Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:2S1 Gvozdika

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Soviet 122 mm self-propelled howitzer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{infobox weapon <!--[[Template:Infobox]] weapon-->
| name               = 2S1 (SAU-122)
| image              = 6742 - Moscow - Poklonnaya Hill - Tank.JPG
| image_size         = 300px
| caption            = 
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = [[Self-propelled artillery]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_artillery       = yes
| is_vehicle         = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1972–present
| used_by            = see [[#Operators|Operators]]
| wars               = [[Soviet–Afghan War]]<br />[[Iran–Iraq War]]<br />[[Gulf War]]<br />[[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)]]<br />[[Yugoslav Wars]]<br />[[First Chechen War]]<br />[[Second Chechen War]]<br />[[Iraq War]]<br />[[Russo-Georgian War]]<br />[[First Libyan Civil War]]<br />[[Second Libyan Civil War]]<br />[[Syrian Civil War]]<br />[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<br />[[Second Nagorno-Karabakh war]]<br />[[Tigray War]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[Kharkiv Tractor Plant]]
| design_date        = 1956–1961
| manufacturer       = 
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1971–1991
| number             = more than 10,000
| variants           = see Variants
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 16 tonnes (35,273 lbs)
| length             = {{convert|7.26|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = {{convert|4.27|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>Investments, M. (n.d.). 2S1-gvozdika. Mortar. Retrieved November 13, 2022, from https://mortarinvestments.eu/catalog/item/2s1-gvozdika</ref>
| width              = {{convert|2.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height             = {{convert|2.73|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| diameter           = 
| crew               = 4
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| cartridge          = 122 x 447mm .R<br /> separate loading, [[Shell (projectile)#Separate loading cased charge|cased charge]]
| cartridge_weight   = 
| caliber            = 122 mm
| barrels            = 
| action             = 
| rate               = Maximum: 5 rpm<br />Sustained: 1–2 rpm
| velocity           = {{convert|680|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| range              = 
| max_range          = Conventional: {{convert|15.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />Extended: {{convert|21.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| feed               = 
| sights             = <!-- Artillery specifications -->
| breech             = Horizontal [[Rifled breech loader#The sliding block|sliding-wedge]], semi-automatic
| recoil             = 
| carriage           = 
| elevation          = -3 to +70 degrees
| traverse           = 360 degrees
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour             = {{convert|7-20|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| primary_armament   = [[2A18]] {{convert|122|mm|in|abbr=on}} howitzer
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = YaMZ-238N diesel
| engine_power       = {{convert|220|kW|hp|abbr=on}}
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = torsion bar
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| speed              = Road: {{convert|60|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />Off-road: {{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />Swim: {{convert|4.5|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| guidance           = 
| steering           = 
}}
The '''2S1 ''Gvozdika''''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|2С1 «Гвоздика»}}, "[[Dianthus caryophyllus|Carnation]]") is a Soviet [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled howitzer]] introduced in 1972 and in service in Russia and other countries {{As of|2023|lc=y}}. It is based on the [[MT-LBu]] multi-purpose chassis, mounting a [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|122&nbsp;mm 2A18]] howitzer. "2S1" is its [[GRAU]] designation. An alternative Russian designation is SAU-122, but in the Russian Army it is commonly known as ''Gvozdika''. The 2S1 is fully [[Amphibious vehicle|amphibious]] with very little preparation, and once afloat is propelled by its tracks. A variety of track widths are available to allow the 2S1 to operate in snow or swamp conditions. It is [[CBRN defense|NBC]] protected and has infrared night-vision capability.

One was used in Series 21 of the British television series [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)]], as part of the fictional Top Gear Police Department.

== Description ==
[[File:Croatian Defense Council (HVO) soldiers stand out the top of a Russian 122 MM Howitzer 2S1 during Operation Joint Endeavor (DD-SD-99-06163).jpg|thumb|left|Croatian 2S1 in 1996]]
The 2S1 was developed in [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. It has seven road wheels on each side; the running gear can be fitted with different widths of track to match terrain. The interior is separated into a driver's compartment on the left, an engine compartment on the right and a fighting compartment to the rear. Within the fighting compartment the commander sits on the left, the loader on the right and the gunner to the front. The all-welded turret is located above the fighting compartment. The 2S1 uses a 122&nbsp;mm howitzer based on the towed D-30 howitzer. The gun is equipped with a power rammer, a double-baffle [[muzzle brake]] and a [[fume extractor]]. It is capable of firing HE (high explosive), [[Cluster bomb#Leaflet dispensing|leaflet]], [[Rocket Assisted Projectile|HE/RAP]], armor-piercing HE, [[flechette]] and chemical rounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armscontrol.ru/atmtc/Arms_systems/Land/Artillery/Self_Propelled/Self_Prop_Art_Mortars.htm#2s9 |title=Self Propelled Artillery and Mortars |author=Marat Kenzhetaev |year=1998 |work=armscontrol.ru |publisher=MIPT Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies |access-date=3 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110045031/http://www.armscontrol.ru/atmtc/Arms_systems/Land/Artillery/Self_Propelled/Self_Prop_Art_Mortars.htm#2s9 |archive-date=10 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/2s1.htm |title=2S1 M-1974 122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer |date=9 November 2008 |work=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315112002/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/2s1.htm |archive-date=15 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production history ==
The first prototype was ready in 1958. The 2S1 entered service with the [[Soviet Army]] in the early 1970s and was first seen in public at a [[Polish Army]] parade in 1974. The vehicle was deployed in large numbers (72 per tank [[division (military)|division]], 36 per motorized rifle [[division (military)|division]]). It was designated the M1974 by the U.S. Army and manufactured in Soviet, Polish and Bulgarian state factories.

== Variants ==

=== Iran ===
* '''Raad-1''' ('Thunder') – Iranian variant based on the hull of the [[Boragh]] APC.

=== Myanmar ===
* '''2S1U''' – In March 2019, a Ukrainian company, the Great Export Import Company, and the Myanmar military have signed a joint-venture agreement to build a plant capable of manufacturing armored personnel carriers (APCs) and self-propelled howitzers. The types of APCs that will be made in the plant are said to be eight-wheeled BTR-4Us while the howitzers will be 2S1Us, which are based on the MT-LBu multipurpose chassis.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2019 |title=myanmar-ukrainian firming aims plant deal |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/myanmar-ukrainian-firm-ink-arms-plant-deal/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint venture to supply Ukrainian APCs to Myanmar army {{pipe}} March 2019 Global Defense Security army news industry {{pipe}} Defense Security global news industry army 2019 {{pipe}} Archive News year |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/joint_venture_to_supply_ukrainian_apcs_to_myanmar_army.amp.html |website=www.armyrecognition.com}}</ref>

=== Poland ===
The 2S1 Gvozdika, and other related vehicles such as the [[MT-LB]] and [[Opal (armoured personnel carrier)|Opal]], were produced in Poland by [[Huta Stalowa Wola]] under the name 2S1 Goździk.
* '''2S1M ''Goździk''''' – Version with special amphibious kit that increases the vehicle's amphibious capabilities.
* '''2S1T ''Goździk''''' – Version with a TOPAZ digital fire control system from [[WB electronics]]. The system consists of a FONET-IP digital intercom system, new digital radio, military GPS receiver, military computer and dedicated software. The same system is used on other Polish Armed Forces artillery systems like the [[AHS Krab]], [[152mm SpGH DANA|Dana]]-T and [[WR-40 Langusta]].

=== Romania ===
* '''OAPR model 89''' (''Obuzierul autopropulsat românesc, model 89'') – Romanian variant combining the 2S1 Gvozdika's turret and a modified version of the [[MLI-84]]'s chassis. Designed around 1978, produced between 1987 and 1992. Also simply known as ''Model 89''.<ref>http://www.worldwar2.ro/documents/004-artileria-romana-in-date-si-imagini.pdf p. 164</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2018 |title=Obuzierul Autopropulsat Românesc, Model 1989 |url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar-romania-model-89/}}</ref>

=== Russia ===

* '''[[2S34 Khosta]]''' – Modernisation of the 2S1 with the 122&nbsp;mm [[2A31]] gun replaced by the 120&nbsp;mm [[2A80-1]] [[gun-mortar]]. Further improvements include a new Malakhit [[fire control system]], a battlefield observation system and the ability to fire the [[Kitolov-2M]] guided ammunition. One unit, the [[21st Guards Motor Rifle Brigade]] in [[Totskoye]], is currently being equipped with the system.

=== Serbia ===
* '''2S1 modernized''' - The modernization is being carried out on the basis of the 122&nbsp;mm towed howitzer of the Serbian modernization program. Project "SORA 122mm" and NORA B-52. Where the truck platform was abandoned, which was used by the proto-type version of the "SORA 122mm" system in favor of a much better, crawler platform 2S1 Gvozdika system. The action was made possible by two new projectiles and an increased range of about 40% from 15,200 to almost 22,000 m. A new ballistic computer and fire control system make it much faster to prepare for action. There is also a new inertial navigation system,  GPRS, as well as the possibility of action, multiple projectiles in one point MRSI. Thus, it was achieved that with one 2S1 Gvozdika system, in the system of MRSI action in one point, 6 projectiles can be fired in one minute; the modernized 2S1 Gvozdika is much improved. For better defence a turret with a 12.7mm machine gun was added. In 2021, the first modernized 2S1 Gvozdika system battery was inducted into service with the Serbian Army.

=== Soviet Union ===
*'''[[2S15 Norov]]''' – A prototype tank destroyer equipped with a radar-based fire control system and a 100&nbsp;mm gun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=САУ 2С15 "Норов". СССР |url=http://alternathistory.org.ua/2s15-norov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421121231/http://alternathistory.org.ua/2s15-norov |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref>
* '''[[UR-77 Meteorit]]''' – Mine clearing vehicle with launcher for [[mine-clearing line charge]]s.

=== Ukraine ===
* '''Kevlar-E''' – [[Infantry fighting vehicle]] based on the 2S1 platform, equipped with Shturm [[remote weapon station]] and room for 6 passengers in addition to the 3 crew. The original 300 horsepower V8 diesel engine has been replaced with a 420 horsepower diesel engine produced by [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]], [[Cummins]] or [[Deutz AG|Deutz]], increasing the maximum road speed to 70&nbsp;km/h. The vehicle is amphibious, and has air conditioning, a fire detection and suppression system, an [[CBRN defense|NBC]] system, navigation system and night-vision equipment. The variant was first introduced in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Foss|first1=Christopher F|title=Ukraine re-roles 2S1 SPH for infantry combat|url=http://www.janes.com/article/79654|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501230722/http://www.janes.com/article/79654/ukraine-re-roles-2s1-sph-for-infantry-combat|archive-date=1 May 2018|location=London|date=29 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The prototype has been fighting in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Axe|first1=David|title=Ukraine Made Exactly One Oddball Kevlar-E Fighting Vehicle. It's Been Battling Around Kharkiv For A Year.|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/03/28/ukraine-made-exactly-one-oddball-kevlar-e-fighting-vehicle-its-been-fighting-around-kharkiv-for-a-year/|website=Forbes|access-date=29 March 2023|date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

== Operators ==
[[File:2S1 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of 2S1 operators: {{legend|#0360d5|Current}}{{legend|#d2041e|Former}}]]
[[File:2S1_Gvozdika_Vojske_Srbije_2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Serbian Army]] 2S1 Gvozdika modernized ]]
[[File:2S1 Gvozdika in artillery range.JPG|thumb|right|[[Polish Land Forces]] 2S1 Gvozdika at artillery range]]
[[File:2S1_Model_1989.jpg|thumb|right|Romanian ''Model 89'', using the 2S1's turret on the [[MLI-84]]'s chassis]]
[[File:M1974-sp-howitzer-19910304.jpg|thumb|right|An [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraqi]] M-1974 howitzer lies stranded in the desert after being deserted by Iraqi forces during the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]]'s [[Operation Desert Storm]].]]

===Current operators===
* {{ALG}} – 145
* {{flag|Angola}}
* {{ARM}} – 20
* {{AZE}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Azerbaijan's Emerging Arsenal Of Deterrent |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/azerbaijans-emerging-arsenal-of.html |website=Oryx |date=17 October 2021}}</ref> – 81 2S1 and unknown number of UR-77
* {{BIH}} – 5
* {{flag|Belarus}} – 246<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/belarus/army-equipment.htm "Belarus Army Equipment"<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216181337/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/belarus/army-equipment.htm |date=16 February 2017 }}, ''GlobalSecurity''</ref>
* {{BUL}} – 506. In 2013, 11 SPG delivered from Poland<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.altair.com.pl/news/view?news_id=14507|title=Kolejny fatalny rok eksportu polskiego uzbrojenia|website=www.altair.com.pl}}</ref>
* {{flag|Chad}} – 10<ref>IISS Military Balance 2020, p.469</ref>
* {{CUB}}
* {{CRO}} – 9 (to be used alongside 15 [[Panzerhaubitze 2000]] from German Army stock)
* {{flag|Eritrea}} – 20<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deagel.com/Self-Propelled-Howitzers/2S1_a000740001.aspx |title=Deagel.com |access-date=25 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121180736/http://www.deagel.com/Self-Propelled-Howitzers/2S1_a000740001.aspx |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{ETH}}
* {{FIN}} – 74 (known as '''122 PsH 74'''). In 2013 three delivered from Poland.<ref name="auto"/> Unknown number donated to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joining NATO, Joining The Cause: Finnish Aid To Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/09/joining-nato-joining-cause-finnish-aid.html |website=Oryx |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>
* {{GEO}} - 48
** ''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''
* {{IND}} – 110 (to be replaced)
* {{IRN}}
* {{KAZ}} – 10
* {{LBY}}
* {{Flag|Moldova}}
** ''{{Flag|Transnistria}}''
* {{POL}} – 198 To be replaced by [[M120 Rak (self-propelled mortar)|SMK Rak]] and [[AHS Krab]]. Some are donated to Ukraine forces during Russian invasion of Ukraine.
* {{RUS}} – 245 (2021)<ref name="IISS2022_p2612">[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]: The Military Balance 2022</ref>
* {{SRB}} – 81 
* {{SYR}} – 400
* {{TKM}} – unknown number in service as of 2016<ref>{{cite web|author1=Hərbi TV|title=Turkmenistan Military Parade 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGQUCXgeD0|website=YouTube|access-date=7 August 2017|location=Ashgabat|language=tk|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015160440/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGQUCXgeD0|archive-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{UKR}} – 638.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm |title=Ground Forces Equipment – Ukraine<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=7 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707104146/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2018 33 2S1 delivered from Poland and July 2019 16 delivered from Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defence24.pl/kolejne-haubice-gozdzik-trafia-na-ukraine|title=Kolejne haubice Goździk trafią na Ukrainę – Defence24|website=www.defence24.pl}}</ref>
* {{flag|Uruguay}} – 6 delivered in 1998 from Czech Republic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|website=armstrade.sipri.org}}</ref>
* {{UZB}}
* {{VIE}}
* {{YEM}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2015/09/pre-war-yemeni-fighting-vehicles_20.html |website=Oryx |date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Former operators ===
* {{flag|Czech Republic}} – Phased out in the early 2000s.
* {{CZS}} – Passed on to successor states.
* {{GDR}} – Phased out in 1990 after German reunification.
* {{HUN}} – Phased out in 2004. Original there were 144 pieces of Gvozdikas.
* {{IRQ}} – Phased out. 
* {{flag|Islamic State}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Vehicles and equipment captured by the Islamic State inside Syria until November 2014 |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2014/11/vehicles-and-equipment-captured-by.html |website=Oryx Blog}}</ref>
* {{ROM}} – Phased out. 48 reserve status since 2005 (42 OAPR 89s and 6 2S1 Gvozdikas).
* {{SVK}} – Phased out.
* {{flag|Slovenia}} – Phased out. 8 reserve status.
* {{USSR}} – Passed on to successor states.
* {{YUG}} – Passed on to successor states.<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Iztok |last1=Kočevar|title=Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide|trans-title=The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War|magazine=Batailles et Blindés|language=fr|date=August 2014|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|issue=62|pages=66–79}}</ref>

== Combat history ==
* [[Afghanistan]] – [[Soviet–Afghan War]]
* [[Chechnya]] (Russia) –  [[First Chechen War]] (1994–1996), [[Second Chechen War]] (1999 to 2000)
* [[Iraq]] – [[Iran–Iraq War]], [[Gulf War]], [[Iraq War]]
* [[SFRY|Yugoslavia]] – [[Yugoslav Wars]]
* [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] – [[Russo-Georgian War]]
* [[Libya]] – [[First Libyan Civil War]], [[Second Libyan Civil War]]
* [[Syria]] – [[Syrian Civil War]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeOQb21AsQo|title=- YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* [[Ukraine]] – [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|PLZ-07}}
* {{annotated link|PLZ-89}}
* {{annotated link|122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)}}
* {{annotated link|2S19 Msta}}
* {{annotated link|2S3 Akatsiya}}
* {{annotated link|2S35 Koalitsiya-SV}}
* [[List of artillery]]
* [[List of AFVs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Trewhitt |first=Philip |title=Armored Fighting Vehicles |year=1999 |page=124 |publisher=Amber Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-7607-1260-3}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/2s1.htm FAS.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060622050111/http://www.armscontrol.ru/atmtc/Arms_systems/Land/Artillery/Self_Propelled/2S1_Gvozdika_SP_Howitzer.htm Armscontrol.ru]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821110700/http://www.hsw.pl/eng/s_gozdzik_p.php Huta Stalowa Wola – Polish manufacturer]
* [http://www.arsenal-bg.com/ Arsenal Co. – Bulgarian manufacturer of 2A31(2S1)]

{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}
{{SovArtyColdWar}}
{{ModernPOLAFVsNav |style=wide}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:122&nbsp;mm artillery]]
[[Category:Self-propelled howitzers of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Tracked self-propelled howitzers]]
[[Category:Tracked amphibious vehicles]]
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