INEC Sept. final nominee list">{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=Download: Full List of 2023 Presidential, Vice Presidential, NASS candidates |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/555126-download-full-list-of-2023-presidential-vice-presidential-nass-candidates.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=20 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+2023 Presidential nominees
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Ticket
|-
!Presidential nominee
!Vice Presidential nominee
|-
|style="background-color:#99FF33"|
|[[Accord (Nigeria)|Accord]]
|[[Christopher Imumolen]]
|[[Bello Bala Maru]]
|-
|style="background-color:#3498DB"|
|[[Action Alliance]]
|[[Hamza al-Mustapha]]
|[[Chukwuka Johnson]]
|-
|style="background-color:#000080"|
|[[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Action Democratic Party]]
|[[Yabagi Sani]]
|[[Udo Okey-Okoro]]
|-
|style="background-color:#DC143C"|
|[[Action Peoples Party]]
|[[Osita Nnadi]]
|[[Isa Hamisu]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6F4E37"|
|[[African Action Congress]]
|[[Omoyele Sowore]]
|[[Haruna Garba Magashi]]
|-
|style="background-color:#00A86B"|
|[[African Democratic Congress]]
|[[Dumebi Kachikwu]]
|[[Ahmed Buhari]]
|-
|style="background-color:#87BEEB"|
|[[All Progressives Congress]]
|[[Bola Tinubu]]
|[[Kashim Shettima]]
|-
|style="background-color:#00923F"|
|[[All Progressives Grand Alliance]]
|[[Peter Umeadi]]
|[[Abdullahi Muhammed Koli]]
|-
|style="background-color:#00FFFF"|
|[[Allied Peoples Movement]]
|[[Princess Chichi Ojei]]
|[[Ibrahim Mohammed]]
|-
|style="background-color:#82ff81"|
|[[Boot Party (Nigeria)|Boot Party]]
|[[Sunday Adenuga]]
|[[Mustapha Usman Turaki]]
|-
|style="background-color:#F0DC82"|
|[[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]]
|[[Peter Obi]]
|[[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]]
|-
|style="background-color:#fecd00"|
|[[National Rescue Movement]]
|[[Felix Johnson Osakwe]]
|[[Yahaya Muhammad Kyabo]]
|-
|style="background-color:#00FF00"|
|[[New Nigeria Peoples Party]]
|[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]]
|[[Isaac Idahosa]]
|-
|style="background-color:#ed3136"|
|[[People's Redemption Party]]
|[[Kola Abiola]]
|[[Haro Haruna Zego]]
|-
|style="background-color:#006903"|
|[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]]
|[[Atiku Abubakar]]
|[[Ifeanyi Okowa]]
|-
|style="background-color:#e67819"|
|[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]]
|[[Adewole Adebayo]]
|[[Yusuf Buhari]]
|-
|style="background-color:#810000"|
|[[Young Progressives Party]]
|[[Malik Ado-Ibrahim]]
|[[Kasarachi Enyinna]]
|-
|style="background-color:#ED3237"|
|[[Zenith Labour Party]]{{efn|name=fnZPA}}
|[[Dan Nwanyanwu]]
|[[Ramalan Abubakar]]
|}

=== Election administration ===
==== Primary and post-primary period ====
Party primaries are administered by the parties themselves but must be monitored by [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] observers and fall inside the scheduled primary period set by INEC. The commission released the timetable in February 2022 with a final date of 3 June 2022 for party primaries; as this date neared, parties repeatedly asked INEC to extend the deadline by two months.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023: IPAC seeks 2 months extension for party primaries |url=https://dailynigerian.com/ipac-seeks-months-extension/ |website=[[Daily Nigerian]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> After several refusals, INEC agreed to a shorter extension of six days to 9 June but the decision proved controversial as pundits noted that the PDP was about to hold its primary while the APC had not even screened its candidates.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=INEC rejects parties' request for extension of deadline for primaries |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/528835-inec-rejects-parties-request-for-extension-of-deadline-for-primaries.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Updated: INEC Extends Deadline For Party Primaries By Six Days |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/05/27/breaking-inec-extends-schedule-of-2023-general-elections/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> Further criticism arose because INEC initially did not also extend the voter registration deadline in kind.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tolu-Kolawole |first1=Deborah |title=We're disappointed by your extension, group tells INEC |url=https://punchng.com/were-disappointed-by-your-extension-group-tells-inec/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SERAP, others sue INEC for not extending voter registration |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/534834-serap-others-sue-inec-for-not-extending-voter-registration.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

After the primaries, focus shifted to voter registration and the logistical issues surrounding it. Due to years of [[Indigenous People of Biafra|IPOB]] attacks on [[South East (Nigeria)|southeastern]] INEC offices, the commission's capacity in the region was low in 2022 while in [[Lagos]], a registration drive by market traders in June 2022 that overwhelmed an INEC centre also drew the commission's registration capability into question as the deadline neared.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adelagun |first1=Oluwakemi |title=Traders in Alaba International shut down market for PVC collection |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/535967-traders-in-alaba-international-shut-down-market-for-pvc-collection.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ijaseun |first1=David |title=Voters meet challenges in move to beat PVC deadline |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/voters-meet-challenges-in-move-to-beat-the-pvc-deadline/ |website=BusinessDay |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> In the wake of the incidents, INEC deployed extra registration machines to [[Lagos State]], [[Kano State]], and some [[South East (Nigeria)|southeastern]] states.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oloniniran |first1=Gbenga |title=INEC deploys extra voter enrolment machines to Lagos, others |url=https://punchng.com/inec-deploys-extra-voter-enrolment-machines-to-lagos-others/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> Around the same time, INEC hinted at a potential extension of the registration deadline before a court ruling later in June pushed back the deadline anyway.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edeme |first1=Victoria |title=Nigerians'll soon hear from us on extension of voter registration – INEC |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriansll-soon-hear-from-us-on-extension-of-voter-registration-inec/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=11 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Court halts INEC's plan to stop voter registration on June 30 |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/538164-court-halts-inecs-plan-to-stop-voter-registration-on-june-30.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=20 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olatunji |first1=Raji |title=INEC says it will comply with court ruling on voter registration deadline |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/inec-says-it-will-comply-with-court-ruling-on-voter-registration-deadline/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> In compliance with the ruling, INEC set the new deadline for 31 July while simultaneously extending daily registration hours from six to eight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking: INEC extends voter registration by two more weeks, to end July 31 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-voter-registration-to-end-july-31-says-inec |website=[[TheCable]] |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> Ahead of the deadline, eleven states declared public holidays for voter registration in an attempt to increase public participation in the political process.<ref>{{cite web |title=11 Nigerian states declare 'holidays' for PVC registrations |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c3gpwpv963go |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=pcm}}</ref> After the deadline passed, INEC announced that nearly 12.3&nbsp;million new voters registered during the exercise.<ref name="12m new voters" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria adds 10.5 million young voters ahead of 2023 election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/2/nigeria-adds-10-5-million-new-voters-ahead-of-election-next-year |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> 8.75&nbsp;million of the new voters were younger than 34, a percentage noted as a potential sign of increased youth participation ahead of the election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eight Million Youths Complete Voter Registration Ahead Of 2023 Elections |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/08/01/eight-million-youths-complete-voter-registration-ahead-of-2023-elections/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> After the registration drive, the total registered voters number was about 96.2&nbsp;million with the [[North West (Nigeria)|North-West]] and [[South West (Nigeria)|South-West]] geopolitical zones having the most voters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |last2=Odeniyi |first2=Solomon |last3=Angbulu |first3=Stephen |title=North-West, South-West lead as INEC registers 96.2 million |url=https://punchng.com/north-west-south-west-lead-as-inec-registers-96-2-million/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=2 August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

As the official campaign period neared, INEC focused on direct public communication and formed the Election Crisis Communication Team in late August. During the team inauguration, commissioner [[Festus Okoye]] stated that the group's formation was initiated by the [[Centre for Democracy and Development]] to combat misinformation and inform the public on key events to the public; Okoye also said that the commission was in the process of training staff to work polling units.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nze |first1=Emeka |title=2023: INEC inaugurates Election Crisis Communication Team |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/2023-inec-inaugurates-election-crisis-communication-team/ |website=[[Blueprint Newspaper]] |date=30 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> Focus shifted back to registration afterwards, with INEC delisting over 1.1&nbsp;million invalid registrants in mid-September.<ref>{{cite web |title=INEC detects several double registrants in CVR |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/553729-inec-detects-several-double-registrants-in-cvr.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=12 September 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of one million delisted voters - INEC breakdown according to states |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cek8rvl35kko |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |language=pcm}}</ref> Among the final pre-campaign period procedures was the 20 September release of the nominee list along with the reiteration of the timetable.<ref name="INEC Sept. final nominee list" />

==== Campaign period ====
The official campaign period began on 28 September 2022 and will end on 23 February 2023.<ref name="INEC Timeline" /> At the start of the campaign period, reports noted the pressure placed on INEC from voters, misinformation, and political parties.<ref>{{cite web |title=An election umpire besieged on all sides |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/14136/An_election_umpire_besieged_on_all_sides |website=[[Africa Confidential]] |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>

In late October, the commission again announced mass delisting of invalid registrants with 2.78&nbsp;million enrollees (including the prior 1.1&nbsp;million invalid registrants) being removed from the list due to double registration, underaged registration, and other issues. At the same event, INEC chairman [[Mahmood Yakubu]] also revealed that the preliminary total valid registrant number was about 93.52&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=CVR: INEC delists 2.78m registrants, says Nigeria's voting population now 93.5m |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/561808-cvr-inec-delists-2-78m-registrants-says-nigerias-voting-population-now-93-5m.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> In accordance with law, INEC posted registries in each local ward but also released the full registrant list online, asking for the public to help scrutinize the list. Amid the public clamor to inspect the list, thousands of public reports showed clearly underage children as registrants—in response, INEC thanked public investigators then vowed to remove ineligible registrants and prosecute complicit officials.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Outrage as children litter voter register 100 days to election |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/261040/nigeria-2023-outrage-as-children-litter-voter-register-100-days-to-election/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=17 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>

As campaigning escalated in late 2022, fears rose over electoral violence based on ethnic, regional, and religious sentiments as candidates and their surrogates began extensively using identity politics during campaigning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria: Obi, Tinubu, Atiku… Will identity politics trigger electoral violence in 2023? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/260340/nigeria-obi-tinubu-atiku-will-identity-politics-trigger-electoral-violence-in-2023/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=16 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Similarly, fears rose over media campaign and election coverage and its effects on public discourse; while certain outlets were criticized for biases, other groups were praised for advancing election coverage as [[Stears Business]] published the first live election tracker in November.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: As Tinubu takes flag from Buhari, a review of the reviewers |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/260687/nigeria-2023-as-tinubu-takes-flag-from-buhari-a-review-of-the-reviewers/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=16 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Onukwue |first1=Alexander |title=Nigeria's first real-time elections tracker is switched on for the 2023 polls |url=https://qz.com/nigeria-s-first-real-time-elections-tracker-is-switched-1849750823 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] Africa |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Voter Registration totals by Nigerian state (January 2023).png|thumb|475px|'''Total registered voters by state as of January 2023'''<ref name="INEC Jan. final registration list" /><br />
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}} {{legend|#f2dffc|<1 million}} {{legend|#dcb7ef|1 million–2 million}} {{legend|#c88fe4|2 million–3 million}} {{legend|#c88fe4|3 million–4 million}} {{col-2}} {{legend|#b368d9|4 million–5 million}} {{legend|#9d40cc|5 million–6 million}} {{legend|#5c2378|>7 million}} {{col-end}}]]

In terms of election security, a series of attacks on INEC offices in [[Imo State]] in December 2022 led to further domestic and international concern despite assurances from security forces that the election would be nonviolent.<ref name="Dec. INEC attacks">{{cite web |last1=Asadu |first1=Chinedu |title=Violent attacks threaten Nigeria's upcoming 2023 elections |url=https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-government-ad45d526e58e8b03555d72226d66a86d |website=[[Associated Press]] |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Obiezu |first1=Timothy |title=Attacks on Election Facilities Raise Concerns Ahead of Nigeria's February Polls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/attacks-on-election-facilities-raise-concerns-ahead-of-nigeria-february-polls-/6873114.html |website=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> In the wake of the attacks, the [[Centre for Democracy and Development]] called for conflict sensitive media reporting on the election to avoid further violence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ajanaku |first1=Armsfree |title=2023 Polls: CDD advocates conflict sensitive reporting |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/2023-polls-cdd-advocates-conflict-sensitive-reporting/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=18 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> In accompaniment with concern over violence, renewed fear of hate speech (especially online) began as the election neared and politicians increasingly employed it as a campaign tactic.<ref name="Africa Report fragile power transition" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adepetun |first1=Adeyemi |title=Facebook prepares for Nigeria's elections, tightens noose on misinformation |url=https://guardian.ng/news/facebook-prepares-for-nigerias-elections-tightens-noose-on-misinformation/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=8 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="HumAngle hate and ethnic-based campaigning">{{cite web |last1=Kabir |first1=Adejumo |last2=Dahiru |first2=Aliyu |title=2023: These Politicians Are Fueling Violence With The Spread Of Hate Speech |url=https://humanglemedia.com/2023-these-politicians-are-fueling-violence-with-the-spread-of-hate-speech/ |website=HumAngle |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

Aside from direct threats to the elections, INEC also raised the alarm about vote-buying to manipulate results as the practice had greatly impacted elections in 2021 and 2022. In a reported attempt to combat vote-buying, the [[Central Bank of Nigeria|Central Bank]] redesigned the 200, 500, and 1,000 naira notes in October 2022 and removed older notes from circulation. The move prevented parties from using pre-gathered cash that was attended to be distributed for vote-buying as the elections neared.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: What naira redesign means for Tinubu, Atiku, Obi, Kwankwaso |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/562357-pt-state-of-the-race-what-naira-redesign-means-for-tinubu-atiku-obi-kwankwaso.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> However, the new policy and its sudden announcement was very controversial, especially as Central Bank Governor [[Godwin Emefiele]]—who fled into self-imposed exile in late 2022—refused to personally explain the move to the [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ngila |first1=Faustine |title=Why Nigeria's central bank governor self-exiled abroad? |url=https://qz.com/is-nigerias-central-bank-governor-on-the-run-1849992135 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] Africa |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Umoru |first1=Henry |last2=Nwabughiogu |first2=Levinus |title=NASS, CBN battle over old naira notes' deadline |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/nass-cbn-battle-over-old-naira-notes-deadline/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> For the part of INEC, the commission vowed to prevent vote-buying despite previous failed reforms while civil society groups noted that vote-buying was just one of a number of potential manipulation tactics, with [[YIAGA Africa]] releasing a report detailing electoral malpractice risk factors by state.<ref>{{cite web |title=We're determined to confront vote buying during 2023 polls – INEC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/571360-were-determined-to-confront-vote-buying-during-2023-polls-inec.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=20 December 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ezeamalu |first1=Ben |title=Nigeria 2023: Electoral umpire helpless in political parties' vote-buying antics |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/277642/nigeria-2023-electoral-umpire-helpless-in-political-parties-vote-buying-antics/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election Manipulation Risks Index |url=https://www.yiaga.org/sites/default/files/portfolio/Election%20Manipulation%20Risks%20Index_260123.pdf |website=[[YIAGA Africa]] |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225142222/https://www.yiaga.org/sites/default/files/portfolio/Election%20Manipulation%20Risks%20Index_260123.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As sporadic attacks on [[South East (Nigeria)|southeastern]] INEC offices continued into the new year, a commission official warned that the election could be forced into postponement if the attacks were not stopped.<ref name="INEC warns of postponement">{{cite web |title=Insecurity could derail Nigeria polls, election commission warns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/10/insecurity-could-derail-nigeria-election-commission |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> Although the comment was quickly retracted and the commission promised to hold the election as scheduled, concerns continued considering the deadly attacks—like previous southeastern attacks on INEC, experts stated that the attacks were most likely conducted by violent secessionist groups attempting to "delegitimise the electoral process and boost their separatist agenda."<ref name="INEC vows not to postpone">{{cite web |title=INEC has no plans to postpone 2023 elections – Yakubu |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/575138-inec-has-no-plans-to-postpone-2023-elections-yakubu.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=11 January 2023 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera Jan. report on INEC attacks">{{cite web |last1=Adetayo |first1=Ope |title=Attacks on electoral commission spark concerns for Nigeria polls |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/1/18/nigeria-electoral-commission-attacks-spark-polls-concern |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> The attacks continued until the election, as did concerns that the election would be postponed at the last moment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shuaib |first1=Ibrahim |title=Attacks intensify in Nigeria ahead of Feb 25 polls |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/attacks-intensify-in-nigeria-ahead-of-feb-25-polls/2827393 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]] |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Will Nigeria's presidential election hold on 25 February? |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/580093-pt-state-of-the-race-will-nigerias-presidential-election-hold-on-25-february.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=5 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Fear of election postponement mounts amid cash, petrol crisis |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/282945/nigeria-2023-fear-of-election-postponement-mounts-amid-cash-petrol-crisis/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=8 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

Amid swirling doubts over the election proceeding, INEC released new voter registration data in mid-January 2023. The statistics totaled to 93,469,008 eligible voters after the commission reviewed challenges to over 50,000 registrants in addition to removing more instances of double and underage registration. While there was data on occupation and disability plus a sizeable gender gap—over 4.6&nbsp;million more men registered than women, focus was mainly directed at the increased youth registration with nearly 40% of all voters being between the ages of 18 and 34. Geographic data showed fairly stark contrasts between regions as the [[North West (Nigeria)|North-West]] and [[South West (Nigeria)|South-West]] led in total voters while the [[North East (Nigeria)|North East]] and [[South East (Nigeria)|South East]] trailed behind.<ref name="INEC Jan. final registration list" /> Around the same time, INEC twice extended the deadline for PVC collection in wake of public calls for an extension.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=INEC extends deadline for collection of PVCs |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/575472-inec-extends-deadline-for-collection-of-pvcs.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=Again, INEC extends timeline for collection of PVC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/578452-again-inec-extends-timeline-for-collection-of-pvc.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 January 2023 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A few weeks after the final deadline elapsed, the commission released Permanent Voter Card collection statistics on 23 February that showed a total of 87,209,007 voters (93.3% of all registered voters) had collected their PVCs.<ref name="INEC Feb. PVC numbers" /> In the final days of the campaign period, INEC vowed that the election would be free, safe, secure, timely, and transparent with hundreds of thousands of security personnel, 229 foreign and domestic observer groups, and thousands of INEC staffers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ayantoye |first1=Daniel |title=INEC promises speedy conclusion of electoral process |url=https://punchng.com/inec-promises-speedy-conclusion-of-electoral-process/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=ANALYSIS: NigeriaDecides2023: Reviewing INEC's preparation for Nigeria's 'best election' |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/583580-analysis-nigeriadecides2023-reviewing-inecs-preparation-for-nigerias-best-election.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

==== Election day and collation period ====
On election day, widespread reports of delayed starts to voting emerged with [[YIAGA Africa]] estimating that only 41% of polling units had commenced voting by 9:30&nbsp;am, an hour after voting was scheduled to start.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[YIAGA Africa]] |user=YIAGA |number=1629472525112442881 |title=By 9:30 am, accreditation and voting had commenced in 41% of polling units. |link=https://twitter.com/YIAGA/status/1629472525112442881}}</ref> Similarly, SBM Intelligence reported that only 41.3% of polling units had opened on time while [[Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room]] data claimed less than 30% of units had started by 8:30&nbsp;am, with other reports claiming that the [[2023 Nigerian currency crisis|currency crisis]] had precluded INEC from paying cash to transporters prior to election day which led some drivers to refuse to convey INEC materials or personnel.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room]] |user=SituationRoomNg |number=1629470714829864960 |title=INTERIM STATEMENT ON THE START OF THE 2023 GENERAL ELECTION |link=https://twitter.com/SituationRoomNg/status/1629470714829864960}}</ref> SBM also noted that turnout was high and there were relatively few violent incidents nationwide while some groups observed newly adapted vote buying efforts due to the [[2023 Nigerian currency crisis|currency crisis]] like bribing using [[West African CFA franc]]s or non-monetary inducements.<ref>{{cite web |title=#NigeriaDecides 2023: Second snapshot |url=https://www.sbmintel.com/2023/02/nigeriadecides-2023-second-snapshot/ |website=SBM Intelligence |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Nicholas Ibekwe |user=nicholasibekwe |number=1629470714829864960 |title=Just learnt that in Badagry some political parties are "mobilising" their members with CFA franc. |link=https://twitter.com/SituationRoomNg/status/1629470714829864960}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vote-Buying: Party Agents Share Cash, Soft Drinks, Biscuits, Plastic Bowls To Induce Nigerian Voters Amid Naira Scarcity |url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/02/25/vote-buying-party-agents-share-cash-soft-drinks-biscuits-plastic-bowls-induce-nigerian |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> However, there were notable reports of violence in certain areas, most notably in Lagos State where thugs alleged to be aligned with the APC targeted predominantly ethnic minority areas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toromade |first1=Samson |title=Violence, intimidation disrupts election in Lagos |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/violence-intimidation-disrupts-election-in-lagos/sy50yz7 |website=Pulse.ng |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> Additionally, several attacks on journalists by unknown assailants or even security personnel occurred throughout election day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angry youth attack journalists, voters in Ibadan |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/584219-angry-youth-attack-journalists-voters-in-ibadan.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=25 February 2023 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thugs Beat Up ICIR Founder While Covering Election In Abuja |url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/02/25/thugs-beat-icir-founder-while-covering-election-abuja |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Naku |first1=Dennis |last2=Sanusi |first2=Abiodun |title=NigeriaElections2023: Rivers police assault, arrest PUNCHman on election duty |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-rivers-police-assault-arrest-punchman-on-election-duty/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adeyemi |first1=Ameedat |title=APC thugs ambush Peoples Gazette's reporter at Lagos polling unit, delete files from her cloud storage |url=https://gazettengr.com/apc-thugs-ambush-peoples-gazettes-reporter-at-lagos-polling-unit-delete-files-from-her-cloud-storage/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Orimemi |first1=Victory |title=#NigeriaElections2023: WikkiTimes publisher arrested in Bauchi while covering voters' protest |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigeriaelections2023-wikkitimes-publisher-arrested-in-bauchi-while-covering-voters-protest |website=[[TheCable]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chime |first1=Vivian |title=#NigeriaElections2023: TheCable journalist assaulted by 'thugs' in Delta |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigeriaelections2023-thecable-journalist-assaulted-by-thugs-in-delta |website=[[TheCable]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Journalists attacked on election day">{{cite web |last1=Sanusi |first1=Abiodun |title=#NigeriaElections2023: 14 journalists detained, attacked by police, others –Report |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-14-journalists-detained-attacked-by-police-others-report/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> Although INEC chairman [[Mahmood Yakubu]] acknowledged several problems at his 1&nbsp;pm briefing and called on voters to stay at polling units, civil groups called on INEC to extend voting past the 2:30&nbsp;pm deadline.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ejekwonyilo |first1=Ameh |title=JUST IN: #NigeriaDecides2023: Thugs disrupt elections, steal BVAS machines – INEC Chair Yakubu |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/584224-just-in-nigeriadecides2023-thugs-disrupt-elections-steal-bvas-machines-inec-chair-yakubu.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[YIAGA Africa]] |user=YIAGA |number=1629473873761558528 |title= Following the late opening of polls in most polling units due to logistics challenges and challenges voters encountered in locating their polling units, Yiaga Africa has called on @inecnigeria to extend voting hours from 2:30pm to 4 - 5pm. |link=https://twitter.com/YIAGA/status/1629473873761558528}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=#NigeriaElection2023: Extend voting period, CDD tells INEC |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelection2023-extend-voting-period-cdd-tells-inec/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> The first announced postponements came later in the day when INEC suspended voting in 141 [[Bayelsa State]] units where there were disruptions, rescheduling the voting for 26 February.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Are |first1=Jesupemi |title=BREAKING: INEC suspends election in 141 polling units in Bayelsa |url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-inec-suspends-election-in-141-polling-units-in-bayelsa |website=[[TheCable]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> INEC later extended voting to the next day in parts of [[Cross River State]] and [[Kogi State]] as well.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aworinde |first1=Oluwatobi |title=INEC Declares One-Day Extension Of Voting In Cross River |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/02/25/inec-declares-one-day-extension-of-voting-in-cross-river/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

{{Quote box
 |title     = European Union Observation Mission Preliminary Statement
 |width     = 30em
 |quote     = According to the findings of EU EOM observers, election day was marked by late deployment and opening while polling procedures were not always followed. Polling staff struggled to complete result forms, which were not posted publicly in most polling units observed. 
 |source    = [https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eom-nigeria-2023/elections-held-schedule-lack-transparency-and-operational-failures-reduced-trust%20en European External Action Service]
}}

Later in the day, focus turned to turnout and results collation. On turnout, SBM Intelligence released a state-by-state turnout projection, estimating that overall turnout had risen compared to 2019 and that everywhere but [[Kwara State|Kwara]] and [[Ogun State|Ogun]] had turnout higher than 30%.<ref>{{cite web |title=#NigeriaDecides2023 turnout projection |url=https://www.sbmintel.com/2023/02/nigeriadecides2023-turnout-projection/ |website=SBM Intelligence |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> Although INEC had announced that collation centres would only open at noon on 26 February, the commission had long promised to upload polling unit results to its INEC result viewing portal (IReV) on election day; however, no results were uploaded for most of the day, leading to protests by the civil society groups and online citizens.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sulaimon |first1=Adekunle |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC backtracks on promise to upload results from polling units |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-reneges-on-promise-to-upload-results-from-polling-units/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaibu |first1=Nathaniel |title=#NigeriaElections2023: YIAGA expresses concern over failed result upload |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-yiaga-expresses-concern-over-failed-result-upload/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Osaji |first1=Sharon |title=#Uploadtheresults trends on Twitter, INEC bows to pressure |url=https://punchng.com/uploadtheresults-trends-on-twitter-inec-bows-to-pressure/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> The Obi campaign also decried the lack of uploads, claiming the act drew the election's fairness into doubt and noting that legislative results had already been uploaded;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alechenu |first1=John |title=Peter Obi raises alarm over INEC's alleged refusal to upload results |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/peter-obi-raises-alarm-over-inecs-alleged-refusal-to-upload-results/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] Chairman Julius Abure went as far to claim that compromised or threatened INEC officials were holding back results from Obi-supporting areas of [[Lagos State|Lagos]] and [[Delta State|Delta]] states.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osaji |first1=Sharon |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC officials refusing to upload election results in Lagos, Delta – LP |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-officials-refusing-to-upload-election-results-in-lagos-delta-lp/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> Around 10:45&nbsp;pm on the night of 25 February, INEC finally began uploading data to the portal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tolu-Kolawole |first1=Deborah |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC begins uploading of presidential results on portal |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-begins-uploading-of-presidential-results-on-portal/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

By 6&nbsp;am in the morning of 26 February, only about 10% of polling unit results had been uploaded as journalists noted the rising potential for further doubt in election credibility due to the delay.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Afikuyomi |first1=Tokunbo |title=Only 10% of Presidential election results released by INEC |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/nigeria-2023-live-election-results/#tickaroo_event_id=em4byFvf6wBE5oMg0zeq |website=[[Stears Business|Stears]] |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> Later in the morning, voting in rescheduled units commenced while newly released civil society reports commended voters but decried suppression and poor administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=INEC: Voting continues today in parts of Cross River, Kogi |url=https://www.thecable.ng/inec-voting-continues-today-in-parts-of-cross-river-kogi |website=[[TheCable]] |date=26 February 2023 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria election 2023 update: INEC extend voting for Cross River, Bayelsa states |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-64725489 |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |access-date=26 February 2023 |language=pcm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Umehin |first1=Justin |title=2023 Election: Voting Continues In Bayelsa State |url=https://von.gov.ng/2023-election-voting-continues-in-bayelsa-state/ |website=[[Voice of Nigeria]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CDD releases preliminary report on polls, alleges voter suppression |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cdd-releases-preliminary-report-on-polls-alleges-voter-suppression/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Odoh |first1=Innocent |title=US, UK, IRI Observers React To Electoral Process |url=https://leadership.ng/us-uk-iri-observers-react-to-electoral-process/ |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jannamike |first1=Luminous |title=Address issues threatening to mar credibility of election results, CSO charges INEC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/address-issues-threatening-to-mar-credibility-of-election-results-cso-charges-inec/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adeyemi |first1=Ibrahim |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: CDD identifies factors hindering INEC's performance |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/584754-nigeriadecides2023-cdd-identifies-factors-hindering-inecs-performance.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> By the opening of the national collation centre around 1&nbsp;pm, more results had been uploaded but no full state results were communicated at the centre yet.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Habib |first1=Gift |title=#NigeriaElections2023: INEC opens collation centre, awaits results |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-inec-opens-collation-centre-awaits-results/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, INEC released a statement that blamed "technical hitches" for the delayed uploads of results in the wake of further protests by both the PDP and LP.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=INEC speaks on slow update on IReV election result portal, allays fears |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/584674-inec-speaks-on-slow-update-on-irev-election-result-portal-allays-fears.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Elections: Labour Party alleges malpractice, calls for cancellation, Buhari's intervention |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/elections-labour-party-alleges-malpractice-calls-for-cancellation-buharis-intervention/ |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alechenu |first1=John |title=Atiku tells INEC Collation Officers to upload election results to server |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/atiku-tells-inec-collation-officers-to-upload-election-results-to-server/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> By the end of the day, only [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ekiti State|Ekiti State results]] were announced at the national centre while the results in [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Osun State|Osun]] and [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ondo State|Ondo]] were announced at the state collation centres but did not reach the national centre before it closed for the day. On the other hand, voting was further postponed in some areas, with significant controversy surrounding the [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Abia State|election in Abia State]] and its INEC administrators.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oko |first1=Steve |title=Abia REC allegedly arrested as INEC re-schedule polls |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/abia-rec-allegedly-arrested-as-inec-re-schedule-polls/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

{{Quote box
 |title     = Nigeria Labour Congress statement
 |width     = 40em
 |quote     = The inability of INEC to prevent the recurrence in this election of the ills of past elections speaks volume of its ill-preparedness for this election as can be demonstrated in the late arrivals of critical election materials to the Polling Units and the almost deliberate tampering of the BVAS in many Polling Units including the outright refusal of its operatives to upload results from the BVAS to the INEC Servers in total violation of the Rule of the election and INEC's own election guidelines.
 |align     = left
 |source    = [https://www.nlcng.org/is-inec-subverting-nigeria-nlc/ Nigeria Labour Congress]
}}

On 27 February, criticism of INEC continued with international observers and the [[Nigeria Labour Congress]] lambasting the commission's lack of transparency amidst the delays.<ref name="International observers blame INEC">{{cite web |last1=Adeyemi |first1=Ibrahim |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: International observers blame INEC for identified challenges |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585055-nigeriadecides2023-international-observers-blame-inec-for-identified-challenges.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Preliminary Statement of the Joint NDI/IRI International Observer Mission to Nigeria's 2023 Presidential and Legislative Elections |url=https://www.iri.org/resources/preliminary-statement-of-the-joint-ndi-iri-international-observer-mission-to-nigerias-2023-presidential-and-legislative-elections/ |website=[[International Republican Institute]] |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria Labour Congress Condemns Electoral Body, INEC Over Poor Conduct Of General Elections |url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/02/27/nigeria-labour-congress-condemns-electoral-body-inec-over-poor-conduct-general-elections |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=John |first1=Adegwu |title=2023 Polls: INEC Subverting Will Of Nigerians, NLC Alleges |url=https://leadership.ng/2023-polls-inec-subverting-will-of-nigerians-nlc-alleges/ |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref> Similarly, agents of political parties (notably including PDP and LP agents) at the national collation centre protested the prolonged delay in uploading results on iReV, even in states where final results had been announced along with discrepancies in result totals.<ref name="Party agents protest delay in uploading results, discrepancies">{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=Party agents protest delay in uploading results on iReV, discrepancies in results |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/584972-party-agents-protest-delay-in-uploading-results-on-irev-discrepancies-in-results.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, final results came in from [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Adamawa State|Adamawa]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Enugu State|Enugu]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Gombe State|Gombe]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Katsina State|Katsina]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kwara State|Kwara]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Lagos State|Lagos]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ogun State|Ogun]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Oyo State|Oyo]], and [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Yobe State|Yobe]] by the afternoon. However, the collation centre protests culminated in an agent walkout by the representatives of the LP and PDP alongside multiple other parties' agents.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adeyemi |first1=Ibrahim |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: PDP, Labour Party, others walk out of presidential collation centre, accuse INEC of fraud |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585029-nigeriadecides2023-pdp-labour-party-others-walk-out-of-presidential-collation-centre-accuse-inec-of-fraud.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Orjinmo |first1=Nduka |title=Nigeria election results 2023: Opposition PDP and Labour Party accuse APC and Inec |work=BBC News |date=27 February 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64783411 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>

By the early morning of 28 February, more results were reported from [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Benue State|Benue]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Cross River State|Cross River]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Delta State|Delta]], the [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in the Federal Capital Territory|Federal Capital Territory]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Jigawa State|Jigawa]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kaduna State|Kaduna]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kano State|Kano]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Niger State|Niger]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Plateau State|Plateau]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Sokoto State|Sokoto]], and [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Zamfara State|Zamfara]]. However, criticism of the process from domestic and international observers continued, with the [[European Union]] observer mission noting "lack of transparency and operational failures" that "reduced trust in the process" while other groups echoed similar displeasure.<ref name="TD World questions results" /><ref name="EU mission Feb. 27 statement">{{cite web |title=Elections held on schedule, but lack of transparency and operational failures reduced trust in the process and challenged the right to vote |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eom-nigeria-2023/elections-held-schedule-lack-transparency-and-operational-failures-reduced-trust_en |website=[[European External Action Service]] |publisher=European Union Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> These reports, along with further disputes over the process, led the campaigns of Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso to fully reject the results of the election on 28 February and call for a new election to be conducted.<ref name="NHRC malpractices" /><ref name="Okowa, Baba-Ahmed reject results" /><ref name="NNPP rejects results" /><ref name="NYT LP, PDP call for rerun" />

Regardless of protests, Yakubu continued accepting state-by-state results throughout 28 February and into the early hours of 1 March; in this time, the remaining states reported vote totals: [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Abia State|Abia]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Anambra State|Anambra]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Borno State|Borno]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Edo State|Edo]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Imo State|Imo]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kebbi State|Kebbi]], [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kogi State|Kogi]], and [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Taraba State|Taraba]] in addition to notably including the heavily disputed results from [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Rivers State|Rivers State]]. After the state results were reported and accepted by the national collation centre, Yakubu stated "Tinubu Bola Ahmed of the APC, having satisfied the requirements of the law is hereby declared the winner and returned elected" in the early morning of 1 March.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bolaji |first1=Samuel |title=INEC presents Certificates of Return to Tinubu, Shettima |url=https://punchng.com/inec-presents-certificates-of-return-to-tinubu-shettima/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> All three major opposing campaigns rejected and vowed to challenge the results.
<!--==== Post-election period ====-->

== Campaign ==
=== Issues ===
{{main|Issues in the 2023 Nigerian presidential election}}

{{Excerpt|Issues in the 2023 Nigerian presidential election|paragraphs=2|only=paragraphs|hat=no}}

=== Timeline ===
==== Pre-campaign period ====
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
*'''28 April 2021''': The [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) announces 18 February 2023 as the election day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sunday |first1=Ochogwu |title=INEC announces date for 2023 general elections |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/04/28/breaking-inec-announces-date-for-2023-general-elections/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=28 April 2021 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''10 November 2021''': APGA nominee [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo]] is declared winner of the off-cycle [[2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election|Anambra State gubernatorial election]] that took place on 6 November; the PDP and APC nominees come distant second and third places, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=#AnambraDecides: INEC declares Soludo winner of governorship election |url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-inec-declares-soludo-winner-of-anambra-governorship-election |website=[[TheCable]] |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''28 January 2022''': Then-aspirant [[Bola Tinubu]] goes to London, reportedly on a medical trip; the trip comes just a few months after Tinubu returned from a three-month medical stay in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=After weeks of consultation, Tinubu jets to London 'to see his family' |url=https://www.thecable.ng/after-weeks-of-consultation-tinubu-jets-to-london-to-see-his-family |website=[[TheCable]] |date=28 January 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''26 February 2022''': INEC revises the election date, moving the election to 25 February 2023 and releasing the rest of the electoral timetable.<ref name="New Dates" />
*'''16 March 2022''': The [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] announces its primary schedule, setting 28 and 29 May as its primary days.<ref name="PDP primary date" />
*'''20 April 2022''': The [[All Progressives Congress]] announces its primary schedule, setting 30 May and 1 June as its primary days.<ref name="APC primary date 1" />
*'''12 May 2022''': In the wake of the [[Lynching of Deborah Yakubu]], then-aspirant [[Atiku Abubakar]] is heavily criticized for deleting a tweet condemning the murder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alleged Blasphemy: Why I deleted tweet about Deborah Samuel's murder – Atiku |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/529706-alleged-blasphemy-why-i-deleted-tweet-about-deborah-samuels-murder-atiku.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=14 May 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''25 May 2022''': 
**Then-aspirant [[Atiku Abubakar]] releases his five-point governance agenda along with his full policy document.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Idowu |title=Atiku releases five-point agenda for Nigeria |url=https://punchng.com/atiku-releases-five-point-agenda-for-nigeria/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>
**Major PDP aspirant—[[Peter Obi]]—withdraws from the party's primary and defects to the [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oluwagbemi |first1=Ayodele |title=Updated: Peter Obi dumps PDP, withdraws from presidential primary |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-peter-obi-dumps-pdp/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''27 May 2022''': INEC slightly revises its electoral timetable, allowing parties an extra six days to conduct primaries.<ref name="INEC primary extension" />
*'''28 May 2022''': 
**The APC revises its primary schedule, delaying the primary to 6–8 June.<ref name="APC primary date 2" />
**The PDP holds its primary in [[Abuja]], nominating former Vice President [[Atiku Abubakar]] over [[Nyesom Wike]], [[Bukola Saraki]], and nine other candidates.<ref name="PDP primary results" />
*'''30 May 2022''': The LP holds its primary in [[Asaba]], nominating Obi unopposed.<ref name="LP primary results" />
*'''7 and 8 June 2022''': The APC holds its primary in [[Abuja]], nominating former [[Governor of Lagos State]] [[Bola Tinubu]] over [[Rotimi Amaechi]], [[Yemi Osinbajo]], and eleven other candidates.<ref name="APC primary results" />
*'''16 June 2022''': Abubakar picks [[Ifeanyi Okowa]]—the [[Governor of Delta State]]—as the PDP vice presidential nominee.<ref name="Atiku picks Okowa" />
*'''17 June 2022''': 
**Tinubu picks [[Kabir Ibrahim Masari]]—a party operative—as the APC placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.<ref name="Tinubu submits Masari" />
**Obi picks [[Doyin Okupe]]—the Obi campaign manager—as the LP placeholder vice presidential nominee to be substituted for someone else at a later date.<ref name="Obi submits Okupe" />
*'''18 June 2022''': [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]], the [[New Nigeria Peoples Party]] presidential nominee and the former [[Governor of Kano State]], and Okupe both announce productive discussions between minor parties on forming a coalition for the elections.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oluwafemi |first1=Ayodele |title=Doyin Okupe: Labour Party discussing with NNPP, SDP to form coalition |url=https://www.thecable.ng/doyin-okupe-labour-party-discussing-with-nnpp-sdp-to-form-coalition |website=[[TheCable]] |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=Kwankwaso speaks on merger talks with Peter Obi's Labour Party |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/537672-kwankwaso-speaks-on-merger-talks-with-peter-obis-labour-party.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''19 June 2022''': APC nominee [[Abiodun Oyebanji]] is declared winner of the off-cycle [[2022 Ekiti State gubernatorial election|Ekiti State gubernatorial election]] that took place the day before; the PDP nominee comes a distant third place.<ref>{{cite web |title=INEC declares APC's Biodun Oyebanji as winner of Ekiti governorship election |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/inec-declares-apcs-biodun-oyebanji-as-winner-of-ekiti-governorship-election/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=19 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''24 June 2022''': Documentation submitted by Tinubu to INEC is released, revealing that he did not state the primary or secondary school he attended. The new form reignited the longtime certificate and personal history controversies around Tinubu as the form was in direct contradiction with previous sworn forms and public statements.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023: Controversy Trails Tinubu's INEC Filings |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-controversy-trails-tinubus-inec-filings |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=26 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Essien |first1=Hillary |title=I didn't attend primary, secondary schools; my university certificates stolen by unknown soldiers, Tinubu tells INEC |url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-i-didnt-attend-primary-secondary-schools-my-university-certificates-stolen-by-unknown-soldiers-tinubu-tells-inec/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=24 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Tinubu's "lost" certificates and Wike's message to Atiku |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/539248-pt-state-of-the-race-tinubus-lost-certificates-and-wikes-message-to-atiku.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
*'''5 July 2022''': Okupe announces that LP-NNPP coalition talks have collapsed.<ref name="LP-NNPP coalition talks collapsed">{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=Peter Obi ends alliance talks with NNPP, to announce substantive running mate by Friday |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/541070-peter-obi-ends-alliance-talks-with-nnpp-to-announce-substantive-running-mate-by-friday.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
*'''7 July 2022''': Okupe formally withdraws as LP vice presidential nominee.<ref name="Okupe withdraws as LP VP" />
*'''8 July 2022''': Obi picks [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]]—former Senator for Kaduna North—as the substantive LP vice presidential nominee.<ref name="Obi selects Baba-Ahmed" />
*'''10 July 2022''': 
**Ibrahim Masari formally withdraws as APC vice presidential nominee.<ref name="Ibrahim Masari withdraws" />
**Tinubu picks [[Kashim Shettima]]—Senator for Borno Central and former [[Governor of Borno State]]—as the substantive APC vice presidential nominee.<ref name="Tinubu picks Shettima" />
*'''14 July 2022''': Abubakar returns to Nigeria after spending weeks abroad on an undisclosed trip.<ref name="Atiku returns in July 2022">{{cite web |title=Atiku Returns To Nigeria, Sets To Join PDP Governorship Rally In Osun |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/07/14/atiku-returns-nigeria-sets-join-pdp-governorship-rally-osun |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>
*'''17 July 2022''': PDP nominee [[Ademola Adeleke]] is declared winner of the off-cycle [[2022 Osun State gubernatorial election|Osun State gubernatorial election]] that took place the day before, gaining the office for the party; the APC nominee comes a close second place.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=INEC declares PDP's Adeleke winner of Osun governorship election |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/543195-breaking-inec-declares-pdps-adeleke-winner-of-osun-governorship-election.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=17 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>
*'''20 July 2022''': The appearance of people wearing liturgical garments at the formal Shettima nomination rally leads to controversy as the APC claims the people are clergy while Christian groups and activists mock the group as paid actors without genuine congregations.<ref name="BishopGate" /><ref name="CAN on BishopGate" /><ref name="BishopGate reactions" /><ref>{{cite web |title='Bishops at APC unveiling': Who be di Christian clerics wey attend Kashim Shettima unveiling as APC vice-presidential candidate? |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/62248879 |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |access-date=24 July 2022 |language=pcm |date=21 July 2022}}</ref>
*'''1 August 2022''': After the end of the voter registration period the day before, INEC announces nearly 12.3&nbsp;million new registered voters.<ref name="12m new voters">{{cite web |last1=Obogo |first1=Chinelo |title=Over 12 million Nigerians have registered to vote in 2023 poll – INEC |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/over-12-million-nigerians-have-registered-to-vote-in-2023-poll-inec/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
*'''15 September 2022''': The first public presidential poll is released. Conducted by [[NOI Polls]] for the Anap Foundation, the results show Obi in a slight lead at 21% with Tinubu and Abubakar close behind at 13% each.<ref name="NOI-ANAP September poll">{{cite web |title=A 3-horse Presidential Race and a lone outsider. |url=https://www.anapfoundation.com/press-releases/a-3-horse-presidential-race-and-a-lone-outsider |website=ANAP Foundation |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>
*'''20 September 2022''': 
**[[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]] (PDP)—[[Governor of Rivers State]] and runner-up in the PDP presidential primary—withdraws from the Abubakar campaign along with several of his allies. The grouping,{{efn|name=Wike group withdraws}} which had been feuding with Abubakar for months, announced their refusal to assist the PDP presidential campaign until PDP chairman [[Iyorchia Ayu]]—an Abubakar ally from [[Benue State]]—left his position in favor of a southerner.<ref name="Wike group withdraws from Atiku campaign" />
**INEC releases the final list of recognized presidential and vice presidential nominees.<ref name="INEC Sept. final nominee list" />
{{div col end}}

==== Campaign period ====
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
*'''28 September 2022''': 
** Official campaign period commences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gabriel |first1=Emameh |title=As INEC Blows Whistle for Take-off of 2023 Election Campaign Today… |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/09/28/as-inec-blows-whistle-for-take-off-of-2023-election-campaign-today/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>
** The PDP Presidential Campaign Council (composition) is inaugurated at the formal commencement of the Abubakar campaign.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |last2=Yakubu |first2=Dirisu |last3=Olaniyi |first3=Olufemi |last4=Naku |first4=Dennis |title=Atiku launches campaign, books, aggrieved govs boycott event |url=https://punchng.com/atiku-launches-campaign-books-aggrieved-govs-boycott-event/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=29 September 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
*'''29 September 2022''': Most candidates along with parties' chairmen sign a peace accord in [[Abuja]]; Tinubu is absent and sends Shettima as his representative.
*'''6 October 2022''': Tinubu returns to Nigeria after spending over a week abroad on an undisclosed trip.<ref name="Tinubu returns in October 2022">{{cite web |last1=Inyang |first1=Ifreke |title=Breaking: Tinubu returns from UK, lands in Abuja [VIDEO] |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/06/tinubu-returns-from-uk-lands-in-abuja-video/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=6 October 2022 |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>
*'''15 October 2022''': Abubakar says that 'northerners do not need [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] or [[Igbo people|Igbo]] candidates' at an event. The comment is heavily criticized by civil society organisations and opposing campaigns for stoking ethnic divisions.<ref name="Atiku October anti-Yoruba/Igbo comment">{{cite web |last1=Folorunsho-Francis |first1=Adebayo |last2=Sanusi |first2=Abiodun |last3=Ibrahim |first3=El-ameen |last4=Shaibu |first4=Nathaniel |last5=Olaniyi |first5=Olufemi |title=Fresh trouble hits Atiku over anti-Yoruba, Igbo comment |url=https://punchng.com/fresh-trouble-hits-atiku-over-anti-yoruba-igbo-comment/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
*'''21 October 2022''': Tinubu releases his eight-point policy agenda along with his full manifesto before the revised APC Presidential Campaign Council (composition) is inaugurated at the formal commencement of his campaign.<ref name="Tinubu presents manifesto">{{cite web |last1=Folorunsho-Francis |first1=Adebayo |title=Tinubu presents 80-page manifesto, prioritises security, economy |url=https://punchng.com/tinubu-presents-80-page-manifesto-prioritises-security-economy/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Buhari inaugurates APC campaign council">{{cite web |title=Buhari inaugurates APC presidential campaign council, unveils party's action plan |url=https://gazettengr.com/buhari-inaugurates-apc-presidential-campaign-council-unveils-partys-action-plan/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=21 October 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
*'''28 October 2022''': The revised LP Presidential Campaign Council (composition) is inaugurated.<ref name="Obi council inauguration">{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=LP inaugurates 1,453-member campaign team, says Peter Obi lacks money to fund campaign alone |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/562207-lp-inaugurates-1453-member-campaign-team-says-peter-obi-lacks-money-to-fund-campaign-alone.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>
*'''29 October 2022''': A rally in [[Lafia]] marks the formal commencement of the Obi campaign.<ref name="Obi campaign commencement">{{cite web |last1=Olawale |first1=Jelilat |title='We go change Nigeria for good' - Peter Obi tok for Labour party campaign flag-off |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clm8vkmyygpo |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |date=29 October 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |language=pcm}}</ref>
*'''6 November 2022''': The first multi-candidate presidential town hall is hosted by [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development]]; while Obi and Kwankwaso attend, Abubakar was represented by Okowa and Tinubu declined to attend.{{efn|As he did not send a representative, Tinubu was replaced by [[Kola Abiola]], the nominee of the [[People's Redemption Party]].}}<ref name="ARISE town hall 1">{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=2023: Tinubu, Atiku absent at presidential town hall meeting |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/563835-2023-tinubu-atiku-absent-at-presidential-town-hall-meeting.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
*'''8 November 2022''': News outlets publish newly certified [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]]' documents outlining Tinubu's forfeiture of $460,000 alleged to be the proceeds of drug dealing in 1993.<ref name="Tinubu drug docs">{{cite web |last1=Akintade |first1=Adefemola |title=U.S. court releases certified true copies of Bola Tinubu's drug dealing, money laundering case in Chicago |url=https://gazettengr.com/u-s-court-releases-certified-true-copies-of-bola-tinubus-drug-dealing-money-laundering-case-in-chicago/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
*'''14 November 2022''': The second multi-candidate presidential town hall is hosted by [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development]] for minor candidates; four candidates attended: [[Omoyele Sowore]] (AAC), [[Yabagi Sani]] (ADP), [[Peter Umeadi]] (APGA), and [[Adewole Adebayo]] (SDP).<ref name="ARISE town hall 2">{{cite web |last1=Elumoye |first1=Deji |last2=Ezigbo |first2=Onyebuchi |last3=Aborisade |first3=Sunday |last4=Orizu |first4=Udora |last5=Ohwovoriole |first5=Oghenevwede |title=At Arise Presidential Town Hall Series II, Economy, Security Come Under Focus |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/11/14/at-arise-presidential-town-hall-series-ii-economy-security-come-under-focus/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
*'''18 November 2022''': A poll on rural communities is released by Nextier; the results show Obi leading at 40% with Abubakar in second at 27%, Tinubu in third at 20%, and Kwankwaso in fourth at 5%.<ref name="Nextier November poll">{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Another poll shows Peter Obi leads Atiku, Tinubu, Kwankwaso |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/566699-another-poll-shows-peter-obi-leads-atiku-tinubu-kwankwaso.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
*'''20 November 2022''': Wike and four other allied PDP governors{{efn|[[Okezie Ikpeazu]] of [[Abia State]], [[Samuel Ortom]] of [[Benue State]], [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]] of [[Enugu State]], and [[Seyi Makinde]] of [[Oyo State]]}} form the "Integrity Group" at a meeting in [[Lagos]], continuing the anti-Abubakar movement within the PDP.<ref>{{cite web |title=PDP Crisis: Wike, Makinde, others meet in Lagos, form Integrity Group |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/566463-pdp-crisis-wike-makinde-others-meet-in-lagos-form-integrity-group.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
*'''3 December 2022''': Obi releases his seven policy priorities along with his full manifesto.<ref name="Obi manifesto">{{Cite tweet |author=[[Peter Obi]] |user=PeterObi |number=1599258704926253056 |title=I have the honour to present our 72-page Manifesto, titled, "It's POssible: Our Pact with Nigerians." This Manifesto, its overarching and visionary policy planks, lay out our mission focus and mandate for securing, uniting and making Nigeria productive. |access-date=8 December 2022|link=https://twitter.com/PeterObi/status/1599258704926253056}}</ref>
*'''4 December 2022''': The third multi-candidate presidential town hall is hosted by [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development]] with Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso in attendance; days prior Tinubu had announced his boycott due to alleged media bias against him.<ref name="Arise town hall 3" />
*'''12 December 2022''': An attack on an INEC office in [[Owerri]] is repulsed, but a police officer is killed along with three assailants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugwu |first1=Chinagorom |title=Police officer, three gunmen killed in another attack on INEC office |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/570124-breaking-police-officer-three-gunmen-killed-in-another-attack-on-inec-office.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> It is the third attack on INEC installations in [[Imo State]] since the start of the month, amidst rising concerns over violence during the electoral process.<ref name="Dec. INEC attacks" /><ref name="Africa Report fragile power transition">{{cite web |last1=Clynch |first1=Harry |title=Nigeria 2023: Will Nigerians see a peaceful transition of power? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/267473/nigeria-2023-will-nigerians-see-a-peaceful-transition-of-power/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=14 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>
*'''20 December 2022''': Okupe resigns as Obi campaign director-general a day after being convicted for money laundering in connection to the 2015 [[Dasukigate]] scandal.<ref name="Okupe convicted">{{cite web |last1=Ejekwonyilo |first1=Ameh |title=UPDATED: Court jails Peter Obi's campaign chief Doyin Okupe for money laundering |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/571282-updated-court-jails-peter-obis-campaign-chief-doyin-okupe-for-money-laundering.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=19 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Okupe resigns">{{cite web |last1=Adewole |first1=Segun |title=Okupe steps down as Obi-Datti campaign DG |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-okupe-steps-down-as-obi-datti-campaign-dg/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>
*'''8 January 2023''': Audio alleged to be of Abubakar from June 2018 is released by his former aide [[Mike Achimugu]]. In the recording, Abubakar describes the methods he and then-President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] used to siphon public funds during their 1999—2007 administration.<ref name="Atiku corruption audio">{{cite web |last1=Olorunfemi |first1=Victor |title=AUDIO: Atiku busted for using Fasawe, Andy Uba to corner billions in federal contracts as Nigeria's vice-president |url=https://gazettengr.com/audio-atiku-busted-for-using-fasawe-andy-uba-to-corner-billions-in-federal-contracts-as-nigerias-vice-president/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
*'''11 January 2023''': 
**INEC vows to hold the elections as scheduled, a day after a commission official warned that the elections could be postponed if the wave of attacks on INEC offices was not abated.<ref name="INEC vows not to postpone" /><ref name="INEC warns of postponement" /><ref name="Al Jazeera Jan. report on INEC attacks" />
**INEC releases the final voter registration statistics, with a total of 93,469,008 eligible voters.<ref name="INEC Jan. final registration list">{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=2023 Polls: Youth population tops age distribution chart as INEC presents list of 93.4 registered voters |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/575140-2023-polls-youth-population-tops-age-distribution-chart-as-inec-presents-list-of-93-4-registered-voters.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=11 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
*'''7 February 2023''': [[Stears Business|Stears]] releases the results of its national poll in accompaniment with a predictive model; results show Obi in the lead but with the caveat that Obi's lead would grow if turnout was high while Tinubu would lead if turnout was low.<ref name="Stears' Feb poll">{{cite web |last1=Famoroti |first1=Michael |title=Stears' poll predicts who will be Nigeria's next president |url=https://www.stears.co/premium/article/stears-poll-predicts-nigerias-next-president/ |website=[[Stears Business|Stears]] |date=7 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
*'''9 February 2023''': The [[National Universities Commission]] orders the closure of all universities from 22 February to 14 March, a move intended to both allow students to return home to vote and assuage concerns about university safety in case of election turmoil.<ref name="NUC orders closure of universities">{{cite web |last1=Adedokun |first1=Theophilus |title=NUC orders closure of universities for elections |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/nuc-orders-closure-of-universities-for-elections/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=9 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
*'''22 February 2023''': Candidates along with other notable political figures sign a peace accord in [[Abuja]].<ref name="Feb. peace accord">{{cite web |last1=Bolaji |first1=Samuel |title=PICTORIAL: Obi, Tinubu, Atiku, others sign Peace Accord |url=https://punchng.com/pictorial-obi-tinubu-atiku-others-sign-peace-accord/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=22 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
*'''23 February 2023''': 
**INEC releases the Permanent Voter Card collection statistics, with a total of 87,209,007 voters (93.3% of all registered voters) having collected their PVCs by the end of the collection window.<ref name="INEC Feb. PVC numbers">{{cite web |last1=Suleiman |first1=Qosim |title=NigeriaDecides2023: Bauchi, Anambra, Katsina top collection as 93% of registered voters obtain PVCs |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/583690-nigeriadecides2023-bauchi-anambra-katsina-top-collection-as-93-of-registered-voters-obtain-pvcs.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
**Official campaign period ends.
{{div col end}}

=== Summary ===
==== Pre-campaign period ====
For both nominees of the major party, the early parts of the general election campaign in June and July 2022 were dominated by attempts to unify their parties amid the search for a running mate. For Tinubu, the selection of Ibrahim Masari as a placeholder running mate in mid-June bought the APC several weeks to continue party reconciliation efforts as controversy swirled over the religious affiliation of Tinubu's potential running mates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Masari withdraws as Tinubu's 'placeholder' running mate {{!}} TheCable |author= |work=TheCable |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=5 March 2023 |url= https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-tinubu-set-to-announce-running-mate-as-ibrahim-masari-steps-down}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigeria: APC Runs Into Headwinds As Christian Opposition to Muslim-Muslim Ticket Gains Traction in Nigeria |author=Council on Foreign Relations |newspaper=Council on Foreign Relations |via=allAfrica.com |date=23 June 2022 |access-date=5 March 2023 |url= https://allafrica.com/stories/202206290001.html}}</ref> On the other hand, Abubakar had to contend with a burgeoning party crisis as allies of Governor [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike|Nyesom Wike]]—first runner up in the PDP primary—began to publicly protest against the perceived disrespect towards Wike; their protests centered around Abubakar's disregard for a party committee recommendation of Wike for the vice presidential nomination but some PDP figures also objected to Abubakar in general due to the violation of zoning. The upheaval reached the point of Wike allies publicly questioning if they would support Abubakar and privately threatening to leave the party while national party chairman [[Iyorchia Ayu]]'s neutrality was questioned and Abubakar himself spent weeks abroad in the midst of the crisis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atiku battles to avert PDP's collapse, Wike's loyalists threaten defection |url=https://punchng.com/atiku-battles-to-avert-pdps-collapse-wikes-loyalists-threaten-defection/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ogbuenyi |first1=Nosike |title=Analysis: Atiku under storms as Fayose, Ortom, Obasanjo fire salvos |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/540089-analysis-atiku-under-storms-as-fayose-ortom-obasanjo-fire-salvos.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Will Wike play the spoiler for Atiku's campaign? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/219700/nigeria-2023-will-wike-play-the-spoiler-for-atikus-campaign/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> As the PDP desperately attempted to reconcile Wike and Abubakar, Obi and Kwankwaso held meetings with Wike in an attempt to bring him into their respective parties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |last2=Baiyewu |first2=Leke |last3=Tolu-Kolawole |first3=Deborah |last4=Naku |first4=Dennis |last5=Ibrahim |first5=El-ameen |last6=Isenyo |first6=Godwin |last7=Shaibu |first7=Nathaniel |last8=Naku |first8=Dennis |last9=Ochei |first9=Matthew |title=Updated: PDP sets up panel to beg Wike |url=https://punchng.com/updated-pdp-sets-up-panel-to-beg-wike/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ajaja |first1=Tunde |last2=Naku |first2=Dennis |title=Atiku US trip delays PDP peace moves, ex-VP plans meeting with Wike |url=https://punchng.com/atiku-us-trip-delays-pdp-peace-moves-ex-vp-plans-meeting-with-wike/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=2 July 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugwu |first1=Chinagorom |title=Peter Obi visits Wike in Rivers |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/538622-just-in-peter-obi-visits-wike-in-rivers.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=22 June 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PHOTOS: Kwankwaso Meets Wike In Port Harcourt |url=https://dailytrust.com/photos-kwankwaso-meets-wike-in-port-harcourt |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=24 June 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> These meetings took place as representatives of Obi and Kwankwaso were also meeting in an attempt to form a NNPP-LP coalition; however, these negotiations were derailed in early July when Kwankwaso publicly refused to be Obi's vice presidential running mate on the grounds that [[Igbophobia|northerners would not vote for a southeasterner]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajibola |first1=Akinola |title=2023 Presidency: Why I Cannot Be Running Mate To Peter Obi – Kwankwaso |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/07/03/2023-presidency-why-i-cannot-be-running-mate-to-peter-obi-kwankwaso/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Uthman |first1=Samad |title=Kwankwaso: Northerners won't vote for Peter Obi or any south-easterner in 2023 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/kwankwaso-northerners-wont-vote-for-peter-obi-or-any-south-easterner-in-2023 |website=[[TheCable]] |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> A few days later, Obi's campaign announced that the coalition discussions had failed and that the campaign had shifted towards the search for a vice presidential nominee which ended in the selection of Baba-Ahmed.<ref name="LP-NNPP coalition talks collapsed" /> As the LP ticket constituted, the PDP crisis continued as Wike publicly met with several APC governors on 8 July while Abubakar extended his stay abroad despite the party infighting, [[Eid al-Kabir]], and the [[2022 Osun State gubernatorial election|Osun gubernatorial election]] campaign in mid-July.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edozie |first1=Victor |last2=Martins |first2=Baba |title=APC Governors Meet Wike As Ayu Returns Amidst Ouster Plot |url=https://dailytrust.com/apc-governors-meet-wike-as-ayu-returns-amidst-ouster-plot |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ajaja |first1=Tunde |last2=Folorunsho-Francis |first2=Adebayo |last3=Ibrahim |first3=El-ameen |last4=Aina |first4=Damilola |last5=Naku |first5=Dennis |title=APC exploits PDP crisis, Atiku's absence, woos Wike |url=https://punchng.com/apc-exploits-pdp-crisis-atikus-absence-woos-wike/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Atiku travels to UK as continued stay abroad worries PDP leaders, stakeholders |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/atiku-travels-to-uk-as-continued-stay-abroad-worries-pdp-leaders-stakeholders/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> For Tinubu, when he finally selected Shettima as his running mate on 10 July, immediate blowback confronted his campaign amid accusations of religious intolerance for the Muslim-Muslim ticket with even some other APC members condemning the ticket.<ref name="CAN fumes over M-M ticket" /><ref name="SSS warns M-M ticket">{{cite web |last1=Babalola |first1=Ayoola |title=Exclusive: In secret memo to Buhari, SSS warns Tinubu's Muslim-Muslim ticket will destabilise Nigeria, endanger Christian lives |url=https://gazettengr.com/exclusive-in-secret-memo-to-buhari-sss-warns-tinubus-muslim-muslim-ticket-will-destabilise-nigeria-endanger-christian-lives/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> Later in July, Abubakar returned to the nation while Tinubu was in a difficult position as backlash against the APC ticket continued and his relative—incumbent Osun Governor [[Gboyega Oyetola]]—lost to PDP nominee [[Ademola Adeleke]] in the [[2022 Osun State gubernatorial election|Osun gubernatorial election]];<ref name="Atiku returns in July 2022" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Storm over Tinubu's same faith ticket |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/543267-pt-state-of-the-race-storm-over-tinubus-same-faith-ticket.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=17 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> similarly, questions emerged over Labour's weak showings in both Osun and [[2022 Ekiti State gubernatorial election|Ekiti]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Is the Labour Party's woeful outing in Ekiti, Osun a concern for Peter Obi? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/224169/nigeria-2023-does-labour-partys-woeful-outing-in-ekiti-osun-a-concern-for-peter-obi/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> Takeaways from the gubernatorial election focused on the potential impact of the PDP's victory on the presidential race and the extremely successful election administration from INEC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Dancing senator's victory over Tinubu candidate ignites Atiku hopes |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/223818/nigeria-2023-dancing-senators-victory-over-tinubu-candidate-ignites-atiku-hopes/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> To make matters worse for the Tinubu campaign, the appearance of people wearing liturgical garments of various Christian denominations at Shettima's nomination rally on 20 July led to further backlash since observers noted the group's lack of identification and the [[Christian Association of Nigeria]] publicly challenged the APC to name the supposed clergy.<ref name="BishopGate">{{cite web |last1=Folorunsho-Francis |first1=Adebayo |title=Confusion as pastors, bishops attend Shettima's unveiling |url=https://punchng.com/confusion-as-pastors-bishops-attend-shettimas-unveiling/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="CAN on BishopGate">{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=Mention bishops at Shettima's unveiling, CAN dares APC |url=https://punchng.com/mention-bishops-at-shettimas-unveiling-can-dares-apc/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="BishopGate reactions">{{cite web |last1=Oloniniran |first1=Gbenga |title=Fake bishops: P-Square's Peter, activists, others knock APC |url=https://punchng.com/fake-bishops-p-squares-peter-activists-others-knock-apc/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>

By late July and early August, Tinubu and Abubakar continued to face high-profile dissent from within their own parties as prominent northern Christian APC members—like former [[Secretary to the Government of the Federation]] [[Babachir David Lawal]] and former [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] [[Yakubu Dogara]]—publicly condemned the same religion APC ticket while Wike and his allies continued their public criticism of Abubakar and PDP leadership.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |title=Don't vote Muslim-Muslim ticket – Northern APC Christians |url=https://punchng.com/dont-vote-muslim-muslim-ticket-northern-apc-christians/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="APC Northern Christians">{{cite web |last1=Olokor |first1=Friday |last2=Oyero |first2=Kayode |last3=Okere |first3=Alexander |last4=Folorunsho-Francis |first4=Adebayo |title=Northern Christian heavyweights launch offensive against Tinubu, Shettima |url=https://punchng.com/cracks-in-apc-northern-christian-heavyweights-launch-offensive-against-tinubu-shettima/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Dogara, Lawal lead insurgency in APC over Tinubu's same faith ticket |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/546070-pt-state-of-the-race-dogara-lawal-lead-insurgency-in-apc-over-tinubus-same-faith-ticket.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abuh |first1=Adamu |title=Muslim-muslim ticket: APC now looks like 'janjaweed' party, says Dogara |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/muslim-muslim-ticket-apc-now-looks-like-janjaweed-party-says-dogara/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugwu |first1=Chinagorom |title=2023: PDP crisis worsens as Wike attacks Atiku, others |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/545716-2023-pdp-crisis-worsens-as-wike-attacks-atiku-others.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=Inside details of Wike's anti-Atiku meeting with PDP associates |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/546251-inside-details-of-wikes-anti-atiku-meeting-with-pdp-associates.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> In response, Tinubu appointed [[Governor of Plateau State]] [[Simon Lalong]]—a northern Christian—as the Director-General of his Campaign Council while in early August, Abubakar and Wike finally met for the first time since Okowa's selection and agreed on a reconciliation framework.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irede |first1=Akin |title=Nigeria 2023: Muslim ticket banks on Christian campaign manager to pull in votes |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/229711/nigeria-2023-muslim-ticket-banks-on-christian-campaign-manager-to-pull-in-votes/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sunday |first1=Ochogwu |title=APC picks Christian Gov as Tinubu's campaign DG |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/08/04/apc-picks-christian-gov-as-tinubus-campaign-dg/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: Governor Lalong appointed DG of APC's presidential campaign |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/546887-2023-governor-lalong-appointed-dg-of-apcs-presidential-campaign.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ogundele |first1=Bolaji |title=UpdatedED: Lalong is DG APC Presidential Campaign |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/updated-lalong-is-dg-apc-presidential-campaign/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=2023: PDP Crisis: Atiku, Wike in closed-door meeting |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/547002-2023-pdp-crisis-atiku-wike-in-closed-door-meeting.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=Atiku, Wike agree on reconciliation framework |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/547361-atiku-wike-agree-on-reconciliation-framework.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alechenu |first1=John |title=PDP Crisis: Atiku, Wike agree on 14-member panel |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/08/pdp-crisis-atiku-wike-agree-on-14-member-panel/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref> However, both the APC and PDP backslid into their respective crises as protests against the APC ticket drew thousands and it continued to come under fire from prominent northern Christians while the opposing camps within the PDP had returned to public squabbling by mid-August.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Omolaoye |first1=Sodiq |title=Northern APC stakeholders protest, reject Lalong as campaign DG |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/northern-apc-stakeholders-protest-reject-lalong-as-campaign-dg/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=2023: Kukah slams Buhari, APC over Muslim-Muslim presidential ticket, says decision 'reprehensible' |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/548227-2023-kukah-slams-buhari-apc-over-muslim-muslim-presidential-ticket-says-decision-reprehensible.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Momoh Jimoh |first1=Azimazi |last2=Godwin |first2=Ann |title=Wike, Atiku camps return to trenches |url=https://guardian.ng/news/wike-atiku-camps-return-to-trenches/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: Atiku's ally attacks Wike as PDP crisis deepens |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550300-2023-atikus-ally-attacks-wike-as-pdp-crisis-deepens.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Opposition fall-out shakes up election plans |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/14082/Opposition_fall-out_shakes_up_election_plans |website=[[Africa Confidential]] |access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> Around the same time, voter registration ended with analysts noting its effect on the race as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: What Nigerian voters registration numbers mean for Tinubu, Atiku, Obi |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/547407-pt-state-of-the-race-what-nigerian-voters-registration-numbers-mean-for-tinubu-atiku-obi.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> The rest of August was dominated by notable meetings as Wike meet with both Tinubu and Obi before another reconciliatory summit with Abubakar;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babangida |first1=Mohammed |title=2023: APC chieftain confirms Tinubu met Wike in London, insists meeting "fruitful" |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/550579-2023-apc-chieftain-confirms-tinubu-met-wike-in-london-insists-meeting-fruitful.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=Obasanjo, Wike, Peter Obi, others meet in London |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550630-obasanjo-wike-peter-obi-others-meet-in-london.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=2023: Atiku, Wike finally meet in London |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550691-2023-atiku-wike-finally-meet-in-london.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> while pundits speculated that Tinubu and Obi attempted to sway Wike to their camps, reporting on the series of Wike-Abubakar talks revealed some of Wike's demands with a focus on the resignation of PDP chairman [[Iyorchia Ayu]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: What does Obasanjo want as Wike drags Tinubu, Atiku, Obi to London? |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/551124-pt-state-of-the-race-what-does-obasanjo-want-as-wike-drags-tinubu-atiku-obi-to-london.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Okocha |first1=Chuks |title=Wike's Camp Insists Ayu's Ouster Irreducible Condition for Peace |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/08/15/wikes-camp-insists-ayus-ouster-irreducible-condition-for-peace/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=2023: Wike's group tips Arapaja as PDP interim national chairman |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/550929-2023-wike-group-tips-arapaja-as-pdp-interim-national-chairman.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> The location of these meetings in London, England sparked controversy as critics labeled the location as insensitive to the plight of Nigerians domestically.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martins |first1=Baba |last2=Akote |first2=Abubakar |title=Mixed Reactions Trail Atiku, Tinubu, Obi, Wike London Parleys |url=https://dailytrust.com/mixed-reactions-trail-atiku-tinubu-obi-wike-london-parleys |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinsanmi |first1=Gboyega |title=Ex-Foreign Affairs Ministers Tackle Atiku, Tinubu, Obi over London Meetings |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/08/31/ex-foreign-affairs-ministers-tackle-atiku-tinubu-obi-over-london-meetings/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> Around the same time, observers noted a potential opening for Kwankwaso but even his NNPP devolved into crisis in August as the PDP poached [[Ibrahim Shekarau|a key Kano State figure]] from the NNPP amid a threeway fight for the state's massive electorate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Can Peter Obi, Kwankwaso spark a presidential runoff |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/235425/nigeria-2023-can-peter-obi-kwankwaso-spark-a-presidential-runoff/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |title=Troubled parties: APC, PDP, others submerged in internal crises |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/troubled-parties-apc-pdp-others-submerged-in-internal-crises/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=September 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adewole |first1=Segun |title=Defections raise Kano's stake, presidential heavyweights battle for massive votes |url=https://punchng.com/defections-raise-kanos-stake-presidential-heavyweights-battle-for-massive-votes/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: PDP's unending crisis and Shekarau's endless merry-go-round |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/552277-pt-state-of-the-race-pdps-unending-crisis-and-shekaraus-endless-merry-go-round.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> Further reporting began to focus on specific states and regions as [[ThisDay]] analysis surmised that the PDP was strengthening in previously pro-Buhari states in the [[North West (Nigeria)|North West]], the APC was retaining its prime position in the [[South West (Nigeria)|South West]] but the LP was growing among urban youth, it was Obi vs. Abubakar in the [[South South]] and [[South East (Nigeria)|South East]], and the [[North Central (Nigeria)|North Central]] was a tossup region.<ref>{{cite web |title=With 177 Days to Presidential Poll, Race Still Too Close to Call |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/09/01/with-177-days-to-presidential-poll-race-still-too-close-to-call/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> In the weeks afterwards and as candidate profiles were released in preparation for the official campaign period's commencement at the end of September, the PDP desperately attempted to end its crisis by having two northerners holding prominent internal party positions be replaced by southerners but as Ayu remained in office as chairman, Wike continued his public indignation before he and his allies{{efn|name=Wike group withdraws|Although there was not a comprehensive list of aggrieved PDP politicians that withdrew from the Abubakar campaign, reporters noted attendants of the meeting where withdrawal was decided upon, namely: [[Mohammed Bello Adoke]], [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], [[Donald Duke]], [[Ayo Fayose]], [[Jerry Gana]], [[Bode George]], [[Jonah David Jang]], [[Seyi Makinde]], [[Olusegun Mimiko]], [[Chibudom Nwuche]], and [[Dan Orbih]] along with Wike himself.<ref name="Wike group withdraws from Atiku campaign" />}} announced their withdrawal from PDP campaigning on 20 September until Ayu left office.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mudashir |first1=Ismail |last2=Oloyede |first2=Clement A. |last3=Aliyu |first3=Abdullateef |title=As Campaigns Begin: How Atiku, Tinubu, Kwankwaso, Obi Stand |url=https://dailytrust.com/as-campaigns-begin-how-atiku-tinubu-kwankwaso-obi-stand |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=11 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=Analysis: Is PDP's sacrifice enough to appease Wike, aggrieved members? |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/553459-analysis-is-pdps-sacrifice-enough-to-appease-wike-aggrieved-members.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Wike exhumes APC plot against Tinubu as Atiku calls bluff |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/553449-pt-state-of-the-race-wike-exhumes-apc-plot-against-tinubu-as-atiku-calls-bluff.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Wike group withdraws from Atiku campaign">{{cite web |last1=Imukudo |first1=Saviour |title=PDP Crisis: Wike's group withdraws from Atiku's campaign |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/555203-pdp-crisis-wikes-group-withdraws-from-atikus-campaign.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref> Due to the PDP infighting, pundits looking ahead to the campaign period began to speculate on the potential benefits for Tinubu and Obi as several Wike allies are influential in key states.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Tinubu, Peter Obi's chances rise as Wike moves to sink Atiku's campaign |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/240421/nigeria-2023-tinubu-peter-obis-chances-rise-as-wike-moves-to-sink-atikus-campaign/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ososanya |first1=Tunde |title=Wetin fit happun if APC, PDP crisis no end soon – Analysts tok |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c88ymgyr5mxo |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |language=pcm}}</ref> At the same time, the first public poll of the race was released with Obi in the lead;<ref name="NOI-ANAP September poll" /> although the campaigns of Abubakar and Tinubu dismissed the results, analysts noted enthusiasm among Obi's base due to his active campaigning as a potential reason for his lead considering both Abubakar and Tinubu devoted more effort to intraparty reconciliation from May to September.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: ANAP poll and the Peter Obi challenge|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/554757-pt-state-of-the-race-anap-poll-and-the-peter-obi-challenge.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>

==== Campaign period ====
At the end of September, the official campaign period began with the signing of a peace accord in [[Abuja]] by nearly all candidates along with parties' national chairmen; notably, Tinubu was absent with Shettima as his representative.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: Atiku, Obi, others sign peace accord as Tinubu is absent |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/556744-2023-atiku-obi-others-sign-peace-accord-as-tinubu-is-absent.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Asadu |first1=Chinedu |title=Nigerian presidential hopefuls sign election peace accord |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nigerian-presidential-hopefuls-sign-election-peace-accord/2022/09/29/16b4b18c-4022-11ed-8c6e-9386bd7cd826_story.html |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> During the week, Abubakar and Tinubu formed their campaign councils amid controversy for both as the Wike dispute continued in the PDP while the composition of the APC campaign council led to internal disquiet.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=2023: Wike, Makinde, Ortom, others shun inauguration of PDP campaign council |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/556597-2023-wike-makinde-ortom-others-shun-inauguration-of-pdp-campaign-council.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> For Obi, his campaign received another positive polling result as he led a [[Bloomberg News]]-commissioned poll by a massive margin;<ref name="Premise-Bloomberg September poll">{{cite web |last1=Wakeley |first1=James |title=The Third Man? Electoral Sentiment in Nigeria & Peter Obi |url=https://www.premise.com/blog/nigeria-electoral-sentiment/ |website=Premise Data |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> he was also buoyed by significant nationwide support rallies on [[Independence Day (Nigeria)|Independence Day]] but faced difficulties in campaign organizing as his manifesto and campaign council were delayed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morgan |first1=Oluwafemi |last2=Nejo |first2=Abiodun |last3=Isenyo |first3=Godwin |last4=Ochei |first4=Matthew |last5=Bakam |first5=Armstrong |title=Obi supporters hold rallies in Lagos, Kaduna, others |url=https://punchng.com/obi-supporters-hold-rallies-in-lagos-kaduna-others/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="PT State of the Race - 8/2" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Folorunsho-Francis |first1=Adebayo |title=Obi to unveil campaign council after PUNCH's report |url=https://punchng.com/obi-to-unveil-campaign-council-after-punchs-report/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> Overall, late September and early October was categorized similarly to the pre-campaign period time, with analysis repeatedly noting that Obi was solidifying support and enthusiasm while Abubakar and Tinubu were occupied trying to stop further intraparty rebellion.{{efn|In the APC, renewed criticism over the same religion ticket along with internal disputes about the Tinubu campaign council composition dominated the time period while in the PDP, the ongoing Wike dispute continued along with a new intraparty financial scandal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Protests over Tinubu's same faith ticket frustrates APC's campaign |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/245016/nigeria-2023-protests-over-tinubus-same-faith-ticket-frustrates-apcs-campaign/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="PT State of the Race - 8/2" />}}<ref name="PT State of the Race - 8/2">{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Obidients dominate as Tinubu, Atiku face domestic problems |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/557272-mr-obi.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> However, Obi promptly faced scandal due to the controversial initial makeup of his campaign council which forced a retraction and review after backlash from supporters and the LP.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Odunsi |first1=Wale |title=LP rejigs Peter Obi campaign team list, removes ex-General Enenche, NLC, TUC presidents |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/14/lp-rejigs-peter-obi-campaign-team-list-removes-ex-general-enenche-nlc-tuc-presidents/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=14 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alike |first1=Ejiofor |title=Campaign Council List Unsettles Labour Party |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/10/16/campaign-council-list-unsettles-labour-party/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> A few days later, the race was derailed by a video of Abubakar calling for northerners to reject [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] or [[Igbo people|Igbo]] candidates; the comment met with widespread condemnation by civil society organisations and opposing campaigns for stoking ethnic divisions.<ref name="Atiku October anti-Yoruba/Igbo comment" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=State of the Race: Kaduna gaffe adds to Atiku's woes |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/559889-state-of-the-race-kaduna-gaffe-adds-to-atikus-woes.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> Meanwhile, Tinubu and the APC revised their campaign council to address internal objections before holding a formal campaign commencement on 21 October where Buhari unveiled Tinubu's manifesto before inaugurating the campaign council.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=2023: Buhari, Tinubu, Adamu retain positions as APC releases reviewed presidential campaign council list |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/560586-2023-buhari-tinubu-adamu-retain-positions-as-apc-releases-reviewed-presidential-campaign-council-list.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=Buhari unveils Tinubu's manifesto, says Nigeria safer under APC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/560959-buhari-unveils-tinubus-manifesto-says-nigeria-safer-under-apc.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> Around the same time, campaigning focused on [[2022 Nigeria floods|catastrophic nationwide floods]] with analysts noting that the floods had put more focus on climate change and wider environmental policy issues amid the campaign period.<ref name="PT Oct. floods' impact">{{cite web |last1=Angalapu |first1=Dengiyefa |title=ANALYSIS: How flooding may affect Nigeria's 2023 elections |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/562394-analysis-how-flooding-may-affect-nigerias-2023-elections.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Obi preparations concluded near the end of the month, as the revised LP campaign council was inaugurated on 28 October and the campaign's commencement rally held the next day.<ref name="Obi council inauguration" /><ref name="Obi campaign commencement" /><ref>{{cite web |title=[Photos/Video] Peter Obi flags-off campaign in Lafia |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/photos-video-peter-obi-flags-off-campaign-in-lafia/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>

At the start of November, debates began with a series of multi-candidate town halls hosted by [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development]] commencing on 6 November; with a focus on security and the economy, the four most prominent candidates were invited—Abubakar, Kwankwaso, Obi, and Tinubu—but Abubakar sent Okowa as his proxy while Tinubu declined the invitation and was replaced by [[Kola Abiola]], the nominee of the [[People's Redemption Party]].<ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{cite web |last1=Adenekan |first1=Samson |title=Atiku, Tinubu, Obi, Kwankwaso invited for Sunday debate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/563778-atiku-tinubu-obi-kwankwaso-invited-for-sunday-debate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="ARISE town hall 1"/> Amid the town halls, controversy swirled for Tinubu as the publication of certified documents from the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]] detailing his 1993 forfeiture of alleged drug dealing proceeds led to attacks from Obi and Abubakar while the Tinubu campaign claimed that the money was tax-related and analysts speculated on the documents' effect on voting intentions.<ref name="Tinubu drug docs" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Terzungwe |first1=Saawua |last2=Martins |first2=Baba |last3=Sule |first3=Itodo Daniel |title=Tinubu: APC, PDP, LP Clash Over $460,000 Forfeiture In US |url=https://dailytrust.com/tinubu-apc-pdp-lp-clash-over-460000-forfeiture-in-us/ |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Will past US drug cash settlement dent Tinubu's electoral chances? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/258822/nigeria-2023-will-past-us-drug-cash-settlement-dent-tinubus-electoral-chances/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=10 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Meanwhile, Abubakar faced mixed news as the PDP crisis continued with Wike-led, anti-Abubakar PDP governors forming the "Integrity Group" and a rift forming with another [[Bala Mohammed|incumbent governor]] in mid-November;<ref>{{cite web |title=PDP crisis: Wike, allies form 'Integrity Group' |url=https://punchng.com/pdp-crisis-wike-allies-form-integrity-group/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=20 November 2022 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |title=2023: Ortom dumps Atiku, supporters, hosts four governors |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/564087-2023-ortom-dumps-atiku-supporters-hosts-four-governors.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PDP Crisis: Wike, Ortom, others visit, woo Bauchi governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/564383-pdp-crisis-wike-ortom-others-visit-woo-bauchi-governor.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobechi |first1=Leo |last2=Oyewole |first2=Rauf |title=How Bala's sneeze forced PDP leaders into precipitate troubleshooting |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/how-balas-sneeze-forced-pdp-leaders-into-precipitate-troubleshooting/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=19 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> on the other hand, a northern APC dissenter group led by former House Speaker [[Yakubu Dogara]] endorsed Abubakar on 2 December.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Enumah |first1=Alex |title=Breaking: Dogara Group Endorses Atiku for President |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/12/02/breaking-dogara-group-endorses-atiku-for-president/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Previously, Obi led another poll as a Nextier survey of rural communities released in mid-November showed him in the lead with over 40%.<ref name="Nextier November poll"/> At the beginning of December, various state LP chapters entered crisis but Obi avoided involvement and instead released his oft-delayed manifesto with seven key policy areas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ezeamalu |first1=Ben |title=Nigeria 2023: Peter Obi continues momentum but Labour Party crisis headache remains |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/266930/nigeria-2023-peter-obi-continues-momentum-but-labour-party-crisis-headache-remains/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=8 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Obi manifesto" /><ref>{{cite web |title=W etin dey inside Peter Obi manifesto |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cnegj4ldz1mo |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |date=4 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=pcm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alechenu |first1=John |title=Obi, Baba-Ahmed release 62-pages manifesto 'Pact with Nigeria' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/obi-baba-ahmed-release-62-pages-manifesto-pact-with-nigeria/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> The manifesto release came just before another Arise-CDD town hall; however, Tinubu had announced his boycott of the event due to alleged media bias so only Abubakar, Obi, and Kwankwaso attended on 4 December.<ref name="Arise town hall 3">{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=Arise TV Town Hall: Again, Tinubu stays away as Atiku, Obi, Kwankwaso attend |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/568950-arise-tv-town-hall-again-tinubu-stays-away-as-atiku-obi-kwankwaso-attend.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>

Later in December, the Obi campaign was hit by a court ruling against its Director-General—[[Doyin Okupe]], convicting him of money laundering in connection to the 2015 [[Dasukigate]] scandal.<ref name="Okupe convicted" /> Although Okupe appealed the judgment, the controversy led to his resignation from the campaign with journalist [[Akin Osuntokun]] replacing him.<ref name="Okupe resigns" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adanna |first1=Nnamani |title=Osuntokun replaces Okupe as Obi's campaign DG |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/osuntokun-replaces-okupe-as-obis-campaign-dg/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=28 December 2022 |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, the reporting revealed that "Integrity Group" were deliberating over which candidate to endorse at their London meetings in late December;<ref>{{cite web |title=Five PDP 'Rebel' Governors Return To UK, Meet To Decide Presidential Candidate For 2023 Elections |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/12/27/five-pdp-rebel-governors-return-uk-meet-decide-presidential-candidate-2023-elections |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> a side attendee of the meetings—former President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]—reportedly advised the group to endorse Obi, which Obasanjo himself later did in a public letter on New Year's Day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinlotan |first1=Olasunkanmi |title=UPDATED: 2023: Obasanjo endorses Peter Obi for president |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/573558-breaking-2023-obasanjo-endorses-peter-obi-for-president.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> Into the new year, analysis shifted to review the chances of each major candidate as the prospect of a runoff looked increasingly possible.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abidoye |first=Bisi |title=Interview |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/574528-pt-state-of-the-race-is-it-still-a-four-horse-race.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> While pundits initially contended that Tinubu would benefit from the campaign support of Buhari and the "federal might" of his administration, questions arose over the relationship between Buhari and Tinubu after Buhari skipped several campaign events and defended the controversial new [[naira]] notes that Tinubu claimed were an attempt to disrupt his campaign.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Can Buhari push Tinubu across the finish line? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/273770/nigeria-2023-can-buhari-push-tinubu-across-the-finish-line/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Are Buhari's men frustrating Tinubu's campaign? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/279221/nigeria-2023-are-buharis-men-frustrating-tinubus-campaign/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Momoh Jimoh |first1=Azimazi |last2=Jeremiah |first2=Kingsley |last3=Gyamfi |first3=Charles Coffie |title=Tinubu jabs FG, alleges sabotage with fuel crisis, naira redesign |url=https://guardian.ng/news/tinubu-jabs-fg-alleges-sabotage-with-fuel-crisis-naira-redesign/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Hide petrol, hide naira notes, we go still win' - Tinubu |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cv26y24e1pxo |website=[[BBC Pidgin]] |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |language=pcm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerians question Tinubu's election sabotage claims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/c50znx8v132t/nigeria?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=63d282af1e5a29791b50e1fd%26Nigerians%20question%20Tinubu%27s%20election%20sabotage%20claims%262023-01-26T14%3A21%3A25.890Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:a9c64c72-aebe-47c9-bc06-8b961523a0f3&pinned_post_asset_id=63d282af1e5a29791b50e1fd&pinned_post_type=share |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Enemy or Friend: Tinubu's topsy-turvy relationship with Buhari |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/578574-pt-state-of-the-race-enemy-or-friend-tinubus-topsy-turvy-relationship-with-buhari.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=29 January 2023 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> For Abubakar, reporting focused on two corruption scandals along with his nationwide campaigning (especially in the North).<ref name="Atiku corruption audio" /><ref name="PT Final month campaign" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Matthew |first1=Dammy |title=Nigeria 2023: Can Atiku win the north? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/276626/nigeria-2023-can-atiku-win-the-north/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=24 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> Observers reiterated that Kwankwaso had not appeared to make significant headway outside of his native [[North West (Nigeria)|North West]] while reports claimed Obi's chances were based on his campaign's ability to successfully turnout voters in the [[South East (Nigeria)|South East]] in addition to geographically broadening his support across the nation despite the lack of significant LP party structure.<ref name="PT Final month campaign">{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: APC, PDP flex muscles as campaigns enter final month |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/577103-pt-state-of-the-race-apc-pdp-flex-muscles-as-campaigns-enter-final-month.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=22 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ezeamalu |first1=Ben |title=Nigeria 2023: Will Peter Obi momentum end south-easterners' voting apathy? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/277950/nigeria-2023-will-peter-obi-momentum-end-south-easterners-voting-apathy/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=24 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Can Peter Obi get the vote spread required for victory? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/275764/nigeria-2023-can-peter-obi-get-the-vote-spread-required-for-victory/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

The final month of the campaign period was dominated by the [[2023 Nigerian currency crisis|naira crisis]] and its political implications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Campaigns for unique Nigerian presidential election enter homestretch |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/581457-pt-state-of-the-race-campaigns-for-unique-nigerian-presidential-election-enter-homestretch.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=12 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> The new banknote policy of Buhari and CBN Governor [[Godwin Emefiele]] was intended to curb vote buying ahead of the election but poor implementation led to shortages of the new currency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth |title=Nigeria's Cash Crunch Causes Chaos and Suffering Before Crucial Election |work=The New York Times |date=22 February 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/22/world/africa/nigeria-cash-shortage-election.html |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> Tinubu and several prominent APC figures publicly broke with Buhari for some of the first times over the policy, first suing to stop its enactment then lambasting the administration after Buhari stood by the policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babangida |first1=Mohammed |title=Naira Redesign: Kano governor says Buhari destroying APC, democracy |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/582553-naira-redesign-kano-governor-says-buhari-destroying-apc-democracy.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=17 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Tinubu takes battle to Buhari's cabal |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/282263/nigeria-2023-tinubu-takes-battle-to-buharis-cabal/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=6 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Civil war erupts in APC one week to presidential election |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/285572/nigeria-2023-civil-war-erupts-in-apc-one-week-to-presidential-election/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=17 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> For the PDP, the G5 failed to publicize their joint preferred candidate and appeared to split as Benue Governor [[Samuel Ortom]] endorsed Obi while Wike reportedly backed Tinubu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akinwale |first1=Adedayo |title=Has PDP's G-5 Group Run Out of Steam? |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/14/has-pdps-g-5-group-run-out-of-steam/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ejekwonyilo |first1=Ameh |title=Gov Ortom unveils Peter Obi as preferred presidential candidate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/582601-gov-ortom-unveils-peter-obi-as-preferred-presidential-candidate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=17 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kogbara |first1=Donu |title=Nigeria 2023: The Wike-Tinubu Bromance – where will it end? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/285578/nigeria-2023-the-wike-tinubu-bromance-where-will-it-end/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=17 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> For his part, Abubakar focused on his economic plans and national unity in his final campaign stops rather than party divisions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dabang |first1=Percy |last2=Dzirutwe |first2=MacDonald |title=Nigeria's Atiku promises unity, economic bounce in final campaign rally |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-atiku-promises-unity-economic-bounce-final-campaign-rally-2023-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]] |date=20 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> Similarly, Obi rounded out the campaign with large rallies in [[Lagos]] that spotlighted his support of reforms to fight corruption and create jobs;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ezeamalu |first1=Ben |title=Nigeria 2023: Peter Obi winds down presidential campaign rally on a high note |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/284131/nigeria-2023-peter-obi-winds-down-presidential-campaign-rally-on-a-high-note/ |website=[[The Africa Report]] |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> however, the events were marred by violence as mass coordinated attacks on LP supporters before the rallies reinforced fears of further violence on election day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dzirutwe |first1=MacDonald |title=Opposition supporters attacked in Nigeria ahead of rally |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/opposition-supporters-attacked-nigeria-ahead-rally-2023-02-11/ |website=[[Reuters]] |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> As the campaigns concluded, focus returned to polling as releases from Nextier, [[Stears Business|Stears]], Premise Data for Bloomberg, NIO Polls for the Anap Foundation, and Redfield & Wilton Strategies all issued polls in the months of January and February that showed Obi in the lead and sparking discourse on the surge of polling compared to previous elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria 2023 Presidential Election Polls: State Level Details |url=https://thenextier.com/nigeria-2023-presidential-election-polls-state-level-details/ |website=The Nextier |date=6 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Stears' Feb poll" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wakeley |first1=James |title=The Most Important Election No One Is Talking About |url=https://www.premise.com/blog/nigeria-political-change-20230210/ |website=Premise Data |date=10 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Elections: Peter Obi maintains lead amongst Presidential Poll Respondents |url=http://www.anapfoundation.com/press-releases/2023-elections-peter-obi-maintains-lead-amongst-presidential-poll-respondents |website=ANAP Foundation |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Obi Leads Decisively in Nigeria Polling |url=https://redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com/peter-obi-leads-decisively-in-nigeria-polling/ |website=Redfield & Wilton Strategies |date=16 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Adeoye |first1=Aanu |title=Pollsters aim to bring public insight to Nigeria's elections for the first time |url=https://www.ft.com/content/87f0f606-a36f-4a91-b5f0-169a78c35a0d |website=[[Financial Times]] |date=7 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> In addition to polling, [[Stears Business|Stears]] notably created a predictive model that estimated that Obi would win by a significant margin if voter turnout was high while low turnout would lead to a Tinubu victory.<ref name="Stears' Feb poll" /> To end the campaign, all candidates signed another peace accord at an [[Abuja]] event attended by Buhari, Abubakar, Obi, Kwankwaso, and Tinubu in addition to other candidates and major political figures on 23 February, the final day of the campaign period.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daramola |first1=Kunle |title='To accept election outcome' — presidential candidates sign peace accord |url=https://www.thecable.ng/just-in-atiku-kwankwaso-obi-tinubu-present-as-presidential-candidates-sign-peace-accord |website=[[TheCable]] |date=22 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Polling ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:14px;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |Polling organisation/client
! rowspan="3" |Fieldwork<br />date
! rowspan="3" |Sample<br />size
![[File:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (Cropped).png|80x80px]]
![[File:Peter Obi.png|80x80px]]
!{{CSS image crop|Image=|bSize =290|cWidth=80|cHeight=80|oTop=15|oLeft=102}}
![[File:Atiku Abubakar-2010 (cropped).jpg|80x80px]]
! rowspan="3" |Others
! rowspan="3" |Undecided
! rowspan="3" |None/No response/Refused
|-
![[Bola Tinubu|Tinubu]]<br /><small>[[All Progressives Congress|APC]]</small>
![[Peter Obi|Obi]]<br /><small>[[Labour Party (Nigeria)|LP]]</small>
![[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Kwankwaso]]<br /><small>[[New Nigeria Peoples Party|NNPP]]</small>
![[Atiku Abubakar|Abubakar]]<br /><small>[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]</small>
|-
! style="background:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Labour Party (Nigeria)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|New Nigeria Peoples Party}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" |
|-
| [https://www.anapfoundation.com/press-releases/a-3-horse-presidential-race-and-a-lone-outsider NIO Polls for Anap Foundation]
|September 2022
|1,000
|13%
|21%
|3%
|13%
|1%
|{{Party shading/Nonpartisan}}|'''32%'''
|17%
|-
| [https://www.premise.com/blog/nigeria-electoral-sentiment/ Premise Data for Bloomberg]
|5–20 September 2022
|3,027
|16%
|{{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}|'''72%'''
|–
|9%
|4%
|–
|–
|-
| colspan="10" align="center" style="background-color:#CECECE;" |'''Commencement of the official campaign period. (28 September 2022)'''
|-
| [https://www.anapfoundation.com/press-releases/peter-obi-consolidates-lead-in-a-fragmented-presidential-race NIO Polls for Anap Foundation]
|December 2022
|1,000
|13%
|23%
|2%
|10%
|–
|{{Party shading/Nonpartisan}}|'''29%'''
|23%
|-
|[https://www.sbmintel.com/2022/12/projection-2023-presidential-elections/ SBM Intelligence]
|December 2022
|7000
|36%
|22%
|3%
|33%
|
|6%
|
|-
| [https://twitter.com/The_Nextier/status/1622318615188934666 Nextier]
|January 2023
|3,000
|24%
|{{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}|'''37%'''
|6%
|27%
|1%
|–
|5%
|-
| [https://www.stears.co/premium/article/stears-poll-predicts-nigerias-next-president/ Stears]
|January 2023
|6,220
|15.5%
|27.4%
|2%
|12.3%
|–
| {{Party shading/Nonpartisan}}|'''37.5%'''
|–
|-
|[https://www.sbmintel.com/2023/02/the-eie-sbm-2023-election-forecast-it-all-hinges-on-insecurity-and-turnout/ SBM Intelligence]
|16 January - 3 February 2023
|11534
|18%
|36%
|1%
|24%
|
|27%
|
|-
| [https://www.premise.com/blog/nigeria-political-change-20230210/ Premise Data for Bloomberg]
|26 January-4 February 2023
|2,384
|18%
|{{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}|'''66%'''
|–
|10%
|6%
|–
|–
|-
| [http://www.anapfoundation.com/press-releases/2023-elections-peter-obi-maintains-lead-amongst-presidential-poll-respondents NIO Polls for Anap Foundation]
|February 2023
|2,000
|13%
|21%
|3%
|10%
|–
|23%
|{{Party shading/Nonpartisan}}|'''30%'''
|-
| [https://redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com/peter-obi-leads-decisively-in-nigeria-polling/ Redfield & Wilton Strategies]
|10-12 February 2023
| 3,351
|22%
|{{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}|'''62%'''
|3%
|12%
|1%
|–
|–
|}

==== Graphical summary====
{{Graph:Chart
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|yGrid = yes
|yAxisTitle=% support
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|width = 500
|height = 300
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|yAxisMin = 0
|linewidth = 2
|xType = date
|xAxisFormat = %y/%m/%d
|x = 2022/09/15, 2022/09/28, 2022/12/21, 2023/1/27, 2023/2/7, 2023/2/10, 2023/2/15, 2023/2/16
|legend=Candidates

|y1Title = Peter Obi 
|y1 = 21, 72, 23, 37, 27.5, 66, 21, 62

|y2Title = Bola Tinubu
|y2 = 13, 16, 13, 24, 15.5, 18, 13, 22

|y3Title = Atiku Abubakar
|y3 = 13, 9, 10, 27, 12.3, 10, 10, 12

|y4Title = Rabiu Kwankwaso
|y4 = 3, , 2, 6, 2, , 3, 3

|y5Title = Others
|y5 = 1, 4, , 1, , 6, , 1

|y6Title = Undecided
|y6 = 32, , 29, , 37.5, , 23,

|colors= #ee0000, #87BEEB, #006903, #049603, #DDDDBB, #cccccc

|showSymbols=1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
|symbolsShape=circle
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|symbolsStroke=1
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| vAnnotatonsLine = 2022/09/28, 2023/02/23
| vAnnotatonsLabel = Campaign period starts, Campaign period ends
}}

===Election debates and town halls===
At the start of November, fora began as individual town halls moderated by [[Kadaria Ahmed]] were held throughout the month while a series of multi-candidate town halls hosted by [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development]] commenced on 6 November.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ibeh |first1=Ifeanyi |title='The Candidates' returns as Kadaria Ahmed hosts top six presidential candidates, their running mates |url=https://guardian.ng/news/the-candidates-returns-as-kadaria-ahmed-hosts-top-six-presidential-candidates-their-running-mates/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="ARISE town hall 1" /> With a focus on security and the economy, the four most prominent candidates were invited—Abubakar, Kwankwaso, Obi, and Tinubu—but Abubakar sent Okowa as his proxy while Tinubu declined the invitation and was replaced by [[Kola Abiola]], the nominee of the [[People's Redemption Party]].<ref name="premiumtimesng.com"/><ref name="ARISE town hall 1"/> The non-attendance sparked controversy as Abubakar and Tinubu were criticized for non-engagement with public debates by the Obi campaign which later vowed to boycott events without the presence of Abubakar or Tinubu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Obi won't attend debates if Tinubu, Atiku fail to show up – Okupe |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/11/peter-obi-wont-attend-debates-if-tinubu-atiku-fail-to-show-up-okupe/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Agba |first1=George |last2=Orjime |first2=Moses |title=Atiku Absent As Obi, Kwankwaso, Abiola Face Nigerians At Arise News Debate |url=https://leadership.ng/atiku-absent-as-obi-kwankwaso-abiola-face-nigerians-at-arise-news-debate/ |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> During the debate, Obi labeled poverty as a key source of violence and attacked the incumbent administration on security failures while vowing to remove fuel subsidies; Okowa backed the creation of state police forces along with targeted job creation methods; Kwankwaso identified educational failures as a cause of both insecurity and economic issues; and Abiola labeled poor leadership as a key factor in security failures.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iroanusi |first1=QueenEsther |last2=Adenekan |first2=Samson |last3=Majeed |first3=Bakare |title=2023: How Peter Obi, Okowa, Kwankwaso, Abiola fared at Sunday's debate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/563864-2023-how-peter-obi-okowa-kwankwaso-abiola-fared-at-sundays-debate.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>

The Arise-CDD series continued with a minor candidate town hall on 14 November where alternative security methods and the economy dominated discussion.<ref name="ARISE town hall 2" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Terzungwe |first1=Saawua |title=2023: State Police, Economy Dominate Second Arise TV-CDD Town Hall |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-state-police-economy-dominate-second-arise-tv-cdd-town-hall/ |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=13 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Although a [[Nigerian Economic Summit Group]]-hosted economic debate was scheduled for the next day, it was canceled due to "prevailing circumstances."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eromosele |first1=Fortune |title=2023: NESG, NEDG postpone presidential debate on economic policy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/11/2023-nesg-nedg-postpone-presidential-debate-on-economic-policy-2/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NESG Cancels Economic Policy Debates With Presidential Candidates |url=https://dailytrust.com/nesg-cancels-economic-policy-debates-with-presidential-candidates/ |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Major candidates returned on 4 December to the Arise-CDD series with Obi, Kwankwaso, and Abubakar but Tinubu publicly declined the invitation and accused Arise of biased unprofessionalism.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=Town Hall Meeting: Again, Tinubu shuns invitation, says organisers unprofessional, reckless |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/567480-town-hall-meeting-again-tinubu-shuns-invitation-says-organisers-unprofessional-reckless.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Despite Tinubu's absence, the town hall went ahead with a focus on education, healthcare, poverty, and human capital development—all three candidates lamented poor educational quality and brain drain with Obi targeting low investment in education as the source of the issue.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jimoh |first1=Azimazi Momoh |last2=Olatuni |first2=Kehinde |title=Tinubu absent as Atiku, Obi, Kwankwaso spar at Arise TV debate |url=https://guardian.ng/news/tinubu-absent-as-atiku-obi-kwankwaso-spar-at-arise-tv-debate/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Notably, when asked if they would commit to using Nigerian health services, Abubakar refused while Obi and Kwankwaso acceded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arise TV Town Hall Meeting: Tinubu Absent As Atiku Fails To Promise To Use Nigerian Hospitals If Elected President |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/12/05/arise-tv-town-hall-meeting-tinubu-absent-atiku-fails-promise-use-nigerian-hospitals-if |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> A few weeks later in January, a [[Nigerian Elections Debate Group]]-organized debate set for 26 January was postponed due to logistical problems;<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian Elections Debate Group Postpones Today's Presidential Debate Over Challenges With Logistics |url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/01/26/nigerian-elections-debate-group-postpones-todays-presidential-debate-over-challenges |website=[[Sahara Reporters]] |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> the debate was instead held on 12 February. Despite inviting all four major candidates, only Kwankwaso and Obi confirmed their attendance; however, technical issues with the Obi campaign airplane prevented him from attending and left just Kwankwaso to answer questions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Okoronkwo |first1=Nnenna |title=Presidential Debate: LP Blames Obi's Absence On Aircraft's Technical Challenges |url=https://von.gov.ng/presidential-debate-lp-blames-obis-absence-on-aircrafts-technical-challenges/ |website=[[Voice of Nigeria]] |date=12 February 2023 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gidado |first1=Hauwa |title=NNPP Presidential Candidate Promises To Restructure Nigeria |url=https://von.gov.ng/nnpp-presidential-candidate-promises-to-restructure-nigeria/ |website=[[Voice of Nigeria]] |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="NEDG debate" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ 2023 Nigerian presidential election debates and town halls
|-
! rowspan="3"| Date
! rowspan="3"| Organisers
! colspan="11"| {{smaller|&nbsp;&nbsp;}} {{Colors|black|#90FF90|&nbsp;P&nbsp;}} {{smaller|Present{{efn|Denotes a party presidential nominee attending the event.}} &nbsp;}} {{Colors|black|#D0F0C0|&nbsp;S&nbsp;}} {{smaller|Surrogate{{efn|Denotes a party presidential nominee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.}} &nbsp;}} {{Colors|black|#b2fad5|&nbsp;R&nbsp;}} {{smaller|Present replacement{{efn|Denotes the attendance of a replacement invitee due to the non-attendance of an original invitee.}} &nbsp;}}<br/>{{Colors|black|#A2B2C2|&nbsp;NI&nbsp;}} {{smaller|Not invited&nbsp;}} {{Colors|black|#FF9090|&nbsp;A&nbsp;}} {{smaller|Absent invitee&nbsp;}} {{Colors|black|#ffffdd| &nbsp;N&nbsp;}} {{smaller|No debate}}
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|ADP]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[African Action Congress|AAC]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[All Progressives Congress|APC]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|LP]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[New Nigeria Peoples Party|NNPP]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[People's Redemption Party|PRP]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|SDP]]
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Other parties
! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|African Action Congress}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|All Progressives Grand Alliance}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|Labour Party (Nigeria)}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|New Nigeria Peoples Party}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|People's Redemption Party}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};"|
! style="background:{{party color|Others}};"|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| 6 November 2022
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development|CDD]]
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#FF9090;"| '''A'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Bola Tinubu|Tinubu]]}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Peter Obi|Obi]]}}}}
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Kwankwaso]]}}}}
| style="background:#D0F0C0;"| '''S'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Ifeanyi Okowa|Okowa]]}}
| style="background:#b2fad5;"| '''R'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Kola Abiola|Abiola]]}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''<br/>{{smaller|Multiple}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 PRESIDENTIAL TOWN HALL SERIES |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmj2ec22nlY |website=YouTube |publisher=[[Arise News]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| 14 November 2022
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development|CDD]]
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Yabagi Sani|Sani]]}}}}
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Omoyele Sowore|Sowore]]}}}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Peter Umeadi|Umeadi]]}}}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Adewole Adebayo|Adebayo]]}}}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''<br/>{{smaller|Multiple}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ARISE NEWS PRESIDENTIAL TOWN HALL SERIES 2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSp83_xUb1E |website=YouTube |publisher=[[Arise News]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| {{strikethrough|15 November 2022}}
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| [[Nigerian Economic Summit Group|NESG]] and [[Nigerian Elections Debate Group|NEDG]]
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#ffffdd;"| '''N'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Bola Tinubu|Tinubu]]}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#ffffdd;"| '''N'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Peter Obi|Obi]]}}
| style="background:#ffffdd;"| '''N'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Kwankwaso]]}}
| style="background:#ffffdd;"| '''N'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Atiku Abubakar|Abubakar]]}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''<br/>{{smaller|Multiple}}
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erezi |first1=Dennis |title=2023 election: NESG, NEDG cancels presidential debate for Tinubu, Obi, Atiku, others |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-election-nesg-nedg-cancels-presidential-debate-for-tinubu-obi-atiku-others/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=10 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| 4 December 2022
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| [[Arise News]] and the [[Centre for Democracy and Development|CDD]]
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#FF9090;"| '''A'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Bola Tinubu|Tinubu]]}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Peter Obi|Obi]]}}}}
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Kwankwaso]]}}}}
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Atiku Abubakar|Abubakar]]}}}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''<br/>{{smaller|Multiple}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ARISE News Presidential Town Hall Series Three: On Education, Healthcare, Poverty & Human Capital |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlP_1-mBCZU&themeRefresh=1 |website=YouTube |publisher=[[Arise News]] |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| 12 February 2023
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;"| [[Nigerian Elections Debate Group|NEDG]]
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#FF9090;"| '''A'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Bola Tinubu|Tinubu]]}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#FF9090;"| '''A'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Peter Obi|Obi]]}}
| {{Yes|'''P'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Rabiu Kwankwaso|Kwankwaso]]}}}}
| style="background:#FF9090;"| '''A'''<br/>{{smaller|[[Atiku Abubakar|Abubakar]]}}
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''
| style="background:#A2B2C2;"| '''NI'''<br/>{{smaller|Multiple}}
|<ref name="NEDG debate">{{cite web |last1=Shotayo |first1=Nurudeen |title=Kwankwaso debates himself as Obi, Tinubu, Atiku fail to show up |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/kwankwaso-debates-himself-as-obi-tinubu-atiku-fail-to-show-up/x8ymh1v |website=Pulse.ng |date=12 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Projections ===
<div style="overflow-x:auto;>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:92%; line-height:1.2; width:1em"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom"

! State or territory
! [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019 result]]
! [[#By state|2023 result]]

! {{nowrap|[[Europe Elects#Format|Africa Elects]]{{efn|AfricaElects projections predict the likelihood of a candidate winning a state by categorizing a state as "Safe" for exceedingly likely, "Likely" for somewhat likely, and "Lean" for least likely. If no clear determination could be made, states are categorized as "tossups".}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Small|24 February 2023<ref name="Africa Elects state ratings">{{cite web |last1=Elimian |first1=Adrian |title=Nigerian Presidential Election: State Ratings |url=https://africaelects.com/2023/02/24/nigerian-presidential-election-state-ratings/ |website=[[Europe Elects#Format|Africa Elects]] |date=24 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>}}}}}}
! colspan=4 | [[Dataphyte]]{{efn|name=fnDataphyteThisDay|Dataphyte and ThisDay projections predict candidates' projected votal shares in each state.}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Small|11 February 2023<ref name="Dataphyte February projections">{{cite web |title=President Tinubu: Predilections and Predictions |url=https://datadive.substack.com/p/president-tinubu-predilections-and |website=[[Substack]] |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=[[Dataphyte]] |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref>}}}}
! {{Small|{{nowrap|[[Enough is Enough (Nigeria)|Enough is Enough]]}}-<br />{{nowrap|[[SBM Intelligence]]{{efn|EiE-SBM projections predict which candidates will win states.}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Small|17 February 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=The EiE-SBM 2023 Election forecast: It all hinges on insecurity and turnout |url=https://www.sbmintel.com/2023/02/the-eie-sbm-2023-election-forecast-it-all-hinges-on-insecurity-and-turnout/ |website=SBM Intelligence |date=17 February 2023 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>}}}}
! {{nowrap|[[SBM Intelligence]]{{efn|SBM projections predict which candidates will win states or, if no determination could be made, categorizes states as "Too close to call" (TCC).}}}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Small|15 December 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Projection: 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.sbmintel.com/2022/12/projection-2023-presidential-elections/ |website=SBM Intelligence |access-date=27 December 2022 |date=15 December 2022}}</ref>}}}}
! colspan=5 | [[ThisDay]]{{efn|name=fnDataphyteThisDay}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Small|27 December 2022<ref name="ThisDay December projections">{{cite web |title=THISDAY 2023 Election Centre: Why Presidential Run off is Increasingly Likely |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/12/27/thisday-2023-election-centre-why-presidential-run-off-is-increasingly-likely/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=27 December 2022 |date=27 December 2022}}</ref>}}}}
! {{nowrap|[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]{{efn|The Nation projections predict which candidates will win states or, if no determination could be made, categorizes states as "Battlegrounds."}}}}<br />{{nowrap|{{Small|12–19 Feb 2023<ref name="TN February projections">{{cite news |last1=Oladesu |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Alli |first2=Yusuf |last3=O'neil |first3=Shola |last4=Onu |first4=Nwanosike |last5=Odiegwu |first5=Mike |last6=Adeyemi |first6=Kolade |last7=Ihyongo |first7=Fanen |last8=Adenuga |first8=David |last9=Emmanuel |first9=Uja |last10=Alabelewe |first10=AbdulGafar |last11=Shittu |first11=Sola |last12=Asishana |first12=Justina |last13=Duku |first13=Joel |last14=Oota |first14=Linus |last15=Okezie |first15=Augustine |last16=Alao |first16=Onimisi |last17=Onogu |first17=Sanni |last18=Jimoh |first18=Adekunle |last19=Odufowokan |first19='Dare |last20=Adedeji |first20=Toba |last21=Ibrahim |first21=Rasaq |last22=Oladele |first22=Bisi |last23=Otabor |first23=Osagie |last24=Okungbowa |first24=Aiwerie |last25=Nsa |first25=Gil |last26=Anioke |first26=Ogo |last27=Duruihuoma |first27=Damian |last28=Njoku |first28=Chris |last29=Nwankwo |first29=Sunny 
|title=Who wins 2023 presidential election? |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/who-wins-2023-presidential-election/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]] |date=12 February 2023 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Oladesu |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Alli |first2=Yusuf |last3=O'neil |first3=Shola |last4=Onu |first4=Nwanosike |last5=Odiegwu |first5=Mike |last6=Adeyemi |first6=Kolade |last7=Ihyongo |first7=Fanen |last8=Adenuga |first8=David |last9=Emmanuel |first9=Uja |last10=Alabelewe |first10=AbdulGafar |last11=Shittu |first11=Sola |last12=Asishana |first12=Justina |last13=Duku |first13=Joel |last14=Oota |first14=Linus |last15=Okezie |first15=Augustine |last16=Alao |first16=Onimisi |last17=Onogu |first17=Sanni |last18=Jimoh |first18=Adekunle |last19=Odufowokan |first19='Dare |last20=Adedeji |first20=Toba |last21=Ibrahim |first21=Rasaq |last22=Oladele |first22=Bisi |last23=Otabor |first23=Osagie |last24=Okungbowa |first24=Aiwerie |last25=Nsa |first25=Gil |last26=Anioke |first26=Ogo |last27=Duruihuoma |first27=Damian |last28=Njoku |first28=Chris |last29=Nwankwo |first29=Sunny |title=WHO WINS 2023 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION? {{!}} The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/who-wins-2023-presidential-election-2/ |website=The Nation Newspaper |access-date=19 February 2023 |date=19 February 2023}}</ref>}}}}
|- style=font-size:65%
!&nbsp;!! !! !! !! Tinubu !! Obi !! Abubakar !! Others !! !! !! Tinubu !! Obi !! Kwankwaso !! Abubakar !! Others/<br />Undecided !! <!-- blank row to avoid sort buttons covering up text in header row-->
|-
|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Abia State|Abia]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=41.65 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+41.65%
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+82.27%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#a91e0e| {{colour|white|Safe Obi}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 14.38%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 62.79%
<!--DP PDP--> | 18.99%
<!--DP O-->   | 3.84%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 10%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 60%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 15%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Adamawa State|Adamawa]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=3.96 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+3.96% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+32.11%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#005900| {{colour|white|Safe Abubakar}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 24.51%
<!--DP LP-->  | 20.60%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404| 37.55%
<!--DP O-->   | 17.34%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404| Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404| Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 20%
<!--TD LP-->  | 10%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 5%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404|60%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#009404| Abubakar

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=38.08 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+38.08% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+9.61%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#ffc9cb| Lean Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 17.07%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 56.29%
<!--DP PDP--> | 22.75%
<!--DP O-->   | 3.89%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 15%
<!--TD LP-->  | 30%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404|40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#009404| Abubakar

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Anambra State|Anambra]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=81.13 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+81.13%
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+93.77%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#a91e0e| {{colour|white|Safe Obi}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 20.06%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 67.10%
<!--DP PDP--> | 6.53%
<!--DP O-->   | 6.32%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 5%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 70%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 10%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bauchi State|Bauchi]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-57.52 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+57.52% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+12.88%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#00c00e| Likely Abubakar
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 19.80%
<!--DP LP-->  | 8.07%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404 | 65.12%
<!--DP O-->   | 7.00%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 20%
<!--TD LP-->  | 5%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 15%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404|40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 20%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=24.58 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+24.58% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+11.39%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#ffc9cb| Lean Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 20.87%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 45.03%
<!--DP PDP--> | 28.05%
<!--DP O-->   | 6.05%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 20%
<!--TD LP-->  | 30%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404|40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#009404| Abubakar

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Benue State|Benue]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=1.25 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+1.25%
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+0.28%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#e35053| Likely Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 24.44%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 33.57%
<!--DP PDP--> | 24.44%
<!--DP O-->   | 17.54%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 20%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 30%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 10%
<!--TD PDP--> | 25%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Borno State|Borno]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-83.14 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+83.14% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+13.19%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#192da7 data-sort-value=Tinubu, Safe| {{colour|white|Safe Tinubu}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 |45.37%
<!--DP LP-->  | 4.95%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 |45.37%
<!--DP O-->   | 4.32%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 40%
<!--TD LP-->  | –
<!--TD NNPP-->| 20%
<!--TD PDP--> | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Cross River State|Cross River]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=42.30 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+42.30%
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+11.85%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#e35053| Likely Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 46.74%
<!--DP LP-->  | 38.97%
<!--DP PDP--> | 7.62%
<!--DP O-->   | 6.68%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 25%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 35%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 20%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Delta State|Delta]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=44.92 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+44.92%
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+29.29%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#999999| Tossup
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 15.99%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 57.94%
<!--DP PDP--> | 20.84%
<!--DP O-->   | 5.23%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 15%
<!--TD LP-->  | 35%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404|40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#009404| Abubakar

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=46.74 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+46.74%
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+66.80%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#a91e0e| {{colour|white|Safe Obi}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 37.72%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 46.85%
<!--DP PDP--> | 8.24%
<!--DP O-->   | 7.19%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 15%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 60%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 15%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Edo State|Edo]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=1.40 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+1.40% 
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+32.11%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#e35053| Likely Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 25.14%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 31.46%
<!--DP PDP--> | 25.14%
<!--DP O-->   | 18.25%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 15%
<!--TD LP-->  | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ekiti State|Ekiti]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-17.11 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+17.11% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+36.32%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#192da7 data-sort-value=Tinubu, Safe| {{colour|white|Safe Tinubu}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 38.33%
<!--DP LP-->  | 33.52%
<!--DP PDP--> | 15.47%
<!--DP O-->   | 12.62%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 45%
<!--TD LP-->  | 15%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 20%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Enugu State|Enugu]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=71.52 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+71.52% 
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+90.46%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#a91e0e| {{colour|white|Safe Obi}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 16.42%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 56.65%
<!--DP PDP--> | 21.50%
<!--DP O-->   | 5.43%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 10%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 60%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 15%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in the Federal Capital Territory|FCT]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=25.42 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+25.42% 
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+41.47%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#e35053| Likely Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 33.01%
<!--DP LP-->  | 28.90%
<!--DP PDP--> | 20.68%
<!--DP O-->   | 17.41%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
| colspan=5 | N/A
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Gombe State|Gombe]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-47.72 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+47.72% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+33.35%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#00c00e| Likely Abubakar
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 39.05%
<!--DP LP-->  | 11.95%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 39.05%
<!--DP O-->   | 9.95%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 20%
<!--TD LP-->  | 15%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 5%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404| 40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 20%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Imo State|Imo]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=38.01 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+38.01%
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+62.43%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#a91e0e| {{colour|white|Safe Obi}}
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 30.25%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 55.10%
<!--DP PDP--> | 8.23%
<!--DP O-->   | 6.43%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 15%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 60%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Jigawa State|Jigawa]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-45.63 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+45.63% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+3.78%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#999999| Tossup
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 44.61%
<!--DP LP-->  | 6.10%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 44.61%
<!--DP O-->   | 4.69%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 25%
<!--TD LP-->  | –
<!--TD NNPP-->| 25%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404| 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kaduna State|Kaduna]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-20.67 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+20.67% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+11.40%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#999999| Tossup
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 34.71%
<!--DP LP-->  | 16.56%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 34.71%
<!--DP O-->   | 14.02%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | 30%
<!--TD LP-->  | 20%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 20%
<!--TD PDP--> | 25%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kano State|Kano]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-56.74 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+56.74% 
| {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | <abbr title="Rabiu Kwankwaso (NNPP)">RK</abbr>+28.19%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#ffeeaa| Lean Kwankwaso
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 45.57%
<!--DP LP-->  | 4.96%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 45.57%
<!--DP O-->   | 3.89%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#999999 | {{smaller|Too close to call}}
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 30%
<!--TD LP-->  | 5%
<!--TD NNPP-->| {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 40%
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Katsina State|Katsina]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-59.41 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+59.41% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+0.63%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#bed7ff| Lean Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 46.27%
<!--DP LP-->  | 4.10%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 46.27%
<!--DP O-->   | 3.36%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 30%
<!--TD LP-->  | –
<!--TD NNPP-->| 30%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404| 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kebbi State|Kebbi]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-56.47 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+56.47% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+6.63%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#87de87| Lean Abubakar
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 42.87%
<!--DP LP-->  | 7.91%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 42.87%
<!--DP O-->   | 6.36%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#999999 | {{smaller|Too close to call}}
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD LP-->  | –
<!--TD NNPP-->| 20%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kogi State|Kogi]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-12.99 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+12.99% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+20.93%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#999999| Tossup
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 37.73%
<!--DP LP-->  | 21.55%
<!--DP PDP--> | 22.54%
<!--DP O-->   | 18.18%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD LP-->  | 15%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 5%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kwara State|Kwara]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-37.16 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+37.16% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+26.95%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#4b9cf9 data-sort-value=Tinubu, Likely| Likely Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 42.54%
<!--DP LP-->  | 17.66%
<!--DP PDP--> | 25.21%
<!--DP O-->   | 14.59%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#999999 | {{smaller|Too close to call}}
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 35%
<!--TD LP-->  | 10%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 10%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404| 40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Lagos State|Lagos]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-12.19 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+12.19% 
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+0.77%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#999999| Tossup
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 44.61%
<!--DP LP-->  | 18.53%
<!--DP PDP--> | 21.21%
<!--DP O-->   | 15.66%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 45%
<!--TD LP-->  | 25%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 5%
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-1.05 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+1.05% 
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+3.41%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#999999| Tossup
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 37.54%
<!--DP LP-->  | 21.11%
<!--DP PDP--> | 23.70%
<!--DP O-->   | 17.65%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 30%
<!--TD LP-->  | 25%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 10%
<!--TD PDP--> | 25%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Niger State|Niger]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-46.29 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+46.29% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+11.59%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#999999| Tossup
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 47.59%
<!--DP LP-->  | 16.94%
<!--DP PDP--> | 20.88%
<!--DP O-->   | 14.58%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD LP-->  | 10%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 10%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ogun State|Ogun]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-15.44 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+15.44% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+37.53%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#4b9cf9 data-sort-value=Tinubu, Likely| Likely Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 44.95%
<!--DP LP-->  | 18.14%
<!--DP PDP--> | 21.63%
<!--DP O-->   | 15.28%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 45%
<!--TD LP-->  | 5%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 15%
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ondo State|Ondo]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=6.14 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+6.14%
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+46.19%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#4b9cf9 data-sort-value=Tinubu, Likely| Likely Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 37.86%
<!--DP LP-->  | 33.36%
<!--DP PDP--> | 15.85%
<!--DP O-->   | 12.93%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 45%
<!--TD LP-->  | 10%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 10%
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Osun State|Osun]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-1.43 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+1.43% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+1.42%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#4b9cf9 data-sort-value=Tinubu, Likely| Likely Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 38.27%
<!--DP LP-->  | 19.99%
<!--DP PDP--> | 25.18%
<!--DP O-->   | 16.56%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD LP-->  | 5%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 5%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 20%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Oyo State|Oyo]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=0.17 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+0.17%
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+32.98%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#bed7ff| Lean Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 37.84%
<!--DP LP-->  | 19.95%
<!--DP PDP--> | 25.11%
<!--DP O-->   | 17.10%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 40%
<!--TD LP-->  | 15%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 10%
<!--TD PDP--> | 20%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Plateau State|Plateau]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=7.74 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+7.74%
| bgcolor=#e15445 | <abbr title="Peter Obi (LP)">PO</abbr>+14.62%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#ffc9cb| Lean Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 33.02%
<!--DP LP-->  | 29.97%
<!--DP PDP--> | 20.12%
<!--DP O-->   | 16.89%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 20%
<!--TD LP-->  | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 5%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 5%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Rivers State|Rivers]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=50.34 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+50.34%
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+10.80%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#e35053| Likely Obi
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 14.49%
<!--DP LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 62.46%
<!--DP PDP--> | 19.27%
<!--DP O-->   | 3.83%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 10%
<!--TD LP-->  | {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| 35%
<!--TD NNPP-->| –
<!--TD PDP--> | 15%
<!--TD O/U--> | 40%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Sokoto State|Sokoto]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-14.77 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+14.77% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+0.55%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#00c00e| Likely Abubakar
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 28.49%
<!--DP LP-->  | 8.32%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404 | 56.89%
<!--DP O-->   | 6.31%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 35%
<!--TD LP-->  | –
<!--TD NNPP-->| 15%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404| 40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#999999| Battleground

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Taraba State|Taraba]]
| bgcolor=#009404 data-sort-value=6.99 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+6.99% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+8.55%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#87de87| Lean Abubakar
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | 27.52%
<!--DP LP-->  | 27.37%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404 |33.77%
<!--DP O-->   | 16.35%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}}| Obi
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | 10%
<!--TD LP-->  | 20%
<!--TD NNPP-->| 20%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#009404|40%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | bgcolor=#009404| Abubakar

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Yobe State|Yobe]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-79.93 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+79.93% 
| bgcolor=#009404 | <abbr title="Atiku Abubakar (PDP)">AA</abbr>+12.44%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#4b9cf9 data-sort-value=Tinubu, Likely| Likely Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 46.69%
<!--DP LP-->  | 3.62%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 46.69%
<!--DP O-->   | 3.00%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| bgcolor=#009404 | Abubakar
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}}| 40%
<!--TD LP-->  | –
<!--TD NNPP-->| 15%
<!--TD PDP--> | 30%
<!--TD O/U--> | 15%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|-
! [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Zamfara State|Zamfara]]
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} data-sort-value=-54.16 | <abbr title="Muhammadu Buhari (APC)">MB</abbr>+54.16% 
| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | <abbr title="Bola Tinubu (APC)">BT</abbr>+20.76%
<!--      Africa Elects        -->
<!--AE-->     | bgcolor=#bed7ff| Lean Tinubu
<!--         Dataphyte         -->
<!--DP APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 43.30%
<!--DP LP-->  | 7.51%
<!--DP PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 43.30%
<!--DP O-->   | 5.69%
<!--         EiE/SBM          -->
<!--EiE/SBM-->| {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--     SBM Intelligence      -->
<!--SBM-->    | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu
<!--           ThisDay          -->
<!--TD APC--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD LP-->  | –
<!--TD NNPP-->| 20%
<!--TD PDP--> | bgcolor=#999999 | 35%
<!--TD O/U--> | 10%
<!--       The Nation          -->
<!--Nation--> | {{Party shading/All Progressives Congress}} | Tinubu

|}
</div>

== General election ==
=== Results ===
{{Election results
|cand1=[[Bola Tinubu]]
|vp1=[[Kashim Shettima]]
|party1=[[All Progressives Congress|APC]]
|votes1=8794726

|cand2=[[Atiku Abubakar]]
|vp2=[[Ifeanyi Okowa]]
|party2=[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]
|votes2=6984520

|cand3=[[Peter Obi]]
|vp3=[[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]]
|party3=[[Labour Party (Nigeria)|LP]]
|votes3=6101533

|cand4=[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]]
|vp4=Isaac Idahosa
|party4=[[New Nigeria Peoples Party|NNPP]]
|votes4=1496687

|cand5=[[Christopher Imumolen]]
|vp5=Bello Bala Maru
|party5=[[Accord (Nigeria)|A]]
|votes5=

|cand6=[[Hamza al-Mustapha]]
|vp6=Chukwuka Johnson
|party6=[[Action Alliance|AA]]
|votes6=

|cand7=[[Yabagi Sani]]
|vp7=Udo Okey-Okoro
|party7=[[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|ADP]]
|votes7=

|cand8=Osita Nnadi
|vp8=Isa Hamisu
|party8=[[Action Peoples Party|APP]]
|votes8=

|cand9=[[Omoyele Sowore]]
|vp9=Haruna Garba Magashi
|party9=[[African Action Congress|AAC]]
|votes9=

|cand10=Dumebi Kachikwu
|vp10=Ahmed Buhari
|party10=[[African Democratic Congress|ADC]]
|votes10=

|cand11=Peter Umeadi
|vp11=Abdullahi Muhammed Koli
|party11=[[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]]
|votes11=

|cand12=Princess Chichi Ojei
|vp12=Ibrahim Mohammed
|party12=[[Allied Peoples Movement|APM]]
|votes12=

|cand13=Sunday Adenuga
|vp13=Mustapha Usman Turaki
|party13=[[Boot Party|BP]]
|votes13=

|cand14=Felix Johnson Osakwe
|vp14=Yahaya Muhammad Kyabo
|party14=[[National Rescue Movement|NRM]]
|votes14=

|cand15=Kola Abiola
|vp15=Haro Haruna Zego
|party15=[[People's Redemption Party|PRP]]
|votes15=

|cand16=[[Adewole Adebayo]]
|vp16=Yusuf Buhari
|party16=[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|SDP]]
|votes16=

|cand17=Malik Ado-Ibrahim
|vp17=Kasarachi Enyinna
|party17=[[Young Progressives Party|YPP]]
|votes17=

|cand18=[[Dan Nwanyanwu]]
|vp18=Ramalan Abubakar
|party18=[[Zenith Labour Party|ZLP]]
|votes18=

|invalid=
|electorate=93469008
|source=<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 May 2023|language=de|title=Presidential election official results|url=https://inecelectionresults.ng/pres/elections/63f8f25b594e164f8146a213?type=pres|website=inecelectionresults.ng}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=aljazeera.com |publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023: State by state breakdown of presidential result as INEC announce am |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-64780492 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=bbc.com/pidgin |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
}}

==== By geopolitical zone ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size: 94%"
! rowspan="2" |[[Geopolitical zones of Nigeria|Geopolitical zone]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bola Tinubu]]<br /><small>APC</small>
! colspan="2" |[[Peter Obi]]<br /><small>LP</small>
! colspan="2" |[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]]<br /><small>NNPP</small>
! colspan="2" |[[Atiku Abubakar]]<br /><small>PDP</small>
! colspan="2" |Others
! rowspan="2" |{{resize|Total<br />Valid Votes}}
! rowspan="2" |{{resize|Turnout<br />Percentage}}
|-
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[North Central Nigeria|North Central]]{{efn|Comprising the states of [[Benue State|Benue]], [[Kogi State|Kogi]], [[Kwara State|Kwara]], [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]], [[Niger State|Niger]], and [[Plateau State|Plateau]] in addition to the [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Federal Capital Territory]].}}
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''1,760,993'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''38.58%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1,415,577
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 31.01%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 60,056
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1.32%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1,162,087
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 25.46%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 165,638
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 3.63%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,564,351
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | %
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[North East (Nigeria)|North East]]{{efn|Comprising the states of [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]], [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[Borno State|Borno]], [[Gombe State|Gombe]], [[Taraba State|Taraba]], and [[Yobe State|Yobe]].}}
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1,185,458
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 34.50%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 315,107
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 9.17%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 126,343
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 3.68%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''1,737,846'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''50.58%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 70,987
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 2.07%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 3,435,741
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | %
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[North West (Nigeria)|North West]]{{efn|Comprising the states of [[Jigawa State|Jigawa]], [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]], [[Kano State|Kano]], [[Katsina State|Katsina]], [[Kebbi State|Kebbi]], [[Sokoto State|Sokoto]], and [[Zamfara State|Zamfara]].}}
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''2,652,235'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''39.64%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 350,182
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 5.23%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1,268,250
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 18.96%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 2,329,540
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 34.82%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 90,415
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1.35%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 6,690,622
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | %
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[South East (Nigeria)|South East]]{{efn|Comprising the states of [[Abia State|Abia]], [[Anambra State|Anambra]], [[Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]], [[Enugu State|Enugu]], and [[Imo State|Imo]].}}
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 127,370
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 5.72%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''1,952,998'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''87.78%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 8,211
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.37%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 90,968
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 4.09%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 45,387
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.04%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2,224,934
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | %
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[South South]]{{efn|Comprising the states of [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]], [[Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]], [[Cross River State|Cross River]], [[Delta State|Delta]], [[Edo State|Edo]], and [[Rivers State|Rivers]].}}
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 799,957
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 27.99%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''1,210,675'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''42.37%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 17,167
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.60%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 717,908
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 25.12%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 111,933
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 3.92%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2,857,640
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | %
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[South West (Nigeria)|South West]]{{efn|Comprising the states of [[Ekiti State|Ekiti]], [[Lagos State|Lagos]], [[Ogun State|Ogun]], [[Ondo State|Ondo]], [[Osun State|Osun]], and [[Oyo State|Oyo]].}}
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''2,279,407'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''53.59%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 846,478
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 19.90%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 16,644
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.39%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 941,941
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 22.15%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 168,972
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 3.97%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,253,442
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | %
|-
|-
!Totals
!8,794,726
!36.61%
!6,101,533
!25.40%
!1,496,687
!6.23%
!6,984,520
!29.07%
!648,474
!2.59%
!24,025,940
!26.71%
|}

==== By state ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size: 92%"
! rowspan="2" |[[States of Nigeria|State]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bola Tinubu]]<br /><small>APC</small>
! colspan="2" |[[Peter Obi]]<br /><small>LP</small>
! colspan="2" |[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]]<br /><small>NNPP</small>
! colspan="2" |[[Atiku Abubakar]]<br /><small>PDP</small>
! colspan="2" |Others
! rowspan="2" |{{resize|Total<br />Valid Votes}}
! rowspan="2" |{{resize|Turnout<br />Percentage}}
|-
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
!Votes
!<small>Percentage</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Abia State|Abia State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Opanuga |first1=Jimisayo |title=2023 election: Obi wins in Abia, defeats Tinubu, Atiku, Kwankwaso |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-election-obi-wins-in-abia-defeats-tinubu-atiku-kwankwaso/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 8,914
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.41%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''327,095'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''88.40%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,239
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.33%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 22,676
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 6.13%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 10,113
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.73%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 370,037
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 18.00%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Adamawa State|Adamawa State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ochetenwu |first1=Jim |title=Atiku gets 417,611 votes to take home state Adamawa |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/atiku-gets-417611-votes-to-take-home-state-adamawa/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 182,881
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 25.01%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 105,648
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 14.45%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 8,006
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.10%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''417,611'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''57.12%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 16,994
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 2.32%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 731,140
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 34.67%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Odunsi |first1=Wale |title=BREAKING: Atiku floors Tinubu, Obi in Akwa Ibom presidential election |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/atiku-floors-tinubu-obi-in-akwa-ibom-presidential-election/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Onuegbu |first1=Chioma |title=Atiku wins 18LGs, Tinubu wins 3, Obi wins 2 in Akwa Ibom |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/atiku-wins-18lgs-tinubu-wins-3-obi-wins-2-in-akwa-ibom/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Odey |first1=Patrick |title=#NigeriaElection2023: Atiku wins Akwa Ibom |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelection2023-atiku-wins-akwa-ibom/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 160,620
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 28.94%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 132,683
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 23.90%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 7,796
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.41%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''214,012'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''38.55%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 39,978
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 7.20%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 555,089
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 24.92%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Anambra State|Anambra State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eleke |first1=David-Chyddy |title=INEC Declares Obi Winner of Presidential Election in Anambra |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/28/inec-declares-obi-winner-of-presidential-election-in-anambra/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 5,111
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.83%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''584,621'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''95.24%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,967
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.32%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 9,036
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1.47%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 13,126
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.14%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 613,861
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 24.63%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bauchi State|Bauchi State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bakam |first1=Armstrong |title=NigeriaElections2023: Atiku wins Bauchi with 109,913 votes |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-atiku-wins-bauchi-with-109913-votes/ |website=[[Punch Nigeria]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 316,694
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 37.10%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 27,373
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 3.21%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 72,103
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 8.45%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''426,607'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''49.98%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 10,739
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.26%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 853,516
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 31.10%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bayelsa State|Bayelsa State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ukpong |first1=Cletus |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Atiku wins Bayelsa |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/585301-nigeriadecides2023-atiku-wins-bayelsa.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Channels TV]] |user=channelstv |number=1630353900195794944 |title=Cumulative Presidential Results from Bayelsa  State |link=https://mobile.twitter.com/channelstv/status/1630353900195794944}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 42,572
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 25.75%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 49,975
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 30.23%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 540
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 0.33%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''68,818'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''41.62%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 3,420
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 2.07%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 165,325
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 16.38%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Benue State|Benue State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Opanuga |first1=Jimisayo |title=2023 election: Tinubu wins in Benue, defeats Atiku, Obi, Kwankwaso |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-election-tinubu-wins-in-benue-defeats-atiku-obi-kwankwaso/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''310,468'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''40.32%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 308,372
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 40.04%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,740
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.62%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 130,081
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 16.89%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 16,414
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 2.13%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 770,075
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 28.72%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Borno State|Borno State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Angbulu |first1=Stephen |title=BREAKING: Tinubu wins Borno with 252,282 votes |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-tinubu-wins-borno-with-252282-votes/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''252,282'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''54.22%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 7,205 
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1.55%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,626
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.99%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 190,921 
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 41.03%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 10,253
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 2.20%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 465,287
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 19.94%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Cross River State|Cross River State]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Channels TV]] |user=channelstv |number=1630354452791140353 |title=Total vote from INEC PRESIDENTIAL COLLATION CENTER CROSS RIVER STATE. |link=https://twitter.com/channelstv/status/1630354452791140353}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 130,520
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 31.30%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''179,917'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''43.15%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,644
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.39%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 95,425
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 22.89%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 9,462
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.27%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 416,968
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 26.10%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Delta State|Delta State]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=2023 Elections: Peter Obi Floors PDP, APC In Okowa's Delta State |language=en-US |work=Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/02/28/2023-elections-peter-obi-floors-pdp-apc-in-okowas-delta-state/ |access-date=2023-02-28}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 90,183
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 14.66%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''341,866'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''55.55%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 3,122
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.51%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 161,600
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 26.26%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 18,570
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 3.02%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 615,341
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 20.32%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ebonyi State|Ebonyi State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eze |first1=James |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Peter Obi floors Tinubu, Atiku in Ebonyi |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/585326-nigeriadecides2023-peter-obi-floors-tinubu-atiku-in-ebonyi.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 42,402
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 13.03%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''259,738'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''79.83%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,661
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.51%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 13,503
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 4.15%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 8,047
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.48%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 325,351
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 21.58%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Edo State|Edo State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adedipe |first1=Adeyinka |title=#NigeriaElections2023: Obi floors Atiku, Tinubu in Edo |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-obi-floors-atiku-tinubu-in-edo/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 144,471
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 24.86%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''331,163'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''56.97%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2,743
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.47%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 89,585
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 15.41%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 13,304
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.29%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 581,266
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 24.01%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ekiti State|Ekiti State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adegboyega |first1=Ayodeji |last2=Adebowale-Tambe |first2=Nike |title=JUST IN: #NigeriaDecides2023: Tinubu wins presidential election in Ekiti State |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/584547-just-in-nigeriadecides2023-tinubu-wins-presidential-election-in-ekiti-state.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><!--https://24liveblog.tradingfront.cn/event/3259446838978635342/20230226120013_044675.jpeg-->
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''201,494'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''65.38%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 11,397
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 3.70%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 264
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.09%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 89,554
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 29.06%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 5,462
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1.77%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 308,171
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 31.84%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Enugu State|Enugu State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Uzodinma |first1=Emmanuel |title=Obi sweeps all 17 LGAs in Enugu |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/obi-sweeps-all-17-lgas-in-enugu/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ede |first1=Raphael |title=#NigeriaElections2023: Obi sweeps Enugu in presidential election |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-obi-sweeps-enugu-in-presidential-election/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 4,772
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1.05%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''428,640'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''93.91%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,808
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.40%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 15,749
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 3.45%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 5,455
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1.20%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 456,424
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 22.19%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | {{resize|[[2023 Nigerian presidential election in the Federal Capital Territory|Federal Capital Territory]]}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majeed |first1=Bakare |title=UPDATED: #NigeriaDecides2023: Obi wins Abuja with wide margin |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/585212-just-in-nigeriadecides2023-obi-wins-abuja-with-wide-margin.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 90,902
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 19.76%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''281,717'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''61.23%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 4,517
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.98%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 74,194
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 16.13%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 8,741
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1.90%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 460,071
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 30.48%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Gombe State|Gombe State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Opanuga |first1=Jimisayo |title=Atiku wins in Gombe, defeats Tinubu, Obi, Kwankwaso |url=https://guardian.ng/news/atiku-wins-in-gombe-defeats-tinubu-obi-kwankwaso/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 146,977
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 28.82%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 26,160
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 5.13%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 10,520
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 2.06%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''317,123'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''62.17%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 9,263
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.82%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 510,043
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 33.87%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Imo State|Imo State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ugwu |first1=Chinagorom |title=Peter Obi records landslide victory in Imo |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/585291-just-in-peter-obi-records-landslide-victory-in-imo.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 66,171
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 14.41%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''352,904'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''76.84%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,536
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.33%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 30,004
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 6.53%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 8,646
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1.88%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 459,261
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 22.10%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Jigawa State|Jigawa State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Muntari |first1=Tukur |title=#NigeriaElections2023: Tinubu wins Jigawa with 421,390 votes |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-tinubu-wins-jigawa-with-421390-votes/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmadu Maishanu |first1=Abubakar |title=Tinubu defeats Atiku in Jigawa, wins in 19 out of 27 LGAs|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/584927-tinubu-defeats-atiku-in-jigawa-wins-in-19-out-of-27-lgas.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''421,390'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''45.78%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1,889
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.20%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 98,234
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 10.67%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 386,587
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 42.00%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 12,431
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1.35%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 920,531
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 40.78%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kaduna State|Kaduna State]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nathaniel |first1=Soonest |title=2023 Elections: Atiku Sweeps Kaduna With 554,360 Votes |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/02/28/2023-elections-atiku-sweeps-kaduna-with-554360-votes/ |website=[[Channels TV]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 399,293
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 29.36%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 294,494
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 21.65%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 92,969
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 6.83%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''554,360'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''40.76%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 19,037
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.40%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1,360,153
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 32.33%
|-
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kano State|Kano State]]<ref name="Kano results">{{cite web |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Kwankwaso wins Kano with almost one million votes |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585130-nigeriadecides2023-kwankwaso-wins-kano-with-almost-one-million-votes.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 517,341
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 30.40%
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 28,513
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 1.67%
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | '''997,279'''
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | '''58.59%'''
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 131,716
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 7.74%
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 27,156
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 1.6%
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 1,702,005
| bgcolor=#c4b5bb align="center" {{Party shading/New Nigeria Peoples Party}} | 30.15%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Katsina State|Katsina State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Ogalah |title=Buhari's home state bows to PDP, as Atiku defeats Tinubu in Katsina |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/buharis-home-state-bows-to-pdp-as-atiku-defeats-tinubu-in-katsina/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 482,283
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 45.56%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 6,376
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 0.60%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 69,386
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 6.56%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''489,045'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''46.19%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 11,583
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.09%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1,058,673
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 31.03%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kebbi State|Kebbi State]]<ref>{{cite web |title=#NigeriaElections2023: Atiku wins Kebbi with 285,175 votes |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-atiku-wins-kebbi-with-285175-votes/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 February 2023 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 248,088
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 44.34%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 10,682
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.91%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 5,038
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 0.90%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''285,175'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''50.97%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 10,539
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.88%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 559,522
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 29.81%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kogi State|Kogi State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Opanuga |first1=Jimisayo |title=2023 election: Tinubu wins in Kogi, defeats Atiku, Obi, Kwankwaso |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-election-tinubu-wins-in-kogi-defeats-atiku-obi-kwankwaso/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''240,751'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''52.70%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 56,217
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 12.31%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,238
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.93%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 145,104
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 31.77%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 10,480
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 2.29%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 456,790
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 24.63%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Kwara State|Kwara State]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BREAKING: Tinubu Wins Presidential Election in Kwara State |url=https://www.lawyard.org/news/breaking-tinubu-wins-presidential-election-in-kwara-state/ |website=Lawyard |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Daily Trust]] |user=daily_trust |number=1630046630010290177 |title=Results sheet of the presidential election in Kwara |link=https://twitter.com/daily_trust/status/1630046630010290177}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''263,572'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''56.08%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 31,186
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 6.63%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 3,141
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.67%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 136,909
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 29.13%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 35,203
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 7.49%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 469,971
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 29.29%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Lagos State|Lagos State]]<ref name="Lagos result">{{cite web |last1=Adelagun |first1=Oluwakemi |archive-url=http://archive.today/2023.02.27-160936/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/584905-just-in-peter-obi-defeats-tinubu-wins-presidential-election-in-lagos.html|archive-date=2023-02-28|last2=Adebowale-Tambe |first2=Nike |title=UPDATED: #NigeriaDecides2023: Peter Obi defeats Tinubu, wins presidential election in Lagos |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/584905-just-in-peter-obi-defeats-tinubu-wins-presidential-election-in-lagos.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 572,606
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 45.04%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''582,454'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''45.81%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 8,442
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.66%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 75,750
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 5.96%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 32,199
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.53%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,271,451
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 18.92%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Nasarawa State|Nasarawa State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sunday |first1=Collins |title=#NigeriaElections2023: Peter Obi wins Nasarawa |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-peter-obi-wins-nasarawa/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 172,922
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 31.99%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''191,361'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''35.40%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 12,715
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 2.35%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 147,093
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 27.21%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 16,475
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 3.05%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 540,566
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 21.82%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Niger State|Niger State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maishanu |first1=Abubakar Ahmadu |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Tinubu wins Niger |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585315-nigeriadecides2023-tinubu-wins-niger.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''375,183'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''48.18%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 80,452
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 10.33%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 21,836
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 2.81%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 284,898
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 36.59%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 16,299
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 2.09%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 778,668
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 30.49%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ogun State|Ogun State]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Channels TV]] |user=channelstv |number=1629998086608044033 |title=OGUN STATE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS
 |link=https://mobile.twitter.com/channelstv/status/1629998086608044033}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''341,554'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''58.88%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 85,829
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 14.79%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 2,200
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.38%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 123,831
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 21.35%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 26,710
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4.60%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 580,124
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 22.75%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Ondo State|Ondo State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Dayo |title=Polls: Tinubu beats Atiku with 246,477 votes in Ondo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/polls-tinubu-beats-atiku-with-246477-votes-in-ondo/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''369,924'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''67.14%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 44,405
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 8.06%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 930
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.17%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 115,463
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 20.95%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 20,286
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 3.68%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 551,008
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 28.62%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Osun State|Osun State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ezediuno |first1=Francis |title=BREAKING: Atiku defeats Tinubu, Peter Obi in Osun (See Results) |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/26/atiku-defeats-tinubu-peter-obi-in-osun-see-results/ |website=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 343,945
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 46.91%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 23,283
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 3.17%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 713
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 0.10%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''354,366'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''48.33%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 10,896
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.49%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 733,203
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 38.71%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Oyo State|Oyo State]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Inside Oyo |user=insideoyo |number=1630170659710967808 |title=OFFICIAL: Tinubu Wins Presidential Election In Oyo State |link=https://twitter.com/insideoyo/status/1630170659710967808}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''449,884'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''55.58%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 99,110
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 12.24%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,095
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.51%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 182,977
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 22.60%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 73,419
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 9.07%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 809,485
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 26.32%
|-
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Plateau State|Plateau State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bere |first1=Gyang |title=Obi beats Tinubu, Atiku in Plateau |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/obi-beats-tinubu-atiku-in-plateau/ |website=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 307,195
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 28.23%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''466,272'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | '''42.85%'''
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 8,869
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 0.81%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 243,808
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 22.41%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 62,026
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 5.70%
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 1,088,170
| bgcolor=#e15445 align="center" | 40.33%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Rivers State|Rivers State]]<ref name="Rivers State results">{{cite web |last1=Naku |first1=Dennis |title=Tinubu wins Rivers with 231,591 votes |url=https://punchng.com/tinubu-wins-rivers-with-231591-votes/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''231,591'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''44.23%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 175,071
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 33.43%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1,322
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.25%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 88,468
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 16.90%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 27,199
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 5.19%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 523,651
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 16.71%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Sokoto State|Sokoto State]]<ref>{{cite web |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Atiku wins in Sokoto |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/585201-nigeriadecides2023-atiku-wins-in-sokoto.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]] |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 285,444
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 48.64%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 6,568
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1.12%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 1,300
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 0.22%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''288,679'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''49.19%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 4,824
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 0.82%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 586,815
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 29.84%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Taraba State|Taraba State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babangida |first1=Mohammed |title=#NigeriaDecides: Atiku wins Taraba ahead of Obi, Tinubu |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585363-nigeriadecides-atiku-wins-taraba-ahead-of-obi-tinubu.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 135,165
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 27.07%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 146,315
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 29.30%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 12,818
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 2.57%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''189,017'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''37.85%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 16,043
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 3.21%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 499,358
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 26.67%
|-
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Yobe State|Yobe State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hemba |first1=Joe |title=In major upset, Atiku defeats Tinubu in APC stronghold state, Yobe |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585024-in-major-upset-atiku-defeats-tinubu-in-apc-stronghold-state-yobe.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Yobe: 2023 Presidential Election (State Results) |url=https://twitter.com/channelstv/status/1630145305529270273?s=20 |website=Twitter |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 151,459
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 40.03%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 2,406
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 0.64%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 18,270
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 4.83%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''196,567'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | '''52.47%'''
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 7,695
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 2.03%
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 378,397
| bgcolor=#009404 align="center" | 26.75%
|-
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | [[2023 Nigerian presidential election in Zamfara State|Zamfara State]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babangida |first1=Mohammed |title=#NigeriaDecides2023: APC's Tinubu floors PDP's Atiku in Zamfara |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/585175-nigeriadecides2023-apcs-tinubu-floors-pdps-atiku-in-zamfara.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''298,396'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | '''59.33%'''
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 1,660
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.33%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,044
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.81%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 193,978
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 38.57%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 4,845
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 0.96%
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 502,923
| bgcolor=#87BEEB align="center" | 27.64%
|-
!Totals
!8,794,726
!36.61%
!6,101,533
!25.40%
!1,496,687
!6.23%
!6,984,520
!29.07%
!648,474
!2.59%
!24,025,940
!26.71%
|}

===== Close states =====
States where the margin of victory was under 1%:
# '''<span style="color:#87BEEB;">Benue State, 0.28% (2,096 votes) margin for Tinubu</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#009404;">Sokoto State, 0.55% (3,235 votes) margin for Abubakar</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#009404;">Katsina State, 0.63% (6,762 votes) margin for Abubakar</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#e15445;">Lagos State, 0.77% (9,848 votes) margin for Obi</span>'''

States where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5%:
# '''<span style="color:#009404;">Osun State, 1.42% (10,421 votes) margin for Abubakar</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#e15445;">Nasarawa State, 3.41% (18,439 votes) margin for Obi</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#87BEEB;">Jigawa State, 3.78% (34,803 votes) margin for Tinubu</span>'''

States where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10%:
# '''<span style="color:#009404;">Kebbi State, 6.63% (37,087 votes) margin for Abubakar</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#009404;">Taraba State, 8.55% (42,702 votes) margin for Abubakar</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#009404;">Akwa Ibom State, 9.61% (53,392 votes) margin for Abubakar</span>'''

==== Maps ====
{|align=center
|-
|colspan=4|Percentage of the vote won by each major candidate by state.
|width=220px|LGA level breakdown
|-
|[[File:Atiku State Percentages.png|220px]]<br />Abubakar<br />{{legend0|#ebf7ee|<30%}} {{legend0|#d6efda|30–40%}} {{legend0|#a3d5ac|40–50%}}<br>{{legend0|#73bc80|50–60%}} {{legend0|#00b000|60–70%}}
|[[File:Kwankwaso State Percentages.png|220px]]<br />Kwankwaso<br />{{legend0|#ecf8f3|<30%}} {{legend0|#79c5a4|50–60%}}
|[[File:Obi State Percentages.png|220px]]<br />Obi<br />{{legend0|#fdeeec|<30%}} {{legend0|#fbddda|30–40%}} {{legend0|#f0b3ac|40–50%}}<br>{{legend0|#ea857a|50–60%}} {{legend0|#e15445|60–70%}} {{legend0|#cc2f1e|70–80%}}<br>{{legend0|#ac1100|80–90%}} {{legend0|#820d00|>90%}}
|[[File:Tinubu State Percentages.png|220px]]<br />Tinubu<br />{{legend0|#eef3fd|<30%}} {{legend0|#dee8fb|30–40%}} {{legend0|#b4c7ec|40–50%}}<br>{{legend0|#8da9e2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6892d6|60–70%}}
|[[File:2023 Nigerian presidential election by LGA.png|220px]]<br />LGA breakdown
|}

== Aftermath ==
The results were announced in the early hours of 1 March 2023. [[Bola Tinubu]] of the [[All Progressives Congress]] was named the president-elect in a tight election, with [[Atiku Abubakar]] and [[Peter Obi]] earning substantial votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=1 March 2023 |title=Nigeria's ruling party candidate Tinubu wins presidential election – electoral commission |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/01/nigerias-ruling-party-candidate-tinubu-wins-presidential-election-electoral-commission |access-date=1 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Tinubu said, "It (Nigeria) is the only nation we have. It is one country, and we must build together. Let's work together to put broken pieces together…This is a shining moment in the life of any man and an affirmation of our democratic existence. I represent a promise and with your support, I know that promise will be fulfilled."<ref name=CNNVows/>

Although the [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) called the election free, fair and credible, several observers, including the [[European Union]], said the election was not transparent. A joint observer mission of the [[International Republican Institute]] and the [[National Democratic Institute]] said, "The election fell well short of Nigerian citizens' reasonable expectations." Samson Itodo, the head of [[YIAGA Africa]], said there were serious concerns about the elections process because major issues such as violence and technical problems had hampered public trust in the election process. The United Nations urged "all stakeholders to remain calm through the conclusion of the electoral process."<ref name=CNNVows/>

Nigeria's main opposition parties said the results of the election were "heavily doctored and manipulated" in a joint news conference. "We won this election as Labour Party, we are going to claim our mandate as Labour Party," said [[Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]], the party's vice presidential candidate. Ndi Kato, the Labour Party's presidential campaign spokesperson, said, "We are defiant. The elections were rigged."<ref name=CNNVows>{{cite news| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/28/africa/nigeria-presidential-election-result-intl-hnk/index.html| title=Opposition vows challenge as Tinubu wins Nigerian presidency |author=Stephanie Busari |author2=Nimi Princewill |author3=Bethlehem Feleke |author4=Larry Madowo |author5=Jessie Yeung| date=2 March 2023|work=CNN| access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

Both the PDP and Labor Party separately filed formal petitions challenging Tinubu's victory on 22 March.<ref name="ftrobi">{{cite news |title=FOR THE RECORDS: Download Peter Obi's petition challenging election of Bola Tinubu as Nigeria's president |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/589518-for-the-records-download-peter-obis-petition-challenging-election-of-bola-tinubu-as-nigerias-president.html |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=22 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="ftratiku">{{cite news |title=FOR THE RECORDS: Download Atiku's petition challenging Tinubu's presidential election victory |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/589592-for-the-records-download-atikus-petition-challenging-tinubus-presidential-election-victory.html |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=Premium Times Nigeria |date=22 March 2023}}</ref> On 26 May 2023, the [[Supreme Court of Nigeria|Nigerian Supreme Court]] dismissed PDP's lawsuit against Tinubu and Shettima.<ref>https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/26/breaking-supreme-court-dismisses-pdp-suit-against-tinubu-shettima/|title=Supreme{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Court dismisses PDP suit against Tinubu, Shettima|first=Fadehan|last=Oyeyemi|publisher=Daily Post|date=26 May 2023|accessdate=26 May 2023</ref>

=== Response ===
==== International reactions ====
*{{flag|African Union}} – [[Chairperson of the African Union Commission]] [[Moussa Faki]] congratulated Tinubu on 3 March, vowing to support Nigeria in "her journey to deepen democracy, good governance, sustainable development and consolidate peace, security, and stability in the country." Additionally, Faki urged "that any post-election dispute or grievance be pursued through the judicial system."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chairperson of the AU Commission congratulates H.E Tinubu for being proclaimed winner of Nigerian presidential polls |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230303/chairperson-au-commission-congratulates-he-tinubu |website=[[African Union]] |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
*{{flag|Benin}} – President [[Patrice Talon]] congratulated Tinubu on Facebook on 2 March, stating that he looked forward to working together with Tinubu and furthering cooperation between Benin Republic and Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ouitona |first1=Serge |title=Patrice Talon adresse ses félicitations à Bola Tinubu |url=https://www.afrik.com/patrice-talon-adresse-ses-felicitations-a-bola-tinubu |website=Afrik |date=2 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
<!--*{{flag|Canada}} – -->
*{{flag|Chad}} – Transitional President [[Mahamat Déby]] congratulated Tinubu on Twitter on 1 March, stating that he looked forward to working together with Tinubu and strengthening bilateral relations.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Mahamat Déby]] |user=GmahamatIdi |number=1630886199056277504 |title=Mes chaleureuses félicitations à mon cher frère Bola Ahmed Tinubu déclaré vainqueur des élections présidentielles au Nigeria. Cette onction du peuple nigerian exprimée dans la paix, est une leçon de démocratie qui doit inspirer tout le continent africain1/2 #NigeriaElection2023  |link=https://twitter.com/GmahamatIdi/status/1630886199056277504}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Mahamat Déby]] |user=GmahamatIdi |number=1630886554494271488 |title=Je réitère notre enthousiasme à l'effet de travailler avec le nouveau Président dans le sens du raffermissement de nos liens séculaires ainsi que nos relations bilatérales qui couvrent un large éventail de domaines tout à la fois vitaux et stratégiques. 2/2  |link=https://twitter.com/GmahamatIdi/status/1630886554494271488}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}} – President [[Xi Jinping]] congratulated Tinubu on 5 March, noting increased cooperative relations between China and Nigeria in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Xi sends congratulatory message to Nigeria's President-elect Tinubu |url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2023-03/05/content_85146019.htm |website=[[State Council Information Office]] |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> The brief press release echoed a similar statement by [[Mao Ning (diplomat)|Mao Ning]]—a [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] spokesperson—at a press conference on 2 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning's Regular Press Conference on March 2, 2023 |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/202303/t20230302_11034321.html |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
*{{flag|Egypt}} – President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] congratulated Tinubu on 4 March, also wishing him success in his administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sisi congratulates Nigeria's new president on winning presidential elections |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/sisi-congratulates-nigerias-new-president-on-winning-presidential-elections/ |website=[[Egypt Independent]] |date=4 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
<!--*{{flag|European Union}} – 
*{{flag|France}} – 
*{{flag|Germany}} – -->
*{{flag|Ghana}} – President [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] congratulated Tinubu on Twitter on 2 March, hoping that the new administration would "deepen" the bilateral friendship between Ghana and Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Nana Akufo-Addo]] |user=NAkufoAddo |number=1631294108613345287 |title=On behalf of the Ghanaian people and their Government, I extend warm congratulations to the Presidential Candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Bola Ahmed Tinubu, on his victory in the Nigerian presidential election of Saturday, 25th February.  |link=https://twitter.com/NAkufoAddo/status/1631294108613345287}}</ref>
*{{flag|India}} – Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] congratulated Tinubu on Twitter on 3 March, stating that he "looked forward to further strengthening India-Nigeria bilateral relations".<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Narendra Modi]] |user=narendramodi |number=1631588384165580803 |title=I congratulate H.E. Mr. Bola Ahmed Tinubu for winning the Presidential elections. Look forward to further strengthening India-Nigeria bilateral relations under your leadership. @officialABAT |link=https://mobile.twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1631588384165580803}}</ref>
*{{flag|Ivory Coast}} – President [[Alassane Ouattara]] congratulated Tinubu on Twitter on 3 March, stating that he looked forward to working together with Tinubu and strengthening bilateral relations.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Alassane Ouattara]] |user=AOuattara_PRCI |number=1631619965240373249 |title=Mes vives et chaleureuses félicitations à son Excellence @officialABAT, Président élu de la République Fédérale du Nigeria. Je me réjouis de poursuivre  avec vous les excellentes relations d'amitié et de coopération entre la Côte d'Ivoire et le Nigeria. |link=https://twitter.com/AOuattara_PRCI/status/1631619965240373249}}</ref>
<!--*{{flag|Kenya}} – 
*{{flag|Namibia}} – -->
*{{flag|Niger}} – President [[Mohamed Bazoum]] congratulated Tinubu on Twitter on 3 March, labeling the election as free, democratic, and transparent.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Mohamed Bazoum]] |user=mohamedbazoum |number=1630855766264500224 |title=A M.Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, Président élu du Nigeria. @officialABAT |link=https://twitter.com/mohamedbazoum/status/1630855766264500224}}</ref>
<!--*{{flag|South Africa}} – 
*{{flag|Spain}} – 
*{{flag|Togo}} – -->
*{{flag|United Kingdom}} – Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] congratulated Tinubu on Twitter on 1 March, stating that he would "look forward to working together to grow our security and trade ties, opening up opportunities for businesses and creating prosperity in both our countries."<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[Rishi Sunak]] |user=RishiSunak |number=1630981656470224928 |title=Congratulations to @officialABAT on his victory in Nigeria. The UK-Nigeria relationship remains strong. I look forward to working together to grow our security and trade ties, opening up opportunities for businesses and creating prosperity in both our countries. |link=https://twitter.com/RishiSunak/status/1630981656470224928}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States}} – In a 1 March statement, the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] congratulated Tinubu but urged INEC to improve processes before the [[2023 Nigerian elections#state elections|state elections]] on 11 March. The release also called on candidates and parties to use legal means to challenge results peacefully.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Price |first1=Ned |author-link=Ned Price |title=2023 Presidential Election Results in Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-presidential-election-results-in-nigeria/ |website=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2023 Nigerian elections]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="NHRC malpractices">{{cite web |last1=Blankson |first1=Esther |title=#NigeriaElections2023: NHRC releases malpractices, vote-buying statistics |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-nhrc-releases-malpractices-vote-buying-statistics/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="NNPP rejects results">{{cite web |last1=Busari |first1=Biodun |title='It's sham', NNPP faults INEC over election results |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/its-sham-nnpp-faults-inec-over-election-results/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT LP, PDP call for rerun">{{cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth |last2=Peltier |first2=Elian |title=Opposition Parties in Nigeria Call for Election Rerun, Citing Vote Rigging |work=The New York Times |date=28 February 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/28/world/africa/nigeria-election-challenges.html |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Okowa, Baba-Ahmed reject results">{{cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=El-Ameen |title=#NigeriaElections2023: Elections not free, fair, say Okowa, Datti-Ahmed |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-elections-not-free-fair-say-okowa-datti-ahmed/ |website=[[The Punch]] |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="TD World questions results">{{cite web |last1=Nwezeh |first1=Kingsley |last2=Akinwale |first2=Adedayo |last3=Gabriel |first3=Emameh |last4=James |first4=Segun |title=The World Moves against Nigeria's Tainted Polls |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/28/the-world-moves-against-nigerias-tainted-polls/ |website=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

}}
{{2023 Nigeria elections}}
{{Nigerian elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigerian presidential election, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 Nigerian presidential election| ]]
[[Category:February 2023 events in Africa]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in Nigeria|2023]]
[[Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results]]
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