Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|6th United States Secretary of the Treasury}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Alexander Dallas
| image               = Alexander J. Dallas.jpg
| office              = [[United States Secretary of War]]
| status              = Acting
| president           = [[James Madison]]
| term_start          = March 2, 1815
| term_end            = August 1, 1815
| predecessor         = [[James Monroe]]
| successor           = [[William H. Crawford]]
| office1             = 6th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
| president1          = [[James Madison]]
| term_start1         = October 6, 1814
| term_end1           = October 21, 1816
| predecessor1        = [[George W. Campbell]]
| successor1          = [[William H. Crawford]]
| office2             = 1st [[Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States|Reporter of Decisions of the United States Supreme Court]]
| term_start2         = 1790
| term_end2           = 1800
| predecessor2        = ''Position established''
| successor2          = [[William Cranch]]
| birth_name          = Alexander James Dallas
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1759|6|21}}
| birth_place         = [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Colony of Jamaica]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1817|1|16|1759|6|21}}
| death_place         = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| party               = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Arabella Smith|1780}}
| alma_mater          = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| signature           = Alexander J Dallas Signature.svg
| children            = [[George M. Dallas]]
}}

'''Alexander James Dallas''' (June 21, 1759 – January 16, 1817) was an American statesman who served as the 6th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] from 1814 to 1816 under [[President of the United States|President]] [[James Madison]].<ref>Raymond Walters, Jr. ''Alexander James Dallas Lawyer, Politician, Financier, 1759–1817'' (1943).</ref>

==Early life==
Dallas was born in [[Kingston, Jamaica]], to Dr. Robert Charles Dallas and Sarah Elizabeth (Cormack) Hewitt. His brother was [[Robert Charles Dallas]], who wrote a history of the [[Jamaican Maroons]]. Dr Dallas bought the Boar Castle estate on the Cane River, Jamaica in 1758, changing its name to Dallas Castle. This property included 900 acres and 91 slaves. Dr Dallas left the island in 1764, having mortgaged the estate and put it in a trust.<ref>Ashcroft, Michael (1975). "Robert Charles Dalles identified as the author of an anonymous book about Jamaica". ''Jamaica Journal''. 9 (1): 94–101.</ref><ref>University College London, ''Legacies of British Slave-Ownership'' https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146651101 Retrieved 10 November 2020.</ref>

When Alexander was five, his family moved to [[Edinburgh]] and then to London.  There he studied under [[James Elphinston]], a Scottish educator and linguist.  He planned to study law, but was unable to afford it.  In 1780, Alexander married Arabella Maria Smith (1761–1837) of Pennsylvania. Arabella came from a family lineage with prominent connections to the British military as the daughter of Maj. George Smith of the British Army and Arabella Barlow, and a great-granddaughter of Sir Nicholas Trevanion, by way of Rev. William Barlow and Arabella Trevanion. In 1781, the newlyweds moved to Jamaica. There, Alexander was [[admitted to the bar]] through his father's connections. However, Maria's health suffered in Jamaica, and they subsequently moved to [[Philadelphia]] in 1783, where he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1785. To supplement his budding law practice, he also took side jobs editing the ''Pennsylvania Herald'' from 1787 to 1788 and the ''[[Columbian Magazine]]'' from 1787 to 1789. 
[[File:Arabella Maria Smith Dallas.jpg|thumb|Arabella Maria Smith Dallas]]

==U.S. Supreme Court Reporter==
Dallas published the second set of state court reports (Ephraim Kirby was first with ''Connecticut Reports'') entitled ''Reports of Cases Ruled and Adjudged in the Courts of Pennsylvania Before and Since the Revolution'' in 1790 containing cases from 1754 to 1789. He then published three succeeding volumes under the title, ''Reports of Cases Ruled and Adjudged in the Several Courts of the United States, and of Pennsylvania, Held at the Seat of the Federal Government'' (1797, 1799, 1806). As the first reporter for Pennsylvania and United States Supreme Court [[Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States|reporter of decisions]], these volumes began the series of both state and federal reports. These early reports are considered unofficial because Dallas carried out his work publishing the official ''[[United States Reports]]'' volumes from his own funds. The first Supreme Court case reported was ''[[West v. Barnes]]'', 2 U.S. (Dall.) 401 (1791), and it was shortened so that it did not include the full seriatim opinions of the justices. The volumes of reports, of which he produced only four, were faulted for being incomplete, inaccurate, and extremely tardy.  For example, the landmark ruling in ''[[Chisholm v. Georgia]]'' (1793) which prompted the [[Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eleventh Amendment]], was not reported by Dallas until five years later, well after the Amendment had been ratified.  Later, he wrote: "I have found such miserable encouragement for my reports that I have determined to call them all in, and devote them to the rats in the State-House."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=Roger K. |title=The Yale biographical dictionary of American law |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=9780300113006}}; 
Joel Fishman, ''Reports of the Supreme Court of the United States'', 85 Law Library Journal 643-93 (1995).</ref> But his publications still serve as an important legal milestone in American legal publishing. He was a founder of the [[Democratic-Republican Societies]] in 1793.

==Secretary of the Commonwealth==
Governor [[Thomas Mifflin]] named Dallas Secretary of the Commonwealth, a post he held from 1791 to 1801.  Because Mifflin was an alcoholic,{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} Dallas functioned as de facto governor for much of the late 1790s.  Dallas helped found the [[Democratic-Republican]] party in Pennsylvania and advocated a strict construction of the new [[United States Constitution|Constitution]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==U.S. Attorney and Secretary of the Treasury==
{{Css Image Crop|Image = DALLAS, Alexander J-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg|bSize = 290|cWidth = 220|cHeight = 260|oTop = 36|oLeft = 37|Location = |Description = {{center|[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] portrait of Dallas as Secretary of the Treasury.}}}}
In 1801, he was named [[United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]] and served in that capacity until 1814.  His friend [[Albert Gallatin]] was [[U.S. Treasury Secretary|Treasury Secretary]] when the [[War of 1812]] began and Dallas helped Gallatin obtain funds to fight Britain.  The war nearly bankrupted the federal government by the time Dallas replaced Gallatin as Treasury Secretary. Dallas reorganized the Treasury Department, brought the government budget back into surplus, championed the creation of the [[Second Bank of the United States]], and put the nation back on the specie system based on gold and silver.<ref>Raymond Walters Jr,  "The origins of the Second Bank of the United States." ''Journal of Political Economy'' 53.2 (1945): 115–131. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1825049 online]</ref>

==Acting Secretary of War and Acting Secretary of State==
From March 2, 1815, to August 1, 1815, he was acting [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] and for a time that year was acting [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] as well.  He returned to Philadelphia, but lived only a year.

He was a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] from 1791 and a trustee of the [[University of Pennsylvania]].

==Honors==
[[Dallas County, Alabama]], and [[Dallas Township, Pennsylvania]], are named for him.  Six U.S. Coast Guard Cutters have been named ''Dallas'', the most recent was [[USCGC Dallas (WHEC-716)|USCGC ''Dallas'' (WHEC-716)]].   [[Fort Dallas]] in [[Florida]] and the U.S. Navy ship [[USS Dallas (DD-199)|USS ''Dallas'' (DD-199)]] were named after his son, [[Alexander J. Dallas (U.S. Navy officer)|Alexander J. Dallas]], who died during his Navy service.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

His other son [[George Mifflin Dallas]] was [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] under [[James K. Polk]] and one possible namesake for [[Dallas, Texas]]; his father and brother are other possible namesakes of the [[Texas]] city.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

His daughter, Sophia Burrell Dallas, married on April 4, 1805 [[Richard Bache Jr. (Texas politician)|Richard Bache, Jr.]], the son of [[Richard Bache]], Sr. and [[Sarah Franklin Bache]]. Her husband's father was a marine insurance underwriter and importer in Philadelphia who served as [[United States Postmaster General]] from 1776 to 1782. Her husband's mother, known as Sally, was the only daughter of [[Benjamin Franklin]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], and his common-law wife, [[Deborah Read]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Dallas was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1791.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Alexander J. Dallas |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Alexander+J.+Dallas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714140522/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Alexander+J.+Dallas |archive-date=2022-07-14 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=American Philosophical Society Member History |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Dallas, Alexander James|Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060828022722/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/people/dallas_alex.html Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania]
*{{Find a Grave|6661789}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100128045209/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/madison/essays/cabinet/139 Alexander J. Dallas (1815–1815): Secretary of War]
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{{succession box|title=[[Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States]]|before=''(none)''|years=1790–1800|after=[[William Cranch]]}}
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{{U.S. Cabinet official box
| before= [[George W. Campbell]]
| after= [[William H. Crawford]]
| years= 1814–1816
| president= [[James Madison]]
| department= Secretary of the Treasury}}
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{{Democratic-Republican Party}}
{{USSecTreas}}
{{Madison cabinet}}
{{Dallas County, Alabama}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dallas, Alexander J.}}
[[Category:1759 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Jamaican politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Treasury]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Reporters of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kingston, Jamaica]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania lawyers]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Madison administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Fathers of vice presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Peter's churchyard, Philadelphia]]
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