Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Abdus Salam Centre for Physics

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{distinguish|Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox laboratory
| name             = National Centre for Physics
| image            = The NCP logo.jpg
| caption          = 
| motto            = 
| established      = {{Start date and age|df=yes|mf=no|1999|01|27}}
| type             =  <!--Research type (basic, applied,…)-->
| budget           = Federally-funded
| research_field   = {{Plainlist|
* [[fundamental science]]
}}
| director         = [[Qaisar Ahsan]]
| head_label       = 
| head             = 
| faculty          = 
| staff            = 
| students         = 
| alumni           = 
| address          = 
| city             = [[Islamabad]]
| state            = 
| province         =
| country          = [[Pakistan]]
| coor             =  <!--{{coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}-->
| zipcode          = 
| campus           = 
| free_label       = Collaborations
| free             = {{Plainlist|
* [[European Organization for Nuclear Research|CERN]] 
* [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics|ICTP]] 
}}
| affiliations     = [[Government of Pakistan]] {{small|(MoE)}}
| operating_agency = [[Quaid-i-Azam University]]
| nobel_laureates  =  <!--Number and/or names of Nobel laureates associated with the laboratory/institute-->
| website          = {{URL|www.ncp.edu.pk}}
}}

The '''National Centre for Physics''', ({{Nastaliq|ادارہِ عبدالسلام برائے مطالعہِ علومِ طبیعات}}) <ref group=nb>Previously known as '''Riazuddin Centre for Physics'''.</ref> is a federally-funded research institute and national laboratory site managed by the [[Quaid-i-Azam University]] for the [[Ministry of Energy (Pakistan)|Ministry of Energy]] (MoE) of the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref name=CERN>{{cite web|url=https://cerncourier.com/a/pakistan-creates-national-centre-for-physics/ |title=Pakistan creates national centre for physics |date=25 February 1999|website=European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN Courier) website|accessdate=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="ncp.edu.pk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncp.edu.pk/about.htm |title=Profile of National Centre for Physics (National Centre for Physics)|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120194017/http://www.ncp.edu.pk/about.htm |archive-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Founded in 1999,<ref name=CERN/> the site is dedicated for understanding and advancement of the [[physical science]]s and [[Mathematical sciences|mathematical logic]]— the site is located in [[Islamabad]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=CERN/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoodbhoy |first1=Pervez |title=A Pakistani's candid report after visiting India's IITs |url=https://scroll.in/article/802345/a-pakistani-visitors-report-after-returning-from-india-the-enemy-country |website=Scroll.in website|date=24 January 2016|accessdate=8 August 2020}}</ref> The site closely collaborates and operates under the quadripartite supervision of [[International Center for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP) in Italy, [[CERN]] in [[Switzerland]], and the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) on behalf of Ministry of Energy, Pakistan.<ref name="ncp.edu.pk"/>

==History==

===Origins===
Establishing world-class physics research institutes was proposed by a number of scientists. The roots of NCP institutes go back to when Nobel laureate professor [[Abdus Salam]], after receiving his doctorate in physics, came back to Pakistan in 1951. Joining his alma mater, [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]] as Professor of Mathematics in 1951, Salam made an effort to establish the physics institute but was unable to do so. The same year, he became chairman of the Mathematics [[Academic department|Department]] of the [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] where he tried to revolutionise the department by introducing the course of [[Quantum Mechanics]] necessary for undergraduate students, but it was soon reverted by the vice-chancellor. He soon faced the choice between intellectual death or migration to the stimulating environment of a [[Education in Europe|western institutions]]. This choice, however, left a deep impression on him and was behind his determination to create an institution to which physicists from developing countries would come as a right to interact with their peers from industrially advanced countries without permanently leaving their own countries. This resulted in founding to the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP) by Professor Abdus Salam in Italy.

===INSC and INP===
In 1974, Prof. Abdus Salam visualised the need of an institution where experts from the industrialised nations and learners from the developing countries could get together for a couple of weeks once a year to exchange views on various subjects of current interest in Physics and allied sciences. His suggestion was accepted by Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] and it was the year 1976 when the first [[International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs]] (INSC) was inaugurated at [[Nathia Gali|Nathiagali]], with co-sponsorship of [[ICTP]] and [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]], under the directorship of Prof. [[Riazuddin (physicist)|Riazuddin]], a student of Abdus Salam. The same year, Ishfaq Ahmad established the [[Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Physics|Institute of Nuclear Physics]] at the [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]] of Lahore where Abdus Salam was invited to give first lectures on particle physics and quantum mechanics.<ref name=CERN/><ref name=DailyTimes>{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/439275/scientific-spring-arrives-in-capital-infull-bloom/ |author=Muhammad Aftab Alam|title=Scientific spring arrives in capital in full bloom|date=29 July 2019|newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper)|accessdate=8 August 2020}}</ref>

Since then, it has been regularly held without break.<ref name=CERN/>

===Foundation===
[[File:Islamabad National Centre for Physics campus 02.jpg|thumb|Guesthouse on the campus]]
The National Centre for Physics came into reality when Prof. Riazuddin arranged a one-day symposium on ''Frontiers of Fundamental Physics'' on 27 January 1999 at the Institute of Physics of Quaid-e-Azam University, only seven months before the recent tests, (''[[Chagai-I]]''). All the leading scientists of the country and some visitors from [[CERN]] attended this symposium and they provided their support. Prof. Riazuddin being the founding father of NCP, was its first Director-General and it was inaugurated by Dr. [[Ishfaq Ahmad]], Chairman of [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] during this period, on 16 May 2000. The Director General of [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN), Dr. [[Luciano Maiani]] and distinguished members of his delegation, the Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-i-Azam University, Dr. Tariq Saddiqui and other dignitaries, witnessed the inauguration.<ref name="ncp.edu.pk"/> The first academic faculty of this institute were included [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], [[Fayyazuddin|Fiazuddin]], [[Masud Ahmad]], and Ishfaq Ahmad, who first presented their physics papers to the institutes and CERN.

In 2008, Dr. Hamid Saleem became its Director-General after, his predecessor and founding father of NCP, Prof. Riazuddin, who was made lifetime Director General Emeritus. The vision of Prof. Riazuddin to make NCP one of the leading Physics institute of Pakistan is now being carried by Dr. Hamid Saleem.

NCP offers research in different branches of Physics such as [[particle Physics]], [[computational physics]], [[Astrophysics]], [[Cosmology]], [[Atmospheric physics]], [[Atomic, molecular, and optical physics]], [[Chemical physics]], [[Condensed matter physics]], ([[Fluid dynamics]], [[Laser Physics]], [[Mathematical physics]], [[Plasma Physics]]·, [[Quantum field theory]], Nano Physics, [[Quantum information]] theory.

==Collaboration with CERN==
NCP is collaborating with CERN in the field of [[Particle physics#Experimental laboratories|experimental high-energy physics]]. NCP and CERN are involved in the development, testing and fabrication of 432 [[Resistive plate chamber|Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC)]] required for the [[Compact Muon Solenoid#Layer 5 – The muon detectors and return yoke|CMS muon detector]] at CERN. The RPC has an excellent time resolution i.e. of the order of 1–2 nanoseconds and it will be used for the bunch tagging at [[LHC]]. At the national level, this project is a joint collaboration of NCP and PAEC, whereas at international level, NCP also collaborating with Italy, China, [[South Korea]] and US.

The RPC is a gaseous detector made using two parallel-plates of bakelite with high resistivity. Each RPC for CMS will be equipped with 96 electronic channels, which will be readout are based on 0.14 micrometre BiCMOS technology. For the complete system, number of readout channels are around 50,000. RNCP has an experimental high energy physics laboratory which is equipped with the high speed and advanced data acquisition system based on VME standards. This laboratory is used for prototyping and testing of RPCs at present.

National Centre for Physics organized a three-day Grid Technology Workshop in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan in collaboration with [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN), Geneva from 20 to 22 October 2003. The main objective of the workshop was to provide hands-on experience to Pakistani scientists, engineers and professionals on Grid technology.<ref name=NCP>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncp.edu.pk/newsletters/Vol1-1/ncpvol1-1_details.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210103648/http://www.ncp.edu.pk/newsletters/Vol1-1/ncpvol1-1_details.htm |date=6 April 2008|archivedate=10 December 2008|title=Grid Technology Workshop (October 2003)|accessdate=8 August 2020}}</ref>

===Advanced Scientific Computing===
For accessing and managing the LHC data novel techniques like the concept of data and computing grids are used. CERN has evolved a new project called the [[Worldwide LHC Computing Grid|LHC Computing Grid (LCG)]]. NCP is a partner of CERN in this project and it is the only LCG node in [[Pakistan]].

===International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)===
NCP signed a memorandum of understanding during dr. [[K. R. Sreenivasan]], Director ICTP's visit to Pakistan from 26 to 30 June 2005. In addition, the Centre carries out research in areas that are not covered by any institute of Physics. One such area being pursued by the Centre involves a number of activities in Experimental High-Energy Physics through a co-operative agreement with CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Besides this, NCP has collaborations with several international institutes and universities in the field of theoretical physics including AS-ICTP, Trieste, Italy; Centre for Plasma Astrophysics (CPA), K-Leuven University, Belgium; Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan; Ruhr University, Bochum (RUB), Germany and many others. Several research papers are published in reputed international journals each year from NCP through national and international collaborations.<ref name=CERN/>

==Project and activities==
* The Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS), now deactivated.
* Grid Computing for LHC Data Analysis
*[[Pelletron]] (accelerator), an electron accelerator previously known as ERLP (Energy Recovery Linac Prototype).
* Tandem electrostatic accelerators, a negatively charged ion gains energy by attraction to the very high positive voltage at the geometric centre of the pressure vessel.
* The New Light Source, a project which has evolved from the previous 4GLS project.
* Monte Carlo Generators, an electron accelerator.
* [[Compact Muon Solenoid]]

==Global co-operation==
RNCP and the Other independent countries have signed formal [[Memorandum of Understanding]] agreements are below:

*{{ITA}}
*{{GBR}}
*{{USA}}
*{{flag|European Union}}
*{{CHN}}
*{{JPN}}
*{{BEL}}
*{{GER}}
*{{SWE}}
*{{NOR}}
*{{FRA}}
*{{CHE}}
*{{IND}}
* {{flagicon|Europe}} [[European Commission]]
* {{flag|UNESCO}}

==See also==
* [[Riazuddin (physicist)]]
* [[Munir Ahmad Khan]]
* [[Ishfaq Ahmad]]
* [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]]
* [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC)
* [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]]
* [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]

==Notes==
;Notes
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Centre for Physics}}
[[Category:Energy in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan federal departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Physics laboratories]]
[[Category:Synchrotron radiation facilities]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Research Centres in Pakistan]]
[[Category:International nuclear energy organizations]]
[[Category:Laboratories in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes]]
[[Category:Particle physics facilities]]
[[Category:International research institutes]]
[[Category:Physics research institutes]]
[[Category:Plasma physics facilities]]
[[Category:Neutron facilities]]
[[Category:Constituent institutions of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:Mathematical institutes]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Abdus Salam]]
[[Category:Institutes associated with CERN]]
[[Category:Quaid-i-Azam University]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]