Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Al-Mustansir Billah

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Fatimid caliph from 1036 to 1094/95}}
{{lowercase title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{for-text|other people with the same name|[[al-Mustansir (disambiguation)]]|the penultimate Abbasid caliph in Baghdad|[[al-Mustansir I]]}}
{{stack|{{Infobox royalty
|name        = al-Mustansir Billah<br/>المستنصر بالله
|title       = 
|image       = Calif al Mustansir Misr 1055.jpg
|caption     = Gold coin of al-Mustansir, [[Egypt]], 1055 CE.
|birth_date  = 2 July 1029 (16th [[Jumada al-thani|Jumada II]], 420 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])<ref name=islamsik>{{cite web |title=MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mustali-billah-el-fatimi |website=TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=ismaili>{{cite web |title=MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM |url=http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/10641 |website=ismaili.net |access-date=13 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Cairo, Egypt]]
|death_date  = 29 December 1094 (18th [[Dhu al-Hijjah|Zilhaja]], 487 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]){{Efn|name=dates}} (aged 65)
|death_place = [[Egypt]]
|place of burial = 
| house           = [[Fatimid dynasty|Fatimid]]
| house-type      = Dynasty
|father      = [[Ali az-Zahir|az-Zahir]]
|mother      = [[Rasad]]<ref>[[al-Maqrizi]], Ette'aaz al-honafa be Akhbaar al-A'emma Al Fatemeyyeen Al Kholafaa, part 2, p. 45. Qairo. 1973</ref>
|spouse      = 
|issue       = 
*[[al-Musta'li]]
*[[Nizar ibn al-Mustansir|Nizar]]
*Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad (father of [[al-Hafiz]]){{sfn|Daftary|2007|p=246}}
|succession  =8th [[List of Isma'ili imams|Imam]]–[[List of Fatimid caliphs|Caliph]] of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
|reign       = 13 June 1036 (15th [[Sha'aban|Shaban]], 427 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]){{Efn|While the year 1035 is cited by some historians as the year in which he ascended the throne,<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Hitti |first1=Philip K. |title=A Short History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present |date=2002 |isbn=0333631420 |edition=Revised 10 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabsfr0000hitt/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Leary>{{cite book |last1=O'Leary |first1=De Lacy |title=A Short History of the Fatamid Caliphate |date=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffa00oleauoft/page/193/mode/2up |pages=193 }}</ref> the year 1036 is cited more frequently, particularly by Muslim scholars.<ref name=islamsik/><ref name=ismaili/>}} – 29 December 1094 (18th [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], 487 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]){{Efn|His death date, when converted to the [[Western calendar]], is sometime given as 6 January 1095,<ref name=ismaili/> but 29 December is the date commonly used.<ref name="islamsik"/><ref>{{cite book |author-link=Mark R. Cohen|last1=Cohen|first1=Mark R. |title=Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cav_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218|isbn=9781400853588}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid|title=The Fatimids and Their Successors in Yaman|date=2002|publisher=I.B. Tauris|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gK5xAAAAMAAJ&q=%22487/29+December+1094%22|isbn=9781860646904}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Hodgson|first1=Natasha R.|title=Crusading and Masculinities|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOOLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72|isbn=9781351680141}}</ref>|name=dates}}
|coronation  = 
|othertitles = 
|predecessor = [[Ali az-Zahir|az-Zahir]]
|successor   = [[al-Musta'li]]
|religion    = [[Ismaili]] [[Shia Islam]]
}}
{{Ismailis}}
}}
'''Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh''' ({{lang-ar| أبو تميم معد المستنصر بالله}}&lrm;; 2 July 1029 – 29 December 1094){{Efn|name=dates}} was [[List of Fatimid caliphs|the eighth Fatimid Caliph]] from 1036 until 1094. He was one of the longest reigning [[Muslim]] rulers.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399581/al-Mustansir "al-Mustanṣir"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Retrieved 31 January 2015</ref> His reign was the twilight of the Fatimid state. The start of his reign saw the continuation of competent administrators running the Fatamid state ([[Anushtakin al-Dizbari|Anushtakin]], [[Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i|al-Jarjara'i]], and later [[Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri|al-Yazuri]]), overseeing the state's prosperity in the first two decades of al-Mustansir's reign. However, the break out of court infighting between the Turkish and Berber/Sudanese court factions following al-Yazuri's assassination, coinciding with natural disasters in Egypt and the gradual loss of administrative control over Fatamid possessions outside of Egypt, almost resulted in the total collapse of the Fatamid state in the 1060s, before the appointment of the Armenian general [[Badr al-Jamali]], who assumed power as [[vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|vizier]] in 1073, and became the ''de facto'' dictator of the country under the nominal rule of al-Mustansir.<ref name=Leary/><ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Hitti |first1=Philip K. |title=A Short History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present |date=2002 |isbn=0333631420 |edition=Revised 10 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabsfr0000hitt/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=ismaili/>

The caliph al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh was the last Imam before a disastrous split divided the Isma'ili movement in two, due to the struggle in the succession between al-Mustansir's older son, [[Nizar ibn al-Mustansir|Nizar]], and the younger [[al-Mustaʽli]], who was raised to the throne by Badr's son and successor, [[al-Afdal Shahanshah]]. The followers of Nizar, who predominated in Iran and Syria, became the [[Nizari]] branch of Isma'ilism, while those of al-Musta'li became the [[Musta'li]] branch.

==Biography==
Al-Mustansir was born in [[Cairo]] on 16th [[Jumada al-thani|Jumada II]], 420 [[Hijri year|AH]]/2 July 1029,<ref name=ismaili/> to Ali az-Zahir and Rasad, a black slave from [[Nubia]].<ref>Holt, P. M., and M. W. Daly. "A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day." Taylor & Francis Group, 2014. 16</ref> At the age of only eight months he was declared the heir of his father. His name was Abu Tamim Ma‘ad, surnamed al-Mustansir bil-Lah ("The Asker Of Victory From God"). He ascended to the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]'s throne on 15th [[Sha'aban|Shaban]], 427/June 13, 1036 at the age of {{age|1029|07|5|1036|07|13}}. During the early years of his [[Caliphate]], state affairs were administered by his mother. His rule lasted for 60 years, the longest of all the caliphs, either in [[Egypt]] or elsewhere in [[Islam]]ic states. However, Fatimid power was confined to Egypt due to conquests of the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuks]] in the [[Levant]], [[Italo-Normans|Normans]] in [[County of Sicily|Sicily and Malta]], and by Arab tribes destabilizing Fatamid control over [[Tunisia]] and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Hitti |first1=Philip K. |title=A Short History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present |date=2002 |isbn=0333631420 |edition=Revised 10 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabsfr0000hitt/mode/2up}}</ref> Al-Mustansir was considered incapable{{citation needed|reason=By whom?|date=February 2022}} and as such his court was dominated by military strongmen and his mother's favourite officials, while the treasury was exhausted by factional infighting.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|year=1990|isbn=978-0-521-37019-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3638/mode/2up 193-194]|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3638/mode/2up}}</ref>

He had constructed a special [[mihrab]] at one of the pillars in the [[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]]. Atop the mihrab, his name is engraved along with the [[Shahada]] commonly recited by the public in the [[Fatimid]] era ending with the phrase 'Ali-un-Wali-ul-lah', meaning "Ali is the friend of God".

==al-Mustansir's court==
Prominent Dais/[[Vizier|Vizirs]] of his era are as follows:
*[[Ali bin Ahmad Jarjarai]], vizier (d. 1045)
*[[Badr al-Jamali]], vizier (d. 1094)
*[[Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi]], chief missionary (''[[Da'i al-du'at|dā‘i al-dū‘at]]'') from 1059 to 1078<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Verena |last=Klemm |title=MOʾAYYAD FI'L-DIN ŠIRĀZI |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2004 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/moayyad-fil-din-sirazi}}</ref>
[[Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary)|Moulai Abadullah]] and [[Syedi Nuruddin]] were two [[Indian people|Indians]] who visited al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt. They joined the Ismaili faith under Fatimid Dai [[Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi]], and went to India to propagate the faith.<ref>[http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/8200,] 12.0 The Fatimid Da'i Al-Mu'ayyad: His Life, by: Dr. Abbas Hamdani, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.S.A.): ..In this village there were two .men who acquired knowledge, then proceeded from India, in the time of al-Mustansir, to Egypt and joined the lsma'ili faith at the bidding of Sayyidna al-Mu'ayyad from whom they acquired much knowledge. Their names were (Ba)Lam Nath(known as Moulai Abadullah) and Rup Nath (later called Mawla'i Nurad-Din). Both of them returned from Egypt to their native village...."</ref>

== The Ismaili da'wa ==
During the reign of the Imam al-Mustanṣir, the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] da'wa (“invitation”) was led, in the eastern regions, by Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, who was based in [[Isfahan|Iṣfahān]].  

[[Ali ibn al-Athir|Ibn al-Athīr]] (a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] historian) describes Abd al-Malik (Ibn Attash) as being interested in works of literature, and being a professional [[Calligraphy|calligrapher]]. He continues by describing him as a clever, intelligent and quick thinker, and an ethical man.  

One of Ibn Attash's most notable students, [[Hassan-i Sabbah|Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ]] became an important figure and was selected as the ḥujja or “proof” of al-Mustanṣir. This position/rank was right below the Imam in the Ismaili religious hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|date=16 April 2018|title=Alamūt, Ismailism and Khwāja Qāsim Tushtarī's Recognizing God|journal=Shii Studies Review|volume=2|issue=1–2|pages=193–227|doi=10.1163/24682470-12340021|issn=2468-2462}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Kalema-tut-shahadat.jpg|thumb|The ''[[mihrab]]'' made in honour of al-Mustansir Billah in the [[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]] with the phrase ''ʿalī-un-walī-u-allāh'' at the end, [[Cairo]].]]
Prominent buildings constructed during the reign of al-Mustansir are as follows:
*[[Bab al-Futuh]]
*[[Bab al-Nasr, Cairo|Bab al-Nasr]]
*[[Bab Zuweila]]
*[[Juyushi Mosque]]

==Famine==
{{main|Mustansirite Hardship}}
Between 1065 (457 AH) and 1072 (464 AH), [[famine]] degraded conditions in Egypt from bad to worse. Meanwhile, in 1062 (454 AH) and again in 1067 (459 AH), the struggle between the [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] and [[Sudan]]ese soldiery deteriorated into open warfare, ending in a victory for the Turks.

During this same period, [[Berbers|Berber]] nomadic tribes from [[lower Egypt]] deliberately aggravated the distress by ravaging the countryside, destroying the embankments and canals of the [[Nile]]. The ten thousand animals that al-Mustansir's stables once held reportedly declined to the point where only three thin horses were left; it is said that eventually al-Mustansir alone possessed a horse, and that when he rode out, the courtiers followed on foot, having no beast to carry them; it is also said that his escort once fainted from hunger as it accompanied him through the streets. As long as the calamity lasted, the condition of the country continued to decline. The protracted famine was followed inevitably by plague; whole districts were absolutely denuded of population and house after house lay empty.

==Turkic mercenaries==
Concurrently, the Turkish mercenaries had drained the treasury; many of the works of art and valuables of all sorts in the palace were sold to satisfy their demands---often they themselves were the purchasers, at merely nominal prices, and resold the articles thus gained at a profit. [[Emerald]]s valued at 300,000 [[dinar]]s were bought by one Turkish general for 500 dinars, and in one [[fortnight]] of the year 460/1068 articles to the value of 30,000,000 dinars were sold off to provide pay for the Turks. The precious library, which had been rendered available to the public and was one of the attractions for many who visited [[Cairo]], was scattered; the books were torn up, thrown away, or used to light fires. At length, the Turks began fighting amongst themselves. [[Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan]], the general of the Turks, had invested the city, which was defended by the rival faction of the Turkish guard; after burning part of [[Fustat]] and defeating the defenders, he entered as conqueror. When he reached the palace, he found al-Mustansir lodged in rooms which had been stripped bare, waited on by only three slaves, and subsisting on two loaves which were sent him daily by the daughters of Ibn Babshand, the grammarian.

The victorious Turks dominated Cairo, held the successive viziers in subjection, treated al-Mustansir with contempt, and used their power to deplete the treasury by enhancing their pay to nearly twenty times its former figure. Nasir al-Dawla became so overbearing and tyrannical in his conduct that he provoked even his own followers, and so at length he was [[assassination|assassinated]] in 466/1074. Unfortunately, this left the city in a worse condition than ever, for it was now at the mercy of the various Turkish factions, who behaved no better than brigands. Conditions in Egypt continued to deteriorate, and unabated violence raged in the streets and countryside alike.

==Descendants==
Using the genealogical information of the members of the Fatimid dynasty imprisoned by [[Saladin]], and contemporary documents, the historian [[Paul E. Walker]] estimates that al-Mustansir had "at the minimum seventeen sons whose names we can recover".{{sfn|Walker|1995|p=249}} Indeed, he suggests that it was precisely the great number of offspring he sired during his long reign that created the succession crisis after his death.{{sfn|Walker|1995|pp=248–249}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Qibla mustansir 1.jpg|al-Mustansir's ''mihrab'' at the Ibn Tulun mosque, Cairo
File:Imam Mustansir history details at Mosque tulin.jpg|Stone inscription from al-Mustansir's time near al-Mustansir's ''mihrab''
File:Imam Mustansir qibla 3.jpg|Detail of al-Mustansir's ''mihrab''
File:Kalemtut shahadat.jpg|al-Mustansir's name engraved on the ''mihrab''
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Family tree of Muhammad#Family tree linking Prophets to Shi'ite Imams|Family tree of Muhammad linking Prophets to Shi'ite Imams]]
* [[List of Ismaili imams]]
* [[List of rulers of Egypt]]
* [[Juyushi Mosque]]
* [[Fatimids]]
* [[Isma'ilism]]
* [[Nizar ibn al-Mustansir|Nizari]]
* [[Aga Khan]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book |last1=Bianquis |first1=Thierry |authorlink=Thierry Bianquis |title=Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide (359-468/969-1076): essai d'interprétation de chroniques arabes médiévales. Deuxième tome |year=1989 |publisher=Institut français de Damas |location=Damascus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmttAAAAMAAJ |language=French | isbn = 978-2-35159131-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Brett | first=Michael | title=The Fatimid Empire |series=The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-7486-4076-8 }}
* {{Daftary-The Ismailis|edition=Second}}
* {{Die Kalifen von Kairo}}
* {{Kalifen und Assassinen}}
* {{cite journal | first = Paul E. | last = Walker | title = Succession to Rule in the Shiite Caliphate | journal = Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt | volume = 32 | year = 1995 | pages = 239–264 | jstor = 40000841  | doi = 10.2307/40000841  }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Fatimid dynasty]]||2 July 1029||29 December 1094|name=al-Mustansir}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ali az-Zahir|al-Zahir]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Fatimid Caliph]]|years=13 June 1036 – 29 December 1094}}
{{s-aft|after=[[al-Musta'li]]}}
{{s-rel|sh}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Ali az-Zahir|al-Zahir]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[List of Isma'ili imams|Imam]] of [[Isma'ilism]]|years=13 June 1036 – 29 December 1094}}
{{s-aft|after=[[al-Musta'li]]|as=Imam of [[Musta'li Isma'ilism]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nizar ibn al-Mustansir|Nizar]]|as=Imam of [[Nizari Isma'ilism]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Fatimids|state=expanded}}
{{Fatimid Caliphate topics}}
{{Shia Imams}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustansir Billah}}
[[Category:1029 births]]
[[Category:1090s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:11th-century Fatimid caliphs]]
[[Category:Egyptian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Sons of Fatimid caliphs]]
[[Category:Royalty from Cairo]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Nubian descent]]
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[[Категория:Википедия]]
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[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]