Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:2K12 Kub

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Redirect|SA-6|the Apollo flight|AS-101}}
{{redirect|2K12}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 2K12 “Kub” <br /><small>[[NATO reporting name]]: SA-6 "Gainful"</small>
| image              = 2P25 VS 2.jpg
| image_size         = 300px
| caption            = 2P25 [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]] with missiles elevated (2K12 Kub SAM of Serbian 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade)
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = [[Caterpillar track|Tracked]] medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]] system
<!-- Type selection -->| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1967–present
| used_by            = See list of [[#Operators|operators]]
| wars               = {{collapsible list|<!-- Hack to work around the annoyance that this template doesn't have styling parameters -->{{unbulleted list|item_style=margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:0.25em
|[[Yom Kippur War]]
|[[Angolan Civil War]]
|[[Chadian Civil War (1965–79)|Chadian Civil War]]
|[[Western Sahara War]]
|[[Iran–Iraq War]]
|[[1982 Lebanon War]]
|[[Gulf War]]
|[[Yugoslav wars]]
|[[Kosovo War]]
|[[Syrian Civil War]]
|[[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russo-Ukrainian War]]
|[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]
|[[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]]
|[[Russo-Ukrainian war]]}}}}
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = {{plainlist|
*[[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|NIIP]]/[[Vympel NPO|Vympel]]
*[[Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant|MMZ]] ([[GM chassis]])}}
| design_date        = 1958–1967
| manufacturer       = {{plainlist|
*[[Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant]] (SURNs)
*[[Kalinin Machine-Building Plant|ZiK]] (TELs)}}
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1968–1985<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=151 |title=SA-6 (Gainful) / 2K12 Kub – Tracked Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile Defense System – History, Specs and Pictures – Military Tanks, Vehicles and Artillery |publisher=Militaryfactory.com |date=2012-08-23 |access-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116040405/http://militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=151 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| number             = 500 launchers, 10,000 missiles<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/kub/kub3.htm |title=ЗРК "Куб" |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |access-date=2012-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421103240/http://pvo.guns.ru/kub/kub3.htm |archive-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{dubious|Numbers produced|date=September 2016}}
| variants           = 2K12 Kub, 2K12E Kvadrat (export version), 2K12M3, 2K12M4
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 2K12 Kub
| weight             = 
| length             = 
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 
| crew               = <!-- Vehicle specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 3 3M9M4(or variants) guided missiles
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = integral rocket motor/[[ramjet]] booster and sustainer motor
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| boost              = 
| speed              = 
| guidance           = [[command guidance]] with terminal [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH)
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}

The '''2K12 ''"Kub"''''' ({{lang-ru|2К12 Куб}}; English: '[[cube]]') ([[NATO reporting name]]: '''SA-6 "Gainful"''') mobile [[surface-to-air missile]] system is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] low to medium-level air defence system designed to protect ground forces from air attack. ''2К12'' is the [[GRAU]] designation of the system.

Each 2K12 battery consists of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carries the '''1S91''' (SURN vehicle, NATO designation '''"Straight Flush"''') 25&nbsp;kW [[G band (NATO)|G]]/[[H band (NATO)|H band]] [[radar]] (with a range of {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}}) equipped with a [[continuous wave]] [[semi active radar homing|illuminator]], in addition to an optical sight. The battery usually also includes four triple-missile [[transporter erector launcher]]s (TELs), and four trucks, each carrying three spare missiles and a crane. The TEL is based on a [[GM chassis|GM-578]] chassis, while the 1S91 radar vehicle is based on a GM-568 chassis, all developed and produced by [[Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant|MMZ]].

==Development==
The development of the 2K12 was started after 18 July 1958 at the request of the CPSU Central Committee.<ref name="PVO">{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/kub/kub.htm |title=САМОХОДНЫЙ ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС 2К12 "КУБ" (SA-6 GAINFUL) |publisher=pvo.guns.ru |language=ru |access-date=2008-11-19 |date=2004-04-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221221728/http://www.pvo.guns.ru/kub/kub.htm| archive-date=21 December 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| url-status=live}}</ref> The system was set the requirements of being able to engage aerial targets flying at speeds of {{convert|420|to(-)|600|m/s|kn|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} at altitudes of {{convert|100|to|7000|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} at ranges up to {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}, with a single shot [[kill probability]] of at least 0.7.<ref name="PVO" />

The systems design was the responsibility of the now [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design]] (NIIP). In addition to NIIP several other design bureaus were involved in the creation of the Kub missile system including [[Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant]] which designed and produced the chassis of the self-propelled components. Many of the design bureaus would later go on to co-operate in the development of the successor to the 2K12 "Kub", the [[Buk missile system|9K37 "Buk"]].

First trials of the missile system were started at the end of 1959 to discover a series of problems:
* low power for the missile radar seeker and badly designed nose cone
* missile air inlets design failure
* low quality of heat shield inside the afterburner chamber (titanium was replaced by steel).

In August 1961 Toropov was replaced by Lyapin as the Chief Designer of Vympel and in January 1962 [[Viktor Tikhomirov|Tikhomirov]] was replaced by Figurovskiy as the Chief Designer of NIIP. Still, the work was not intensified. Before 1963 only 11 of 83 missiles fired had the seeker head installed; only 3 launches were successful.

Kub downed its first-ever air target on February 18, 1963, during the state trials at [[Donguz test site]], [[Orenburg Oblast]]. It was an [[Ilyushin Il-28]] bomber.

The system entered an extended testing period between 1959 and 1966, after overcoming the technical difficulties of producing the 2K12 "Kub" the system was accepted into service on 23 January 1967 and went into production that same year.<ref name="PVO" />

It is sometimes claimed that the [[M-11 Shtorm]] naval system is a version of the 3M9 but this is not the case, as the M-11 Shtorm is a separate system and, unusually for Russian surface-to-air missiles, has no land-based variant.
{{tree chart/start|style = float:right}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |Kub| |Kvadrat| | | |Kub=Kub|Kvadrat=Kvadrat|boxstyle_Kvadrat=background-color: #afa;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|(| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |KM1| |KM| |KM1=Kub-M1|KM=Kub-M}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|'| | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |F|KM3| | |KM3=Kub-M3}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |:| |!| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |:|KM4| | | | | | |KM4=Kub-M4}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |:| | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | |L|Buk| | | | | |Buk=[[Buk missile system|Buk]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}

The 2K12 "Kub" was recommended for modernisation work in 1967 with the goal of improving combat characteristics (longer range, improved [[Electronic counter-countermeasures|ECCM]], reliability and reaction time) established for the new chief designer [[Ardalion Rastov]]. A modernised variant underwent trial testing in 1972 eventually being adopted in 1973 as the "Kub-M1".<ref name="PVO" /> The system underwent another modernisation between 1974 and 1976, again the general combat characteristics of the system were improved with the "Kub-M3" clearing testing and entering service in 1976.<ref name="PVO" />

After the Rastov visit to Egypt in 1971 to see Kub in operation<ref name="Militaryparade">{{cite web|url=http://milparade.udm.ru/27/126.htm |title=Chief Designer Ardalion Rastov |access-date=2008-08-23 |website=www.milparade.udm.ru |date=1998-08-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123083209/http://milparade.udm.ru/27/126.htm |archive-date=23 January 2009 }}</ref> he decided upon the development of a new system, called Buk, where each TEL should have its own fire control radar (TELAR) and is able to engage multiple targets from multiple directions at the same time.

The final major development of the Kub missile system was achieved during the development of its successor, the 9K37 "Buk" in 1974. Although the Buk is the successor to Kub it was decided that both systems could share some interoperability, the result of this decision was the "Kub-M4" system.<ref name="PVO" /> The Kub-M4 used Kub-M3 components which could receive fire control information from the 9А310 [[transporter erector launcher and radar]] (TELAR) of the 9K37 Buk. The advantage of interoperability was an increase in the number of fire control channels and available missiles for each system as well as a faster service entry for Buk system components. The Kub-M4 was adopted into service in 1978 following completion of trials.<ref name="PVO" />

{{external media
| float  = right
| width  = 150px
| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930180102/http://www.arms-expo.ru/im.xp/057051052053052.jpg Photo of one of the Buk prototype, based on Kub components]
| image2 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930180135/http://www.arms-expo.ru/im.xp/053050053053049053.jpg Photo of one of the Buk prototype, based on Kub components (sideview)]
}}
Some early development implementations of the Buk missile system heavily utilized Kub components, including the 3M9 missile.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.arms-expo.ru/site.xp/049051048057124051054054.html Buk (9K37, SA-11, Gadfly)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504092421/http://www.arms-expo.ru/site.xp/049051048057124051054054.html |date=4 May 2009 }}, ARMS-EXPO website</ref>

There are several plans to integrate [[active radar homing]] missiles into Kub. For instance, [[Polish people|Polish]] [[Wojskowe Zaklady Uzbrojenia|WZU]] of [[Grudziadz]] demonstrated a project of a [[AIM-7 Sparrow|Sparrow]]-armed Kub at the MSPO 2008 defence exhibition in [[Kielce]].<ref name="wzu">{{cite web|url=http://www.wzu.pl/?p=225|title=Sparrow missile integration with SA-6|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050727/http://www.wzu.pl/?p=225|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aim7">{{cite web |url=http://jmr.janes.com/public/jmr/surface_to_air.shtml |title=Jane's- Surface to Air |access-date=2009-01-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120702005229/http://jmr.janes.com/public/jmr/surface_to_air.shtml |archive-date=2 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}, [http://www4.janes.com/subscribe/jmr/doc_view.jsp?K2DocKey=/content1/janesdata/mags/jmr/history/jmr2008/jmr71161.htm@current&Prod_Name=JMR&QueryText= Poland's WZU shows Sparrow-armed Kub]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Jane's Information Group website</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/europe/Pologne/MSPO/MSPO_2007_Defence_Exhibition_Poland/pictures/2k12_kub_sa-6_modernisation_MSPO_2007_Defence_Exhibition_Polish_army_001.jpg|title=2K12 Kub modernisation for Polish Army at MSPO 2007 Defence Exhibition|website=www.armyrecognition.com|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924023700/http://www.armyrecognition.com/europe/Pologne/MSPO/MSPO_2007_Defence_Exhibition_Poland/pictures/2k12_kub_sa-6_modernisation_MSPO_2007_Defence_Exhibition_Polish_army_001.jpg|archive-date=24 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> It is reported also that Vympel initiated some work to use its [[R-77|RVV-AE]] air-to-air missile to modernise the Kvadrat SAM system.<ref name="rvv-ae">[http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2006/RV-77-could-create-a-smarter-Kub.html RV-77 could create a smarter Kub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131200/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2006/RV-77-could-create-a-smarter-Kub.html |date=26 February 2009 }} at Jane's Information Group website</ref>

Also, the Czech company RETIA presented a SURN (fire control radar) upgrade featuring an optical channel and new multiple-function color displays as well as the radar upgrade and the IFF system.<ref name="retia">[http://www.military-retia.cz/en/SAM-system-modernization/ SAM system modernization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101153854/http://www.military-retia.cz/en/SAM-system-modernization/ |date=1 November 2009 }} at RETIA, a.s.</ref>

In 2011 a Kub upgraded launcher (named "2K12 KUB CZ") with three [[Aspide]] 2000 missiles in launch containers was presented at the International Exhibition of Defence and Security Technologies (IDET) exposition in [[Brno]]. The modifications were made by Retia.<ref name="retia2">[https://archive.today/20130210025117/http://www.military-retia.cz/en/news/1519-odstavec-the-czech-company-retia-a-s-is-replacing-three-deadly-fingers-of-the-surface-to-air-missile-sam-system-2k12-kub/%234f506b930dfc2 The Czech company RETIA, a.s. is replacing – three deadly fingers – of the Surface to Air Missile (SAM) system 2K12 KUB] at RETIA, a.s.</ref>

==Description==
[[File:2K12 Kub backside at Central Museum of Russian Armed Forces.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of the Kub at the Central Museum of Russian Armed Forces]]
The 2K12 system shares many components with the [[2K11 Krug]] (SA-4) system. In many ways they are designed to complement each other; 2K11 is effective at long ranges and high altitudes, 2K12 at medium ranges and intermediate altitudes.

The system is able to acquire and begin tracking targets using the 1S91 "Самоходная установка разведки и наведения" (SPRGU - "Self-propelled Reconnaissance and Guidance Unit" / NATO: "Straight Flush" radar) at {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}} and begin illumination and guidance at {{convert|28|km|mi|abbr=on}}. [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] is also performed using this radar. It can only guide one or two missiles to a single target at any time. The missile is initially [[command guidance|command guided]] with terminal [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH), with target illumination provided by the "Straight Flush" radar. Detonation is via either the impact or [[proximity fuze]]. On the latest models, this vehicle is also fitted with an optical tracking system which allows engagement without the use of the radar (for active RF emissions stealth reasons, or due to heavy [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] [[Radar jamming and deception|jamming]]) in which case the effective altitude is limited to 14&nbsp;km/46000&nbsp;ft. The optical tracking method also allows engagements to altitudes below that where the radar is able to track targets. Maximum target speed is around [[Mach number|Mach]] 2 for head-on engagements and Mach 1 for tail-chase engagements. Top speed of the missile is approximately Mach 2.8.

In contrast to the elaborate [[Patriot missile]] or even the simpler Hawk system fielded by US forces, most of the system rides on two tracked self-propelled vehicles, rather than towed or mounted on trucks, and either the launcher or control vehicle can be set to launch in only 15 minutes after changing location.

{{Infobox weapon
|name=3M9
|image=2P25 2K12 VS3.jpg
|caption=
|origin=Soviet Union
|type=[[Surface-to-air missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=
|is_vehicle=
|is_missile=yes
|is_UK=yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=3M9, 3M9M1, 3M9M3, 3M9M4
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=3M9
|weight=599 kg
|length=5,800 mm
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter=335 mm
|crew=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
|filling=Frag-HE
|filling_weight=59 kg
|detonation=Contact and proximity
|yield=
<!-- Missile specifications -->
|armour=
|primary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
|transmission=
|payload_capacity=
|suspension=
|clearance=
|wingspan=1.245 m
|propellant=integral rocket motor/ramjet booster and sustainer motor
|fuel_capacity=
|vehicle_range={{convert|24|km|mi}}
|ceiling=
|altitude=Max. {{convert|14000|m|ft}} <br /> Min. {{convert|100|m|ft}}
|boost=
|speed=Mach 2.8
|guidance=semi-active radar homing
|steering=
|accuracy=
|launch_platform=2P25 TEL
|transport=
}}

===Missiles===

{{Infobox weapon
|name=IVC 3M20M3 Peniye
|image=
|caption=
|origin=Soviet Union/{{flag|Russia}}
|type= [[Surface-to-air missile]] training target imitator system
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=
|is_vehicle=
|is_missile=yes
|is_UK=yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|weight=600 kg
|length=5,841 mm
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
|filling= no
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=
<!-- Missile specifications -->
|armour=
|primary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
|transmission=
|payload_capacity=
|suspension=
|clearance=
|wingspan=932 mm
|propellant=integral rocket motor/ramjet booster and sustainer motor
|fuel_capacity=
|vehicle_range={{convert|24|km|mi}}
|ceiling=
|altitude={{convert|500|m|ft}} – {{convert|6000|m|ft}}
|boost=
|speed=200–600&nbsp;m/s
|guidance=semi-active radar homing
|steering=
|accuracy=
|launch_platform=2P25 TEL
|transport=
}}
<!-- Other missile specific parameters:
Service life – 2–10 h
Flight time – up to 70 s
G-load during maneuvers – up to 8
ERA (depending on complement) – with metal fairing 0.1–0.3 m^2; with radiotransparent fairing – 1 m^2; with Luneberg lens – 3–5 m^2
Infrared radiation simulation means – T-60 tracking flare
Level of heat radiation – in infrared band of 3–5 μ: head-on course 3–100 W/sr; pursuit course 100–300 W/sr
Number of heat decoys – 10
Number of decoy firings – 2 (in train or in salvo of two)
Number of flight programs – 7
Flight control method – programmable
Elimination method – forced
-->

The fairly large missiles have an effective range of 4–24&nbsp;km (2.5–15 miles) and an effective altitude of 50–14,000&nbsp;m (164–45,931&nbsp;ft). The missile weighs 599&nbsp;kg (1,321&nbsp;lb) and the warhead weighs 56&nbsp;kg (123&nbsp;lb). Top missile speed is approx. [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.8. The combined propulsion system 9D16K included [[solid fuel]] [[rocket motor]] which, when burned out, forms the combustion chamber for a [[ramjet]] in a pioneering design putting this missile far ahead of its contemporaries in terms of propulsion.

The missile was fitted with a semi-active radar seeker 1SB4, designed by [[MNII Agat]], which was able to track the target by [[Doppler radar|Doppler]] frequency since the start. Later upgrades (3M9M3 missile) could do this before the start. Chief Designer of the seeker head was Yu.N. Vekhov, since 1960 – I.G. Akopyan.

In 1977 a new version, the '''3M9M1''' (DoD designation '''SA-6B''') was created with three missiles fitted onto a different chassis (the same as that of the 9K37 "Buk" (NATO reporting name "Gadfly" / DoD '''SA-11''' ), the 2K12 effective replacement) with an integrated '''"Fire Dome"''' missile guidance radar. For comparisons between the 2K12, 9K37, see the [[9K37 Buk]] entry.

An earlier incremental upgrade saw the 2K12 missiles replaced with the 2K12E versions and this system was known as '''Kvadrat''' ("Квадрат", meaning ''square''). This name was derived from the most common arrangement pattern of the military vehicles of the 2K12 complex, when the 1S91 radar is located at the center and 4x2P25 TELs at the [[vertex (geometry)|vertices]] of a square around the radar.

===Comparison===
{| class="wikitable"
!Complex<br /> <small>(GRAU designation)</small>
!Kub
!Kub-M1
!Kub-M3
!Kub-M4 <br /> (Buk-M1)
|-
!Introduced
|1967
|1973
|1976
|1978
|-
!Missiles per TEL
|3
|3
|3
|3
|-
!Engagement range
|6–22&nbsp;km
|4–23&nbsp;km
|4–25&nbsp;km
|4–24&nbsp;km
|-
!align="left"|
Engagement altitude
|100–7,000 m
|80–8,000 m
|20–8,000 m
|30–14,000 m
|-
!Missile speed <br /> ([[Mach number|Mach]])
|1.75
|1.75
|2
|2
|-
!align="left"| Maximum target speed <br /> ([[Mach number|Mach]])
|1.75
|1.75
|1.75
|1.75
|-
!align="left"| Response Time (seconds)
|26–28
|22–24
|22–24
|24
|-
!align="left"| missile Weight, kg
|630&nbsp;kg
|630&nbsp;kg
|630&nbsp;kg
|630&nbsp;kg
|-
!align="left"|
Simultaneous engagements
|1
|1
|1
|2
|-
!align="left"| Deployment time (minutes)
|5
|5
|5
|5
|}

===1S91 radar===
[[File:1S91 2K12 VS2.jpg|thumb|left|Radiolocator of 2K12 KUB]]
SURN '''1S91''' vehicle included two radar station – a target acquisition and distribution radar 1S11 and a continuous wave illuminator 1S31, in addition to an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF interrogator]] and an optical channel.

While 1S31 antenna was installed on the upper section of the superstructure and the 1S11 on the lower, they could turn around independently. To make the height of the vehicle lower the central cylinder was able to hide inside the prime mover.

The acquisition range of the radar was reported as {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} for an [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]] type of target.

Total weight of the 1S91 vehicle with a crew of 4 was 20.3 [[ton]]nes and 2P25 vehicle with 3 missiles and a crew of 3 was 19.5 t.

===Additional radar===
The 2K12 can also be used at a regimental level, if used as such it can be accompanied by a number of additional radar systems for extended air search at longer range and lower altitude, to supplement the 1S91 "Straight Flush". These systems include the:
* [[P-12 radar|P-12]] "Spoon Rest", a [[VHF]] [[early warning]] radar (also used by the [[S-75 Dvina]]), with a {{convert|200|km|mi}} range.
* [[P-40 radar|P-40]] "Long Track", an [[E band (NATO)|E band]] early warning radar (also used by the [[2K11 Krug]] and [[9K33 Osa]]), with a {{convert|370|km|mi}} range.
* [[P-15 radar|P-15]] "Flat Face A", a [[UHF]] early warning radar (also used by the [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|S-125 Neva]], with a {{convert|150|km|mi}} range.
* '''"Thin Skin"''' or '''"Side Net"''' E band [[height finding radar]] (also used by the S-75, 2K11 Krug and [[S-200 (missile)|S-200]], range 240&nbsp;km/148 miles)
* '''"Score Board"''' [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] radar

The '''"Spoon Rest"''' and '''"Thin Skin"''' are mounted on a truck, '''"Long Track"''' on a tracked vehicle (a modified [[AT-T]]) and '''"Flat Face"''' on a van. The '''"Score Board"''' IFF radar is mounted on a free standing tri-pod.

Without the P-40 "Long Track" mobile radar vehicle, the 2K12 is unable to track aircraft at high altitudes.

<gallery>
File:1S91 missile guidance system control station.JPG|1S91 first/second operator console
File:Missile guidance system control station of a 1S91 radar.JPG|1S91 third operator console
File:Monitor and control equipment 1S91.JPG|1S91 teleconsole
File:1S91 Kub main operator console.jpg|1S91 main operator console (after upgrade)
File:1S91 Kub third operator console at MAKS Airshow 2011.jpg|1S91 third operator console (after upgrade)
File:1S91 Kub Teleoperator console at MAKS Airshow 2011.jpg|1S91 teleconsole (after upgrade)
File:P-12 NRS-12.jpg|NRS-12 '''"Score Board"'''  IFF radar (bottom left - mounted on tri-pod) and P-12 '''"Spoon Rest"'''  (centre - mounted on a towable generator).
</gallery>

==Operational history==

===Middle East===

====Yom Kippur War====
In the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], the Egyptian and Syrian 2K12s surprised the Israeli military, who were accustomed to having air superiority over the battlefield. The highly mobile 2K12 took a heavy toll on the slower [[A-4 Skyhawk]] and even the [[F-4 Phantom]], forming a protective umbrella until they could be removed. The [[radar warning receivers]] on the Israeli aircraft did not alert the pilot to the fact that he was being illuminated by the radar. The 2K12 performed well according to a conversation between Israeli [[Benny Peled|General Peled]] and [[Henry Kissinger]], and caused the most Israeli losses of any Egyptian anti-aircraft missile, followed by the [[9K32 Strela-2]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/octwar-56.pdf|title=The White House Memorandum of Conversation}}</ref>

The superior low altitude performance of the weapon, and its new CW semi-active missile seeker resulted in a much higher success rate compared to the earlier [[S-75 Dvina]] and [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|S-125 Neva]] systems. While exact losses are disputed, around 40 aircraft are usually cited as lost to SAMs, and the 2K12 Kub proved the most effective of the three weapons. But in subsequent conflicts, its performance declined as captured examples resulted in effective counter-measures being developed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2K12-Kvadrat.html|title=3M9ME Gainful SAM launch from TEL|author=C Kopp|date=6 July 2009|pages=1|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102022745/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2K12-Kvadrat.html|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

====1982 Lebanon war====
[[File:Syrian SAM.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Part of a Syrian 2K12 Kub near the Beirut-Damascus highway, and overlooking the Beqaa Valley, in early 1982.]]
The Syrians also deployed the 2K12 Kub to Lebanon in 1981 after the Israelis shot down Syrian helicopters near [[Zahlé]]. The SAM batteries were placed in the [[Bekaa Valley]] near the [[Beirut]]-[[Damascus]] road.  They remained close to the existing Syrian air defense system but could not be fully integrated into it.{{Clarify|date=October 2017}} Early in the [[1982 Lebanon war]], the [[Israeli Air Force]] concentrated on suppressing the SAM threat in the [[Beqaa Valley]], launching [[Operation Mole Cricket 19]].  The result was a complete success.  Several 2K12 Kub batteries, along with S-75s and S-125 systems, were destroyed in a single day.  While Syria's own air defenses remained largely intact, its forces in Lebanon were left exposed to attacks by Israeli strike aircraft for the remainder of the war. It has been reported, however, that at least one Israeli [[F-4 Phantom]] fighter-bomber was shot down in the area by a 2K12 Kub on July 24, 1982.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/11/21/israelis-bomb-lebanese-sites-lose-one-plane/72852c73-52a8-4913-9901-3278bfdb9a7c/| title = Israelis Bomb Lebanese Sites, Lose One Plane - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

===South African Border War===
The [[People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola]] (FAPLA) procured a number of 2K12 Kub systems from the Soviet Union in 1981.<ref name=Vanneman>{{cite book|last=Vanneman|first=Peter|title=Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann|url-access=registration|date=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/41 41–57]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford|isbn=978-0817989026}}</ref> According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], Angola had obtained sixteen TEL launchers for the 2K12 Kub systems, which were deployed in the [[Namibe Province|Moçâmedes District]].<ref name="CIA1">{{cite web|title=SA-6 Equipment: Moccamedes SAM Support Facility, Angola|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP91T00712R000100270006-8.pdf|location=Langley
|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=1980–1981|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123075816/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP91T00712R000100270006-8.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> The South African military noted that the missiles would make it difficult for it to provide air cover for its cross-border operations against guerrillas of the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]], which were operating from Angolan sanctuaries.<ref name=Jaster>{{cite book|last=Jaster|first=Robert Scott|title=The Defence of White Power: South African Foreign Policy under Pressure|date=1997|pages=66–68, 93–103|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0333454558}}</ref> All of Angola's 2K12 Kub launchers were destroyed in a South African preemptive strike as part of [[Operation Protea]].<ref name=Vanneman/>

2K12 Kub missile sites were also operated by Cuban expeditionary forces in Angola during [[Operation Excite/Hilti]].<ref name="George">{{cite book|title=The Cuban intervention in Angola |last=George|first=Edward|location=New York|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|year=2005|isbn=978-0415647106|page=244}}</ref> On 26 June 1988, six 3M9M3 missiles launched from a Cuban 2K12 Kub battery were fired at a South African weather balloon being used as a radar decoy over Tchipa.<ref name="George"/> South African observers used the firing data to plot the location of the 2K12 Kub launchers and destroyed them in a concentrated bombardment with [[G5 howitzer]]s.<ref name="George"/>

===Western Sahara War===
Forces of the [[Polisario Front]] acquired two full batteries of 2K12 Kub missiles from [[Algeria]] during the [[Western Sahara War]], which they used effectively against the fighters of the [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]], including shooting down two [[Mirage F1]] fighters in 1981 during a major battle in [[Guelta Zemmur]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=Morocco, Mauritania & West Sahara since 1972|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=228&Itemid=1|publisher=ACIG.org|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090030/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=228&Itemid=1|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Poland===
On 19 August 2003, a Polish Air Force Su-22M4K was accidentally shot down by friendly fire during an exercise by a Polish 2K12 Kub battery. The aircraft was flying 21&nbsp;km (13&nbsp;mi) from the coast over the Baltic Sea near [[Ustka]]. The pilot, General [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], ejected and was rescued after two hours in the water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canadafreepress.com/article/polands-black-wednesday|title = Poland's Black Wednesday}}</ref>

===Libya===
The system was deployed by Libya during the border dispute with Chad and proved a threat [[Operation Epervier|for French aircraft]]. On 16 February 1986, the system failed in detecting low flying French jets which were [[Ouadi Doum airstrike|attacking the Ouadi Doum airbase]]. On January 7, 1987, the French Air Force were successful in destroying a 2K12 Kub radar site in the [[Faya Largeau]] area with [[SEPECAT Jaguar]]s armed with [[Martel missile|Martel]] anti-radiation missiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisboring.com/in-1987-the-french-air-force-staged-a-daring-raid-on-libyan-defenses/|title=In 1987, the French Air Force Staged a Daring Raid on Libyan Defenses|date=2 January 2017}}</ref>

In March, the [[Chad]]ian rebels captured Ouadi Doum air base, seizing virtually all heavy equipment used for the defense of this airfield, intact. Most of this equipment was transported to France and the United States in the following days, but some 2K12 Kub systems remained in Chad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-03-25-mn-237-story.html|title = Chad Victory over Libyans a Major Setback for Kadafi|website = [[Los Angeles Times]]|date = 25 March 1987}}</ref>

With this catastrophe, the [[Libya]]n occupation of northern Chad – and the annexation of the [[Aouzou Strip]] – was over: by 30 March, the bases at Faya Largeau and Aouzou had to be abandoned. The [[Libyan Air Force#Early Gaddafi era (1969–1989)|LARAF]] now had a completely different task: its [[Tu-22]]Bs were to attack the abandoned bases and destroy as much equipment left there as possible. The first strikes were flown in April, and they continued until 8 August 1987, when two Tu-22Bs tasked to strike Aouzou were ambushed by a captured 2K12 Kub battery used by the Chadian Army. One of the bombers was shot down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=47 |title=Online.de|access-date=2009-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425185629/http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=47 |archive-date=25 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Libyan air defense, including 2K12 Kub batteries, was active during the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/22/world/africa/22libya.html |title=Cameron Rebuts Commanders' Concerns About Libya Campaign |location=Libya |work=New York Times |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118215100/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/22/world/africa/22libya.html |archive-date=18 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Iraq===
Several 2K12 Kub batteries, along with other SAM systems and military equipment, were supplied to Iraq before and during the [[Iran–Iraq War]] as part [[Soviet support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war|of large military packages]] from the Soviet Union. The batteries were active since the start of the war in September 1980, scoring kills against U.S-supplied Iranian [[F-4 Phantom]]s and [[Northrop F-5]]s.<ref name=Cordesman-IrIr-II-13>{{cite book |contribution=Chapter XIII: The Air and Missile Wars and Weapons of Mass Destruction |date=2003-09-26 |title=The Lessons of Modern War: Volume II, The Iran–Iraq War |url=http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap13.pdf |first=Anthony |last=Cordesman |author-link=Anthony Cordesman |author2=Wagner, Abraham R. |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418143419/http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap13.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/iranian_f_5_losses_any_ejections.htm |title=Iranian_F_5_LOSSES any ejections |publisher=Ejection-history.org.uk |access-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103092616/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/iranian_f_5_losses_any_ejections.htm |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Country-By-Country/iranian_f_4_phantom_losses.htm |title=Chronological Listing of Iranian Air Force McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II Losses & Ejections |publisher=Ejection-history.org.uk |access-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710211447/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/country-by-country/iranian_f_4_phantom_losses.htm |archive-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The SA-6/Kub was also used during the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]]. The threat posed by these SAMs led to the US Navy outfitting the ALQ-167 Bullwinkle Jamming pod on their [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14A/A+ Tomcats]] and [[Grumman A-6 Intruder|A-6E TRAM/SWIP Intruder]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Rick|title=A-6E Intruder Units: 1975-1996|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2017|pages=71–72}}</ref> On the opening night of Desert Storm, on 17 January 1991, a [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|B-52G]] was damaged by a missile. Different versions of this engagement are told. It could have been an S-125 or a 2K12 Kub while other versions report a MiG-29 hit the bomber with a [[Vympel R-27|R-27R]] missile.<ref>Lake 2004, p. 48.</ref> However, the U.S. Air Force disputes these claims, stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire, an [[AGM-88 HARM|AGM-88]] High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) that homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently renamed ''In HARM's Way''.<ref>Lake 2004, pp. 47–48.</ref> Shortly following this incident, General [[George Lee Butler]] announced that the gunner position on B-52 crews would be eliminated, and the gun turrets permanently deactivated, commencing on 1 October 1991.<ref>Condor 1994, p. 44.</ref>

On January 19, 1991, a [[USAF]] [[F-16]] (serial 87-228) was shot down by a 2K12 Kub during the massive (though ill-fated) [[Package Q Strike]] against a heavily defended [[Baghdad]]. It was the tenth coalition aircraft lost in combat in [[Operation Desert Storm]]. The pilot, Captain Harry 'Mike' Roberts, ejected safely but was taken prisoner and freed in March 1991. The aircraft was on a mission to attack the Air Defense Headquarters Building. It had flown 4 combat missions before being lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2254/|title=Airframe Details for F-16 #87-0228|publisher=f-16.net|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128195238/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2254/|archive-date=28 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2K12 Kub threat was largely controlled by Allied EW assets together with the older S-75s and S-125 missile systems. Most of the losses were due to IR guided SAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rjlee.org/aaloss.html |title=Coalition Aircraft Combat Attrition |publisher=Rjlee.org |access-date=2012-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121080527/http://www.rjlee.org/aaloss.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kubs continued to be used by the Iraqi military, along with other SAM systems, to challenge the [[Iraqi no-fly zones|Western imposed no-fly zones]] during the 1990s and early 2000s. They were not able to shoot down any Coalition aircraft though several sites were destroyed as retaliation. In one incident, on September 11, 1996, during [[Operation Provide Comfort II]], one missile was fired against two USAF F-16 in northern Iraq but missed.<ref name="globalsecurity1">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/provide_comfort_2.htm |title=Operation Provide Comfort II |publisher=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> On December 30, 1998, a 2K12 Kub site near Talil fired 6-8 missiles at aircraft enforcing the [[Southern Watch]] component of the NFZ. American F-16s responded by dropping six [[GBU-12]] [[laser-guided bomb]]s on the site and also launching two [[AGM-88 HARM|HARMs]] "as a preemptive measure" to warn Iraqi radar operators against carrying out more firings.<ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/southern_watch-1998.htm |title=Operation Southern Watch |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=19 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103011926/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/southern_watch-1998.htm |archive-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bosnia and Yugoslavia===
[[Army of Republika Srpska]] forces, using modified 2K12 Kub systems were successful in [[Mrkonjić Grad incident|shooting down]] [[Scott O'Grady]]'s F-16 in 1995<ref name="timeogrady">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983055,00.html "All For One"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812000523/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C983055%2C00.html |date=12 August 2013 }}, June 19, 1995, Kevin Fedarko and Mark Thompson, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2880/|title=Airframe details for 89-2032|publisher=f-16.net|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128195341/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2880/|archive-date=28 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

One [[Mi-17]] was shot down by a Kub on May 28, 1995, killing the Bosniak Minister [[Irfan Ljubijankić]], and 6 other crew and passengers.<ref>Roger Cohen, [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/29/world/serbs-kill-bosnian-leader-take-more-hostages-copter-downed-33-britons-are-seized.html Serbs Kill a Bosnian Leader and Take More Hostages; Copter Downed - 33 Britons Are Seized], ''The New York Times'', 29 May 1995.</ref>

During the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999, on the first night of the war (March 24/25), a [[Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslav Air Force]] [[MiG-29]] flown by Maj. Predrag Milutinović was downed by a Kub battery in a friendly fire incident, while approaching [[Niš Constantine the Great Airport|Niš Airport]] after an unsuccessful engagement with NATO aircraft.

The Yugoslav Air Defence had 22 2K12 Kub batteries. Using [[shoot and scoot]] tactics, the self-propelled ground system demonstrated a good survivability with only three radars lost in the face of nearly four-hundred [[AGM-88]] shots. As comparison the fixed S-75 and S-125 sites suffered losses to around 66 to 80 percent.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Martin |last=Andrew |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2009-04.html |title=Revisiting the Lessons of Operation Allied Force |journal=Air Power Australia Analyses |date=14 June 2009 |volume=VI |issue=4 |page=1 |publisher=Ausairpower.net |access-date=2012-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628185114/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2009-04.html |archive-date=28 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the then-commander of Air force and air defense General [[Spasoje Smiljanić]], during the 78 day campaign, 2K12 Kub had 46 shooting with 70 missiles.<ref>{{cite web |author=Spasoje Smiljanić |url=http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:279534-Borba-Davida-i-Golijata |title=Borba Davida i Golijata &#124; Ostali članci |publisher=[[Večernje novosti]] |access-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909044758/http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:279534-Borba-Davida-i-Golijata |archive-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Syrian War===
On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|launched]] 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting sites in Syria. According to the Russian military, twenty-one Kub missiles launched in response allegedly destroyed eleven incoming missiles,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |title=Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018) |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093246/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |archive-date=18 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422115848/https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===[[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemen Civil War]]===
South Yemen formerly operated these systems in the South Yemeni air defense forces. Later, United Yemen purchased a large number of these systems in the 1990s and they entered service with the Yemeni air defense forces in 1999.
On 6 June 2019, [[Houthi]] forces successfully shot down a USAF [[MQ-9]]. [[CENTCOM]] officials blamed the shoot down on a Houthi-operated 2K12 Kub system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/STATEMENTS/Statements-View/Article/1877252/statement-from-us-central-command-on-attacks-against-us-observation-aircraft/|title=Statement from US Central Command on attacks against U.S. observation aircraft|website=U.S. Central Command}}</ref>
On 8 November 2023 Houthis used the SA6 (NATO reporting name)  missile to shoot down the American MQ-9 Reaper (sometimes called Predator B) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which was worth $32 million.<ref>http://www.mmy.ye/303152</ref>

===War in Ukraine===

Ukraine retired its Kub batteries in the early 2000s to focus on the more modern Buk systems, but with the outbreak of the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]] in 2014, Ukraine's Aerotekhnika company begun repairing some of the 89 Kub units in storage and modernize them to the Kub M3/2D standard. According to Ukrainian media, two units were operational in 2021, while the Pentagon estimated that only one was operational prior to the Russian invasion in 2022.<ref name="Roblin">{{cite web |last1=Roblin |first1=Sébastien |title=The Three Fingers of Death Have Arrived in Ukraine |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a44940113/three-fingers-of-death-kub-air-defense-vehicles-ukraine/ |website=Popular Mechanics |access-date=3 September 2023 |date=30 August 2023}}</ref> 

On 17 March 2023, the [[Slovakia|Slovak]] government approved the transfer of two Kub missile launchers, one Kub radar, spare parts, 52 pieces of [[3M9ME]] missiles and 148 pieces of [[3M9M3E]] missiles to Ukraine. 
<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovakia will donate jet fighter to Ukraine |website=[[RTVS]] |date=17 March 2023 |url=https://spravy.rtvs.sk/2023/03/slovensko-daruje-stihacky-mig-29-ukrajine-uviedol-heger-po-rokovani-vlady/ |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>

On 10 May 2023, the President of [[Czech Republic]], [[Petr Pavel]], has announced that his country will send two "2K12 Kub' missile systems to Ukraine with a  "relatively large number" of missiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/czech-republic-supplies-ukraine-two-160616614.html|title=Czech Republic supplies Ukraine with two Kub air defence systems – Czech President|date=11 May 2023|website=news.yahoo.com}}</ref> On late August 2023, photos of Czech 2K12M2 Kub-M2 systems in Ukrainian service appeared on social media.<ref name="Roblin"/>

==Operators==
[[File:2K12 Kub Operator Map 25.10.2023.png|thumb|300x300px|Map of 2K12 operators in blue with former operators in red]]
[[File:SA-6 'KUB' missile system exercise!.jpg|thumb|right|Hungarian modernized 2K12 Kub launcher]]
[[File:SA-6.jpg|thumb|bottom|right|3M9 [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]] in desert camouflage. Photo by [[Nellis Air Force Base|Nellis AFB]].]]

===Current operators===
* {{ALG}} – about 40 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 316</ref>
* {{ANG}} – 16 2К12s, as of 2021{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=449}}
* {{ARM}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 90</ref>
* {{BUL}} – 20 2K12s, as of 2016
* {{BIH}} – 20 2K12s, as of 2019
* {{CHA}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2021|p=457}}
* {{CUB}} – 25+<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 385</ref>
* {{CZE}} – 4 batteries – 16 launchers and 4 radiolocators<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.25plrb.army.cz/?page_id=178 |title=25plrp.army.cz|website=www.25plrb.army.cz|access-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821182020/http://www.25plrb.army.cz/?page_id=178 |archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 105</ref>
* {{EGY}} – 56 2K12s, as of 2012. All modernized and upgraded.<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 322</ref>
* {{ETH}} – unknown number in service.
* {{HUN}} – 12 2K12s, as of 2019<ref>[[2K12 Kub#IISS2012|IISS 2019 Military Balance]], pp. 125</ref>
* {{IND}} – 180 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 244</ref>
* {{IRN}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/56646 |title=کاوادرات؛ نبرد 4 گوش سپاه با جنگال و کروز - مشرق نیوز |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015161237/http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/56646 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{KAZ}} – 20 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 256</ref>
* {{LBY}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 338</ref>
[[File:MA-SAM-1.jpg|thumb|Kub 2K12M2 air defence system of the Myanmar Army]]
[[File:MA-SAM-3.jpg|thumb|Kvadat-M air defence systems of the Myanmar Army]]
* {{MYA}} – Kub Kvadrat-M and Kub 2K12M2 air defence systems received from Belarus.<ref name="asiapacificdefencereporter.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/order-of-battle/myanmar |title=Myanmar|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025311/http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/order-of-battle/myanmar |archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade-Register-1971-2018.rft |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
* {{PRK}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/04/01/what_do_north_koreas_air_defenses_look_like |title=ForeignPolicy.com: What do North Korea's air defenses look like?|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031942/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/04/01/what_do_north_koreas_air_defenses_look_like |archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>4/2/13 FP Situation Report: By Gordon Lubold</ref>
* {{POL}} –  20 2K12s, as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbrojenie i wyposażenie Wojska Polskiego A.D. 2015/2016|url=http://bloghist-mil.pl/2015/03/28/uzbrojenie-i-wyposazenie-wojska-polskiego/ |website=Blog Historyczno-Militarny|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160602165935/http://bloghist-mil.pl/2015/03/28/uzbrojenie-i-wyposazenie-wojska-polskiego/ |archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{ROM}} – 32 batteries, future upgrading expected and proposed
* {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}<ref name='Sahara'>{{cite magazine|language=it|title=Il contenzioso del sahara occidentale fra passato e presente|url=https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf |author=Francesco Palmas|issue=4|year=2012|pages=50–59|newspaper=Informazioni della Difesa|access-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141151/https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{SRB}} – 12 batteries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vs.rs/index.php?content=44cf0f3f-021f-102c-a202-2f44c9235232 |title=Војска Србије – Наоружање Ваздухопловства и противваздухопловне одбране – Ракетни системи – Ракетни систем ПВО КУБ-М|first=Vojska Srbije|publisher=Serbian Armed Forces :: Centar za komandno-informacione|last=sisteme|work=vs.rs|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010063013/http://www.vs.rs/index.php?content=44cf0f3f-021f-102c-a202-2f44c9235232 |archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{SYR}} – 195 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 350</ref>
* {{TAN}} – 20 2K12s, as of 2012<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 457</ref>
* {{TKM}} – 2+ in service as of 2016<ref>{{cite web|author1=Hərbi TV|title=Turkmenistan Military Parade 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGQUCXgeD0 |website=YouTube|access-date=7 August 2017|location=Ashgabat|language=tk|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015160440/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGQUCXgeD0 |archive-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{UKR}} - 40 2K12s, as of 2021,<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Ukraine's extensive but ageing air defence system |url=https://www.key.aero/article/inside-ukraines-extensive-ageing-air-defence-system |website=www.key.aero |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221202070025/https://www.key.aero/article/inside-ukraines-extensive-ageing-air-defence-system |archive-date=2 December 2022 |language=en |date=17 January 2022 |quote=40 self-propelled launchers, each carrying three SAMs, equipping ten batteries |url-status=live}}</ref> some upgraded to Kwadrat 2D<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwadrat-2D - Digitalized Ukrainian Kub SAM System In Kielce |url=https://defence24.com/kwadrat-2d-digitalized-ukrainian-kub-sam-system-in-kielce |website=defence24.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220629105225/https://defence24.com/kwadrat-2d-digitalized-ukrainian-kub-sam-system-in-kielce |archive-date=29 June 2022 |language=pl |date=2015-09-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{VIE}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 293</ref>
* {{YEM}}<ref>[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012 Military Balance]], pp. 355</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{RUS}} – Replaced by [[Buk missile system|9K37 Buk]]. Current 1 battery 2K12s deployed in [[Armenia]], as of 2012 (retired as of 2015). Also in service as IVC 3M20M3 ''Peniye'' missile training target imitator system<ref name="militaryforcesru">[http://militaryforces.ru/weapon-9-101-705.html Peniye training target system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009115552/http://militaryforces.ru/weapon-9-101-705.html |date=9 October 2010 }} at Russian Firearms: Specifications, Photos, Pictures website</ref><ref name="janesjuav1002">[http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/juav/juav1002.html Vympel 3M20M3 (Russian Federation), aerial targets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226132413/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/juav/juav1002.html |date=26 February 2009 }} at Jane's Information Group website</ref>
* {{CZS}} – 120 in 1992.<ref name="JanesDefense">{{cite book |last1=Cullen |first1=Tony |last2=Foss |first2=C.F. |title=Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93 |date=1 March 1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0710609793 |pages=127–131 |edition=5}}</ref> Passed on to successor states
* {{SVK}} – 4 2K12s with C2 [[Tatrapan]] PVO<ref>{{cite web |title=Protilietadlov raketov brigda Nitra |url=http://www.plrb.mil.sk/23778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022830/http://www.plrb.mil.sk/23778/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Retired. 
* {{GDR}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |page=47 |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref> – Retired after [[German reunification]]
* {{Flag|Iraq|1963}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Sipos |first2=Milos |title=Iraqi Mirages. The Dassault Mirage Family in Service with the Iraqi Air Force, 1981-1988 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-912-390311 |page=31}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Yemen}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 |date=2017 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-912174-23-2 |page=41}}</ref>
* {{USSR}} – 850 in 1991.<ref name="JanesDefense"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance. 1991-1992. |date=1991 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080413259 |page=37|author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Passed on to successor states
* {{YUG}} – Passed on to successor states<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Iztok |last1=Kočevar|title=Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide|trans-title=The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War|magazine=Batailles et Blindés|language=fr|date=August 2014|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|issue=62|pages=66–79}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:PRV-11 "Side Net" radar.jpg|"Side Net" height finding radar. <small>Photo by Nellis AFB</small>.
File:Polish Military Hardware (2856800211).jpg|P-40 "Long Track" early warning radar. <small>Photo by Nellis AFB</small>.
File:1S91 in Polish service.jpg|An 1S91 (Straight Flush) radar of the Hungarian Army's 2K12 Kub missile system
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2012 |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |editor=Hackett, James |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-1-85743-642-6 |ref=IISS2012}}
* {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|date=February 2021|volume=121|isbn=9781032012278|publisher=Routledge|ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2021}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727063214/http://mhrfweb.makett.org/MHRF/index.php?option=com_phocagallery&view=category&id=2:kub-rendszersa-6&Itemid=11&lang=en Kub system walkarounds]
* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-6.htm Kub 3M9 (SA-6 Gainful)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203915/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-6.htm |date=6 March 2016 }} at [[Federation of American Scientists]] website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617202418/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/pietrucha.html Needles in the Haystack – Hunting Mobile Electronic Targets], Maj Michael Pietrucha, [[USAF]]
* [http://www.dreamlandresort.com/area51/backgate_radar.html Radar Sites near the North Gate], photos of Soviet radars at [[Area 51]] North Gate
* [http://pvo.guns.ru/foto/foto112.htm Photos of Polish Kub]

{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}

[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|2K12]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Almaz-Antey products]]
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