Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Alto trombone

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Musical instrument in the trombone family}}
{{Infobox instrument
  | name           = Alto trombone
  | image          = Yamaha Alto trombone YSL-871 recrop.jpg
  | image_capt     = Alto trombone in E♭
  | background     = brass
  | classification = {{hlist
    | [[Wind instrument|Wind]]
    | [[Brass instrument|Brass]]
    | [[Aerophone]]
  }}
  | hornbostel_sachs = 423.22
  | hornbostel_sachs_desc = Sliding [[aerophone]] sounded by lip vibration
  | developed      = Late 16th century
  | range          = <div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;"><score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef alto \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      a,1 ^ \glissando ees''1
      \tweak font-size #-2 g''1 ^ \finger \markup \text "poss."
    }
  </score></div> Range of the E♭ alto trombone; see [[#Characteristics and range|Range]] for more details.
  | articles       =
  | related        = {{hlist
    | [[Trombone]]
    | [[Sackbut]]
  }}
}}

The '''alto trombone''' ({{lang-de|Altposaune}}, Italian, French: ''trombone alto'') is the alto member of the [[trombone]] family of [[brass instrument]]s, smaller than the [[tenor trombone]]. It is almost always pitched in E♭ a fourth higher than the tenor, although examples pitched in F are occasionally found. The alto trombone was commonly used from the 16th to the 18th centuries in [[church music]] to strengthen the alto voice, particularly in the [[Mass (music)|Mass]].{{sfn|Herbert|2006|loc=chapter 2}} Alto trombone parts are usually notated in [[alto clef]].

== History ==

{{Broader | Trombone#History}}
[[File:Praetorius Trombones 1614-1620 Syntagma Musicum.png|thumb|Trombones in ''[[Syntagma Musicum]]'' (1614-20), by [[Michael Praetorius]], including an alto trombone.]]
Although the trombone first appeared in its earliest [[sackbut]] form in the 15th century, the exact origin of the smaller alto sized instrument is unclear.<ref name="Kimball-Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Alto Trombone History Timeline|last=Kimball |first=Will |work=Kimball Trombone |url= https://kimballtrombone.com/alto-trombone/alto-trombone-history-timeline/ |access-date=5 April 2022 }}</ref> The first documented mentions of an alto trombone are in 1590 in [[Aurelio Virgiliano]]'s ''Il Dolcimelo'', and in ''[[Syntagma Musicum]]'' (1614-20) by [[Michael Praetorius]], which includes an illustration of an alto trombone in volume II, ''De Organographia''.{{sfn|Yeo|2021|pp=9–10|loc="alto trombone"}} The earliest surviving alto dates from around 1652 and is held by [[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|Bazylika Mariacka, Gdańsk]].{{sfn|Herbert|2006|pp=313}}
<!--
See Will Kimball's site for public domain iconography of early trombones.
-->

The alto trombone appears in the earliest written music for trombone, where composers wrote alto, tenor, and bass parts to bolster the corresponding voices in church liturgical music.{{sfn|Herbert|2006|loc=chapter 2}} Although the parts were notated in alto, tenor and bass clefs, historically the clef has not always been a reliable indicator of which type of trombone was actually used in performance.{{sfn|Yeo|2021|pp=9–10|loc="alto trombone"}}

=== 18th century Vienna ===

Until recently, little was known about trombone repertoire from the 18th century. The recent discovery of new repertoire and information regarding the Austrian alto trombone virtuoso Thomas Gschladt demonstrates that the alto trombone enjoyed a period of popularity between 1756 and 1780. In the 1960s an incomplete concerto by [[Georg Christoph Wagenseil]] (1715-1777) was recorded by conductor [[Nikolaus Harnoncourt]]: this concerto demands advanced technique from the performer and is the first known concerto for the trombone.<ref name="Oliver-2010-DMA">{{Cite thesis |last=Oliver |first=Jason L. |title=The Creation of a Performance Edition of the Georg Christoph Wagenseil Concerto for Trombone with Attention Given to the Surviving Manuscripts and Primary Sources of Performance Practice from the Middle of the Eighteenth Century |degree=DMA |date=2010 |institution=University of North Texas |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30500/m1/20/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118182856/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30500/m1/20/ |archive-date=2018-01-18 }}</ref> Shortly after this recording was released, another concerto, written by [[Leopold Mozart]] was discovered. Due to the advanced technique (particularly lip trills) required in this concerto, it was considered too difficult for the trombone and musicologists concluded that it was most likely written for the French horn.<ref name="Lindberg-BIS-1248">{{Cite AV media notes |title=Classical Trombone Concertos |last=Lindberg |first=Christian |author-link=Christian Lindberg |type=CD booklet |date=2004 |publisher=[[BIS Records]] |publication-place=Åkersberga |id=BIS-1248 CD |page=7 |url=https://bis.se/performers/lindberg-christian/classical-trombone-concertos |access-date=3 April 2022 }}</ref> New information regarding Gschladt demonstrates that music of this difficulty was written for the alto trombone during the mid-to-late 18th century and that music that was previously thought impossible on the instrument was playable. Like Bach's trumpet soloist [[Gottfried Reiche]] and Mozart's horn soloist, [[Joseph Leutgeb]], Gschladt represented the best of contemporary trombone soloists. Gschladt was very close to Leopold Mozart who wrote a Serenade especially to be performed only by him—when Gschladt was unavailable Mozart preferred using a viola soloist instead.

In addition to Leopold Mozart and Wagenseil, [[Michael Haydn]]'s Serenade in D (1764) with its extended range, trills, technique, and endurance demands contributes to this idea that there was perhaps a golden age of the alto trombone between 1756 and 1780 and was this piece was also most likely written for Thomas Gschladt. The Serenade joins these few works that remain from an era of alto trombone virtuosity.<ref name="Lindberg-BIS-1248"/><ref name="wigness-1978">{{Cite book|title=The Soloistic Use of the Trombone in Eighteenth-Century Vienna |last=Wigness |first=Clyde Robert |date=1978 |publisher=Brass Press |publication-place=Nashville |isbn=9780914282020 |oclc=754593554 }}</ref>

=== Decline of use in the 19th century ===

[[File:Carl Nielsen - 1879.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Carl Nielsen]] aged 14 in band uniform with bugle and valve alto trombone, Denmark, 1879.]]
Berlioz was influential in the 19th century in the ascension of the tenor trombone and valved brass instruments in France. By the 1840s the alto was nearly obsolete in France and England. In Italy and many other parts of Europe, valve trombones rapidly became the norm and displaced slide trombones, including the alto. Improvements in instruments and performance technique meant that tenor trombone players were increasingly able to play first trombone parts intended for alto, and the alto was regarded as an outmoded upper-register tool.<ref name="Shifrin-2000">{{cite web |title=The Alto Trombone in the Orchestra: 1800-2000 |first=Ken |last=Shifrin |date=2000 |publisher=Tonkünstler-on-the-Bund |url=https://www.tonkunstler-on-the-bund.com/research/shifrin |access-date=31 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826045624/https://www.tonkunstler-on-the-bund.com/research/shifrin/ |archive-date=26 August 2022 }} Based on his PhD thesis, {{cite thesis |first=Ken |last=Shifrin |title=Orchestral trombone practice in the nineteenth century with special reference to the alto trombone |date=2000 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Oxford University]] |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/f/89vilt/oxfaleph015017844 |access-date=26 August 2022 }}</ref>

=== Modern revival ===

While some first trombonists continued to use the alto trombone as indicated, it was unfashionable in orchestras until the late 20th century, when it began to enjoy something of a revival.<ref name="Shifrin-2000"/> Contemporary composers have written solo works for the alto trombone, including [[Eric Ewazen]], [[Christian Lindberg]], [[Torsten Nilsson (composer)|Torsten Nilsson]], and [[Jan Sandström (composer)|Jan Sandström]].{{sfn|Yeo|2021|pp=9–10|loc="alto trombone"}}

== Construction ==

{{Broader | Trombone#Construction}}
The bore of an alto trombone is intermediate between a trumpet and a tenor trombone, and similar to that of a small-bore tenor, usually around {{convert|0.450|to|0.500|in|mm}} with a {{convert|6+1/2|or|7|in|cm}} bell.

Modern instruments are sometimes fitted with a [[brass instrument valve|valve]] to lower the pitch, either by a semitone to D (known as a "trill" valve), or by a fourth into B♭, analogous to the B♭/F valve configuration found on tenor and bass trombones. The B♭ valve makes alternative slide positions available for notes in longer positions, and allows the range above the pedals to extend from A₂ down to F₂.

Many manufacturers offer an alto model in their trombone range, including [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]], [[Vincent Bach Corporation|Bach]], [[Conn-Selmer|Conn]], SE Shires, Thein, [[Michael Rath Trombones|Rath]], and others.

Alto [[valve trombone]]s in E♭ have occasionally been built but remain rare items, usually in museums.<ref name="NMM-valve-alto">{{Cite object |title=Alto valve trombone, E-flat |work=National Music Museum |publisher=[[University of South Dakota]] |date=1900 |orig-date=ca. 1895–1912, made in Bohemia; stamped Lyon & Healy, Chicago. |id=03245 |url= https://emuseum.nmmusd.org/objects/6474/alto-valve-trombone-eflat |access-date=17 September 2022 }}</ref>

== Characteristics and range ==

{{Image frame | width = 350 | caption = Range of the E♭ alto trombone.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=483|loc=Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones}} While a valve in B♭ extends range down to F{{sub|2}} it is mainly useful to provide alternate positions for the middle register. Pedals E♭{{sub|2}}–A{{sub|1}} are possible but seldom used.
  | innerstyle = background:white;
  | content = <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef alto \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      a,1 \glissando ees''1
      g''1 ^ \finger \markup \text "poss."
 
      \clef bass
      \tweak font-size #-2 bes,1 ^ "B♭ valve" \finger \markup \text "v1"
      \glissando
      \tweak font-size #-2 f,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "v6"

      \tweak font-size #-2 ees,1 ^ "pedals" \finger \markup \text "1"
      \glissando
      \tweak font-size #-2 a,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "7"
    }
  </score>
}}
The [[tessitura]] of the E♭ alto trombone is A{{sub|2}} to E♭{{sub|5}}, although it rarely strays below E♭{{sub|3}} in classical repertoire.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=483|loc=Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones}} In good hands the range can extend as high as G{{sub|5}}. Pedal tones can be produced from E♭{{sub|2}} to A{{sub|1}} but are seldom called for.

Since the slide is shorter than the B♭ tenor and bass trombones, the seven slide positions are proportionally closer together. A B♭ [[brass instrument valve|valve attachment]] extends the low range below the A{{sub|2}} in seventh position to F{{sub|2}}, although it is most useful for providing convenient alternate slide positions for notes in the middle register, allowing the player to avoid the longest 6th and 7th positions.

The [[timbre]] of the alto is brighter than that of the tenor or bass trombone, and constitutes its principal strength and point of difference. Its bright, clear high register is capable of great expression and beauty of tone.<!-- this is noted in some earlier treatises (not Berlioz) - ref to be dug up! -->

== Repertoire ==

The alto trombone has primarily been used in choral, orchestral and operatic settings, and came to some prominence in the early 19th century, particularly in the symphonies of Schubert, Schumann, Brahms and Mendelssohn. Since the 18th century in Vienna, it has also enjoyed a history as a solo instrument.

Modern composers have rediscovered the instrument and the alto trombone has begun making more appearances in modern small-scale compositions. [[Benjamin Britten|Britten]] used alto trombone in his 1966 chamber opera ''[[The Burning Fiery Furnace]]''. Today, first-chair professional orchestral tenor trombonists are expected to play the alto trombone when required.

Notable works scored for this instrument are listed in the following table.

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Composer !! Work !! Year !! Type
|-
| [[Monteverdi]] || ''[[L'Orfeo]]'' || 1607 || opera
|-
| [[Bach]] || ''[[Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4]]'' || 1707 || Kantata
|-
| [[Bach]] || ''[[Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38]]'' || 1724 || Kantata
|-
| [[Gluck]] || ''[[Alceste (Gluck)|Alceste]]'' || 1767 || opera
|-
| [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]
|| ''[[Mass in C minor (Mozart)|Great Mass in C minor]]'' || 1782–1783 (unfinished) || concerted mass
|-
| Mozart|| ''[[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]]'' || 1791 (unfinished) || concerted mass
|-
| Mozart || ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' || 1787 || [[opera]]
|-
| Mozart || ''[[Idomeneo]]'' || 1781 || opera
|-
| Mozart || ''[[The Magic Flute]]'' || 1791 || opera
|-
| [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] || ''[[The Creation (Haydn)|The Creation]]'' || 1796–1798 || [[oratorio]]
|-
| Haydn || ''[[The Seasons (Haydn)|The Seasons]]'' || 1801 || oratorio
|-
| [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] || [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 5]] || 1804–1808 || [[symphony]]
|-
| Beethoven || [[Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 6]] || 1804–1808 || symphony
|-
| Beethoven || [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 9]] || 1817–1824 || symphony
|-
| Beethoven || ''[[Missa Solemnis (Beethoven)|Missa Solemnis]]'' || 1823 || concerted mass
|-
| [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] || [[Symphony No. 7 (Schubert)|Symphony No. 7]] || 1821 (unfinished) || symphony
|-
| Schubert || [[Symphony No. 8 (Schubert)|Symphony No. 8]] ''"Unfinished"'' || 1822 (unfinished) || symphony
|-
| Schubert || [[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|Symphony No. 9]] ''"The Great"'' || 1826–1827 || symphony
|-
| Schubert || [[Mass No. 5 (Schubert)|Mass No. 5 in A♭ major]] || 1822 || concerted mass
|-
| Schubert || [[Mass No. 6 (Schubert)|Mass No. 6 in E♭ major]] || 1828 || concerted mass
|-
| [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] || ''[[Symphonie Fantastique]]'' || 1830 || symphony
|-
| [[Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy|Mendelssohn]] || [[Lobgesang]] ("Symphony No. 2") || 1840 || symphony-cantata
|-
| Mendelssohn || [[Symphony No. 5 (Mendelssohn)|Symphony No. 5]] ''"Reformation"'' || 1830 || symphony
|-
| Mendelssohn || ''[[Elijah (oratorio)|Elijah]]'' || 1846 || oratorio
|-
| Mendelssohn || ''Overture in C Minor "Ruy Blas"'' || 1839 || [[overture]]
|-
| [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]] || [[Symphony No. 1 (Schumann)|Symphony No. 1]] ''"Spring"'' || 1841 || symphony
|-
| Schumann || [[Symphony No. 2 (Schumann)|Symphony No. 2]] || 1845–1846 || symphony
|-
| Schumann || [[Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)|Symphony No. 3]] ''"Rhenish"'' || 1850 || symphony
|-
| Schumann || [[Symphony No. 4 (Schumann)|Symphony No. 4]] || 1841, revised 1851 || symphony
|-
| [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] || [[Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 1]] || 1876 || symphony
|-
| Brahms || [[Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 2]] || 1877 || symphony
|-
| Brahms || [[Symphony No. 3 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 3]] || 1883 || symphony
|-
| Brahms || [[Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 4]] || 1885 || symphony
|-
| Brahms || ''[[Academic Festival Overture]]'' || 1880 || overture
|-
| Brahms || ''[[Tragic Overture]]'' || 1880 || overture
|-
| Brahms || ''[[Ein Deutsches Requiem]]'' || 1868 || vocal orchestral work
|-
| [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]] || ''[[Gurre-Lieder]]'' || 1911 || vocal orchestral work
|-
| Schoenberg || ''[[Pelleas und Melisande]]'' || 1903 || [[symphonic poem]]
|-
| [[Alban Berg|Berg]] || ''[[Wozzeck]]'' || 1922 || opera
|-
| Berg || ''[[Three Pieces for Orchestra (Berg)|Three Pieces for Orchestra]]'' || 1913–1915 || orchestral work
|-
| [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] || ''[[Threni (Stravinsky)|Threni]]'' || 1958 || vocal orchestral work
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite Q|Q111039091|author1-last=Herbert |author1-first=Trevor |date=2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy8bhvi2-j8C}}
* {{Cite Q|Q114571908|editor1-last=Herbert |editor1-first=Trevor |date=2019 }}
* {{Cite Q|Q111040546|author1-last=Yeo |author1-first=Douglas |author1-link=Douglas Yeo |date=2021}}
{{refend}}

{{Brass instruments}}

[[Category:Trombones]]
[[Category:Orchestral instruments]]
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