Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Alberto Fujimori

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|President of Peru from 1990 to 2000}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|Fujimori|Inomoto|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name              = Alberto Fujimori
| native_name       = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|アルベルト・フジモリ (藤森 謙也)}}}}
| image             = Visit of Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, to the CEC (cropped).jpg
| caption           = Fujimori in October 1991
| order             = 
| office            = 54th [[President of Peru]]
| primeminister     = {{collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller]]<br>[[Carlos Torres y Torres Lara]]<br>[[Alfonso de los Heros]]<br>[[Óscar de la Puente Raygada]]<br>[[Alfonso Bustamante]]<br>[[Efraín Goldenberg]]<br>[[Dante Córdova|Dante Córdova Blanco]]<br>[[Alberto Pandolfi]]<br>[[Javier Valle Riestra]]<br>[[Víctor Joy Way]]<br>[[Alberto Bustamante Belaúnde]]<br>[[Federico Salas]]}}
| vicepresident     = {{collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Máximo San Román]]<br>[[Ricardo Márquez Flores]]<br>[[Francisco Tudela]]}}
| term_start        = 28 July 1990
| term_end          = 22 November 2000
| predecessor       = [[Alan García]]
| successor         = [[Valentín Paniagua]]
| office2           = President of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government
| term_start2       = 5 April 1992
| term_end2         = 9 January 1993
| predecessor2      = ''Post established''
| successor2        = ''Post abolished''
| birth_name        = Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1938|7|28|df=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores, Lima]], Peru
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| party             = [[Cambio 90|Change 90]] (1990–1998)<br>[[Sí Cumple|Vamos Vecino]] (1998–2005)<br>[[Sí Cumple]] (2005–2010)<br>[[People's New Party]] (2007–2013)
| otherparty        = [[New Majority (Peru)|New Majority]] (1992–1998, non-affiliated member)<br>[[Peru 2000]] (1999–2001)<br>[[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]] (2005–2010)<br>[[Cambio 21 (political party)|Change 21]] (2018–2019)
| spouse            = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Susana Higuchi]]|1974|1995|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Satomi Kataoka|2006}}
}}
| children          = 4, including [[Keiko Fujimori|Keiko]] and [[Kenji Fujimori|Kenji]]
| relatives         = [[Santiago Fujimori]] (brother)
| education         = [[National Agrarian University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[University of Strasbourg]]<br>[[University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
| signature         = Firma de Alberto Fujimori.svg
| module            = '''Criminal information'''{{Infobox criminal
| child             = yes
| charge            = [[Human rights abuses]], murder, [[kidnapping]], [[embezzlement]], [[abuse of power]], bribery and corruption 
|conviction_penalty = 25 years in prison (Human rights abuses, murder and kidnapping charges)<br/>Six years in prison (Abuse of power charges)<br/>Seven-and-a-half years in prison (Embezzlement charges)<br/>Six years in prison (Corruption and bribery charges)
|conviction_status  = Convicted<ref>Released on 5 December 2023.</ref>
}}
}}
{{Conservatism in Peru |expanded=Politicians}}

'''Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto'''{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infogob.com.pe/Politico/ficha.aspx?IdPolitico=3862454&IdTab=1 |title=General Data |website=Infogob |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045445/http://www.infogob.com.pe/Politico/ficha.aspx?IdPolitico=3862454&IdTab=1 |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> ({{IPA-es|alˈβeɾto fuxiˈmoɾi, – fuʝiˈmoɾi|lang}}; born 28 July 1938)<ref name="birth">{{cite web |url=http://www2.caretas.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411060346/http://www2.caretas.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=LR |first=Redacción|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/302308-fujimori-saco-dni-con-fecha-falsa-sobre-su-nacimiento/ |title=Fujimori sacó DNI con fecha falsa sobre su nacimiento|date=22 May 2019|website=larepublica.pe|language=es|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref> is a Peruvian former politician, professor and engineer who served as [[President of Peru]] from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000, though ''de facto'' leadership was reportedly held by [[Vladimiro Montesinos]], the then head of the [[National Intelligence Service (Peru)|National Intelligence Service]].<ref name=":8" /> Frequently described as a dictator,<ref name=Multi1>{{bullet}} {{cite journal |last1=Burt |first1=Jo-Marie |last2=Youngers |first2=Coletta A. |title=Peruvian precedent: the Fujimori conviction and the ongoing struggle for justice |journal=[[North American Congress on Latin America|NACLA Report on the Americas]] |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=6 |doi=10.1080/10714839.2010.11722203 |s2cid=157981443 |quote=Peru's vibrant human rights community, which fought tirelessly to confront impunity, end the Fujimori dictatorship}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Contesse |first1=Jorge |title=Inter-American Court of Human Rights – presidential pardon – anti-impunity – conventionality control |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |date=July 2019 |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=568 |doi=10.1017/ajil.2019.28 |s2cid=199175644 |quote=the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Court) ordered Peru to review the presidential pardon granted to former president and dictator Alberto Fujimori |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |last=Dzero |first=Irina |title=La fiesta del Chivo, novel and film: on the transition to democracy in Latin America |journal=[[Latin American Research Review]] |date=Summer 2016 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1353/lar.2016.0035 |s2cid=152210483 |quote=the dictator Fujimori fled}}
*{{cite journal |last=Brickner |first=Rachel K. |title=Assessing Fujimori's Peru |journal=[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]] |date=2006 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=160 |quote=Fujimori's rule as a dictator lasted for nearly ten years}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Frantz |first1=Erica |last2=Geddes |first2=Barbara |title=The legacy of dictatorship for democratic parties in Latin America |journal=[[GIGA Journal Family|Journal of Politics in Latin America]] |date=April 2016 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–32 |publisher=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |doi=10.1177/1866802X1600800101 |s2cid=55466885 |quote=in Peru the first dictatorial support party was created by General Manuel Odria ... and the second completely different one by President Alberto Fujimori |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lesser |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Hu-DeHart |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lopez-Calvo |first3=Ignacio |title=Why Asia and Latin America? |journal=[[University of Minnesota Press|Verge: Studies in Global Asias]] |date=Fall 2017 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1 |doi=10.5749/vergstudglobasia.3.2.0001 |s2cid=166028670 |quote=former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori often dressed as a samurai and as an Inca as part of his campaign publicity}}
*{{cite news |last=Collyns |first=Dan |title=Leftist teacher takes on dictator's daughter as Peru picks new president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/03/peru-presidential-election-pedro-castillo-keiko-fujimori |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021}}
</ref> he remains a controversial figure in [[Politics of Peru|Peruvian politics]]. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison for human rights abuses during his presidency but was released on 6 December 2023 following an order by the [[Constitutional Court of Peru]].<ref name=aprelease>{{cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Peruvian constitutional court orders release of former President Alberto Fujimori |language=en-US |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/alberto-fujimori-expresident-peru-released-4a9c8a0159ac9bf170a15338fa860937 |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=f24release>{{cite news |date=7 December 2023 |title=Peru's former president Fujimori freed from prison after pardon reinstated |language=en-US |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://france24.com/en/americas/20231207-peru-s-aging-ex-president-fujimori-freed-after-pardon-reinstated |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>

A [[Japanese Peruvians|Peruvian of Japanese descent]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1065667.stm Fujimori secures Japanese haven], [[BBC News]], 12 December 2000. Retrieved 29 December 2007.</ref> Fujimori studied to be an agricultural engineer, and later obtained a master's degree in mathematics. From 1984 to 1989 he served as [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the [[National Agrarian University]] before winning the presidency in the [[1990 Peruvian general election]].

In the [[1992 Peruvian self-coup]], Fujimori dissolved the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]] and assumed full legislative and judicial powers. He changed the constitution and served as a [[figurehead]] president under Montesinos and the [[Peruvian Armed Forces]]<ref name=":8">
{{bullet}}{{cite journal |last1=McMillan |first1=John |last2=Zoido |first2=Pablo |title=How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru |journal=[[The Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |date=Autumn 2004 |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=69 |doi=10.1257/0895330042632690 |s2cid=219372153 |quote=In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres.|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite news |last=Llosa |first=Mario Vargas |date=27 March 1994 |title=Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/27/weekinreview/ideas-trends-in-his-words-unmasking-the-killers-in-peru-wont.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.}}
*{{cite web |title=Spymaster |url=https://www.journeyman.tv/film_documents/1368/transcript/ |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=29 March 2023 |language=en |date=August 2002 |quote=Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ...  Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... [[Michael Shifter|Shifter]]: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.}}
*{{cite news |last1=Keller |first1=Paul |title=Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF |agency=[[Financial Times]] |date=26 October 2000 |quote=Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead}}
*{{cite web |title=THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Crisis%20Dem%20Gov%20Rpt%20on%20Amer%202.pdf |website=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |access-date=25 March 2023 |date=2001 |quote=Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces}}
*{{cite news |title=Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa |url=https://www.newsweek.com/questions-and-answers-mario-vargas-llosa-150783 |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=9 January 2001 |language=en |quote=Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead}}
</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite journal |last1=Calderón Bentin |first1=Sebastián |date=January 2018 |title=The Politics of Illusion: The Collapse of the Fujimori Regime in Peru |journal=[[Theatre Survey]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=84–107 |doi= 10.1017/S0040557417000503|s2cid=233360593 |access-date=|doi-access=free }}</ref> and would reportedly adopt [[Plan Verde]] – a plan that involved the [[Forced sterilization in Peru|genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians]], the control or censorship of media in the nation and the establishment of a [[neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[military junta]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima, Peru |pages=46–47}}</ref><ref name="CANbio2">{{cite journal |last1=Gaussens |first1=Pierre |date=2020 |title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=180+ |doi=10.7202/1073797ar |quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention |s2cid=234586692|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Burt |first=Jo-Marie |date=September–October 1998 |title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru |journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=35–41 |doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657 |quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}</ref><ref name="Alfredo">{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Avilés |first=William |date=Spring 2009 |title=Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru |journal=[[Latin American Politics and Society]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=57–85 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x |s2cid=154153310}}</ref> Fujimori won the presidential elections in [[1995 Peruvian general election|1995]] and [[2000 Peruvian general election|2000]].

During his tenure, his policies primarily received support from the military, Peru's upper class and [[international financial institutions]], helping him maintain control of Peru.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mauceri |first=Philip |date=Winter 1995 |title=State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru |journal=[[Latin American Research Review]] |volume=30 |issue=1|pages=7–37 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100017155 |s2cid=252749746 |doi-access=free}}</ref> His supporters credit his government with the creation of [[Fujimorism]], defeating the [[Shining Path]] insurgency and restoring Peru's [[macroeconomic]] stability.<ref>Fox, Elizabeth, and Fox, de Cardona and Waisbord, Silvio Ricardo. ''Latin Politics, Global Media''. 2002, p. 154</ref><ref>Hough, Peter. ''Understanding Global Security''. 2008, pp. 79–80</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2007 |title=Ex-President's Trial a Moment of Truth |publisher=Fox News |url=http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2007Dec09/0,4675,PeruFujimoriTrial,00.html}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/705482.stm Fujimori's controversial career], BBC News, 18 September 2000. Retrieved 4 November 2006.</ref> Even amid his later prosecution in 2008 for [[crimes against humanity]] relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/peru-court-sentences-fujimori-to-25-years-in-prison-for-dirty-war-1.805650 |publisher=CBC News |title=Peru court sentences Fujimori to 25 years in prison for 'dirty war' |date=7 April 2009}}</ref> Neoliberal policies and his political ideology of Fujimorism have influenced the governance of Peru into the present day through a [[cult of personality]].<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last=Villalba |first=Fernando Velásquez |title=A totalidade Neoliberal–Fujimorista: Estigmatização e colonialidade no Peru contemporâneo |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais |volume=37 |issue=109 |pages=e3710906 |date=2022 |quote=terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social |s2cid=251877338 |doi=10.1590/3710906/2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2000, facing charges of corruption and human rights abuses, Fujimori fled Peru and took refuge in Japan.<ref>Jo-Marie Burt. 2006 "Quien habla es terrorista": the political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru. Latin American Research Review 41(3):32–61</ref><ref name="Sterilization">{{cite news |date=24 July 2002 |title=Mass sterilization scandal shocks Peru |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2148793.stm |access-date=30 April 2006}}</ref>  He maintained a self-imposed exile until his arrest while visiting Chile in November 2005.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4994908.stm Conditional release for Fujimori], BBC News, 18 May 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref> He was extradited to face criminal charges in Peru on 22 September 2007.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7008302.stm Extradited Fujimori back in Peru] 22 September 2007.</ref> In December 2007, Fujimori was convicted of ordering an [[Search and seizure|illegal search and seizure]] and was sentenced to six years imprisonment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7139719.stm Fujimori jailed for abusing power], BBC News, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.</ref><ref>Corte Suprema de la República. 10 December 2008. [http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/Documentos/exp_AV-13-2003_2da_SPE_150408.pdf Resolution 17-2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625052155/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/Documentos/exp_AV-13-2003_2da_SPE_150408.pdf |date=25 June 2008}}.</ref><ref name="DecNYT">[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/americas/12fujimori.html?ref=world Peru's Ex-President Gets 6 Years for Illicit Search], ''The New York Times'', 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Peru|Supreme Court]] upheld the decision on appeal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Emery |first=Alex |title=Peru Supreme Court Upholds Former President's Prison Sentence |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aghcoZq4Oocs&refer=japan |work=[[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg News]] |date=15 April 2008 |access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref> In April 2009, Fujimori was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years imprisonment for his role in kidnappings and murders by the [[Grupo Colina]] [[death squad]] during his government's battle against [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement|leftist guerrillas]] in the 1990s. Specifically, he was found guilty of murder, bodily harm and two cases of kidnapping.<ref name="Bloomberg2009">Emery, Alex. [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aK7xJs5e8bss&refer=home Peru's Fujimori Found Guilty on Human Rights Charges], [[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg News]], 7 April 2009. Accessed 7 April 2009.</ref><ref name="Reuters2">{{cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://larepublica.pe/sentencia-fujimori/07/04/2009/sala-penal-especial-encuentra-responsable-fujimori-por-abusos-de-ddhh Fujimori declared guilty of human rights abuses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410051745/http://www.larepublica.pe/sentencia-fujimori/07/04/2009/sala-penal-especial-encuentra-responsable-fujimori-por-abusos-de-ddhh |date=10 April 2009 }} (Spanish).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090407/wl_asia_afp/perutrialpoliticsrights6thlead_20090407170127|title=Peru court finds ex-president Fujimori guilty|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2009/04/08/fujimori_gets_25_years_on_conviction_in_human_rights_case 
|title=Fujimori gets 25 years on conviction in human rights case |work=Boston.com |date=8 April 2009|last1=Partlow |first1=Joshua }}</ref> The verdict marked the first time that an elected head of state has been extradited to his home country, tried, and convicted of human rights violations.

In July 2009, Fujimori was sentenced to seven and a half years imprisonment for [[embezzlement]] after he admitted to giving $15&nbsp;million from the Peruvian treasury to Montesinos.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8160150.stm Fujimori convicted of corruption], ''BBC.com'', 20 July 2009</ref> Two months later, he pleaded guilty in a fourth trial to bribery and received an additional six-year term.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8279528.stm Fujimori pleads guilty to bribery], ''BBC.com'', 28 September 2009</ref> [[Transparency International]] determined the money embezzled by the Fujimori government – about $600&nbsp;million or about ${{Inflation|index=US|value=600|start_year=2004|end_year=2021}} million in 2021 – to be the seventh-most for a head of government active within 1984–2004.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |last1=McMillan |first1=John |last2=Zoido |first2=Pablo |date=Autumn 2004 |title=How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru |journal=[[The Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=69 |doi=10.1257/0895330042632690 |s2cid=219372153 |quote=|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="2004ti">[https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2004_GCR_PoliticalCorruption_EN.pdf Global Corruption Report 2004], Transparency International, 25 March 2004. Accessed 26 September 2006.</ref> Under Peruvian law, all the resultant sentences must run concurrently; thus, the maximum length of imprisonment remained 25 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori, already jailed, slapped with another prison term|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori/perus-fujimori-already-jailed-slapped-with-another-prison-term-idUSKBN0KH29420150108|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235145/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori/perus-fujimori-already-jailed-slapped-with-another-prison-term-idUSKBN0KH29420150108|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|work=Reuters|date=2015}}</ref>

In December 2017, Fujimori was [[Pardon of Alberto Fujimori|pardoned]] by President [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], shortly after Fujimori's son, Congressman [[Kenji Fujimori]], helped President Kuczynski survive an impeachment vote.<ref name="cnn pardon">{{cite news|title=Peru's ex-leader Fujimori asks for forgiveness amid heated protests|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/26/americas/peru-fujimori-pardon-protests/index.html|access-date=26 December 2017|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Peruvians march against Fujimori pardon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori/thousands-of-peruvians-march-against-fujimori-pardon-idUSKBN1EM1RH |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=Reuters |date=28 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The pardon was overturned by [[Supreme Court of Peru|Peru's Supreme Court]] on 3 October 2018, and Fujimori was sent back to prison in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/03/peru-high-court-overturns-pardon-alberto-fujimori|title=Peru's high court overturns pardon of former strongman Fujimori|last=Collyns|first=Dan|date=3 October 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori-idUSKCN1PI0BL|title=Peru's Fujimori, pardon annulled, forced back to prison|date=24 January 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=3 February 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/crime/peru-supreme-court-keeps-fujimori-in-jail-ng-s-1924872|title=Peru Supreme Court keeps Fujimori in jail|date=13 February 2019|website=[[The West Australian]]|language=en|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> The [[Constitutional Court of Peru]] in a 4–3 ruling on 17 March 2022 reinstated the pardon.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 March 2022 |title=Peruvian court approves prison release of ex-president Alberto Fujimori |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/alberto-fujimori-pardon-prison-release-peru-court |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> On 8 April 2022, the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] overruled the Constitutional Court and ordered Peru not to release Fujimori.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 April 2022|title=Inter-American Court orders Peru not to release Fujimori from prison |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/inter-american-court-orders-peru-not-release-fujimori-prison-2022-04-08/ |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> The Constitutional Court ordered on 5 December 2023 that he be immediately released.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Peru court orders imprisoned ex-President Fujimori's 'immediate' release |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-court-orders-ex-president-fujimoris-release-2023-12-05/ |access-date=2023-12-06}}</ref>

His daughter [[Keiko Fujimori]], who is active in Peruvian politics and has run for President several times, has said that she would pardon her father should she be elected.

==Early life, education and early career==
According to government records, Fujimori was born on 28 July 1938, in [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores]], a district of [[Lima]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Champion|first=Margaret Y.|title=Peru and the Peruvians in the Twentieth Century: Politics and Prospects |year= 2006|publisher=Vantage Press|location=New York|page=476|isbn=0-533-15159-7}}</ref> His parents, Naoichi Fujimori (original surname ''Minami'', adopted by a childless relative; 1897–1971) and Mutsue Inomoto (1913–2009), were natives of [[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]], Japan, who migrated to Peru in 1934.<ref name= "McClintockVallas50">{{Cite book |last=McClintock |first=Cynthia |author2=Fabián Vallas |title=The United States and Peru |year=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |page=50 |isbn=0-415-93463-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=González Manrique |first= Luis Esteban|title=La encrucijada peruana: de Alan García a Fujimori|year=1993|publisher=Fundación CEDEAL|location= Madrid |page= 467|isbn=84-87258-38-7|language=es}}</ref>

In July 1997, the news magazine ''[[Caretas]]'' alleged that Fujimori was born in Japan, in his father's hometown of [[Kawachi, Kumamoto|Kawachi]], [[Kumamoto Prefecture]].<ref name="Caretas">{{Cite journal|last=Valenzuela|first=Cecilia|title=Buscando La Cuna De Fujimori|url=http://www.caretas.com.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm|journal=[[Caretas]]|year=1997|issue=1475|page=27|access-date=4 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530000439/http://www.caretas.com.pe/1475/fujimori/fujimori.htm|archive-date=30 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because Peru's constitution requires the president to have been born in Peru, this would have made Fujimori ineligible to be president.<ref name="McClintockVallas50"/> The magazine, which had been sued for libel by [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] seven years earlier,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dartnell|first=Michael York|title=Insurgency Online: Web Activism and Global Conflict|year=2006|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|location=Toronto|page=77|isbn=0-8020-8747-7}}</ref> reported that Fujimori's birth and baptismal certificates might have been altered.<ref name="Caretas"/> ''Caretas'' also alleged that Fujimori's mother declared having two children when she entered Peru;<ref name="Caretas"/> Fujimori is the second of four children.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fujimori's documents raise fresh controversy |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970727/20850523.html |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=27 July 1997 |access-date=7 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108231520/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970727/20850523.html |archive-date=8 January 2009 }}</ref> ''Caretas''{{'}} contentions were hotly contested in the Peruvian media; the magazine ''Sí'' described the allegations as "pathetic" and "a dark page for [Peruvian] journalism".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Waisbord|first=Silvio Ricardo|title=Watchdog Journalism in South America|url=https://archive.org/details/watchdogjournali00wais|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/watchdogjournali00wais/page/n109 83]|isbn=0-231-11975-5}}</ref> Latin American scholars [[Cynthia McClintock]] and Fabián Vallas note that the issue appeared to have died down among Peruvians after the Japanese government announced in 2000 that "Fujimori's parents had registered his birth in the Japanese consulate in Lima".<ref name="McClintockVallas50"/> The Japanese government determined that he was also a Japanese citizen because of his parents' registration in the [[koseki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-12-mn-64415-story.html|title=Tokyo Concludes Fujimori Is a Japanese Citizen|date=12 December 2000|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Fujimori obtained his early education at the Colegio Nuestra Señora de la Merced<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prieto Celi|first=Federico|title=Rescate en Lima|year=1997|publisher=Realidades S.A|location=Lima|oclc=37997948|page=32|language=es}}</ref> and La Rectora School.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jochamowitz|first=Luis|title=Ciudadano Fujimori: la construcción de un político|year = 1994 |edition=2nd|publisher=PEISA|location=Lima|oclc=31847656|page=87|language=es}}</ref> Fujimori's parents were Buddhists, but he was [[baptized]] and raised Roman Catholic. Aside from Spanish, he also spoke Japanese, due to it being the primary language in his childhood home.<ref>H.W. Wilson Company (1996), p. 250</ref> In 1956, Fujimori graduated from La Gran Unidad Escolar Alfonso Ugarte in Lima.<ref>Jochamowitz, p. 333.</ref>

He went on to undergraduate studies at the [[La Molina National Agrarian University|Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]] in 1957, graduating in 1961 first in his class as an [[Agricultural engineering|agricultural engineer]]. The following year he lectured on mathematics at the university. In 1964 he went to study physics at the [[University of Strasbourg]] in France. On a Ford scholarship, Fujimori also attended the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]]<ref>[http://www.math.rochester.edu/undergraduate/sums/aftermath/famouspeople.html Famous people major in Mathematics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429074054/http://www.math.rochester.edu/undergraduate/sums/aftermath/famouspeople.html |date=29 April 2007 }}, University of Rochester website. Retrieved on 30 March 2007</ref> in the United States, where he obtained his master's degree in mathematics in 1969.

In 1974, he married [[Susana Higuchi]], also Japanese-Peruvian. They had four children, including a daughter, [[Keiko Fujimori|Keiko]], and a son, [[Kenji Fujimori|Kenji]], who would later follow their father into politics.

In recognition of his academic achievements, the sciences faculty of the [[National Agrarian University]] offered Fujimori the [[Dean (education)|deanship]] and in 1984 appointed him to the [[Rector (academia)|rector]]ship of the university, which he held until 1989. In 1987, Fujimori also became president of the National Commission of Peruvian University Rectors (Asamblea Nacional de Rectores), a position which he has held twice. He also hosted a TV show called ''"Concertando"'' from 1988 to 1989, on Peru's state-owned network, [[TV Perú|Channel 7]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alberto-Fujimori|title=Alberto Fujimori|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=27 December 2017|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

==Presidency (1990–2000)==

=== First term ===
==== 1990 general election ====
{{Main|1990 Peruvian general election}}{{See also|Plan Verde}}
During the presidency of [[Alan García]], the economy had entered a period of [[hyperinflation]] and the political system was in crisis due to the country's internal conflict, leaving Peru in "economic and political chaos".<ref name="lp">Benson, Sara and Hellander, Paul and Wlodarski, Rafael. ''[[Lonely Planet]]: Peru''. 2007, pp. 37–38.</ref>  The Peruvian armed forces grew frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises and began to draft [[Plan Verde]] as a plan to overthrow his government.<ref name=":42" /><ref name="Alfredo" /> According to Rospigliosi, lawyer and friend of Fujimori, [[Vladimiro Montesinos]], was not initially involved with Plan Verde, but his ability to resolve issues for the military resulted with the armed forces tasking Montesinos with implementing the plan with Fujimori,<ref name=":17" /> while Schulte-Bockholt would say that both General Nicolás de Bari Hermoza and Montesinos were responsible for the relationship between the armed forces and Fujimori.<ref name="Alfredo" /> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] later reported that [[United States Ambassador to Peru]], [[Anthony C. E. Quainton]], personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)]] purportedly being supportive of Fujimori's candidacy were authentic.<ref name="REND1">{{Cite book |last=Rendón |first=Silvio |title=La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú |publisher=Editorial Sur |year=2013 |isbn=9786124574139 |pages=145–150}}</ref> Rendón writes that the United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship with Montesinos, who had previously been charged with spying on the Peruvian military for the CIA.<ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name="REND1" />

During the second round of elections, Fujimori originally received support from left-wing groups and those close to the García government, exploiting the popular distrust of the existing Peruvian political establishment and the uncertainty about the proposed [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economic reforms of his opponent, novelist Mario Vargas Llosa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz Pinchetti |first=Francisco |date=14 April 1990 |title=La frugalidad de "Cambio 90" y el derroche de Fredemo |url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/154825/la-frugalidad-de-cambio-90-y-el-derroche-de-fredemo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122715/http://www.proceso.com.mx/154825/la-frugalidad-de-cambio-90-y-el-derroche-de-fredemo |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date= |website=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]}}</ref> Fujimori won the 1990 presidential election as a [[dark horse]] candidate under the banner of [[Cambio 90]] ("cambio" means "change") defeating Vargas Llosa in a surprising upset. He capitalized on profound disenchantment with outgoing president [[Alan García]] and the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] party (APRA).

During the campaign, Fujimori was nicknamed ''El Chino'', which translates to "the Chinese guy" or "the [[Chinaman]]"; it is common for people of any East Asian descent to be called ''chino'' in Peru, as elsewhere in Spanish Latin America, both derogatively and affectionately. Although he is of Japanese heritage, Fujimori has suggested that he was always pleased by the term, which he perceived as a term of affection.<ref>Interview with Fujimori, in Ellen Perry's ''The Fall of Fujimori''</ref> With his election victory, he became just the second person of East Asian descent to become leader of a Latin American nation, after [[Fulgencio Batista]] (varied descent) of Cuba and the third of East Asian descent to govern a South American state, after [[Arthur Chung]] of [[Guyana]] and [[Henk Chin A Sen]] of [[Suriname]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ignacio López-Calvo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&pg=PA213 |title=The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8165-9987-5 |page=213}}</ref>

==== Economic shock ====
According to ''Oiga'', the armed forces finalized plans on 18 June 1990 involving multiple scenarios for a coup to be executed on 27 July 1990, the day prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<ref name=":63">{{Cite journal |date=12 July 1993 |title=El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde |journal=Oiga |volume=647}}</ref> The magazine noted that in one of the scenarios, titled "''Negotiation and agreement with Fujimori. Bases of negotiation: concept of directed Democracy and Market Economy''", Fujimori was to be directed on accepting the military's plan at least twenty-four hours before his inauguration.<ref name=":63"/> Rospigliosi states "an understanding was established between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military officers" involved in Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<ref name=":10" /> Montesinos and SIN officials would ultimately assume the armed force's position in the plan, placing SIN operatives into military leadership roles.<ref name=":17" /> Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde.<ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name=":10" />

After taking office, Fujimori abandoned the economic platform he promoted during his campaign, adopting more aggressive neoliberal policies than those espoused by his competitor in the election.<ref name="gouge32">Gouge, Thomas. ''Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt''. 2003, page 363.</ref> During his first term in office, Fujimori enacted wide-ranging neoliberal reforms, known as "''Fujishock''". It was Fujimori's stated objective to pacify the nation and restore economic balance. This program bore little resemblance to his campaign platform and was in fact more drastic than anything Vargas Llosa had proposed.<ref name="gouge3">Gouge, Thomas. ''Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt''. 2003, p. 363.</ref> [[Hernando de Soto (economist)|Hernando de Soto]], the founder of one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America, [[Institute for Liberty and Democracy]] (ILD), began to receive assistance from [[Ronald Reagan]]'s administration, with the [[National Endowment for Democracy]]'s Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) providing his ILD with funding and education for advertising campaigns.<ref name=":2134">{{Cite book |last=Pee |first=Robert |title=The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-3319963815 |pages=178–180}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Pee |first=Robert |title=The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-3319963815 |pages=168–187}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Timothy |date=2005 |title=The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world |journal=European Journal of Sociology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=299–310 |doi=10.1017/S000397560500010X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1988 and 1995, de Soto and the ILD were mainly responsible for some four hundred initiatives, laws, and regulations that led to significant changes in Peru's [[economic system]].<ref name=":132">{{cite news |last1=Brooke |first1=James |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=27 November 1990 |title=A Peruvian Is Laying Out Another Path |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/27/world/a-peruvian-is-laying-out-another-path.html |access-date=2020-09-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobalist.com/AuthorBiography.aspx?AuthorId=32 The Globalist | Biography of Hernando de Soto] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911100830/http://www.theglobalist.com/AuthorBiography.aspx?AuthorId=32|date=11 September 2006}}</ref> Under Fujimori, de Soto served as "the President's personal representative", with ''[[The New York Times]]'' describing de Soto as an "overseas salesman" for Fujimori in 1990, writing that he had represented the government when meeting with [[creditors]] and United States representatives.<ref name=":132"/> Others dubbed de Soto as the "informal president" for Fujimori.<ref name=":2134"/> De Soto proved to be influential to Fujimori, who began to repeat de Soto's advocacy for deregulating the Peruvian economy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 1991 |title=Peru's Fujimori Weighs In On Behalf of Street Sellers Nation's informal economy is protected in president's economic plan |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> The IMF was content with Peru's measures, and guaranteed loan funding for Peru.<ref name="gouge">Gouge, Thomas. ''Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt''. 2003, p. 364.</ref> Inflation rapidly began to fall and foreign investment capital flooded in.<ref name="gouge" /> 
Nonetheless, the ''Fujishock'' succeeded in restoring Peru to the global economy, though not without immediate social cost; international business participated in [[crony capitalism]] with the government.<ref name="manz">Manzetti, Luigi. ''Privatization South American Style''. 1999, p. 235.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2000 |title=Fujimori Resigns |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/fujimori-resigns-1.1116883 |access-date=2023-03-25 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[privatization]] campaign involved selling off of hundreds of [[state-owned enterprises]], and replacing the country's troubled currency, the [[Peruvian inti|inti]], with the [[Peruvian nuevo sol|Nuevo Sol]].<ref name="lp" />  Fujimori's initiative relaxed [[private sector]] [[price controls]], drastically reduced government [[subsidies]] and government employment, eliminated all [[exchange controls]], and also reduced restrictions on investment, imports, and [[capital (economics)|capital]].<ref name="manz" /> [[Tariff]]s were radically simplified, the [[minimum wage]] was immediately quadrupled, and the government established a $400 million poverty relief fund.<ref name="manz" /> The latter seemed to anticipate the economic agony to come: the price of electricity quintupled, water prices rose eightfold, and gasoline prices 3,000%.<ref name="gouge3" /><ref name="manz" />

==== Military figurehead ====
{{Main|1992 Peruvian self-coup}}

During Fujimori's first term in office, [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] and Vargas Llosa's party, the [[Democratic Front (Peru)|FREDEMO]], remained in control of both chambers of [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]], the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, hampering the enactment of economic reform. Fujimori also had difficulty combatting the [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[Shining Path]] ({{lang-es|link=no|Sendero Luminoso}}) guerrilla organization due largely to what he perceived as intransigence and obstructionism in Congress. By March 1992, the Congress met with the approval of only 17% of the electorate, according to one poll; in the same poll, the president's approval stood at 42%.<ref name=smith234>Smith, Peter H. ''Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis''. 1995, p. 234.</ref>

Fujimori and his military handlers had planned for a coup during his preceding two years in office.<ref name="LAgolpe1">{{cite journal |last1=Cameron |first1=Maxwell A. |date=June 1998 |title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=228 |doi=10.1080/01436599814433 |quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Green Plan was shown to President Fujimori after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}</ref><ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name=":63"/> In response to the political deadlock, Fujimori, with the support of the military, on 5 April 1992, carried out a [[1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis|self-coup]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America |last=Kenney|first=Charles D. |url=http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=5885 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |isbn=0-268-03171-1}}</ref> also known as the ''autogolpe'' (auto-coup) or ''Fujigolpe'' (Fuji-coup) in Peru. Congress was shut down by the military, the constitution was suspended and the judiciary was dissolved.<ref>Levitsky, Steven "Fujimori and Post-Party Politics in Peru", ''Journal of Democracy''. 10(3):78</ref> Without political obstacles, the military was able to implement the objectives outlined in Plan Verde<ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name="LAgolpe1" /><ref name=":63"/> while Fujimori served as a figurehead leader to project an image that Peru was supporting a [[liberal democracy]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Montesinos would go on to adopt the actual function of Peru's government.<ref name=":9" />

According to numerous polls, the coup was welcomed by the public<ref name=smith236>Smith, Peter H. ''Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis''. 1995, p. 236.</ref> as evidenced by favorable public opinion in several independent polls; in fact, public approval of the Fujimori administration jumped significantly in the wake of the coup.<ref name=smith236 /><ref name=Levitt>
{{cite news|author=Barry S. Levitt|date=2006 |title=A desultory defense of democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter. (Organization of American States)|work=Latin American Politics and Society |volume=48|issue=3|pages=93–123}}</ref> Fujimori often cited this public support in defending the coup, which he characterized as "not a negation of real democracy, but on the contrary... a search for an authentic transformation to assure a legitimate and effective democracy."<ref name=smith236 /> Fujimori believed that Peruvian democracy had been nothing more than "a deceptive formality – a façade".<ref name=smith236 /> He claimed the coup was necessary to break with the deeply entrenched [[Advocacy group|special interests]] that were hindering him from rescuing Peru from the chaotic state in which García had left it.<ref>{{cite web|language=es|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1992-1.pdf|title=Mensaje a la nación del presidente del Perú, ingeniero Albert Fujimori Fujimori|date=5 April 1992|publisher=Peruvian National Congress|access-date=26 September 2006|archive-date=23 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623135142/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1992-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fujimori's coup was immediately met with near-unanimous condemnation from the international community.<ref name=smith236 /> The [[Organization of American States]] denounced the coup and demanded a return to "[[representative democracy]]",<ref name= smith238>Smith, Peter H. ''Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis''. 1995, p. 238.</ref> despite Fujimori's claim that the coup represented a "popular uprising".<ref name=smith236 /> Foreign ministers of OAS member states reiterated this condemnation of the ''autogolpe''.<ref name=Levitt /> They proposed an urgent effort to promote the reestablishment of "the democratic institutional order" in Peru.<ref>{{cite news|author=Organization of American States (OAS)|date=1992|title=Ser. G MRE/RES 1/92 April 13}}</ref> Negotiations between the OAS, the government, and opposition groups initially led Alberto Fujimori to propose a referendum to ratify the auto-coup, but the OAS rejected this. Fujimori then proposed scheduling elections for a Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD), which would draft a new constitution to be ratified by a national referendum. Despite a lack of consensus among political forces in Peru regarding this proposal, an ''ad hoc'' OAS meeting of ministers nevertheless endorsed this scenario in mid-May. Elections for the [[Democratic Constituent Congress]] were held on [[1992 Peruvian Democratic Constituent Congress election|22 November 1992]].<ref name=Levitt />

Various states individually condemned the coup. [[Venezuela]] broke off diplomatic relations, and [[Argentina]] withdrew its ambassador. Chile joined Argentina in requesting Peru's suspension from the [[Organization of American States]]. International lenders delayed planned or projected loans, and the United States, Germany and Spain suspended all non-humanitarian aid to Peru. The coup appeared to threaten the reinsertion strategy for economic recovery, and complicated the process of clearing Peru's arrears with the [[International Monetary Fund]].

Fujimori, in turn, would later receive most of the participants of the [[November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt|Venezuelan coup attempt of November 1992]] as political asylees, who had fled to Peru after its failure.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Márquez |first1=Laureano |title=Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro |last2=Eduardo |first2=Sanabria |publisher=Gráficas Pedrazas |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-7328777-1-9 |edition=1st |page=142 |chapter=La democracia pierde energía |author-link=Laureano Márquez}}</ref>

Peruvian–U.S. relations earlier in Fujimori's presidency had been dominated by questions of [[coca eradication]] and Fujimori's initial reluctance to sign an accord to increase his military's eradication efforts in the lowlands. Fujimori's ''autogolpe'' became a major obstacle to relations, as the United States immediately suspended all military and economic aid, with exceptions for counter-narcotic and humanitarian funds.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A. |last2=Mauceri|first2=Philip|title=The Peruvian Labyrinth|year=1997|page=216}}</ref> Two weeks after the self-coup, however, the [[George H. W. Bush]] administration changed its position and officially recognized Fujimori as the legitimate leader of Peru, partly because he was willing to implement economic austerity measures, but also because of his adamant opposition to the [[Shining Path]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Mobile Selves: Race, Migration, and Belonging in Peru and the U.S.|author=Ulla D. Berg|page=214|publisher=NYU Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1479896097|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM76CQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

With FREDEMO dissolved and APRA leader Alan García exiled to [[Colombia]], Fujimori sought to legitimize his position. He called elections for a [[Democratic Constituent Congress|Democratic Constitutional Congress]], to serve as a legislature and as a [[constituent assembly]]. The [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] and [[Popular Action (Peru)|Popular Action]] attempted a boycott of this election, but the [[Christian People's Party (Peru)|Christian People's Party]] (PPC, not to be confused with PCP, Partido Comunista del Peru, or "Peruvian Communist Party") and many left-leaning parties participated in this election. Fujimori supporters won a majority of the seats in this body and drafted a [[Constitution of Peru|new constitution]] in 1993. In a [[1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum|referendum]], the coup and the Constitution of 1993 were approved by a margin of less than five percent.<ref name=DD>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=pe011993 Peru, 31 October 1993: Constitution] Direct Democracy {{in lang|de}}</ref>

On 13 November 1993, General Jaime Salinas led a failed military coup. Salinas asserted that his intentions were to turn Fujimori over to be tried for violating the Peruvian constitution.<ref>{{cite book|last=Conaghan|first=Catherine M. |title=Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere|year=2006|page=55}}</ref>

In 1994, Fujimori separated from his wife [[Susana Higuchi]] in a noisy, public divorce. He formally stripped her of the title [[First Lady of Peru|First Lady]] in August 1994, appointing their eldest daughter as First Lady in her stead. Higuchi publicly denounced Fujimori as a "tyrant" and claimed that his administration was corrupt. They formally divorced in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 November 1995 |title=APRUEBAN DIVORCIO DE LOS FUJIMORI EN PERÚ |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-457692 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=El Tiempo |language=spanish}}</ref>

In Fujimori's first term of office, over 3,000 Peruvians were killed in political murders.<ref name="FTWD2" />{{context inline|Those may be refering to the terrorist killed.|date=September 2021}}

=== Second term ===
{{Main|1995 Peruvian general election}}
The 1993 Constitution allowed Fujimori to run for a second term, and in April 1995, at the height of his popularity, Fujimori easily won reelection with almost two-thirds of the vote. His major opponent, former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]]  [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], won only 21 percent of the vote. Fujimori's supporters won comfortable majority in the newly unicameral [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]]. One of the first acts of the new congress was to declare an amnesty for all members of the [[Peruvian Armed Forces|Peruvian military]] or [[Law enforcement in Peru|police]] accused or convicted of human rights abuses between 1980 and 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/documento/fujimori-signs-amnesty-law-fujimori-firma-ley-de-amnist%C3%ADa|title=Fujimori signs amnesty law|publisher=Peruvian Ministry of Culture|access-date=27 December 2017|author=National Security Archive|date=15 June 1995}}</ref>

During his second term, Fujimori along with Ecuadorian President [[Sixto Durán Ballén]], signed a peace agreement with [[Ecuador]] over a [[History of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute|border dispute]] that had simmered for more than a century. The treaty allowed the two countries to obtain international funds for developing the border region. Fujimori also settled some issues with Chile, Peru's southern neighbor, which had been unresolved since the 1929 [[Treaty of Lima (1929)|Treaty of Lima]].<ref>Dominguez, Jorge ''et al.'' (2003) ''Boundary Disputes in Latin America'' [[United States Institute of Peace]], Washington, D.C., [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?u=1&num=33&seq=3&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015052976985 p. 33], {{OCLC|53067610}}</ref>

The 1995 election was the turning point in Fujimori's career. Peruvians began to be more concerned about freedom of speech and the press. However, before he was sworn in for a second term, Fujimori stripped two universities of their autonomy and reshuffled the national electoral board. This led his opponents to call him "Chinochet," a reference to his previous nickname and to Chilean dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The World Today Series: Latin America 2010 |last=Buckman |first=Robert T. |year=2010 |publisher=Stryker-Post Publications |location=[[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia]] |isbn=978-1-935264-12-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/latinamerica201000robe }}</ref> Modeling his rule after Pinochet, Fujimori reportedly enjoyed this nickname.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2014 |title=Periodista peruano: A Fujimori le gustaba que lo llamaran "Chinochet" |url=https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/peru/alberto-fujimori/periodista-peruano-a-fujimori-le-gustaba-que-lo-llamaran-chinochet/2014-05-02/192054.html |work=[[Radio Cooperativa|Cooperativa]]|language=es |access-date=30 November 2018 }}</ref>

According to a poll by the Peruvian Research and Marketing Company conducted in 1997, 40.6% of Lima residents considered President Fujimori an authoritarian.<ref>Cathleen Caron, [http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/06/1peru.cfm Judiciary Firmly Under Control in Fujimori's Peru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207051241/http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/06/1peru.cfm |date=7 February 2012 }}, ''[[Human Rights Brief]]'', Volume 6 Issue 1 (1999). p. 9 ''et. seq.''</ref><ref>Roger Atwood, 'Democratic Dictators: Authoritarian Politics in Peru from Leguia to Fujimori,' ''[[SAIS Review]]'', vol. 21, no. 2 (2001), p. 167.{{ doi|10.1353/sais.2001.0030}}</ref><ref>Kurt Weyland, 'Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: Unexpected Affinities,' ''[[Studies in Comparative International Development]]'', vol. 31, no. 3 (1996)</ref>

In addition to the fate of democracy under Fujimori, Peruvians were becoming increasingly interested in the myriad allegations of criminality that involved Fujimori and his chief of the [[National Intelligence Service (Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]], [[Vladimiro Montesinos]]. Using SIN, Fujimori gained control of the majority of the armed forces, with ''[[Financial Times]]'' stating that "[i]n no other country in Latin America did a president have so much control over the armed forces".<ref name="FTWD2">{{cite book|title=[[Financial Times]] World Desk Reference|last1=Heritage|first1=Andrew|date=December 2002|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|isbn=9780789488053|pages=462–465}}</ref>

A 2002 report by Health Minister [[Fernando Carbone Campoverde|Fernando Carbone]] later suggested that Fujimori was involved in the [[Compulsory sterilization#Peru|forced sterilizations]] of up to 300,000 indigenous women between 1996 and 2000, as part of a population control program.<ref name="Sterilization" /> A 2004 [[World Bank]] publication said that in this period Montesinos' abuse of the power Fujimori granted him "led to a steady and systematic undermining of the rule of law".<ref>"State Society Interactions as Sources of Persistence and Change in Inequality" in ''Inequality in Latin America: Breaking With History?'' (World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Viewpoints). David De Ferranti, et al. [[World Bank Publications]]. 2004, p. 139</ref>

===Third term===
{{main|2000 Peruvian general election}}
The 1993 constitution limited a presidency to two terms. Shortly after Fujimori began his second term, his supporters in Congress passed a law of "authentic interpretation" which effectively allowed him to run for another term in 2000. A 1998 effort to repeal this law by referendum failed.<ref>{{cite book|author=David R. Mares|year=2001 |title=Violent Peace: Militarized Interstate Bargaining in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/violentpeace00mare|url-access=limited|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/violentpeace00mare/page/n176 161]}}</ref> In late 1999, Fujimori announced that he would run for a third term. Peruvian electoral bodies, which were politically sympathetic to Fujimori, accepted his argument that the two-term restriction did not apply to him, as it was enacted while he was already in office.<ref>Clifford Krauss, [https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/americas/122899peru-fujimori.html Peru's Chief to Seek 3rd Term, Capping a Long Legal Battle], ''The New York Times'', 28 December 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref>

Exit polls showed Fujimori fell short of the 50% required to avoid an electoral runoff, but the first official results showed him with 49.6% of the vote, just short of outright victory. Eventually, Fujimori was credited with 49.89%—20,000 votes short of avoiding a runoff. Despite reports of numerous irregularities, the international observers recognized an adjusted victory of Fujimori. His primary opponent, [[Alejandro Toledo]], called for his supporters to spoil their ballots in the runoff by writing "No to fraud!" on them (voting is mandatory in Peru). International observers pulled out of the country after Fujimori refused to delay the runoff.

In the runoff, Fujimori won with 51.1% of the total votes. While votes for Toledo declined from 37.0% of the total votes cast in the first round to 17.7% of the votes in the second round, invalid votes jumped from 8.1% of the total votes cast in the first round to 31.1% of total votes in the second round.<ref name=N1>{{cite book|author=Nohlen, D|author-link=Dieter Nohlen|year=2005|title=Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II|page=454|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-928358-3}}</ref> The large percentage of invalid votes in this election suggests that many Peruvians took Toledo's advice and spoiled their ballots.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
! rowspan="2" |Candidate
! rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |First round
! colspan="2" |Second round
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| align="left" |Alberto Fujimori
| align="left" |[[Peru 2000]]
|5,528,568
|49.9
|6,041,685
|74.3
|-
| align="left" |[[Alejandro Toledo]]
| align="left" |[[Possible Peru]]
|4,460,895
|40.2
|2,086,215
|25.7
|-
| colspan="2" |Other candidates
|1,096,407
|9.9
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="2" |Invalid or blank votes
|980,359
|—
|3,672,410
|—
|}
Although Fujimori won the runoff with only a bare majority (but 3/4 valid votes), rumors of irregularities led most of the international community to shun his third swearing-in on 28 July. For the next seven weeks, there were daily demonstrations in front of the presidential palace. As a conciliatory gesture, Fujimori appointed former opposition candidate [[Federico Salas]] as prime minister. However, opposition parties in Congress refused to support this move, and Toledo campaigned vigorously to have the election annulled. At this point, a corruption scandal involving [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] broke out, and exploded into full force on the evening of 14 September 2000, when the cable television station [[Canal N]] broadcast footage of Montesinos apparently bribing opposition congressman Alberto Kouri for defecting to Fujimori's [[Peru 2000]] party. The video was presented by [[Fernando Olivera (politician)|Fernando Olivera]], leader of the [[Independent Moralizing Front|FIM]] (Independent Moralizing Front), who purchased it from one of Montesinos's closest allies{{who|date=June 2016}} (nicknamed by the Peruvian press ''El Patriota'').

Fujimori's support virtually collapsed, and a few days later he announced in a nationwide address that he would shut down the SIN and call new elections, in which he would not be a candidate. On 10 November, Fujimori won approval from Congress to hold elections on 8 April 2001. On 13 November, Fujimori left Peru for a visit to [[Brunei]] to attend the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum. On 16 November, [[Valentín Paniagua]] took over as president of Congress after the pro-Fujimori leadership lost a vote of confidence. On 17 November, Fujimori traveled from Brunei to Tokyo, where he submitted his presidential resignation via fax. Congress refused to accept his resignation, instead voting 62–9 to remove Fujimori from office on the grounds that he was "permanently morally disabled."

On 19 November, government ministers presented their resignations en bloc. Fujimori's first vice president, [[Francisco Tudela]], had broken with Fujimori and resigned a few days earlier. This left second vice president [[Ricardo Márquez Flores]] as next in line for the presidency. Congress, however, refused to recognize him, as he was an ardent Fujimori loyalist; Márquez resigned two days later. Paniagua was next in line, and became interim president to oversee the April 2001 elections.

=== Corruption ===
Alberto Fujimori was accused of a series of [[embezzlement]] of public funds, [[abuse of power]] and corruption during almost 10 years as president (1990–2000), especially when he gained greater control after the [[1992 Peruvian self-coup|self-coup]]. The network operated as a [[kleptocracy]] in three spheres: business, politics and the military.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://tidsskrift.dk/dialogos/article/view/112904 | doi=10.7146/dl.v17i25.112904 | title="La Plata Llega Sola" | year=2016 | last1=Ioris | first1=Antonio A. R. | journal=Diálogos Latinoamericanos | volume=17 | issue=25 | page=17 | s2cid=255055066 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

With multimillion-dollar annual expenditures in 1992 (five billion dollars in public spending plus another five billion in state enterprises),9 part of the funds were diverted to political and military institutions. According to the National Anti-Corruption Initiative (INA) in 2001, they corresponded to 30–35% of the average budget expenditure in each year, and 4% of the average annual GDP during the same period.<ref>[https://repositorio.up.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/11354/2024/PortocarreroFelipe2005.pdf El Pacto Infame]</ref>

One of those responsible for maintaining an image of apparent honesty and government approval was [[Vladimiro Montesinos]], head of the [[National Intelligence Service (Peru)|National Intelligence Service]] (SIN), who systematically bribed politicians, judges and the media. That criminal network also involved authorities of his government; furthermore, due to privatisation and the arrival of foreign capital, companies close to the Ministry of Economy were allowed to use state money for public works tenders, as in the cases of AeroPerú, JJC Contratistas Generales (of the Camet Dickmann family) and the [[Banco de Crédito del Perú|Banco de Crédito]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.desco.org.pe/corrupcion-mas-alla-de-la-ley-serie-peru-hoy-n%C2%BA-36-junio-2020|title=Corrupción, más allá de la ley. Serie Perú Hoy Nº 36 / Junio 2020|newspaper=Desco |accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>

Although in 1999 the opposition made a public denunciation that ended in the resignation of five ministers, this network was later revealed in 2000, just before the president resigned, when the Swiss embassy in Peru informed the then Minister of Justice Alberto Bustamante and the attorney general José Ugaz of more than 40 million dollars coming from Montesinos, in which he was denounced for "illicit enrichment to the detriment of the Peruvian state". Ugaz was in charge of the investigation until 2002.<ref name=":7" />

According to [[Transparency International]] in 2004, Fujimori was listed as the seventh most corrupt former leader in history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/fujimori-aleman-ex-lideres-corruptos_0_SJFll561AYg.html|title=Fujimori y Alemán, entre los ex líderes más corruptos|date=26 March 2004|website=Clarín|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>

====Counterterrorism efforts====
{{Disputed section|date=July 2017}}
{{Main|Internal conflict in Peru}}
{{See also|Tarata bombing|Japanese embassy hostage crisis}}
When Fujimori came to power, much of Peru was dominated by the [[Maoism|Maoist]] insurgent group Sendero Luminoso ("[[Shining Path]]"), and the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] group [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] (MRTA). In 1989, 25% of Peru's district and provincial councils opted not to hold elections, owing to a persistent campaign of assassination, over the course of which over 100 officials had been killed by the Shining Path in that year alone. That same year, more than one-third of Peru's courts lacked a justice of the peace due to Shining Path intimidation. Labor union leaders and military officials were also assassinated throughout the 1980s.<ref name= "Freeman">Freeman, Michael. ''Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers''. 2003, p. 150.</ref>
[[File:Zones registering Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) activity.svg|thumb|Areas where Shining Path was active in Peru.]]
By the early 1990s, some parts of the country were under the control of the insurgents, in territories known as "zonas liberadas" ("liberated zones"), where inhabitants lived under the rule of these groups and paid them taxes.<ref>Freeman, Michael. ''Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers''. 2003, p. 148.</ref> When the Shining Path arrived in Lima, it organized "paros armados" ("armed strikes"), which were enforced by killings and other forms of violence. The leadership of the Shining Path largely consisted of university students and teachers.<ref>Freeman, Michael. ''Freedom Or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers''. 2003, p. 159.</ref> Two previous governments, those of [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] and [[Alan García]], at first neglected the threat posed by the Shining Path, then launched an unsuccessful military campaign to eradicate it, undermining public faith in the state and precipitating an exodus of elites.<ref>"By the time Fujimori was elected you had a population in the cities, and particularly in [[Lima]], that was living in fear." [https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/special_goldman.html The Fall of Fujimori: Peru's war on terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718000333/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/special_goldman.html |date=18 July 2008 }} 6 July 2006</ref>

By 1992, Shining Path guerrilla attacks had claimed an estimated 20,000 lives over preceding 12 years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} On 16 July 1992, the [[Tarata bombing]], in which several car bombs exploded in Lima's wealthiest district, killed over 40 people; the bombings were characterized by one commentator as an "offensive to challenge President Alberto Fujimori."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/world/car-bomb-blasts-in-peru-kill-18-and-hurt-140-in-wealthy-sector.html Car-Bomb Blasts in Peru Kill 18 And Hurt 140 in Wealthy Sector] 18 July 1992</ref> The bombing at Tarata was followed up with a "weeklong wave of car bombings ... Bombs hit banks, hotels, schools, restaurants, police stations and shops ... [G]uerrillas bombed two rail bridges from the [[Andes]], cutting off some of Peru's largest copper mines from coastal ports."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/23/world/peruvian-guerrillas-test-government-with-bombs.html Peruvian Guerrillas Test Government With Bombs] 23 July 1992</ref>

Fujimori has been credited by many Peruvians{{who|date=June 2020}} with ending the fifteen-year insurgency of the Shining Path. As part of his anti-insurgency efforts, Fujimori granted the military broad powers to arrest suspected insurgents and try them in secret military courts with few legal rights. This measure has often been criticized for compromising the fundamental democratic and human right to an open trial wherein the accused faces the accuser. Fujimori contended that these measures were both justified and also necessary. Members of the judiciary were too afraid to charge the alleged insurgents, and judges and prosecutors had very legitimate fears of reprisals against them or their families.<ref>Fujimori advances this argument in [[Ellen Perry]]'s documentary film, ''[[The Fall of Fujimori]]''.</ref> At the same time, Fujimori's government armed rural Peruvians, organizing them into groups known as "[[Ronda Campesina|rondas campesinas]]" ("peasant patrols").

Insurgent activity was in decline by the end of 1992,<ref>Stern, Steve J. ''Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995''. 1998, p. 307.</ref> and Fujimori took credit for this abatement, claiming that his campaign had largely eliminated the insurgent threat. After the 1992 auto-coup, the intelligence work of the [[DIRCOTE|DINCOTE]] (National Counter-Terrorism Directorate) led to the capture of the leaders from MRTA and the Shining Path, including notorious Shining Path leader [[Abimael Guzmán]]. Guzmán's capture was a political coup for Fujimori, who used it to great effect in the press; in an interview with documentarian [[Ellen Perry]], Fujimori even notes that he specially ordered Guzmán's prison jumpsuit to be white with black stripes, to enhance the image of his capture in the media.<ref>Ellen Perry's ''The Fall of Fujimori''.</ref>

Critics charge that to achieve the defeat of the Shining Path, the Peruvian military engaged in widespread human rights abuses, and that the majority of the victims were poor highland countryside inhabitants caught in a crossfire between the military and insurgents. The final report of the Peruvian [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], published on 28 August 2003, brought out that Peruvian armed forces were also guilty of destroying villages and murdering countryside inhabitants whom they suspected of supporting insurgents.

The [[Japanese embassy hostage crisis]] began on 17 December 1996, when fourteen [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement|MRTA]] militants seized the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Lima during a party, taking hostage some four hundred diplomats, government officials, and other dignitaries. The action was partly in protest of prison conditions in Peru. During the four-month standoff, the ''Emerretistas'' gradually freed all but 72 of their hostages. The government rejected the militants' demand to release imprisoned MRTA members and secretly prepared an elaborate plan to storm the residence, while stalling by negotiating with the hostage-takers.<ref>Brewer, Paul. ''The Lima Embassy Siege and Latin American Terrorism''. 2006, p. 12.</ref>

On 22 April 1997, a team of military [[commando]]s, codenamed "[[Operation Chavín de Huántar|Chavín de Huantar]]", raided the building. One hostage, two military commandos, and all 14 MRTA insurgents were killed in the operation.<ref>[http://www.livinginperu.com/blogs/features/234 Japanese embassy hostage crisis in Peru started 10 years ago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106011927/http://www.livinginperu.com/blogs/features/234 |date=6 January 2007 }} 18 December 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.</ref> Images of President Fujimori at the ambassador's residence during and after the military operation, surrounded by soldiers and liberated dignitaries, and walking among the corpses of the insurgents, were widely televised. The conclusion of the four-month-long standoff was used by Fujimori and his supporters to bolster his image as tough on terrorism.<ref>Conaghan, Catherine M. ''Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere''. 2006, p. 129.</ref>

====Human rights violations====
{{See also|Barrios Altos massacre|La Cantuta massacre|Operation Chavín de Huántar}}
Several organizations criticized Fujimori's methods against the [[Shining Path]] and the [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement|MRTA]]. [[Amnesty International]] said "the widespread and systematic nature of human rights violations committed during the government of former head of state Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000) in Peru constitute crimes against humanity under international law."<ref>[http://www.kintera.org/site/c.luLVJ8MRKrH/b.1419663/k.BE3C/Home.htm  Bring Former President Fujimori to Justice], Amnesty International. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref> Fujimori's alleged association with [[death squad]]s is currently{{when|date=October 2018}} being studied by the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]], after the court accepted the case of "Cantuta vs Perú".{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The 1991 [[Barrios Altos massacre]] by members of the death squad ''[[Grupo Colina]]'', made up solely of members of the [[Military of Peru|Peruvian armed forces]], was one of the crimes that Peru cited in its request to Japan for his extradition in 2003.

====Plan Verde====

Reportedly following socioeconomic objectives calling for the "[[Ethnic cleansing|total extermination]]" of "culturally backward and economically impoverished groups" determined by the Peruvian military in [[Plan Verde]],<ref name="CANbio">{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El 'Plan Verde' Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|journal=Oiga|volume=647}}</ref><ref name="LAgolpe2">{{cite journal |last=Cameron |first=Maxwell A. |title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=228–230 |date=June 1998 |quote=The Plan Verde bore a striking resemblance to the government outlined by Fujimori in his speech on 5 April 1992. It called for a market economy within a framework of a 'directed democracy' that would be led by the armed forces after they dissolved the legislature and executive. ... The authors of the Plan Verde also stated that relations with the USA revolved more around the issue of drug trafficking than democracy and human rights, and thus made the fight against drug trafficking the number two strategic goal |doi=10.1080/01436599814433}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> from 1996 to 2000, the Fujimori government oversaw a massive [[Compulsory sterilization|forced sterilization]] campaign known as the [[National Population Program|National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (PNSRPF)]]. According to Back and Zavala, the plan was an example of [[ethnic cleansing]] as it targeted indigenous and rural women.<ref name=":5" /> [[United Nations|The United Nations]] and other international aid agencies supported this campaign. [[USAID]] provided funding and training until it was exposed by objections by churches and human rights groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insightnewstv.com/d68/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106001745/http://www.insightnewstv.com/d68/|url-status=dead|title=Insight News TV &#124; Peru: Fujimori's Forced Sterilization Campaign<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=6 January 2011}}</ref> The [[Nippon Foundation]], headed by [[Ayako Sono]], a Japanese novelist and personal friend of Fujimori, supported as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=20466|title=Missing Page Redirect|website=www.cwnews.com}}</ref><ref>[http://zenit.org/article-2233?l=english Peru Plans a Hot Line to Battle Forced-Sterilizations] The {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118210937/http://zenit.org/article-2233?l=english |date=18 January 2009 }} ZENET Lima, 2 September 2001</ref> In the four-year Plan Verde period, over 215,000 people, mostly women, entirely [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]], were forced or threatened into sterilization and 16,547 men were forced to undergo vasectomies during these years, most of them without a proper [[Nurse anesthetist|anesthetist]], in contrast to 80,385 sterilizations and 2,795 vasectomies over the previous three years.<ref name="Sterilization" />

The success of the military operation in the [[Japanese embassy hostage crisis]] was tainted by subsequent allegations that at least three and possibly eight of the insurgents were summarily executed by the commandos after surrendering. In 2002, the case was taken up by public prosecutors, but the [[Peruvian Supreme Court]] ruled that the military tribunals had jurisdiction. A military court later absolved them of guilt, and the "[[Chavín de Huantar]]" soldiers led the 2004 military parade. In response, in 2003 MRTA family members lodged a complaint with the [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] (IACHR) accusing the Peruvian state of human rights violations, namely that the MRTA insurgents had been denied the "right to life, the right to judicial guarantees and the right to judicial protection". The IACHR accepted the case and is currently{{when|date=June 2016}} studying it.<ref>[http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/2004eng/Peru.136.03.eng.htm Report Nº 13/04, Petition 136/03, Admissibility, Eduardo Nicolas Cruz Sanchez et al., Peru, 27 February 2004], on the [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] (IACHR) site. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref><!-- we need something here telling us what verdict; presumably IACHR but what did they say exactly and where is the link? --> Peruvian Minister of Justice Maria Zavala has stated that this verdict{{clarify|date=June 2016}} by the IACHR supports the Peruvian government's extradition of Fujimori from Chile. Though the IACHR verdict does not directly implicate Fujimori, it does fault the Peruvian government for its complicity in the 1992 [[La Cantuta massacre|Cantuta University killings]].<ref>[http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2914 Verdict made by IACHR favors extradition of Peru's Fujimori] 21 December 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.</ref>

==Post-presidency (2000–present)==
===Resignation, arrest, and trial===
{{Main|Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial}}Alberto Fujimori left Peru in November 2000 to attend a regional summit in Brunei.  He then traveled on to Japan.  Once there, he announced plans to remain in the country and faxed his resignation letter to Congress.

After Congress rejected Fujimori's faxed resignation, they relieved Fujimori of his duties as president and banned him from Peruvian politics for a decade. He remained in self-imposed exile in Japan,<ref>[http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/columns_details.php?aid=38&cid=81 Fate of indemnity clauses: Let the public decide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071802/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/columns_details.php?aid=38&cid=81 |date=28 September 2007 }} 12 April 2006</ref> where he resided with his friend, the famous Catholic novelist [[Ayako Sono]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1044927.stm|title=Fujimori's uncertain status|date=28 November 2000|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Several senior Japanese politicians have supported Fujimori,<ref name= "Pilli">David Pilling, [http://news.ft.com/cms/s/679d77be-a210-11d9-8483-00000e2511c8.html Peru tiring of bid to secure Fujimori return], ''Financial Times'', 31 March 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref> partly because of his decisive action in ending the 1996–97 [[Japanese embassy hostage crisis|Japanese embassy crisis]].

[[Alejandro Toledo]], who assumed the Peruvian presidency in 2001, spearheaded the criminal case against Fujimori. He arranged meetings with the Supreme Court, tax authorities, and other powers in Peru to "coordinate the joint efforts to bring the criminal Fujimori from Japan." His vehemence in this matter at times compromised Peruvian law: forcing the judiciary and legislative system to keep guilty sentences without hearing Fujimori's defense; not providing Fujimori with representation when Fujimori was tried ''in absentia''; and expelling pro-Fujimori congressmen from the parliament without proof of the accusations against those congressmen. These expulsions were later reversed by the judiciary.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.rpp.com.pe/portada/politica/24922_1.php Valle Riestra: Pedido de extradición de Fujimori será rechazado por Chile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124032807/http://www.rpp.com.pe/portada/politica/24922_1.php |date=24 November 2005 }} RPP Noticias, 16 November 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref>

The Peruvian Congress authorized charges against Fujimori in August 2001. Fujimori was alleged to be a coauthor, along with Vladimiro Montesinos, of the death-squad killings at [[Barrios Altos massacre|Barrios Altos]] in 1991 and [[La Cantuta massacre|La Cantuta]] in 1992, respectively.<ref>McClintock, Cynthia and Vallas, Fabian. ''The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost''. 2003, p. 163.</ref> At the behest of Peruvian authorities, [[Interpol]] issued an arrest order for Fujimori on charges that included murder, kidnapping, and [[crime against humanity|crimes against humanity]].

Meanwhile, the Peruvian government found that Japan was not amenable to the extradition of Fujimori; a protracted diplomatic debate ensued, when Japan showed itself unwilling to accede to the extradition request. Fujimori had been granted Japanese citizenship after his arrival in the country, and the Japanese government maintained that Japanese citizens would not be extradited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/perus-fujimori-enters-election/|title=Peru's Fujimori Enters Election|date=6 October 2005|work=CBS News}}</ref>

In September 2003, Congressman Dora Dávila, joined by Minister of Health Luis Soari, denounced Fujimori and several of his ministers for crimes against humanity, for allegedly having overseen [[forced sterilization]]s during his regime. In November, Congress approved an investigation of Fujimori's involvement in the airdrop of [[AK-47|Kalashnikov]] rifles into the Colombian jungle in 1999 and 2000 for guerrillas of the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (FARC). Fujimori maintained he had no knowledge of the arms-trading, and blamed Montesinos. By approving the charges, Congress lifted the immunity granted to Fujimori as a former president, so that he could be criminally charged and prosecuted.

Congress also voted to support charges against Fujimori for the detention and disappearance of 67 students from the central Andean city of [[Huancayo]] and the disappearance of several residents from the northern coastal town of [[Chimbote]] during the 1990s. It also approved charges that Fujimori mismanaged millions of dollars from Japanese charities, suggesting that the millions of dollars in his bank account were far too much to have been accumulated legally.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3710848.stm New Evidence in Fujimori Scandal]. ''BBC'', 2 October 2004</ref>

In 2004, the Special Prosecutor established to investigate Fujimori released a report alleging that the Fujimori administration had obtained US$2&nbsp;billion though graft.<ref name="Forero">Forero, Juan. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/05/world/peruvians-fight-graft-one-case-at-a-time.html?pagewanted=1 Peruvians Fight Graft One Case At a Time]. ''The New York Times'', 5 April 2004.</ref> Most of this money came from Vladimiro Montesinos' web of corruption.<ref name=Forero /> The Special Prosecutor's figure of two billion dollars is considerably higher than the one arrived at by [[Transparency International]], an NGO that studies corruption. Transparency International listed Fujimori as having embezzled an estimated US$600&nbsp;million or about ${{Inflation|index=US|value=600|start_year=2004|end_year=2021}} million in 2021, which would rank seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984–2004.<ref name=":12" /><ref name="2004ti" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laksamana.net/vnews.cfm?ncat=25&news_id=6841|title=Suharto Tops World Corruption League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717153615/http://www.laksamana.net/vnews.cfm?ncat=25&news_id=6841|archive-date=17 July 2004|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2 April 2005}}, 25 March 2004, Laksamana.Net, Jakarta.</ref>

Fujimori dismissed the judicial proceedings underway against him as "politically motivated", citing Toledo's involvement. Fujimori established a new political party in Peru, ''[[Sí Cumple]]'', working from Japan. He hoped to participate in the [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006 presidential elections]], but in February 2004, the Constitutional Court dismissed this possibility, because the ex-president was specifically barred by Congress from holding any office for ten years. Fujimori saw the decision as unconstitutional, as did his supporters such as ex-congress members [[Luz Salgado]], [[Martha Chávez]] and [[Fernán Altuve]], who argued it was a "political" maneuver and that the only body with the authority to determine the matter was the [[National Jury of Elections|Jurado Nacional de Elecciones]] (JNE). [[Valentín Paniagua]] disagreed, suggesting that the Constitutional Court finding was binding and that "no further debate is possible".<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/nacional/18/18990.html No hay nada más que discutir sobre candidatura de Fujimori], ''Noticias'' on terra.com.peru, 27 February 2006 credited to ''Andina''. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}}
[http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/nacional/18/18847.html Salgado: JNE debe ser quien defina postulación de Fujimori], ''Noticias'' on terra.com.peru, 21 February 2005 credited to ''Expreso''. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref>

Fujimori's ''Sí Cumple'' (roughly translated, "He Keeps His Word") received more than 10% in many country-level polls, contending with [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] for the second place slot,<ref>Brooke, James. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/world/an-ex-president-of-peru-plots-his-return.html?pagewanted=2 An Ex-President of Peru Plots His Return]. ''The New York Times'', 24 February 2004.</ref> but did not participate in the 2006 elections after its participation in the [[Alliance for the Future (Peru)|Alliance for the Future]] (initially thought as ''Alliance Sí Cumple'') had not been allowed.

By March 2005, it appeared that Peru had all but abandoned its efforts to extradite Fujimori from Japan. In September of that year, Fujimori obtained a new Peruvian passport in Tokyo and announced his intention to run in the upcoming [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006 national election]].<ref name=":0" /> He arrived in Chile in November 2005, but hours after his arrival there he was arrested. Peru then requested his extradition.

While under house arrest in Chile, Fujimori announced plans to run in [[2007 Japanese House of Councillors election|Japan's Upper House elections in July 2007]] for the far-right [[People's New Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p04s01-woap.html|title=Still wanted in Peru, Alberto Fujimori runs for office in Japan|date=25 July 2007|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=25 October 2018|issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2007|title=CHILE-PERU: Decision to Extradite Fujimori Sets International Precedent|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/09/chile-peru-decision-to-extradite-fujimori-sets-international-precedent/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=[[Inter Press Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226233806/http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/09/chile-peru-decision-to-extradite-fujimori-sets-international-precedent/ |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 August 2007|title=Millonarios japoneses, al rescate de Fujimori|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-2614898|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=El Tiempo|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226233807/https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-2614898 |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2010|title=The Decline and Fall of Yukio Hatoyama|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-decline-and-fall-of-yukio-hatoyama|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=[[Washington Examiner]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226233807/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-decline-and-fall-of-yukio-hatoyama |archive-date=26 December 2021 }}</ref> Fujimori was extradited from Chile to Peru in September 2007.

On 7 April 2009, a three-judge panel convicted Fujimori on charges of [[human rights|human rights abuse]]s, declaring that the "charges against him have been proven beyond all reasonable doubt".<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori convicted of human rights crimes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE5363RH20090407|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref> The panel found him guilty of ordering the [[Grupo Colina]] [[death squad]] to commit the November 1991 [[Barrios Altos massacre]] and the July 1992 [[La Cantuta massacre]], which resulted in the deaths of 25 people,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/09/world/americas/peru-jailed-ex-president-is-convicted-of-corruption.html?_r=1|title=Peru: Jailed Ex-President Is Convicted of Corruption|author=William Neuman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> as well as for taking part in the kidnappings of Peruvian opposition journalist [[Gustavo Gorriti]] and businessman Samuel Dyer.<ref name="AFP">{{Cite news|title=Peru court finds Fujimori guilty|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ilXUyrovza3UJBJkNVVVdc2GOLcw |work=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=7 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{Cite news |last=Mapstone |first= Naomi |title=Fujimori convicted of human rights crimes |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/86ce0fe8-2387-11de-996a-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/86ce0fe8-2387-11de-996a-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work = The [[Financial Times]] |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref> As of 2009 Fujimori's conviction is the only instance of a democratically elected head of state being tried and convicted of human rights abuses in his own country.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori guilty of murder|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/614957|agency = [[Associated Press]] |date= 7 April 2009|access-date =7 April 2009 |location= Toronto}}</ref> Later on 7 April, the court sentenced Fujimori to 25 years in prison.<ref name="Reuters2" /> Likewise, the Court found him guilty of aggravated kidnapping, under the aggravating circumstance of cruel treatment, to the detriment of journalist Gustavo Gorriti and businessman Samuel Dyer Ampudia. The Special Criminal Chamber determined that the sentence had expired on 10 February 2032.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2009|title=Poder Judicial del Perú – Sala Penal Especial|url=http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/index.asp?opcion=detalle_noticia&codigo=10413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430144131/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/index.asp?opcion=detalle_noticia&codigo=10413|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-04-30|access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref> On 2 January 2010, the sentence to 25 years in prison for human rights violations was confirmed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cordero |first=Jaime |date=3 January 2010|title=Fujimori, preso hasta 2032|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2010/01/03/actualidad/1262473204_850215.html|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

===Further trials===
He faced a third trial in July 2009 over allegations that he illegally gave $15&nbsp;million in state funds to [[Vladimiro Montesinos]], former head of the [[National Intelligence Service (Peru)|National Intelligence Service]], during the two months prior to his fall from power. Fujimori admitted paying the money to Montesinos but claimed that he had later paid back the money to the state.<ref name="corruption trial">{{cite news|title=Fujimori convicted of corruption|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8160150.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=20 July 2009|access-date=3 October 2009}}</ref> On 20 July, the court found him guilty of embezzlement and sentenced him to a further seven-and-a-half years in prison.<ref name="corruption trial"/><ref name="second corruption trial">{{cite news |title=Fujimori sentenced for corruption|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8283844.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=30 September 2009|access-date=3 October 2009}}</ref>

A fourth trial took place in September 2009 in Lima.<ref name="second corruption trial" /> Fujimori was accused of using Montesinos to bribe and tap the phones of journalists, businessmen and opposition politicians – evidence of which led to the collapse of his government in 2000.<ref name="second corruption trial"/><ref name="second corruption trial2">{{cite news |title=Fujimori pleads guilty to bribery|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8279528.stm|publisher=BBC News|date= 28 September 2009|access-date=3 October 2009}}</ref> Fujimori admitted the charges but claimed that the charges were made to damage his daughter's presidential election campaign.<ref name="second corruption trial2" /> The prosecution asked the court to sentence Fujimori to eight years imprisonment with a fine of $1.6&nbsp;million plus $1&nbsp;million in compensation to ten people whose phones were bugged.<ref name="second corruption trial2"/> Fujimori pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment on 30 September 2009.<ref name="second corruption trial"/> Under Peruvian law, all prison sentences run concurrently.

On 3 May 2016, the Constitutional Court of Peru rejected the nullity of Alberto Fujimori's conviction. Alberto Fujimori was to continue to be sentenced to 25 years, which was imposed on him for responsibility in the Barrios Altos and La Cantuta massacres.

===Pardon requests and release===
{{main|Pardon of Alberto Fujimori}}
Press reports in late 2012 indicated that Fujimori was suffering from tongue cancer and other medical problems. His family asked President [[Ollanta Humala]] for a pardon.<ref>Fujimori Family Requests Pardon for Former Peruvian President, by William Neuman, ''The New York Times'', 11 October 2012</ref> President Humala rejected a pardon in 2013, saying that Fujimori's condition was not serious enough to warrant it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Peru president rules out pardon for ex-leader Fujimori|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36892762|access-date=7 August 2016|work=[[BBC]]|date=26 July 2016}}</ref> In July 2016, with three days left in his term, President Humala said that there was insufficient time to evaluate a second request to pardon Fujimori, leaving the decision to his successor [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Alberto Fujimori Files New Request for Presidential Pardon|url=http://www.peruviantimes.com/25/alberto-fujimori-files-new-request-for-presidential-pardon/27136/|website=Andean Air Mail & Peruvian Times|publisher=Eleanor Griffis|access-date=7 August 2016|location=Lima|date=25 July 2016|quote=The Presidential Pardons Commission met this Monday to begin evaluating a request filed on Friday July 22 by ex-President Alberto Fujimori, who is serving a 25-year prison sentence for crimes against humanity.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Taj |first=Mitra |editor-last=Fernandez |editor-first=Clarence |title=Peru's Humala rules out pardoning Fujimori during his term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/peru-fujimori-idUSL1N1AC05U |access-date=7 August 2016 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=26 July 2016 |quote=Humala, who will be replaced by centrist President-elect Pedro Pablo Kuczynski on Thursday, said in a broadcast interview that a serious evaluation of Fujimori's pardon request would take at least a couple months.}}</ref> On 24 December 2017, President Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Collyns |first=Dan |title=Peru's jailed ex-president Alberto Fujimori pardoned, sparking protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/25/perus-jailed-ex-president-alberto-fujimori-pardoned-sparking-protests |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> Kuczynski's office stated that the hospitalized 79-year-old Fujimori had a "progressive, degenerative and incurable disease". The pardon kicked off at least two days of protests and led at least three congressmen to resign from Kuczynski's party. A spokesman for [[Popular Force]] alleged there was a pact that, in exchange for the pardon, Popular Force members helped Kuczynski fight ongoing impeachment proceedings.<ref name="cnn pardon"/>

On 20 February 2018, the National Criminal Chamber ruled that it did not apply the resolution that granted Fujimori the right of grace for humanitarian reasons. Therefore, the former president had to face the process for the Pativilca Case with a simple appearance.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 February 2018|title=Caso Pativilca: cronología del caso por el que se procesará a Alberto Fujimori {{!}} Politica |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/caso-pativilca-cronologia-caso-procesara-alberto-fujimori-noticia-498601-noticia/|access-date=2021-05-11|newspaper=El Comercio|language=es |last1=Barboza Quiroz |first1=Karem }}</ref> On 3 October 2018, the Peruvian Supreme Court reversed Fujimori's pardon and ordered his return to prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/03/peru-high-court-overturns-pardon-alberto-fujimori|title=Peru's high court overturns pardon of former strongman Fujimori|last=Collyns|first=Dan|date=3 October 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref> He was rushed to a hospital and returned to prison on 23 January 2019.<ref name=":1" /> His pardon was formally annulled on 13 February 2019.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Constitutional Court of Peru]], in a 4–3 ruling on 17 March 2022, reinstated the pardon, though it was not clear if or when he may be released.<ref name=":3" /> Those ruling in approval of Fujimori's release argued that a pardon, no matter how unconstitutional it may be, can be issued by the President of Peru and that previous rulings annulling the pardon were "subjective".<ref name=":41">{{Cite web |last= |date=23 March 2022 |title=Ponencia del TC a favor de Fujimori desconoce fallo de Corte IDH y competencia del juez penal |url=https://ojo-publico.com/3394/ponencia-del-tc-favor-de-fujimori-desconoce-fallo-de-la-corte-idh |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=[[Ojo Público]] |language=es}}</ref> Constitutional Court judges ruling in favor of releasing Fujimori ignored the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]]' opinion that criticized Kuczynski's reported pardon pact with Fujimori's son and pointed out that the disease cited in the pardon was possibly diagnosed by Fujimori's personal doctor, not an independent physician.<ref name=":41" />

On 8 April 2022, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights overruled the Constitutional Court and ordered Peru not to release Fujimori.<ref name=":4"/>

On 5 December 2023, he was ordered to be released immediately following an order by the [[Constitutional Court of Peru]]. This followed a previous order by the court that mandated the decision in the hands of a lower court in [[Ica, Peru|Ica]], which returned the case to the Constitutional Court citing lack of authority.<ref name=aprelease/> The following day, he was released from Barbadillo prison in Lima, whereupon he was met by his children Keiko and Kenji as well as a crowd of supporters.<ref name=f24release/>

=== Forced sterilizations trial ===
In May 2023, the [[Supreme Court of Chile]] ordered Fujimori to testify regarding forced sterilizations that occurred between 1996 and 2000 during his government, with Chile attempting to decide if they would expand extradition charges against Fujimori to include the sterilizations, which would allow him to be prosecuted in Peru.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Paucar |first=Luis |date=14 May 2023 |title=Alberto Fujimori es citado por Chile para declarar por esterilizaciones forzadas con miras a ampliar su extradición |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/05/12/alberto-fujimori-declarara-por-esterilizaciones-forzadas-con-miras-a-ampliar-su-extradicion-desde-chile/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=[[infobae]] |language=es-ES}}</ref> On 19 May 2023, Fujimori participated in a video call from Barbadillo Prison with justice officials in Chile defending his actions regarding sterilizations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 May 2023 |title=Peru: Former President Fujimori participates in forced sterilizations hearing |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-former-president-fujimori-participates-in-forced-sterilizations-hearing-940728.aspx |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Andina |language=es}}</ref>

==Legacy==

=== Economics ===
{{Further |Economic policy of the Alberto Fujimori administration}}
Fujimori is credited by many Peruvians for bringing stability to the country after the violence and [[hyperinflation]] of the García years. While it is generally agreed that the "Fujishock" brought short/middle-term macroeconomic stability, the long-term social impact of Fujimori's [[free market]] economic policies is still hotly debated.

[[Neoliberalism|Neoliberal]] reforms under Fujimori took place in three distinct phases: an initial "orthodox" phase (1990–92) in which technocrats dominated the reform agenda; a "pragmatic" phase (1993–98) that saw the growing influence of business elites over government priorities; and a final "watered-down" phase (1999–2000) dominated by a clique of personal loyalists and their [[Clientelism|clientelist]] policies that aimed to secure Fujimori a third term as president. Business was a big winner of the reforms, with its influence increasing significantly within both the state and society.<ref name = "Arce 2005">{{cite book |last= Arce |first= Moisés |year= 2005 |title= Market Reform in Society: Post-Crisis Politics and Economic Change in Authoritarian Peru |location= University Park, PA |publisher= [[Penn State University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-271-02542-1 }}</ref>

High growth during Fujimori's first term petered out during his second term. "[[El Niño–Southern Oscillation|El Niño]]" phenomena had a tremendous impact on the Peruvian economy during the late 1990s.<ref>Gastón Antonio Zapata Velasco, Kenneth Broad, et al., [http://www.ccb.ucar.edu/un/peru.html Peru Country Case Study: Impacts and Responses to the 1997–98 El Niño Event] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905164739/http://www.ccb.ucar.edu/un/peru.html |date=5 September 2006 }}, Peru Country Case Study supported by the [[International Research Institute for Climate and Society]] (IRI) and [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]'s [[Office of Global Programs]] as a contribution to the UNEP/NCAR/WMO/UNU/ISDR study for the UN Foundation. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref> Nevertheless, total GDP growth between 1992 and 2001, inclusive, was 44.60%, that is, 3.76% per annum; total GDP per capita growth between 1991 and 2001, inclusive, was 30.78%, that is, 2.47% per annum. Also, studies by [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|INEI]], the national statistics bureau<ref>[http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/internet/index1.htm El Entorno] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411234724/http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/internet/index1.htm |date=11 April 2005 }}, Atlas Internet Perú – Red Científica Peruana, 2003. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref> show that the number of Peruvians living in poverty increased dramatically (from 41.6% to more than 70%) during Alan García's term, but decreased greatly (from more than 70% to 54%) during Fujimori's term. Furthermore, FAO reported Peru reduced undernourishment by about 29% from 1990 to 1992 to 1997–99.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1500e/y1500e03.htm Undernourishment around the world: Reductions in undernourishment over the past decade], part of [http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1500e/y1500e00.HTM The state of food insecurity in the world 2001], FAO Corporate Document Repository. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref>

Peru was reintegrated into the global economic system, and began to attract [[Mineral industry of Peru|foreign investment]]. The mass selloff of state-owned enterprises led to improvements in some service industries, notably [[Local telephone service|local telephone]], [[Mobile telephony|mobile telephone]], and internet services, respectively. For example, before privatization, a consumer or business had to wait up to 10 years to get a local telephone line installed by the state-run telephone company at a cost of $607 for a residential line.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.up.edu.pe/ciup/AER/textos/Fernandez-Baca.ppt Las Privatizaciones y la Pobreza en el Perú: Resultados y Desafios] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721214646/http://www.up.edu.pe/ciup/AER/textos/Fernandez-Baca.ppt |date=21 July 2006 }} ([[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] presentation), unsigned, undated, on the site of El Área de Economía de la Regulación, Centro de Investigación de la Universidad del Pacífico (CIUP). Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.cgdev.org/doc/Privatization/ch%206.pdf Peru after Privatization: Are Telephone Consumers Better Off?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164409/http://www.cgdev.org/doc/Privatization/ch%206.pdf |date=16 November 2016 }}. Máximo Torero, Enrique Schroth, and Alberto Pascó-Font. Retrieved 4 October 2006.</ref> A couple of years after privatization, the wait was reduced to just a few days. Peru's Physical land based telephone network had a dramatic increase in telephone penetration from 2.9% in 1993 to 5.9% in 1996 and 6.2% in 2000,<ref>[http://www.mtc.gob.pe/estadisticas/archivos/xls/6.C.1.xls Líneas en servicio y densidad en la telefonía fija y móvil: 1993 – 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025222030/http://www.mtc.gob.pe/estadisticas/archivos/xls/6.C.1.xls |date=25 October 2006 }} [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]] spreadsheet, on the site of Peru's Ministry of Transport and Communications. Retrieved 28 September 2006.</ref> and a dramatic decrease in the wait for a telephone line. Average wait went from 70 months in 1993 (before privatization) to two months in 1996 (after privatization).<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/class/las194/GroupProjects99/peru.pdf#search=%22telephone%20lines%20statistics%20peru%22 The Information Revolution in Latin America: The Case of Peru] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]), 6 December 1999. Student group paper from Stanford University. Retrieved 28 September 2006.</ref> Privatization also generated foreign investment in export-oriented activities such as mining and energy extraction, notably the [[Camisea Gas Project]] and the copper and [[zinc]] extraction projects at [[Antamina]].<ref>McClintock, Cynthia and Vallas, Fabian. ''The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost''. 2003, pages 105–6.</ref>

===Criticism===
Fujimori has been described as a dictator.<ref name=Multi1/><ref>Charles D. Kenney, 2004 ''Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America'' (Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies) [[University of Notre Dame]] Press {{ISBN|0-268-03172-X}}</ref> His government was permeated by a network of corruption organized by his associate Montesinos.<ref>Julio F. Carrion (ed.) 2006 ''The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of Electoral Authoritarianism in Peru''. [[Pennsylvania State University]] Press {{ISBN|0-271-02748-7}}</ref><ref>Catherine M. Conaghan 2005 ''Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere'' (Pitt Latin American Series) [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] {{ISBN|0-8229-4259-3}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} Esteban Cuya, [http://www.derechos.org/diml/doc/cuya4.html La dictadura de Fujimori: marionetismo, corrupción y violaciones de los derechos humanos], Centro de Derechos Humanos de Nuremberg, July 1999. Retrieved 22 October 2006.</ref> Fujimori's style of government has also been described as "populist authoritarianism". Numerous governments<ref>''Resolución del Parlamento Europeo apoyando la extradición de Fujimori'', Strasbourg, 19 January 2006</ref> and human rights organizations such as [[Amnesty International]], welcomed the extradition of Fujimori to face human rights charges.<ref>[http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/2938.cfm Chile Opts to Extradite Fujimori]. ''World Press'', 23 September 2007.</ref> As early as 1991, Fujimori had himself vocally denounced what he called "pseudo-human rights organizations" such as Amnesty International and [[Human Rights Watch|Americas Watch]], for allegedly failing to criticize the insurgencies targeting civilian populations throughout Peru against which his government was struggling.<ref>Human Rights Watch. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hZMn3HsYouMC&dq=%22Amnesty+International%22+fujimori+%22human+rights%22&pg=PA314 Human Rights Watch World Report, 1992]. 1991, p. 314.</ref>

Some analysts state that some of the GDP growth during the Fujimori years actually reflects a greater rate of extraction of [[nonrenewable resources]] by transnational companies; these companies were attracted by Fujimori by means of near-zero royalties, and, by the same fact, little of the extracted wealth has stayed in the country.<ref>"Chile, Peru – How much do mining companies contribute? The debate on royalties is not over yet", ''Latinamerica Press'', Special Edition – The Impact of Mining ''Latinamerica Press'', Vol. 37, No. 2, 26 January 2005. ISSN 0254-203X. [http://noticiasaliadas.org/mining/mining.doc Accessible online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416184622/http://noticiasaliadas.org/mining/mining.doc |date=16 April 2005 }} as a [[Microsoft Word]] document. Retrieved 26 September 2006. There appears to be a separate [http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/aff_actualites/chile__peru_-_how_much_do_.htm HTML copy of the article] on the site of [http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/rdip/cal/lectures/ Carrefour Amérique Latine (CAL)]. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref><ref>"Peru: Public consultation says NO to mining in Tambogrande", pp.14–15 in ''WRM Bulletin'' # 59, June 2002 (World Rainforest Movement, English edition). [http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/59/index.rtf Accessible online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310053357/http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/59/index.rtf |date=10 March 2005 }} as [[Rich Text Format]] (RTF) document. Retrieved 26 September 2006.</ref><ref>Jeffrey Bury, "Livelihoods in transition: transnational gold mining operations and local change in Cajamarca, Peru" ''The Geographical Journal'' (Royal Geographic Society), Vol. 170 Issue 1 March 2004, p. 78. [https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.05042.x Link]  leads to a pay site allowing access to this paper.</ref><ref>"Investing in Destruction: The Impacts of a WTO Investment Agreement on Extractive Industries in Developing Countries", Oxfam America Briefing Paper, June 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref> Peru's mining legislation, they claim, has served as a role model for other countries that wish to become more mining-friendly.<ref>[http://www.rightsaction.org/Reports/Cuffe%20mining%20report%202005-03.htm "A Backwards, Upside-Down Kind of Development": Global Actors, Mining and Community-Based Resistance in Honduras and Guatemala] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103143831/http://www.rightsaction.org/Reports/Cuffe%20mining%20report%202005-03.htm |date=3 November 2005 }}, Rights Action, February 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref>

Fujimori's privatization program also remains shrouded in controversy and opposed by many Peruvians. A congressional investigation in 2002, led by socialist opposition congressman [[Javier Díez Canseco|Javier Diez Canseco]], stated that of the US$9&nbsp;billion raised through the privatizations of hundreds of state-owned enterprises, only a small fraction of this income ever benefited the Peruvian people.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The sole instance of [[Labour movement|organized labor]]'s success in impeding reforms, namely the teacher's union resistance to education reform, was based on traditional methods of organization and resistance: strikes and [[Demonstration (political)|street demonstrations]].<ref name = "Arce 2005"/>

In the 2004 ''[[Global Corruption Report]]'', Fujimori made into the list of the World's Most Corrupt Leaders. He was listed seventh and he was said to have amassed $600&nbsp;million, but despite years of incarceration and investigation, none of these supposed stolen funds have ever been located in any bank account anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0921295.html |title=World's Ten Most Corrupt Leaders |publisher=Infoplease.com Source: Transparency International [[Global Corruption Report]] 2004.|access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2004_GCR_PoliticalCorruption_EN.pdf |title=Global Corruption Report|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref>

===Support===
Fujimori did have support within Peru. The [[University of Lima|Universidad de Lima]] March 2003 poll, taken while he was in Japan, found a 41% approval rating for his administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jul/20/news/adfg-fujimori20 |title=In Japan, Fujimori Covets Post in Peru: Disgraced president plots his return to power in a land that accuses him of murder, treason and embezzlement|date=20 July 2003|author=Natalie Obiko Pearson |agency=Associated Press|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> A poll conducted in March 2005 by the Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigación de Ciencias Económicas (IDICE) indicated that 12.1% of the respondents intended to vote for Fujimori in the 2006 presidential election.<ref>[http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=6543 García, Fujimori Top Candidates In Peru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025170504/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=6543 |date=25 October 2005 }}, ''Angus Reid Global Monitor'' ([[Angus Reid Consultants]]), 30 March 2005. Accessed 27 September 2006.</ref> A poll conducted on 25 November 2005, by the Universidad de Lima indicated a high approval (45.6%) rating of the Fujimori period between 1990 and 2000, attributed to his counterinsurgency efforts (53%).<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.ulima.edu.pe/webulima.nsf/default/1090CF4DC0FE8CB905256E630017BCEC/$file/barometro_nov_2005.pdf Estudio 293 – Barómetro – Lima Metropolitana y Callao – Sábado 19 y Domingo 20 de Noviembre de 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208114524/http://www.ulima.edu.pe/webulima.nsf/default/1090CF4DC0FE8CB905256E630017BCEC/$file/barometro_nov_2005.pdf |date=8 February 2012 }}, Grupo de Opinión Pública de la Universidad de Lima. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref> An article from ''La Razon'', a Peruvian newspaper, stated in 2003 that: "Fujimori is only guilty of one big crime and it is that of having been successful in a country of failed politicians, creators of debt, builders of mirages, and the downright opportunistic."

According to a more recent [[University of Lima|Universidad de Lima]] survey, Fujimori still retains public support, ranking fifth in personal popularity among other political figures. Popular approval for his decade-long presidency (1990–2000) has reportedly grown (from 31.5% in 2002 to 49.5% in May 2007).<ref>{{Cite web|last=GESTIÓN|first=NOTICIAS|date=18 July 2016|title=Fujimori lidera como mejor presidente, pero también como el más corrupto en 25 años {{!}} PERU|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/fujimori-lidera-mejor-presidente-corrupto-25-anos-109868-noticia/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=Gestión|language=es}}</ref> Despite accusations of corruption and human rights violations, nearly half of the individuals interviewed in the survey approved of Fujimori's presidential regime.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} In a 2007 [[University of Lima|Universidad de Lima]] survey of 600 Peruvians in Lima and the port of Callao, 82.6% agreed that the former president should be extradited from Chile to stand trial in Peru.<ref>[https://archive.today/20080206090621/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/15709 Peruvians Call for Fujimori's Extradition] ''Angus Reid Global Monitor'' (Angus Reid Consultants), 12 May 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.</ref>

The Lima-based newspaper ''[[Perú.21|Perú 21]]'' ran an editorial noting that even though the [[University of Lima|Universidad de Lima]] poll results indicate that four out of every five interviewees believe that Fujimori is guilty of some of the charges against him, he still enjoys at least 30% of popular support and enough approval to restart a political career.

In the 2006 congressional elections, his daughter [[Keiko Fujimori|Keiko]] was elected to the congress with the highest vote count. She came in second place in the [[2011 Peruvian general election|2011 Peruvian presidential election]] with 23.2% of the vote,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elecciones2011.onpe.gob.pe/resultados2011/1ravuelta/onpe/presidente/rep_resumen_pre.php |title=Resumen Nación de Elecciones Presidenciales 2011 |access-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411191131/http://www.elecciones2011.onpe.gob.pe/resultados2011/1ravuelta/onpe/presidente/rep_resumen_pre.php |archive-date=11 April 2011}}</ref> and lost the June runoff against [[Ollanta Humala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://caracteristique2023.epizy.com/|title=Left-leaning Humala wins Peruvian presidential election|author1=Rafael Romo |author2=Helena DeMoura|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=6 June 2011|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> She again ran for President in the [[2016 Peruvian general election|2016 election]], narrowly losing the runoff to [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], and again in the [[2021 Peruvian general election|2021 election]], losing the runoff to [[Pedro Castillo]].

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Judiciary reform in Peru under Alberto Fujimori]]
* [[History of Peru]]
* [[Internal conflict in Peru|Peruvian internal conflict]]
* [[Japanese Peruvian]]s
* [[List of presidents of Peru]]
* [[Politics of Peru]]
* [[2006 Peruvian general election|Peruvian national election, 2006]]
* [[Vladimiro Montesinos]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}}

==Further reading==
* H.W. Wilson Company, ''Current Biography Yearbook, Volume 57'', H.W. Wilson, 1996

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/alberto_fujimori Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation] {{in lang|es}}
*{{C-SPAN|20713}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|4162}}
*{{IMDb name|2127200}}
*{{NYTtopic|people/f/alberto_k_fujimori}}
*[https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2006/falloffujimori/ The Fall of Fujimori] on ''[[POV (TV series)|POV]]'' at ''[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]'', 2006
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607212903/http://www.skylightpictures.com/site/film_detail/state_of_fear/ State of Fear] a documentary of Peru's war on terror based on the findings of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]

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| title = [[List of Presidents of Peru|President of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government of Peru]]
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