Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Abhar

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|City in Zanjan province, Iran}}

{{About||the administrative subdivision|Abhar County|the river|Abhar River|the village in Ilam Province|Abhar-e Pain}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = Abhar
|native_name             = {{lang-fa|ابهر}}
|native_name_lang        = fa
|settlement_type         = City
|image_skyline           = {{Photomontage
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|pushpin_map             = Iran
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|coordinates             = {{Coord|36|09|04|N|49|13|28|E|dim:3km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes   = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=36.151111&mlon=49.224444&zoom=14#map=14/36.1511/49.2244 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Abhar, Abhar County |date=24 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
|subdivision_type        = Country
|subdivision_name        = {{flag|Iran}}
|subdivision_type1       = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_name1       = [[Zanjan province|Zanjan]]
|subdivision_type2       = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_name2       = [[Abhar County|Abhar]]
|subdivision_type3       = [[Bakhsh|District]]
|subdivision_name3       = [[Central District (Abhar County)|Central]]
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|population_as_of        = 2016
|population_total        = 99285
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|timezone                = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
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'''Abhar''' (or '''Awhar'''; {{lang-fa|ابهر}}) is a city in the [[Central District (Abhar County)|Central District]] of [[Abhar County]], [[Zanjan province|Zanjan]] province, [[Iran]], and serves as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Zanjan Province">{{cite web |title = Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of elements and units of country divisions of Zanjan province, centered in Zanjan city |language = fa |website = Lamtakam |url = https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113027 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231216213100/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113027 |publisher = Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers |last = Habibi |first = Hassan |archive-date = 16 December 2023 |date = 7 July 1369 |access-date = 16 December 2023}}</ref>

At the 2006 census, its population was 70,836 in 19,136 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page = 19 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/19.xls | access-date = 25 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920091748/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/19.xls | format = Excel | archive-date = 20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 87,396 people in 25,646 households.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page = 19 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = Syracuse University | url = https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Zanjan.xls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230121160421/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Zanjan.xls | archive-date = 21 January 2023| access-date = 19 December 2022 | format = Excel}}</ref> The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 99,285 people in 30,932 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page = 19 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_19.xlsx | access-date = 19 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220427114852/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_19.xlsx | format = Excel | archive-date = 27 April 2022}}</ref> It has historically served as a place of importance due to lying right between the cities of [[Qazvin]] and [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]].{{sfn|Minorsky|1960|p=68}}

== Name ==
"Abhar" is a combination of the words ''āb'' (water) and ''har'' (mill), due to the various water mills in the area. The locals refer to it as "Awhar".{{sfn|Bosworth|1982|pp=213–214}} In the 10th-century geography book ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'', the name is also spelt as "Awhar". [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] (died 1229) likewise reports that the Persians called the city "Awhar".{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

==Foundation==
The Abhar-rud valley has remains and artifacts that date back to the 2nd millennium BC. Abhar's ancient origins are further demonstrated by the fact that it is linked by Islamic-era writers to mythological and semi-mythical individuals in [[Kayanian dynasty|Kayanian]] era. In his ''[[Tarikh-i guzida]]'', [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] (died after 1339/40) reports that the founder of Abhar was the Kayanian ruler, [[Dara II]],{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}} whose historical counterpart is the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] ruler [[Darius III]] ({{reign|336|330|era=BC}}).{{sfn|Tafazzoli|1994|pp=1–2}} However, in his ''[[Nuzhat al-Qulub]]'', Hamdallah Mustawfi credits [[Kay Khosrow]] with the city's foundation. Yaqut al-Hamawi attributes the foundation of Abhar and its fortress to the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] ruler [[Shapur II]] ({{reign|309|379}}). Another fortress appears to have been erected or added on top of this old fortress at a later time. According to Hamdallah Mustawfi, Nushtagin Shirgir Saljuqi's descendant Baha al-Din Haydar constructed the Haydariyya castle on the location of a fortress.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

==History==
Abhar has served as a vital spot since antiquity due to its location on the route that links [[Dinavar]] to [[Qazvin]] and [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]] as well as the central areas of Iran to the region of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]]. It was conquered in 643 or 645 by [[al-Bara' ibn Azib]] during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab conquest of Iran]]. The inhabitants of Abhar initially put up a fierce fight which lasted for several days, but eventually sued for peace, which the Arabs agreed to.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

Abhar was part of the [[Jibal]] region,{{sfn|Le Strange|1905|p=185}} which would later in the 11th-12th centuries become known as [[Persian Iraq]].{{sfn|Lockhart|1965|p=534}} [[Ibn Hawqal]], writing in the 10th-century, reports that the inhabitants of Abhar were [[Kurds]].{{sfn|Le Strange|1905|p=221}} The [[Samanid Empire|Samanid]] ruler [[Ismail Samani]] ({{reign|892|907}}) captured Abhar during his rule.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}} In 916 or 917, Abhar (along with Zanjan, Qazvin, and [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]) was seized from the Samanids by the [[Sajid dynasty|Sajid]] [[Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj]] ({{reign|901|928}}), the virtually independent governor of the caliphal provinces of Azerbaijan and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]]. Yusuf attempted to justify his attack by claiming that the previous caliphal vizier [[Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah]] had given him the governorship of the region. Most authors, however, consider this claim to be made up.{{sfn|Spuler|2014|pp=81–82}}{{sfn|Madelung|1988|pp=718–721}} In 917, Wasif al-Baktimuri was given the governorship of Abhar and other areas by the caliph [[al-Muqtadir]] ({{reign|908|929}}).{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

In 928, Abhar was briefly seized by the [[Alid dynasties of northern Iran|Alid]] ruler of northern Iran, Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Qasim. He was soon ousted from the town by [[Asfar ibn Shiruya]], who claimed the place for himself.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}} In 930, Asfar was betrayed and ambushed by his [[Ziyarid dynasty|Ziyarid]] commander [[Mardavij]], who took over his domains, including Abhar.{{sfn|Madelung|1975|p=212}} In 942, the Samanid general [[Abu Ali Chaghani]] captured Abhar.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}} In 997, the ruler of the [[Daylamites|Daylamite]] [[Sallarid dynasty]], Ibrahim II ibn Marzuban II, capitalized on the weak rule of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid]] ruler [[Majd al-Dawla]] ({{reign|997|1029}}) by briefly seizing Buyid land in Jibal, including Abhar, Zanjan and [[Sohrevard]]. A coin that was struck in 1013/14 has been found in Abhar, either made under the [[Sallarids]] or their opponents, the [[Rawadid dynasty]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2000}} In 1029, Abhar was conquered by a [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] force led by prince [[Masʽud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud]].{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

In 1091, the [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari Ismailis]] seized Sanamkuh, a fortress located in the environs of Abhar. They controlled until 1096, when they were repelled by the [[sultan]] of the [[Seljuk Empire]], [[Berkyaruq]] ({{reign|1094|1105}}). In 1167, Abhar was attacked by a force led by Inanaj, a commander of the [[Eldiguzids|Eldiguzid dynasty]] of Azerbaijan. Supported by soldiers sent by the [[Khwarazmshah]] [[Ala al-Din Tekish]] ({{reign|1172|1200}}) of the [[Anushtegin dynasty]], Inanaj ran rampant in the town, capturing the women and children before going back to [[Khwarazm]]. In 1217, the Khwarazmshah [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|Muhammad II]] ({{reign|1200|1220}}) conquered Abhar.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

Abhar is described in some detail by Hamdallah Mustawfi, who in the 14th-century served as governor of the town along with some other places. He estimated that the length of the [[Rampart (fortification)|ramparts]] was 5,500 ''gams'' (paces/strides). He commended the [[produce]] of the town, which encompassed of grain and large amount of fruits, especially the [[Sistan|Sijistani]] pears, Bu Ali plums and black cherries. He also reported that the residents of Abhar had fair skin and were adherants of the [[Shafi'i school]], and that the grave of Shaykh Abu Bakr ibn Tahir al-Tayyar al-Abhari was located there.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

The 17th-century French traveler [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]], who had been to Abhar, reported the place in his 1676 book ''Les six voyages en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes'' as a sizable, ancient town that was now in ruins and home to a community of [[Armenians]]. Another French traveler, [[Jean Chardin]], who had been to Abhar in 1673, reported that the place had seen several massacres and devastations. He added that the town had large gardens despite having little more than 2,500 houses. He described its inhabitants as Persian-speaking, contrary to its previous populace, which spoke [[Turkic languages|Turkic]].{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

Comte Laurent de Sercey, writing in 1840, reported that Abhar had 800–900 inhabitants and 200 houses. [[Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani]] (died 1837), however, reported that Abhar had 700 houses. During the rule of the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] [[shah]] of Iran, [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] ({{reign|1848|1896}}), the royal artillery used Abhar as one of their central bases.{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

== Historical sites ==
The following are some of the historical sites in Abhar:{{sfn|Ahmadi|2015}}

* The mausoleum of Mawlana Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Abhari, known as Pir Ahmad, situated in the southern part of Abhar.
* The mausoleum of [[Imamzadeh]] (Persian: descendant of a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Imam) Ismail, a descendant of [[Ali]].
* The mausoleum of Prince Zayd al-Kabir, located in the eastern part of Abhar.
* The mausoleum of Imamzadeh Yahya, who is considered to belong to the line of the [[Twelve Imams|7th Twelver Shia Imam]], [[Musa al-Kazim]] (died 799).

== Demographics ==
The population of Abhar consists of Turkic speakers who are generally bilingual in Persian.{{sfn|Bosworth|1982|pp=213–214}}

{{Commons category|Abhar}}

{{Portal|Iran}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFAhmadi2015|CITEREFBosworth1982}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica|last=Ahmadi|first=Mohsen|year=2015|title=Abhar|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/abhar-COM_0024}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=1 | fascicle=2 | title = Abhar | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abhar-a-small-town-in-the-qazvin-district | pages = 213–214 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Mosaferids | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mosaferids | editor-last = | editor-first =  | editor-link = | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2000 | isbn = }}
* {{cite book |last1=Le Strange |first1=Guy |authorlink=Guy Le Strange|title=The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur |date=1905 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/landsofeasternca00lest }}
* {{EI2 | volume = 2 | title = D̲j̲ibāl | first = L. | last = Lockhart | authorlink = | page = 534 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2068 }}
* {{Cambridge History of Iran | volume = 4 | last = Madelung | first = W. | author-link = Wilferd Madelung | chapter = The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran | pages = 198–249 | chapter-url = {{Google books|hvx9jq_2L3EC|plainurl=y|page=198}}}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=3 | fascicle=7 | title = Banu Sāj | last = Madelung | first = W. | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/banu-saj-more-correctly-al-abil-saj-a-family-named-after-its-ancestor-abul-saj-which-served-the-abbasid-caliphate- | pages = 718–721 }}
* {{EI2|last=Minorsky|first=V.|authorlink=Vladimir Minorsky|volume=1|title=Abhar|page=98|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/abhar-SIM_0143}}
* {{cite book | last = Spuler | first = Bertold | author-link = | title = Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055 |url = https://brill.com/view/title/26295 | year = 2014 | publisher = Brill | location = | pages = |isbn = 978-90-04-28209-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Dārā(b) (1) | last = Tafazzoli | first = Ahmad | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/darab-1 | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1 | pages = 1–2 | location = New York | year = 1994 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{Zanjan Province|state=collapsed}}

{{Abhar County|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Abhar County]]

[[Category:Cities in Zanjan Province]]

[[Category:Populated places in Zanjan Province]]

[[Category:Populated places in Abhar County]]
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