Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Andrei Kirilenko (politician)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Soviet politician (1906–1990)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Andrei Kirilenko
| image               = Andrei Pavlovich Kirilenko.jpg
| caption             = Kirilenko in 1974
| office              = Senior Secretary of Cadres of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
| term_start          = 8 April 1966
| term_end            = 5 March 1976
| predecessor         = [[Alexander Shelepin]]
| successor           = [[Konstantin Chernenko]]
| office2             = First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee
| term_start2         = 3 December 1955
| term_end2           = 28 April 1962
| predecessor2        = [[Aleksei Kutyrev]]
| successor2          = [[Konstantin Nikolayev]]
| office3             = First Secretary of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Committee
| term_start3         = June 1950
| term_end3           = December 1955
| predecessor3        = [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
| successor3          = [[Volodymyr Shcherbytsky]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional positions}}
| office4             = Full member of the [[22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|22nd]], [[23rd Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|23rd]], [[24th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|24th]], [[25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]] [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]]
| term_start4         = 23 April 1962
| term_end4           = 22 November 1982
| office5             = Candidate member of the [[19th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|19th]] [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]]
| term_start5         = 29 June 1957
| term_end5           = 31 October 1961
| office6             = Member of the [[23rd Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|23rd]], [[24th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|24th]], [[25th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[26th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]] [[Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Secretariat]]
| term_start6         = 8 April 1966
| term_end6           = 22 November 1982
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1906|9|8|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast|Alexeyevka]], [[Voronezh Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1990|5|12|1906|11|8|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| spouse              = 
| profession          = [[Design engineer|Design]]<ref name="warheroes"/> and [[aircraft maintenance|aircraft engineer]], [[electrician]],{{sfn|Law|1975|p=214}} [[civil servant]]
| party               = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1930–1990)|
| native_name_lang    = ru
| native_name         = {{nobold|Андрей Кириленко}}
}}

'''Andrei Pavlovich Kirilenko''' ({{lang-ukr|Андрій Павлович Кириленко}}; {{lang-ru|Андре́й Па́влович Кириле́нко|p=ɐnˈdrʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ kʲɪrʲɪˈlʲɛnkə}}; {{OldStyleDate|8 September|1906|26 August}} – 12 May 1990) was a [[Soviet people|Soviet]] statesman from the start to the end of the [[Cold War]]. In 1906, Kirilenko was born at [[Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast|Alexeyevka]] in [[Belgorod Oblast]] to a Ukrainian [[working class|working-class]] family. He graduated in the 1920s from a local vocational school, and again in the mid-to-late 1930s from the [[Rybinsk Aviation Technology Institute]]. He became a member of the [[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] in 1930. As many like him, Kirilenko climbed up the Soviet hierarchy through the "industrial ladder"; by the 1960s, he was vice-chairman of the [[Bureau of the Central Committee]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR). After [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s forced resignation, Kirilenko became [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s "chief lieutenant" within the Central Committee.

His main objective was to ensure Brezhnev's power base and, if possible, to strengthen Brezhnev's position within the party. In order to accomplish this task, he emerged as one of the leading figures in the [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Secretariat]] under Brezhnev's rule. In this position, Kirilenko was responsible for personnel selection and supervision of economic planning throughout most of the [[Brezhnev Era]]. In 1976, Brezhnev appointed [[Konstantin Chernenko]] to be his "counterweight" in the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] (CC). He became a [[List of members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the 1960s|member of the Political Bureau]] (Politburo) in 1965. He was forced to resign from active politics due to health reasons and because [[Yuri Andropov]] was appointed to the General Secretaryship. When Andropov became general secretary in 1982, Kirilenko was pushed aside. He died on 12 May 1990 in [[Moscow]].

==Early life and career==
Andrei Kirilenko was born on 8 September 1906 in the village of [[Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast]], in the [[Russian Empire]], to a [[working class|working-class]] family.<ref name=warheroes/> As a young boy, he worked as an [[electrician]] and a [[locksmith]].{{sfn|Law|1975|p=226}} In 1920, Kirilenko graduated from one of the local schools; five years later, he graduated from the Alekseevskii vocational technical school. In the mid-to-late 1920s, Kirilenko started working for a mining [[Enterprises in the Soviet Union|enterprise]] located in the [[Voronezh Oblast]]. He became an active member of [[Komsomol]] in 1929 and, two years later, became a member of the [[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|All-Union Communist Party]]. In 1936, he graduated from the [[Rybinsk Aviation Technology Institute]]. He started working as a [[design engineer]] for the aircraft factory, [[Zaporizhia Engine Plant]]. In 1938, Kirilenko became an active participant in party politics and was eventually selected to the position of Second Secretary of the Voroshilov District Party Committee in [[Zaporozhye Oblast]].  The following year, he was voted in as First Secretary. Later that year he was appointed to Second Secretary of the Zaporizhzhya Regional Party Committee of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. In this role, Kirilenko made significant contributions to the development of [[Metallurgical engineering|metallurgical]] and [[electrical engineering]], but also other sorts of industry.<ref name=warheroes>{{cite web | script-title=ru:Кириленко, Андрей Павлович |trans-title=Kirilenko, Andrei Pavlovich | language = ru | publisher = warheroes.ru | url = http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=12478 | access-date = 20 November 2010 }}</ref>

During the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Great Patriotic War]], Kirilenko was directly involved with evacuating industry to safe zones. From 1941 to 1943, he was a member of the [[Military Soviet of the 18th Army of the Southern Front]]. He contributed by improving discipline among soldiers as well as improving the materiel support for the troops. In 1943, Kirilenko was relocated to [[Moscow]], and during his stay there the production of advanced aircraft increased rapidly. By the end of the war, in 1944, Kirilenko was made First Secretary of the Zaporizhzhya Regional Party. He succeeded [[Leonid Brezhnev]], future [[Soviet leader]], as First Secretary of the [[Dnepropetrovsk]] Regional Party Committee. From 1955 to 1962, he was First Secretary of the [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]] Regional Party Committee;<ref name=warheroes/> he was appointed by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] himself to take charge of [[Planned economy|economic planning]] and personnel selection in urban areas of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR). Kirilenko was later promoted to Khrushchev's vice-chairman of the [[Bureau of the Central Committee]]. Brezhnev benefited from Kirilenko's position, Brezhnev used him to win over supporters of his conspiracy against Khrushchev.{{sfn|Hough|1997|p=87}}

==Brezhnev era==
===Rise to prominence===
Immediately after Khrushchev's ouster, a "[[Collective leadership in the Soviet Union|collective leadership]]" had been formed with Brezhnev as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|First Secretary]], [[Alexei Kosygin]] as [[List of Premiers of the Soviet Union|head of government]] and [[Anastas Mikoyan]] (replaced in 1965 by [[Nikolai Podgorny]]) as [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|head of state]]. Central Committee Secretaries [[Mikhail Suslov]] and Kirilenko were also a part of the collective leadership, with Kirilenko ranked fifth behind Brezhnev, Podgorny, Kosygin, and Suslov.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Sandle, Mark |author2=Bacon, Edwin | title = Brezhnev Reconsidered | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZPP6Jv58sC | page = 13 | isbn = 978-0-333-79463-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v13/d170|title=170. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon |date=10 April 1971 |publisher=history.state.gov | access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> In 1962, Kirilenko became a voting [[List of members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the 1960s|member of the Political Bureau]] (Politburo).{{sfn|Law|1975|p=227}} In 1966, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSFSR was abolished, and Kirilenko became Brezhnev's chief lieutenant. [[Vadim Medvedev]], a Soviet official, said Kirilenko's chief concern was maintaining and strengthening Brezhnev's position within [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|the Party]]. Men who were loyal to Brezhnev were also loyal to Kirilenko.{{sfn|Hough|1997|pp=87–88}}

[[Konstantin Chernenko]], another old Brezhnev [[protégé]], became a "counterweight" to Kirilenko's power within the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] (CC).{{sfn|Hough|1997|pp=87–88}} Before Chernenko's rise in the Soviet hierarchy, Kirilenko provided detailed supervision of new party personnel and the economy. When Chernenko came on board in 1976, Kirilenko supervised the economy. By the mid-to-late 1970s, Kirilenko's health was beginning to decline, and his [[memory]] weakened.{{sfn|Hough|1997|p=84}} Despite his failing health, he was still a high-standing member, and he usually presided over the meetings of the [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Secretariat]] when Suslov was not around.<ref name=warheroes/> While [[First World]] representatives treated Kirilenko as [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Second Secretary of the Communist Party]] because most of his duties had been associated with that office in the past, the position was actually held by Suslov.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Laird, Robert Frederick |author2=Hoffmann, Erik P. | title = Soviet foreign policy in a changing world | publisher = [[Transaction Publishers]] | year = 1989 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1TDa1YNhSjgC | page = 156 | isbn = 978-0-202-24166-1}}</ref> During most of his term, Kirilenko was one of four who had both a seat in the secretariat and Politburo; the three others were Brezhnev, Suslov and [[Fyodor Kulakov]].{{sfn|Law|1975|p=321}}

By 1976 Kirilenko's position within the Soviet leadership had grown to such an extent that leading officials, such as Brezhnev and Suslov, were beginning to worry about his "organisational tail" in the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR). His supervisory responsibilities led many of his colleagues to view him as a threat to the [[Party Organisational Work Department of the Central Committee]] – the Central Committee department overseeing the civilian economy and the [[military–industrial complex]]. His position was weakened drastically by the end of the year, his weakened position did not lead to a strengthening of the Collective leadership but to the weakening of it.{{sfn|Mitchell|1990|p=40}}

===Later career and resignation===
As with Kosygin, Kirilenko's leading position in the Soviet leadership was in "limbo" due to his support for economic reform to countenance the country's stagnating economy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mitchell, R. Judson |title=Getting To the Top in the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process |publisher=[[Hoover Press]] |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipYD0dxjlf8C |isbn=978-0-8179-8921-7 |page=67}}</ref> Kirilenko grew increasingly estranged with Brezhnev in 1977, some believe that it was due to the growing economic hardship that faced the Soviet Union. It is said that the two argued over resource allocation and on how to modernise the ailing economy. However, the most common explanation is that Kirilenko grew estranged was because of his weakened position within the Collective leadership.{{sfn|Mitchell|1990|p=58}}

Kirilenko led the Soviet delegation to the December 1977 [[MPLA]] Party Congress. At this congress, MPLA officially subscribed to the doctrine of [[Marxist-Leninism]]. This congress was important to the [[Soviet Union]], and Kirilenko compared [[Angola]]'s development with that of [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Light, Margot |others= [[Chatham House|Royal Institute of International Affairs]] |title=Troubled friendships: Moscow's Third World ventures |publisher=British Academic Press |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhFZHRpQdu4C |pages=55–56 |isbn=978-1-85043-649-2}}</ref> Kirilenko, along with Premier Kosygin, had been one of the most vocal opponents to a [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet intervention]] in [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. He blamed [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|the Afghan Party leadership]] for the rebellion against them, claiming that the Soviets "gave them everything." He also disliked it when the Afghan leadership tried to justify their murderous actions on the grounds that [[Vladimir Lenin]] also did it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Westad |first=Odd A. |author-link=Odd Arne Westad |title=The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our times |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhFZHRpQdu4C |page=316 |isbn=978-0-521-85364-4}}</ref>

Kirilenko was seen as a possible candidate for the post of [[First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] in 1977, however, First World observers tended to overrate the significance of the office, and because of it, their observation were completely off the mark. [[Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)|Vasili Kuznetsov]], a 76-year-old man, was chosen to the office of First Deputy Chairman instead.{{sfn|Mitchell|1990|p=55–56}} During Brezhnev's later rule, [[KGB]] chairman [[Yuri Andropov]] gradually took over the functions and, eventually, Kirilenko's position within the Soviet leadership.{{sfn|Hough|1997|p=90}} In 1979, Kirilenko lost his unofficial office as supervisor of the defence industry over to [[Pavel Finogenov]], a protégé of [[Dmitriy Ustinov]].{{sfn|Mitchell|1990|p=65–66}} Kirilenko was seen as a key candidate by the West to replace Brezhnev as Soviet leader in 1982. After Brezhnev's death, Kirilenko was removed from the ruling Politburo by the new General Secretary Andropov.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soviet Leadership Expected to Choose a President |newspaper=[[The Hour (newspaper)|The Hour]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uxJJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1233,1960101&dq=andrei-kirilenko&hl=en |date=13 June 1983 }}</ref> With his deteriorating health, having a disease known as [[arteriosclerosis]], Kirilenko was disabled from ensuing active politics or protecting himself from Andropov's attacks.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Castells, Manuel |title=End of Millennium: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhFZHRpQdu4C |page=48 |volume=3 |isbn=978-1-4051-9688-8 |author-link=Manuel Castells}}</ref> After [[Death and funeral of Leonid Brezhnev|Brezhnev's death and funeral]], Kirilenko's mental condition deteriorated to where he could not remember the names of several leading Politburo members. He was unable to write properly during his later life; when asked by Andropov to write a letter of resignation in 1982, he was unable to do so.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brown, Archie |title=The Rise & Fall of Communism |publisher=[[Bodley Head]] |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWQpAQAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-224-07879-5|pages=402–403 |author-link=Archie Brown (historian)}}</ref> The decision to remove Kirilenko was taken before Andropov rose to power, so in the event Brezhnev had died later, Kirilenko would still have been forced to resign.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roeder, Philip G. |title=Red sunset: the failure of Soviet politics |year=1993 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/redsunsetfailure00roed |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/redsunsetfailure00roed/page/133 133] |isbn=978-0-691-01942-0}}</ref> The reason for the decision was that Kirilenko's son had tried to [[Defection|defect]] to the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Mitchell|1990|p=75}}

==Later life, death, and recognition==
When compared to other Soviet politicians who shared the same fate, Kirilenko's downfall was, in the words of historian R. Judson Mitchell, a "relatively easy" fall from power. At [[Death and funeral of Leonid Brezhnev|Brezhnev's lying-in-state and subsequent funeral]], he was allowed to stand next besides Brezhnev's family even if he was not a member of the Soviet leadership at the time. Kirilenko made his last public appearance in 1983, and was given an honorary retirement the same year. Mitchell believes that Andropov gave Kirilenko the honorary retirement so that he could win over Kirilenko's "organisational tail", literally Kirilenko's appointees to top-ranking offices during his years in service.{{sfn|Mitchell|1990|p=75}} He lived the rest of his life in [[Moscow]] and died on 12 May 1990 at age 83 and was buried at the [[Troyekurovskoye Cemetery]]. 

==Awards and honors==
During his lifetime, he was awarded the [[Hero of Socialist Labour]] twice, and he received seven [[Orders of Lenin]] and one [[Order of the October Revolution]].<ref name=warheroes/>

;USSR	
{|			
|[[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px]][[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px]]	
|[[Hero of Socialist Labor]], twice (1966, 1976)
|-	
|[[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|60px]]	
|Seven [[Orders of Lenin]] (1948, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1966, 1971, 1976)	
|-		
|[[File:Order october revolution rib.png|60px]]		
|[[Order of the October Revolution]] (1981)
|-	
|[[File:SU Order of the Patriotic War 2nd class ribbon.svg|60px]]	
|[[Order of the Patriotic War]], 2nd class (1985)
|-	
|[[File:Defodessa.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Defence of Odessa"]] (1942)
|-		
|[[File:Defcaucasus rib.png|60px]]	
|[[Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"]] (1944)
|-
|[[File:Order of Glory Ribbon Bar.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] (1945)
|-
|[[File:RibbonLabourDuringWar.png|60px]]	
|[[Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] (1945)	
|-
|[[File:Outstanding achievements labor.png|60px]]	
|[[Medal "For Labour Valour"]]
|-
|[[File:GuardRibbon.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"]] 
|-
|[[File:100 lenin rib.png|60px]]	
|[[Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"]] (1969)	
|-	
|[[File:VeteranLaborRibbon.png|60px]]	
|[[Medal "Veteran of Labour"]] (1974)
|-
|[[File:DonbassRibbon.jpg|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Restoration of the Donbas Coal Mines"]] (1947)
|-	
|[[File:RestorationOfTheBlackMetallurgicEnterprisesRibbon.gif|60px]]	
|[[Medal "For the Restoration of the Black Metallurgy Enterprises of the South"]] (1948)
|-
|}
	
;Foreign		
{|		
|-
|[[File:Пластина на орден „Георги Димитров“.gif|60px]]
|[[Order of Georgi Dimitrov]] ([[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]])
|-	
|[[File:Cs2okg.png|60px]]
|[[Order of Klement Gottwald]] ([[Czechoslovakia]])	
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
 | author-link = Jerry F. Hough
 | last = Hough
 | first = Jerry F.
 | title = Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991
 | location = Washington, D.C.
 | publisher = [[Brookings Institution Press]]
 | year = 1997
 | url = https://archive.org/details/democratizationr00houg
 | url-access = registration
 | isbn = 978-0-8157-3748-3
 }}
* {{Cite book
 | last = Law 
 | first = David A.
 | title = Russian Civilization
 | publisher = Ardent Media
 | year = 1975
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f3ky9qBavl4C
 | isbn = 978-0-8422-0529-0
 }}
* {{Cite book
 | last = Mitchell
 | first =R. Judson
 | title = Getting to the Top in the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process
 | publisher = [[Hoover Press]]
 | year = 1990
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ipYD0dxjlf8C
 | isbn = 978-0-8179-8921-7
 }}
{{refend}}

{{26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
{{25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
{{24th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
{{23rd Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
{{22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
{{20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
{{Brezhnev Era}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirilenko, Andrei}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery]]
[[Category:Governors of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Heroes of Socialist Labour]]
[[Category:Party leaders of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 20th  Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Candidates of the Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Secretariat of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Secretariat of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Secretariat of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]