Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:21 Lutetia

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Short description|Main-belt asteroid}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| background=#D6D6D6
| name=21 Lutetia
| symbol= 
| image = Rosetta triumphs at asteroid Lutetia.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = ''Rosetta'' image of 21 Lutetia at closest approach
| discoverer=[[Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt|Hermann M. S. Goldschmidt]]
| discovered=15 November 1852
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|lj|uː|ˈ|t|iː|ʃ|i|ə}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
| adjective = Lutetian
| named_after = [[Paris]] ({{lang-la|Lutētia}})
| mp_category=[[Main belt]]
| mpc_name=(21) Lutetia
| orbit_ref =<ref name=jpldata/>
| epoch=May 31, 2020 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2459000.5)
| semimajor=2.435 AU
| perihelion=2.037 AU
| aphelion=2.833 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| eccentricity=0.16339
| period=3.80 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1388.1 d)
| inclination=3.064°
| asc_node=80.867°
| arg_peri=249.997°
| mean_anomaly=87.976°
| dimensions=c/a = {{val|0.65|0.03}}<ref name=VLT>P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 54, A56 </ref><br>{{nowrap|(121±1)&thinsp;×&thinsp;(101±1)&thinsp;×&thinsp;(75±13) km}}<ref name=Sierks2011/>
| mean_radius = {{val|49|1|u=km}}<ref name=Sierks2011/>
| volume= {{val|5.0|0.4|e=14|u=m3}}<ref name=science28102011/>
| mass= {{val|1.700|0.017|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name=science28102011/>
| density={{val|3.45|0.21|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=VLT/><br>{{val|3.4|0.3|u= g/cm3}}<ref name=science28102011/>
| rotation=0.3402 d (8.1655 h)<ref name=jpldata/>
| axial_tilt = 96°<ref name=Sierks2011/>
| right_asc_north_pole = 51.8 ± 0.4°<ref name=Sierks2011/>
| declination = +10.8 ± 0.4°<ref name=Sierks2011/>
| spectral_type=[[M-type asteroid|M]] ([[Tholen classification|Tholen]])<ref name=jpldata/>
| magnitude = 9.25<ref name=AstDys-Lutetia/> to 13.17
| abs_magnitude=7.29<ref name="Magri99"/>
| albedo=0.19 ± 0.01 (geometrical)<ref name=Sierks2011/><br />0.073 ± 0.002 (bond)<ref name=Sierks2011/>
| single_temperature=170–245 [[kelvin|K]]<ref name=Coradini2011/>
}}

'''Lutetia''' ([[minor planet designation]]: '''21 Lutetia''') is a large [[M-type asteroid|M-type]] [[asteroid]] in the main [[asteroid belt]]. It measures about 100&nbsp;kilometers in [[diameter]] (120&nbsp;km along its major axis). It was discovered in 1852 by [[Hermann Goldschmidt]], and is named after [[Lutetia]], the [[Latin]] name of [[Paris]].

Lutetia has an irregular shape and is heavily cratered, with the largest [[impact crater]] reaching 45&nbsp;km in diameter. The [[Planetary surface|surface]] is geologically heterogeneous and is intersected by a system of grooves and scarps, which are thought to be fractures. It has a high overall [[bulk density]], suggesting that it is made of metal-rich [[Rock (geology)|rock]].

The ''[[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]'' probe passed within {{convert|3162|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Lutetia in July 2010.<ref name=BBC/> It was the largest asteroid [[List of minor planets visited by spacecraft|visited by a spacecraft]] until [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'']] arrived at [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] in July 2011.

==Discovery and exploration==
[[File:Animation of Rosetta trajectory.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|Animation of ''Rosetta''{{'s}} trajectory from 2 March 2004 to 9 September 2016 <br/> {{legend2|magenta|''Rosetta''}}{{·}}{{legend2|lime|[[67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Royalblue|[[Earth]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|maroon|[[Mars]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|21 Lutetia}}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|[[2867 Šteins]]}}]]
Lutetia was discovered on 15 November 1852, by [[Hermann Goldschmidt]] from the balcony of his apartment in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A-5HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA222 | page = 222 | first = Dionysius | last = Lardner| chapter = The Planetoides | title = Handbook of astronomy | publisher = James Walton | date = 1867 | isbn = 978-1-4370-0602-5}}</ref><ref name=mnras12_213/> A preliminary orbit for the asteroid was computed in November–December 1852 by German astronomer [[Georg Rümker]] and others.<ref name=plo19_29/> In 1903, it was photographed at opposition by [[Edward Charles Pickering|Edward Pickering]] at [[Harvard College Observatory]]. He computed an opposition
magnitude of 10.8.<ref name=hcoc69_7/>

There have been two reported [[star|stellar]] [[occultation]]s by Lutetia, observed from [[Malta]] in 1997 and [[Australia]] in 2003, with only one [[chord (astronomy)|chord]] each, roughly agreeing with [[IRAS]] measurements.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

On 10 July 2010, the [[European Space Agency|European]] ''[[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]'' [[space probe]] flew by Lutetia at a minimum distance of {{nowrap|3168 ± 7.5}} km at a velocity of 15&nbsp;kilometres per second on its way to the [[comet]] [[67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko]].<ref name=science28102011/> The flyby provided images of up to 60&nbsp;meters per pixel resolution and covered about 50% of the surface, mostly in the northern hemisphere.<ref name=Sierks2011/><ref name=BBC/> The 462 images were obtained in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1&nbsp;μm.<ref name=BBC/> Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging spectrometer VIRTIS, and measurements of the magnetic field and plasma environment were taken as well.<ref name=Sierks2011/><ref name=BBC/>

==Characteristics==
===Orbit===
Lutetia orbits the Sun at the distance of approximately 2.4&nbsp;AU in the inner asteroid belt. Its orbit lies almost in the [[plane of ecliptic]] and is moderately eccentric. The orbital period of Lutetia is 3.8 years.<ref name=Barucci2005>{{Cite journal | last1 = Barucci | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Fulchignoni | first2 = M. | last3 = Fornasier | first3 = S. | last4 = Dotto | first4 = E. | last5 = Vernazza | first5 = P. | last6 = Birlan | first6 = M. | last7 = Binzel | first7 = R. P. | last8 = Carvano | first8 = J. | last9 = Merlin | first9 = F. | last10 = Barbieri | first10 = C. | last11 = Belskaya | first11 = I. | title = Asteroid target selection for the new Rosetta mission baseline | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 430 | pages = 313–317 | date = 2005 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20041505|bibcode = 2005A&A...430..313B | url = http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-00616385 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Mass and density===
The ''[[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]'' flyby demonstrated that the mass of Lutetia is (1.700 ± 0.017){{e|18}} kg<!-- 1700 trillion tonnes = 1700e15 kg = 1.7e18 kg-->,<ref name=science28102011/> smaller than the pre-flyby estimate of 2.57{{e|18}} kg.<ref name=Baer>
{{cite web
|date=2008
|title=Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations
|publisher=Personal Website
|author=Jim Baer
|url=http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt
|accessdate=28 November 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702212735/http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt
|archive-date=2013-07-02
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref> It has one of the highest densities seen in asteroids at 3.4 ± 0.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.<ref name=Sierks2011/> Taking into account possible [[porosity]] of 10–15%, the bulk density of Lutetia exceeds that of a typical stony meteorite.<ref name=science28102011/>

===Composition===
Lutetia is classified among the enigmatic [[M-type asteroid]]s,<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
|type=2020-02-04 last obs
|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 21 Lutetia
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=21
|accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref> most of which were historically believed to be nearly purely [[metal]]lic.<ref name="Bell_AsteroidsII">{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=J.F. |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |editor=Richard P. Binzel |editor2=Tom Gehrels |editor3=Mildred Shapley Matthews |title=Asteroids: The Big Picture in Asteroids II |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-1123-5 |pages=921–948}}</ref> However, radar observations of the M-types suggest that two-thirds of them, including Lutetia, may instead consist of metal-enriched silicates.<ref name="Shepard et al 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Shepard |first1=M. K. | display-authors= etal |title=A radar survey of M- and X-class asteroids: III. Insights into their composition, hydration state, and structure. |journal=Icarus |date=2015 |volume=245 |pages=38–55 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.016|bibcode=2015Icar..245...38S }}</ref> Indeed, telescopic spectra of Lutetia have shown a flat, low frequency [[spectrum]] similar to that of [[carbonaceous chondrite]]s and [[C-type asteroid]]s and unlike [[iron meteorite|metallic meteorites]],<ref name="Birlan04"/> evidence of [[hydrated]] minerals,<ref name="Lazzarin04"/> abundant [[silicates]],<ref name="Feierberg83"/> and a thicker [[regolith]] than most asteroids.<ref name="Dollfus75"/>

The ''Rosetta'' probe found that the asteroid has a moderately red spectrum in visible light and an essentially flat spectrum in the [[near infrared]]. No absorption features were detected in the range covered by observations, 0.4–3.5&nbsp;μm, which is at odds with previous ground-based reports of hydrated minerals and carbon-rich compounds. There was also no evidence of [[olivine]]. However, the spacecraft only observed half of Lutetia, so the existence of these phases cannot be completely ruled out. Together with the high bulk density reported for Lutetia, these results suggest that Lutetia is either made of [[enstatite chondrite]] material, or may be related to metal-rich and water-poor [[carbonaceous chondrite]] of classes like CB, CH, or CR.<ref name=Coradini2011>{{Cite journal | last1 = Coradini | first1 = A. | last2 = Capaccioni | first2 = F. | last3 = Erard | first3 = S. | last4 = Arnold | first4 = G. | last5 = De Sanctis | first5 = M. C. | last6 = Filacchione | first6 = G. | last7 = Tosi | first7 = F. | last8 = Barucci | first8 = M. A. | last9 = Capria | first9 = M. T. | last10 = Ammannito | first10 = E. | last11 = Grassi | first11 = D. | last12 = Piccioni | first12 = G. | last13 = Giuppi | first13 = S. | last14 = Bellucci | first14 = G. | last15 = Benkhoff | first15 = J. | last16 = Bibring | first16 = J. P. | last17 = Blanco | first17 = A. | last18 = Blecka | first18 = M. | last19 = Bockelee-Morvan | first19 = D. | last20 = Carraro | first20 = F. | last21 = Carlson | first21 = R. | last22 = Carsenty | first22 = U. | last23 = Cerroni | first23 = P. | last24 = Colangeli | first24 = L. | last25 = Combes | first25 = M. | last26 = Combi | first26 = M. | last27 = Crovisier | first27 = J. | last28 = Drossart | first28 = P. | last29 = Encrenaz | first29 = E. T. | last30 = Federico | first30 = C. | s2cid = 19439721 | title = The Surface Composition and Temperature of Asteroid 21 Lutetia As Observed by Rosetta/VIRTIS | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6055 | pages = 492–494 | date = 2011 | pmid = 22034430 | doi = 10.1126/science.1204062|bibcode = 2011Sci...334..492C }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lutetia: A rare survivor from the birth of Earth|publisher=ESO, Garching, Germany|date=14 November 2011|url=http://www.astronomy.com/News-Observing/News/2011/11/Lutetia%20-%20A%20rare%20survivor%20from%20the%20birth%20of%20Earth.aspx|accessdate=14 November 2011|archive-date=20 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120163422/http://www.astronomy.com/News-Observing/News/2011/11/Lutetia%20-%20A%20rare%20survivor%20from%20the%20birth%20of%20Earth.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Rosetta'' observations revealed that the surface of Lutetia is covered with a [[regolith]] made of loosely aggregated dust particles 50–100&nbsp;μm in size. It is estimated to be 3&nbsp;km thick and may be responsible for the softened outlines of many of the larger craters.<ref name=Sierks2011/><ref name=BBC>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11470851 | first = Jonathan | last = Amos | title = Asteroid Lutetia has thick blanket of debris | date = 4 October 2010 | work = BBC News}}</ref>

===Shape and axial tilt===
[[File:21 Lutetia orbit on 01 Jan 2009.png|thumb|300px|21 Lutetia's orbit, and its position on 1 Jan 2009 (NASA Orbit Viewer applet).]]

The ''Rosetta'' probe's photographs confirmed the results of a 2003 [[lightcurve]] analysis that described Lutetia as a rough sphere with "sharp and irregular shape features".<ref name="Torppa03"/> A study from 2004–2009 proposed that Lutetia has a non-convex shape, likely because of a large crater, [[#Suspicio Crater|Suspicio Crater]].<ref name="Belaskaya2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Belskaya | first1 = I. N. | last2 = Fornasier | first2 = S. | last3 = Krugly | first3 = Y. N. | last4 = Shevchenko | first4 = V. G. | last5 = Gaftonyuk | first5 = N. M. | last6 = Barucci | first6 = M. A. | last7 = Fulchignoni | first7 = M. | last8 = Gil-Hutton | first8 = R. | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201013994 | title = Puzzling asteroid 21 Lutetia: Our knowledge prior to the Rosetta fly-by | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 515 | pages = A29 | date = 2010 |bibcode = 2010A&A...515A..29B |arxiv = 1003.1845 | s2cid = 16296351 }}</ref> It is not yet clear whether ''Rosetta'''s findings support this claim.

The analysis of ''Rosetta'' images in combination with photometric light curves yielded the position of the north rotational pole of Lutetia: {{nowrap|RA {{=}} {{val|51.8|0.4|u=deg}}}}, {{nowrap|Dec {{=}} {{val|p=+|10.8|0.4|u=°}}}}. This gives an [[axial tilt]] of 96° (retrograde rotator), meaning that the axis of rotation is approximately [[parallel (geometry)|parallel]] to the [[ecliptic]], similar to the planet [[Uranus]].<ref name=Sierks2011/>

==Surface features==

The surface of Lutetia is covered by numerous [[impact crater]]s and intersected by fractures, [[Escarpment|scarps]] and grooves thought to be surface manifestations of internal fractures. On the imaged hemisphere of the asteroid there are a total of 350 craters with diameters ranging from 600&nbsp;m to 55&nbsp;km. The most heavily cratered surfaces (in Achaia region) have a crater retention age of about 3.6 ± 0.1 billion years.<ref name=Sierks2011/>

The surface of Lutetia has been divided into seven regions based on their geology. They are Baetica (Bt), Achaia (AC), Etruria (Et), Narbonensis (Nb), Noricum (Nr), Pannonia (Pa), and Raetia (Ra). The Baetica region is situated around the north pole (in the center of the image) and includes a cluster of impact craters 21&nbsp;km in diameter as well as their impact deposits. It is the youngest surface unit on Lutetia. Baetica is covered by a smooth ejecta blanket approximately 600&nbsp;m thick that has partially buried older craters. Other surface features include landslides, gravitational [[Scree|taluses]] and ejecta blocks up to 300&nbsp;m in size. The landslides and corresponding rock [[outcrop]]s are correlated with variations of albedo, being generally brighter.<ref name=Sierks2011/>

The two oldest regions are Achaia and Noricum. The former is a remarkably flat area with a lot of impact craters. The Narbonensis region coincides with the largest impact crater on Lutetia—Massilia. It includes a number of smaller units and is modified by pit chains and grooves formed at a later epoch. Other two regions—Pannonia and Raetia are also likely to be large impact craters. The last Noricum region is intersected by a prominent groove 10&nbsp;km in length and about 100&nbsp;m deep.<ref name=Sierks2011/>

The numerical simulations showed that even the impact that produced the largest crater on Lutetia, which is 45&nbsp;km in diameter, seriously fractured but did not shatter the asteroid. So, Lutetia has likely survived intact from the beginning of the Solar System. The existence of linear fractures and the impact crater morphology also indicate that the interior of this asteroid has a considerable strength and is not a [[rubble pile]] like many smaller asteroids. Taken together, these facts suggest that Lutetia should be classified as a primordial [[planetesimal]].<ref name=Sierks2011/>

===Suspicio Crater===
Studies of patterns of fractures on Lutetia lead astronomers to think that there is a ~45 kilometer impact crater on the southern side of Lutetia, named Suspicio Crater, but because ''Rosetta'' only observed Lutetia's northern part, it is not known for certain what it looks like, or if it exists at all.<ref name=suspiciocrater>{{cite web|title=Suspicio Crater|url=http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/images/asteroid-lutetia?cb=LutetiaGrooves3_625.jpg|website=rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|accessdate=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027215113/http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/images/asteroid-lutetia?cb=LutetiaGrooves3_625.jpg|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Nomenclature==
[[File:The unusual history of the asteroid Lutetia.ogv|thumb|300px|This animation is an artist's impression of a possible scenario to explain how Lutetia came to now be located in the asteroid belt.]]

In March, 2011, the Working Group for Planetary Nomenclature at the [[International Astronomical Union]] agreed on a naming scheme for geographical features on Lutetia. Since Lutetia was a Roman city, the asteroid's craters are named after [[cities of the Roman Empire]] and the adjacent parts of Europe during the time of Lutetia's existence. Its regions are named after the discoverer of Lutetia (Goldschmidt) and after [[provinces of the Roman Empire]] at the time of Lutetia. Other features are named after rivers of the Roman Empire and the adjacent parts of Europe at the time of the city.<ref name=Blue>{{cite web|author=Blue, Jennifer|url=https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/archives/422-Themes-Approved-for-Asteroid-21-Lutetia.html|title=Themes Approved for Asteroid (21) Lutetia'|publisher=USGS Astrogeology Science Center|date=1 March 2011|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111141956/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?%2Farchives%2F422-Themes-Approved-for-Asteroid-21-Lutetia.html|archive-date=11 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Origin==

The composition of Lutetia suggests that it formed in the inner Solar System, among the terrestrial planets, and was ejected into the asteroid belt through an interaction with one of them.<ref>[http://www.space.com/13597-asteroid-lutetia-earth-birth.html Battered asteroid Lutetia a rare relic of Earth's birth] Space.com</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of geological features on 21 Lutetia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=AstDys-Lutetia>{{cite web |title=AstDys (21) Lutetia Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=21&oc=500&y0=2015&m0=8&d0=11&h0=0&mi0=0&y1=2015&m1=8&d1=20&h1=0&mi1=0&ti=1.0&tiu=days |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Birlan04">{{cite journal | last1= Birlan | first1= M | title= ''Near-IR spectroscopy of asteroids 21 Lutetia, 89 Julia, 140 Siwa, 2181 Fogelin and 5480 (1989YK8) ''[sic<!--- {{mp|(5480) 1989 YK|8}} ---><nowiki>]</nowiki>'', potential targets for the Rosetta mission; remote observations campaign on IRTF''| journal= New Astronomy| date= 2004| volume= 9 | issue= 5| pages= 343–351 | bibcode= 2004NewA....9..343B| doi= 10.1016/j.newast.2003.12.005|arxiv = astro-ph/0312638 | s2cid= 15232658 }}</ref>

<ref name="Lazzarin04">{{cite journal | last1= Lazzarin | first1= M.  | last2= Marchi  | first2= S.  | last3= Magrin  | first3= S.  | last4= Barbieri  | first4= C.  | title= Visible spectral properties of asteroid 21 Lutetia, target of Rosetta Mission| journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics| date= 2004| volume= 425 | issue= 2| pages= L25| url= http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/aa/pdf/2004/38/aagf171.pdf?access=ok| doi= 10.1051/0004-6361:200400054 | bibcode=2004A&A...425L..25L| doi-access= free}}</ref>

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<ref name="Dollfus75">{{cite journal  | title= Polarimetric properties of the lunar surface and its interpretation. VII – Other solar system objects| journal= Proceedings of the 6th Lunar Science Conference, Houston, Texas, 17–21 March | date= 1975| volume= 3| page= 2749| bibcode= 1975LPSC....6.2749D  | last1= Dollfus  | first1= A.  | last2= Geake  | first2= J. E.}}</ref>

<ref name=mnras12_213>{{cite journal | title=Discovery of Lutetia 15 Nov. | last=Goldschmidt | first=H. | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=12 | issue=9 | page=213   | bibcode=1852MNRAS..12..213G  |date=June 1852 | doi=10.1093/mnras/12.9.213| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431827 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=plo19_29>{{cite journal | last=Leuschner | first=A. O. | title=Research surveys of the orbits and perturbations of minor planets 1 to 1091 from 1801.0 to 1929.5 | journal=Publications of Lick Observatory | volume=19 | date=1935 | page=29 | bibcode=1935PLicO..19....1L }}</ref>

<ref name=hcoc69_7>{{cite journal | title=Missing Asteroids | last=Pickering | first=Edward C. | journal=Harvard College Observatory Circular | volume=69 | pages=7–8   | bibcode=1903HarCi..69....7P  |date=January 1903}}</ref>

<ref name="Torppa03">{{cite journal | last1= Torppa | first1= Johanna | last2= Kaasalainen | first2= Mikko | last3= Michałowski | first3= Tadeusz | last4= Kwiatkowski | first4= Tomasz | last5= Kryszczyńska | first5= Agnieszka | last6= Denchev | first6= Peter | last7= Kowalski | first7= Richard | title= Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data| journal= Icarus| date= 2003| volume= 164 | issue= 2| page= 346| url= http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/thirty.pdf| doi= 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5 | bibcode=2003Icar..164..346T| s2cid= 119609765 }}</ref>

<ref name=science28102011>{{cite journal
|date=28 October 2011
|title=Asteroid 21 Lutetia: Low Mass, High Density
|journal=Science Magazine
|display-authors=    7
|author=    M. Pätzold
|author2=    T. P. Andert
|author3=    S. W. Asmar
|author4=    J. D. Anderson
|author5=    J.-P. Barriot
|author6=    M. K. Bird
|author7=    B. Häusler
|author8=     M. Hahn
|author9=    S. Tellmann
|author10=    H. Sierks
|author11=    P. Lamy
|author12=    B. P. Weiss
|volume=334
|number=6055
|pages=491–2
|doi=10.1126/science.1209389
|bibcode = 2011Sci...334..491P
|pmid=22034429|url=    https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/103947/1/Paetzold_2011_open_access.pdf
|hdl=1721.1/103947
|s2cid=41883019
|hdl-access=    free
}}</ref>

<ref name="Magri99">{{cite journal | last1= Magri | first1= C | title= Mainbelt Asteroids: Results of Arecibo and Goldstone Radar Observations of 37 Objects during 1980–1995| journal= Icarus| date= 1999| volume= 140 | issue= 2| page= 379| bibcode=1999Icar..140..379M| doi= 10.1006/icar.1999.6130 | url= https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/2014/20186/1/98-1067.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=Sierks2011>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sierks | first1 = H. | last2 = Lamy | first2 = P. | last3 = Barbieri | first3 = C. | last4 = Koschny | first4 = D. | last5 = Rickman | first5 = H. | last6 = Rodrigo | first6 = R. | last7 = a'Hearn | first7 = M. F. | last8 = Angrilli | first8 = F. | last9 = Barucci | first9 = M. A. | last10 = Bertaux | first10 = J. - L. | last11 = Bertini | first11 = I. | last12 = Besse | first12 = S. | last13 = Carry | first13 = B. | last14 = Cremonese | first14 = G. | last15 = Da Deppo | first15 = V. | last16 = Davidsson | first16 = B. | last17 = Debei | first17 = S. | last18 = De Cecco | first18 = M. | last19 = De Leon | first19 = J. | last20 = Ferri | first20 = F. | last21 = Fornasier | first21 = S. | last22 = Fulle | first22 = M. | last23 = Hviid | first23 = S. F. | last24 = Gaskell | first24 = R. W. | last25 = Groussin | first25 = O. | last26 = Gutierrez | first26 = P. | last27 = Ip | first28 = L. | first29 = M. | last30 = Keller | first30 = H. U. | last28 = Jorda | last29 = Kaasalainen | first27 = W. | title = Images of Asteroid 21 Lutetia: A Remnant Planetesimal from the Early Solar System | doi = 10.1126/science.1207325 | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6055 | pages = 487–490 | date = 2011 | pmid =  22034428
|bibcode = 2011Sci...334..487S | hdl = 1721.1/110553 | s2cid = 17580478 | url = https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/110553/1/Sierks_2011_open_access.pdf | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

}}<!-- END: refs= -->

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100712140318/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1007/10lutetia/ Rosetta snaps views of asteroid Lutetia]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/rosetta_images20100710.html Rosetta's full resolution images of Lutetia]
* [http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00001618/ Parent article of image by Planetary Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318214654/http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00001618/ |date=18 March 2012 }}
* {{AstDys|21}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |20 Massalia |number=21 |22 Kalliope}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Rosetta mission}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:000021}}
[[Category:Background asteroids]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Hermann Goldschmidt|Lutetia]]
[[Category:Named minor planets|Lutetia]]
[[Category:Rosetta mission|Lutetia]]
[[Category:Minor planets visited by spacecraft|20100710]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:M-type asteroids (Tholen)]]
[[Category:Xk-type asteroids (SMASS)]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1852|18521115]]
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