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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Kara-Khanid poet and Sufi (1093–1166)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| era                = [[Islamic Golden Age]]
| name               = Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Ilyas Yasawi
| native_name        = قوجا احمەت ياساۋٸ
| native_name_lang   = kk
| honorific-prefix   = [[Sayyid]]<br />[[Khawaja]]<br />[[Hadrat|Hadrat-i]] [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]]
| image              = Ahmad Yasawi miniature.png
| caption            = A modern illustration of Ahmad Yasawi with [[Arystan Bab Mausoleum]] behind
| religion           = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])
| birth_date         = 1093 CE
| birth_place        = [[Sayram (city)|Sayram]], [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]]
| death_date         = 1166 CE (aged 72–73)
| death_place        = [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]], Kara-Khanid Khanate
| father             = Sheikh Ibrahim
| period             = 12th century
| known_for          = [[Poetry]], [[Sufism]], [[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]] in [[Middle Turkic]]
| works              = ''[[:tr:Divan-ı Hikmet|Book of Wisdom]]''
| influences         = [[:tr:Arslan Baba|Arslan Baba]], [[Yusuf Hamadani]]
| influenced         = [[Yunus Emre]], [[Haji Bektash Veli]], [[Kockar Ata]], [[Sarı Saltık]], [[Magtymguly Pyragy]], [[Idries Shah]], [[Yahya Kemal Beyatlı]]
}}
{{Sufism}}

'''Ahmad Yasawi''' ({{lang-kk|Қожа Ахмет Ясауи|Qoja Ahmet Iasaui}}, قوجا احمەت ياساۋٸ; {{lang-fa|خواجه اَحمدِ یَسوی|Khwāje Ahmad-e Yasavī}}; 1093–1166) was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Ro'i|first=Yaacov|title=Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Gorbachev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEJg6Ivwt2wC&pg=PA373|year=2000|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-403-2}}, page 373</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Richter |first=Fabian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XRBCwAAQBAJ&dq=M.+Serif+Firat+and+the+Kurds&pg=PA31 |title=Identität, Ethnizität und Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Prof. Dr. Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder |date=2016 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-13234-5 |pages=32 |language=de}}</ref> poet and [[Sufism|Sufi]], an early mystic who exerted a powerful influence on the development of [[tariqa|Sufi orders]] throughout the [[Turkic languages|Turkic-speaking]] world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-Yesevi |title=Encyclopædia Britannica (2007): Related Articles to "Ahmed Yesevi, or Ahmad Yasawi, or Ahmed Yasavi (Turkish author)", accessed March 18, 2007 |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=2013-04-09}}</ref> Yasawi is the earliest known Turkic poet who composed poetry in [[Middle Turkic languages|Middle Turkic]].<ref name="Book of Wisdom">{{cite book |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/6935/ |title= Book of Wisdom  |date=1904  |website=World Digital Library |publisher=Lithographic Printing House of the Kazan Imperial University |pages=366 }}</ref><ref name="Divan-i Khikmet">{{cite web |url=http://www.natcom.unesco.kz/turkestan/e12_divan.htm |title= Divan-i Khikmet |website=Kazakhstan National Commission For UNESCO - natcom.unesco.kz }}</ref> He was a pioneer of popular mysticism, founded the first Turkic Sufi order, the ''Yasawiyya'' or ''Yeseviye'', which very quickly spread over Turkic-speaking areas.<ref>[http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf6/melikoff-final.pdf I.Melikoff, 'Ahmad Yesevi and Turkic popular Islam'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061225092136/http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf6/melikoff-final.pdf |date=2006-12-25 }}, EJOS, VI (2003), No. 8, 1-9, {{ISSN|0928-6802}}</ref> He was a [[Hanafi]] scholar like his ''[[murshid]]'' (spiritual guide), [[Yusuf Hamadani]].<ref name="TDV">The Foundation of the [[Presidency of Religious Affairs]], ''[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi|TDV Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', Vol. 2, [https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ahmed-yesevi pp. 159-161] (in Turkish), İstanbul, 1989.</ref>

==Early life==
Ahmed Yesevi was born to Ibrahim in [[Sayram (city)|Sayram]] at the end of the 11th century. He lost his father at the age of seven and was then raised by {{illm|Arslan Baba|tr}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Aḥmad Yasawī |last=İz |first=Fahīr |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |date=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0427 }}</ref> By then, Yasawi had already advanced through a series of high spiritual stages and, under the direction of Arslan Baba, the young Ahmad reached a high level of maturity and slowly began to win fame from every quarter. His father Ibrahim had already been renowned in that region for performing countless feats and many legends were told of him. Consequently, it was recognized that, with respect to his lineage as well, this quiet and unassuming young boy, who always listened to his elder sister, held a spiritually important position.

Yesevi later moved to [[Bukhara]] and followed his studies with Yusuf Hamadani.<ref>Y. N. Öztürk: ''The Eye of the Heart'' (Redhouse Press Istanbul 1988), p.49</ref> Upon the demise of Yusuf Hamdani, first ʻAbdullah Barki and then Hassan-i Andākī became the head of Hamadani's ''[[khanqah]]''.<ref name="TDV" /> Yasawi became the head ''[[murshid]]'' of the [[Naqshbandi]] order when Hassan-i Andākī died in 1160. He then turned this position to [[Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani]] under Hamadani's advice and moved to Turkistan City in order to spread [[Islam]] in [[Turkestan]].<ref name="TDV" />

==Influence==
Ahmad Yasawi made considerable efforts to spread Islam throughout [[Central Asia]] and had numerous students in the region. Yasawi's poems created a new genre of religious [[folk poetry]] in Central Asian Turkic literature and influenced many religious poets in the following countries.<ref>John L. Esposito, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Volume 1, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 271</ref> Yasawi turned the city of Iasy into the major centre of learning for the [[Kazakh Steppe]], then retired to a life of contemplation at the age of 63. He dug himself an underground cell where he spent the rest of his life. 

Turkish scholar Hasan Basri Çantay noted: "It was a [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk king]] who brought [[Rumi]], the great Sufi poet, to [[Konya]]; and it was in Seljuq times that Ahmed Yasawi, another great Sufi, lived and taught. The influence of those two remarkable teachers has continued to the present."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1656&C=1643 |title=Hasan Basri Çantay, "Chapter 7: Islamic Culture in Turkish Areas", in Islam&nbsp;— The Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims by Prof. Kenneth W. Morgan, Published by The Ronald Press Company, New York 1958 |publisher=Religion-online.org |access-date=2013-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411091600/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1656&C=1643 |archive-date=2013-04-11 }}</ref> Yasawi is also mentioned by [[Edward Campbell (journalist)|Edward Campbell]] (writing as Ernest Scott)<ref>The People of the Secret by [[Edward Campbell (journalist)|Edward Campbell]] (1983) {{ISBN|0-86304-038-1}}</ref> as a member of the [[Khwajagan]]. Yasawi also influenced Turkish poet [[Yahya Kemal Beyatlı]], he said: "Who is this Ahmad Yasawi? If you study him, you will find our nationality in Him."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayu.edu.tr/guncel_detay/706/hoca-ahmet-yesevi-viyana-da-anld|title = Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi}}</ref>

==Poetry==
Yasawi's most famous poetic work is undoubtedly his ''Dīwān-i Hikmat'' (Compendium of Wisdom), which was handed down from generation to generation. In his compendium, Yasawi denounces social injustice, violence and calls for patience and humility, as well as reliance on the will of Allah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=M |first1=Asimov |first2=Clifford Edmund |last2=Bosworth |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=381}}</ref> 

The following example is an excerpt from Yasawi's ''Dīwān-i Hikmat'', transliterated into Latin script and translated into English.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Theodore |title=The Music of Central Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=475}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Endi adoshdim dostlar, kelgan yolimdan.
Turgan davlatlarim ketdi qolimdan,
Ayrildim dostlar yolghiz gulimdan,
Hechkim qutilmas faryod olimdan,
Hechkim qutilmas dostlar jallod olimdan</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Now I have lost my way, oh friends!
All my wealth and riches have slipped through my fingers!
I have parted, my friends, with my one and only flower - my Rose,
No one can save themselves from their death,
No one, my friends, can save themselves from their death.
</poem>
{{col-end}}

==Legends about Ahmed Yasawi==
===Date palm===
[[File:Туркестан.jpg|thumb|The [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi|Mausoleum of Ahmed Yasawi]]]]
Legend has it that a religious mystic, [[Arystan Bab Mausoleum|Arystan-Bab]] (also known as Arslan Baba), was the teacher and spiritual mentor of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi. It was Arystan-Bab who transmitted the amanat (trustworthiness, noble quality), which was contained in a pip of [[date palm]]. According to the legend, Arystan-Bab was an associate of the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]]. One day, Muhammad and his companions were resting and eating dates when suddenly one of the fruits fell out of the dish. Simultaneously, Muhammad heard the revelation: "This date is for the Muslim Ahmad, who will be born 400 years later than You." Muhammad asked his companions who would pass this persimmon to its future owner, but no one volunteered. Muhammad then repeated his question, and finally Arystan-Bab replied: "If you beg Allah to give me 400 years of life, then I will pass this date."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2228359|title=Mausoleum of Arystan-Bab|language=Russian|date=18 January 2010}}</ref>

===Timur's dream===
It is believed that one night [[Timur]] saw Ahmad Yasawi in his dream, where Yasawi predicted glad tidings of the forthcoming conquest of [[Bukhara]]. Taking this as a sign, Timur went on a campaign that would indeed be successful. After his victory, he decided to visit the grave of Yasawi and ordered to build there a majestic mausoleum.<ref>Global Media Journal, (2018), ''The Path of the Khoja Ahmet Yasawi in Kazakh and Turkish Minstrel Customs'', p. 4</ref>

==Legacy==

Yasawi is celebrated as a spiritual teacher all throughout [[Central Asia]], [[Turkey]], & [[Greater Persia]].  The people of [[Kazakhstan]], a secular country that was also the birthplace of Yasawi, have built numerous monuments and have honored him in many other ways as well, including: 
 
* The [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA1011 |title=Yasavi (Shrine of Ahmed Yasavi), ArchNet Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |publisher=Archnet.org |access-date=2013-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526212020/http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA1011 |archive-date=2006-05-26 }}</ref> was later built on the site of his grave by [[Timur]] in Turkistan City. The Yesevi order he founded continued to be influential for several centuries afterwards, with the Yesevi Sayyid Ata Sheikhs holding a prominent position at the court of [[Bukhara]] into the 19th century.<ref>Devin Deweese "The Politics of Sacred Lineages in 19th-century Central Asia: Descent groups linked to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in Shrine Documents and Genealogical Charters" ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' Vol.31 (1999) pp507-530</ref> There is the greatest influence of [[shamanism|shamanistic elements]] in the Yasawiyya compared to other Sufi orders.<ref>[http://www.bashat-cbf.org/publications/the_sacred_sites_of_kyrgyzstan.pdf "The Sacred Sites of Kyrgyzstan", Cholpon K. Dyikanova, Taalaibek K. Dyikanov, Jarkyn B. Samanchina (eds.), Bishkek, 2004-2005, p. 8, citing Demidov, 1988, p. 3] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929023233/http://www.bashat-cbf.org/publications/the_sacred_sites_of_kyrgyzstan.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>

* Yesevi authored the ''Book of Wisdom'' (Turkic: {{lang|trk-Arab|ديوان حكمت}}, ''{{transl|trk|Dīvān-i Ḥikmet}}''), a collection of poems, in [[Middle Turkic languages|Turkic]].<ref name="Book of Wisdom"/> The book was published in 1895 and 1905 in Kazan.<ref name="Divan-i Khikmet"/>

* The Naqshbandi [[Idries Shah]] mentions Yasawi's lineage in ''The Book of the Book''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Idries|author-link=Idries Shah|title=The Book of the Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WviNfB2q_oEC|year=1976|publisher=Octagon Press Ltd|isbn=978-0-900860-12-6}}, page 9</ref>

* The first Kazakh-Turkish university, [[Ahmet Yesevi University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yesevi.edu.tr/ |title=Ahmet Yesevi University Official Site |publisher=Yesevi.edu.tr |access-date=2013-04-09}}</ref> was named in his honor.

===In popular culture===
The Turkish series, ''[[:tr:Mavera (dizi)|Mavera]]'' [[:tr:Mavera (dizi)|(2021)]] (in Turkish) is based on Ahmad Yasawi's life. In the series, he was portrayed by the Turkish actor {{ill|Korel Cezayirli|tr}}.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons cat|Ahmad Yasawi}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Beben |first1=Daniel |title=Aḥmad Yasavī and the Ismāʿīlīs of Badakhshān: Towards a New Social History of Sufi-Shīʿī Relations in Central Asia |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |date=2020 |volume=63 |issue=5–6 |pages=643–681 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341523|s2cid=229476699 }}
* {{cite book | author = John G. Bennett | title = The Masters of Wisdom | publisher = Bennett Books | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-1-881408-01-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.heritagenet.unesco.kz/kz/content/history/monument/turkestan1/mavzol_yasav.htm UNESCO Heritage Mausoleum Hoja Ahmed Yasevi] {{in lang|ru}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009080729/http://www.nlrk.kz/structure/csbk/xai/xai.htm National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Hoja Ahmed Yasaui] {{in lang|ru}}
*[https://archive.today/20070930135935/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/112/948.htm Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Turkestan (city in Kazakh SSR)] {{in lang|ru}}

{{Islamic theology}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yassawi, Khoja Akhmet}}
[[Category:1093 births|Yesevi]]
[[Category:1166 deaths|Yesevi, Ahmed]]
[[Category:Sufi poets|Yesevi, Ahmed]]
[[Category:Muslim missionaries]]
[[Category:Turkic literature]]
[[Category:Sufis]]
[[Category:Turkic Sufi saints]]
[[Category:12th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:12th-century poets]]
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