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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Byzantine emperor from 1183 to 1185}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Redirect|Misophaes|the class of demons|Demon#Christian demonology}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Andronikos I Komnenos
| image        = 143 - Andronikos I Komnenos (Mutinensis - color).png
| caption      = Miniature portrait of Andronikos I (from a [[Mutinensis gr. 122|15th-century codex]] containing a copy of the ''Extracts of History'' by [[Joannes Zonaras]])
| succession   = [[Byzantine emperor]]
| reign        = September 1183 – 12 September 1185
| coronation   = 
| regent       = [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|John Komnenos]]
| reg-type     = Co-emperor
| predecessor  = [[Alexios II Komnenos]]
| successor    = [[Isaac II Angelos]]
| spouse       = [[Agnes of France (Byzantine empress)|Anna of France]]<br />Eudokia Komnene<br />[[Philippa of Antioch]]<br />[[Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Theodora Komnene]]
| spouse-type  = Wife<br /><br />Mistresses
| issue        =[[Manuel Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|Manuel Komnenos]]<br />  [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|John Komnenos]]<br /> Maria Komnene <br />[[Alexios Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|Alexios Komnenos]]<br />Irene Komnene
| full name    = 
| house        = [[Komnenos]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)|Isaac Komnenos]]
| mother       = [[Kata (daughter of David IV of Georgia)|Kata of Georgia]]
| birth_date   = {{Circa|1117}}
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 12 September 1185<br />(aged 66–67)
| death_place  = [[Constantinople]]<br />(now [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]])
| place of burial = |
| title        = [[List of Byzantine emperors|Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans]]
}}
'''Andronikos I Komnenos''' ({{lang-gr|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός}}; {{c.|lk=no|1117}}&nbsp;– 12 September 1185), [[Latinization of names|Latinized]] as '''Andronicus I Comnenus''', was [[Byzantine emperor]] from 1183 to 1185. He was the son of [[Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)|Isaac Komnenos]] and the grandson of the emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]]. In later Byzantine [[historiography]], Andronikos I became known under the epithet "'''Misophaes'''" ("Hater of Sunlight") in reference to the great number of enemies he had [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|blinded]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lascaratos|first=John|date=1999-07-01|title="Eyes" on the Thrones: Imperial Ophthalmologic Nicknames|url=https://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/S0039-6257(99)00039-9/abstract|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|language=English|volume=44|issue=1|pages=73–78|doi=10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00039-9|issn=0039-6257|pmid=10466590}}</ref>

==Early years==
Andronikos Komnenos was born around 1118. Most of what is known of him is from the writings of the historian [[Niketas Choniates]],<ref name=NCa>Niketas Choniates, ''Annals,'' XIX. {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8arrZPM8moC|title=O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-8143-1764-8|pages=12|language=en|translator-last=Magoulias|translator-first=Harry J.}}</ref> certain passages in a work by Eustathios, 'The Capture of Thessaloniki', or inferred by later historians of the Byzantine Empire. He was handsome and eloquent, active, hardy, courageous, a great general and an able politician, but also [[licentious]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} His early years were spent alternately in pleasure and in military service.

In 1141, he was taken captive by the [[Seljuk Turks]] and remained in their hands for a year. On being [[ransom]]ed, he went to [[Constantinople]], where he was held at the court of his first cousin Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]], to whom he was a great favourite. Here the charms of his niece, Eudoxia, attracted him and she became his mistress.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} In 1152, accompanied by Eudoxia, he set out for an important command in [[Cilicia]]. After his defeat at the [[Battle of Mamistra]], an attack upon [[Mopsuestia]], he returned but was again appointed to the command of a province. This second post he seems also to have left after a short interval, for he appeared again in Constantinople and narrowly escaped death at the hands of the brothers of Eudoxia.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

==Exile==
About 1153, a conspiracy against Emperor Manuel in which Andronikos participated was discovered, and he was imprisoned. After repeated unsuccessful attempts, he escaped in 1165.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} After passing through many dangers, including captivity in [[Vlach]] territory,{{sfn|Spinei|2009|p=131}} he reached [[Kyiv|Kiev]], where his cousin [[Yaroslav Osmomysl]] of [[Principality of Halych|Galicia]] held court. While under the protection of Yaroslav, Andronikos formed an alliance with the Emperor Manuel I, and with a Galician army he joined Manuel in the invasion of [[Hungary]], assisting at the siege of [[Zemun|Semlin]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} The campaign was successful, and Andronikos returned to Constantinople with Manuel I in 1168; a year later, however, Andronikos refused to take the oath of allegiance to [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla of Hungary]], whom Manuel desired to become his successor. Andronikos was removed from court but received the province of [[Cilicia]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

Still under the displeasure of the emperor, Andronikos fled to the court of Prince [[Raymond of Poitiers|Raymond of Antioch]]. While residing here he captivated and seduced the beautiful daughter of the Prince, [[Philippa of Antioch|Philippa]], sister of the Empress [[Maria of Antioch|Maria]]. The emperor was again angered by this dishonour, sent [[Constantine Kalamanos]] to woo Philippa (unsuccessfully),<ref>[https://www.pallasweb.com/p/O_City_of_Byzantium_Annals_of_Niketas_C.pdf O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs], translated by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984. Page 80. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.</ref> and Andronikos was compelled to flee.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} He took refuge with King [[Amalric of Jerusalem]], whose favour he gained, and who invested him with the [[Lordship of Beirut]]. In Jerusalem he saw [[Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Theodora Komnene]], the beautiful widow of King [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]] and niece of Emperor Manuel. Although Andronikos was at that time fifty-six years old, age had not diminished his charms, and Theodora became the next victim of his artful seduction.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} To avoid the vengeance of the emperor, she fled with Andronikos to the court of [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Nur ad-Din]], the [[List of rulers of Damascus|sultan of Damascus]]. Feeling unsafe there, they continued their perilous journey through the [[Caucasus]] and [[Anatolia]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} They were well received by King [[George III of Georgia]], whose sister had probably been the first wife of Andronikos.

Andronikos was granted estates in [[Kakheti|Kakhetia]], in the east of Georgia. In 1173 or 1174, he accompanied the Georgian army on an expedition to [[Shirvan]] up to the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] shores, where George recaptured the fortress of [[Shabaran]] from the invaders from [[Derbent|Darband]] for his cousin, the [[Shirvanshah]] [[Akhsitan I]].{{sfn|Minorsky|1945|pp=557–558}} Finally, Andronikos and Theodora settled in the ancestral lands of the Komnenoi at [[Ünye|Oinaion]], on the shores of the [[Black Sea]], between [[Trabzon|Trebizond]] and [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]].<ref>Speros Vryonis Jr., ''The Decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century'', (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 127</ref> While Andronikos was on one of his incursions into Trebizond, his castle was surprised by the governor of that province, and Theodora and her two children were captured and sent to Constantinople. To obtain their release, Andronikos in early 1180 made abject submission to the emperor and, appearing in chains before him, besought pardon. This he obtained, and he was allowed to retire with Theodora into banishment at Oinaion.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

==Emperor==
In 1180, the Emperor Manuel died and was succeeded by his ten-year-old son [[Alexios II Komnenos|Alexios II]], who was under the guardianship of his mother, [[Maria of Antioch]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} Her Latin origins and culture led to creeping resentment from her Greek subjects. They had felt insulted by the Western tastes of Manuel, watching much of their wealth and opportunity being absorbed by Latin merchants and their trade concessions. The [[regency]] of Manuel's Frankish widow saw increasing Latin favor and tensions rising. Andronikos saw this Latin dissatisfaction as an opportunity to seize the crown for himself, leaving his retirement in 1182 and marching to Constantinople with an army that (according to non-Byzantine sources) included Muslim contingents.<ref>
* [[Ibn Jubayr]] p. 355 Broadhurst (Turks and Arabs);{{full citation needed|date=January 2014}}
* [[William of Tyre]], ''Historia Transmarina'' 22.11 (''innumeras Barbararum nationum secum trahens copias'');{{full citation needed|date=January 2014}}
* [[Walter Map]], ''[[De Nugis Curialium]]'' 2.18 (Turks).{{full citation needed|date=January 2014}}
</ref>
[[File:Hyperpyron of Andronikos I (reverse).jpg|thumb|''[[Hyperpyron]]'' coin of Andronikos I Komnenos, showing him (at left) being crowned by [[Jesus]] (right).]]
Alexios attempted to negotiate, and sent [[George II of Constantinople|George Xiphilinos]] (a future [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|patriarch]]) to Andronikos' camp, offering a pardon and high office. In the event, Xiphilinos betrayed the [[Protosebastos|prōtosebastos]],{{Clarify|date=January 2023}} and Andronikos rejected the offer, insisting instead that the prōtosebastos retire and be held accountable for his administration, and the empress-dowager be confined to a convent. The defection of the commander of the Byzantine navy, ''[[megas doux]]'' [[Andronikos Kontostephanos]], and the defeat and defection of his cousin general Andronikos Angelos,<ref>[https://www.pallasweb.com/p/O_City_of_Byzantium_Annals_of_Niketas_C.pdf O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs], translated by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984. p. 138. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.</ref> played a key role in allowing the rebellious forces to enter Constantinople.{{sfn|Angold|1997|p=267}}

The arrival of Andronikos Komnenos was soon followed by a [[Massacre of the Latins|massacre of the city's Latin inhabitants]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} who virtually controlled its economy, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Westerners. He was believed to have arranged the poisoning of Alexios II's elder sister [[Maria Komnene (daughter of Manuel I)|Maria the Porphyrogenita]] and her husband [[Renier of Montferrat]], although Maria herself had encouraged him to intervene; the poisoner was said to be the [[Eunuch (court official)|eunuch]] Pterygeonites.<ref>[https://www.pallasweb.com/p/O_City_of_Byzantium_Annals_of_Niketas_C.pdf O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs], translated by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984. p. 145. Accessed 21 Jul 2022.</ref> Soon afterwards Andronikos had the Empress Maria imprisoned and then killed – forcing a signature from the child Emperor Alexios to put his mother to death – by Pterygeonites and the ''[[hetaireiarches]]'' Constantine Tripsychos.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Alexios II was compelled to acknowledge Andronikos as colleague in the empire in front of the crowd on the terrace of the [[Arslan Hane, Istanbul|Church of Christ of the Chalkè]] and was then quickly put to death in turn; the killing was carried out by Tripsychos, Theodore Dadibrenos, and [[Stephen Hagiochristophorites]].{{sfn|Choniates|1984|pp=260–274}}

In 1183, sixty-five-year old Andronikos married twelve-year-old [[Agnes of France, Empress consort of the Eastern Roman Empire|Agnes of France]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} daughter of King [[Louis VII of France]] and his third wife [[Adèle of Champagne]] – Agnes had been betrothed to Alexios II.<ref>Jonathan Harris, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', 2nd ed. (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), xiii and 122–136. {{ISBN|1780936710}}</ref> By November 1183, Andronikos had associated his younger legitimate son [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|John Komnenos]] on the throne.<ref>Leonora Neville,  ''Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium : The Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 13–28. {{ISBN|978-1107009455}}</ref> In 1184, a Venetian embassy visited Constantinople, and an agreement was reached that compensation of 1,500 gold pieces would be paid for the losses incurred in 1171.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40061377 |title=Medieval and Renaissance Venice |publisher=University of Illinois Press |others=Donald E. Queller, Ellen E. Kittell, Thomas F. Madden |year=1999 |isbn=0-252-02461-3 |location=Urbana |pages=96–109 |oclc=40061377}}</ref>

The reign of Andronikos was characterized by his harsh measures. He resolved to suppress many abuses but above all things to check [[feudalism]] and limit the power of the nobles, who were rivals for his throne. He attempted to reform the decaying political system by forbidding the sale of offices, punishing corrupt officials (often brutally) but above all, he moved to check the power of the feudal landowners. The people, who felt the severity of his laws, at the same time acknowledged their justice and found themselves protected from the rapacity of their superiors,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} who had grown corrupt under the safety and opulence of Manuel I's rule.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Andronikos became increasingly paranoid and violent, however, and the Empire descended into a terror state.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}. In September 1185, he ordered the execution of all prisoners, exiles, and their families for collusion with the invaders. The aristocrats, in turn, were infuriated against him,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} and there were several revolts.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

The stories of chaos led to an invasion by [[William II of Sicily|William II]] of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} William landed in [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] with a strong force of 200 ships and 80,000 men, including 5,000 knights,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://byzantium.gr/battle.php?byzbat=c12_07 |title=Sack of Thessalonica|website=byzantium.gr}}</ref> and marched as far as [[Thessalonica]], which he [[Sack of Thessalonica (1185)|took and pillaged]] ruthlessly (7,000 Greeks died).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}{{citation needed|date=January 2014|reason=for the numbers and ethnicity}} Andronikos hastily assembled five different armies to stop the Sicilian army from reaching Constantinople, but his forces failed to stand and retreated to the outlying hills. Andronikos also assembled a fleet of 100 ships to stop the Norman fleet from entering the [[Sea of Marmara]]. The invaders would be finally driven out in 1186 by his successor, [[Isaac II Angelus|Isaac Angelos]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014|reason=for everything since the last Chisholm 1911 as none of these details are in EB1911 so they need a citation from another source}}

==Death==
[[File:Death of andronic I.png|thumb|A 15th century depiction of the death of Andronikos. Original in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliothèque Nationale]], France.]]

Andronikos seems then to have resolved to exterminate the aristocracy, and his plans were nearly successful. But on 11 September 1185, during his absence from the capital,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} Stephen Hagiochristophorites, his lieutenant, moved to arrest [[Isaac II Angelos|Isaac Angelos]], whose loyalty was suspect.{{sfn|Harris|2003|p=136}} Angelos killed Hagiochristophorites and took refuge in the church of [[Hagia Sophia]]. He appealed to the populace, and a tumult arose that spread rapidly over the whole city.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

When Andronikos arrived he found that Isaac had been proclaimed emperor.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} The deposed emperor attempted to escape in a boat with his wife Agnes and his mistress, but they were captured (though some claim that Andronikos survived and managed to escape to the self-proclaimed kingdom of [[Cyprus]]).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} Angelos handed him over to the city mob and for three days he was exposed to their fury and resentment,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} remaining for that period tied to a post and beaten. His right hand was cut off, his teeth and hair were pulled out, one of his eyes was gouged out, and, among many other sufferings, boiling water was thrown in his face, punishment probably associated with his handsomeness and life of licentiousness.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} At last he was led to the [[Sultanahmet Square|Hippodrome of Constantinople]] and hung by his feet between two pillars. Two Latin soldiers competed as to whose sword would penetrate his body more deeply, and he was, according to the representation of his death, torn apart; his remains were left unburied and were visible for several years afterwards.{{sfn|Choniates|1984|p=193}} He died on 12 September 1185.{{sfn|Choniates|1984|pp=188-189}} At the news of the Emperor's death, his son and co-emperor, John, was murdered by his own troops in [[Thrace]].{{sfn|Choniates|1984|p=193}} Andronikos I was the last of the [[Komnenos|Komnenoi]] to rule Constantinople, although his grandsons [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexios]] and [[David Komnenos|David]] founded the [[Empire of Trebizond]] in 1204. Their branch of the dynasty was known as the "[[Komnenos|Great Komnenoi]]" (''Megalokomnenoi'').<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vasiliev | first1 = V. V. | year = 1936 | title = The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222) | journal = Speculum | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–36 | jstor=2846872 | doi=10.2307/2846872| s2cid = 162791512 }}</ref>

==Family==
Andronikos I Komnenos was married twice and had numerous mistresses. By his first wife, whose name is not known, he had three children:{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=637}}
* [[Manuel Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|Manuel Komnenos]] (1145 – after 1185), served as an ambassador under Manuel I, and opposed his father's policies when he seized power. Due to this opposition, as well as adherence to the [[AIMA prophecy]], he was not named successor, but awarded the rank of ''[[sebastokrator]]'' instead. Nevertheless, he was blinded by the new regime following the downfall of his father, and disappears from the sources thereafter.{{sfn|Varzos|1984b|pp=511–528}} From his marriage to the [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian]] princess [[Rusudan, daughter of George III of Georgia|Rusudan]], he was the father of [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexios I]] and [[David Komnenos]], the founders of the [[Empire of Trebizond]] and of the dynasty of the Grand Komnenoi, the only male-line descendants of the Komnenian house.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|pp=637–638}}{{sfn|Varzos|1984b|p=527}}
* [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|John Komnenos]] (1159–1185), as a child he accompanied his father during his exile, and after his rise to the throne was crowned co-emperor in November 1183. After the overthrow of Andronikos, he was executed in September 1185. {{sfn|Varzos|1984b|pp=528–532}}
* Maria Komnene (born {{circa|1166}}), married Theodore Synadenos in 1182, but he died shortly after; her second husband was a certain Romanos, whose rapacity and terrorization of the populace during the defence of [[Dyrrhachium]] against the Normans in 1185 contributed to the fall of the city. The fate of Maria and her husband after Andronikos' downfall is unknown.{{sfn|Varzos|1984b|pp=532–535}}

By his cousin and mistress [[Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Theodora Komnene]], Andronikos I had the following children:{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=638}}
* [[Alexios Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|Alexios Komnenos]] (1170 – {{circa|1199}}), his early life is obscure, he fled to Georgia after 1185, where he married into the local nobility. The noble family of [[Andronikashvili]] claim descent from him, and he may have been the forefather of the provincial rulers of [[Alastaneli]].{{sfn|Varzos|1984b|pp=532–537}}{{sfn|Williams|2006}}
* Irene Komnene (born 1171), she was married to the ''sebastokrator'' [[Alexios Komnenos (illegitimate son of Manuel I)|Alexios Komnenos]], an illegitimate son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, in October 1183. Her husband became involved in a conspiracy against Andronikos and was blinded and imprisoned, while Irene entered a monastery.{{sfn|Varzos|1984b|pp=481, 537–539}}
His second marriage to [[Anna of France]], and his liaisons with his other mistresses, remained childless.{{sfn|Varzos|1984a|p=638}}

== In popular culture ==
Andronikos is the main protagonist in Michael Arnold's ''Against the Fall of Night'' (Garden City, New York: Doubleday 1975),<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 1975 |title=Against the Fall of Night |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/michael-arnold-3/against-the-fall-of-night/ |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> as well as Ange Vlachos' ''Their Most Serene Majesties'' (Vanguard Press, 1964).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 1964 |title=Their Most Serene Majesties |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/ange-vlachos/their-most-serene-majesties/ |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref>

He is mentioned in the [[Louis L'Amour]] medieval historical novel, ''[[The Walking Drum]]'', with his gruesome death foreseen by the protagonist in a vision.<ref>{{Cite book |last=L'Amour |first=Louis  |url=http://archive.org/details/Novel55TheWalkingDrum1984LouisLAmour |title=The Walking Drum |date=1984 |publisher=Bantam Books |pages=381–382}}</ref>

He is among the main characters of the historical novel ''Agnes of France'' (1980, {{ISBN|9789600501759}}) by Greek writer [[Kostas Kyriazis]] (b. 1920). The novel describes the events of the reigns of Manuel I, Alexios II and Andronikos I through the eyes of Agnes. The novel ends with the death of Andronikos.

Andronikos was portrayed in the novel ''[[Baudolino]]'' by [[Umberto Eco]], with much detail being given to his grisly end.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mullan |first=John |date=8 May 2003 |title=Catching the Prester John Bug |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n09/john-mullan/catching-the-prester-john-bug |access-date=10 September 2021 |journal=London Review of Books |volume=25 |issue=9 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Byzantine Empire}}
* [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]]
* [[List of Byzantine emperors]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |last=Angold |first=Michael |year=1997 |title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-29468-1}}
* {{EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Andronicus I |volume=1 |pages=975–976}}
* {{cite book | last=Jurewicz | first=Oktawiusz | title=Andronikos I. Komnenos | language=de | year=1970 | publisher=Adolf M. Hakkert | location=Amsterdam | oclc=567685925 }}
* {{cite journal | first = Harry J. | last = Magoulias | title = Andronikos I Komnenos: A Greek Tragedy | journal = Byzantina Symmeikta | volume = 21 | year = 2011 | issn = 1791-4884 | pages = 101–136 | doi = 10.12681/byzsym.1032 | doi-access = free }}
* https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andronicus-I-Comnenus
*{{Citation |last=Minorsky |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Minorsky |title=Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=11 |number=3 |year=1945 |pages=557–558 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x0007227x|s2cid=161748303 }}
* {{Citation |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009 |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5}}
* {{O City of Byzantium}}
* {{citation |last=Williams |first=Kelsey Jackson |year=2006 |url=http://fmg.ac/FMG/Journal/02-03.htm#A%20Genealogy%20of%20the%20Grand%20Komnenoi%20of%20Trebizond |title=A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond |journal=Foundations: The Journal of the Foundation for Mediaeval Genealogy |volume=2 |number=3 |hdl=10023/8570 |access-date=24 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207185450/http://fmg.ac/FMG/Journal/02-03.htm#A%20Genealogy%20of%20the%20Grand%20Komnenoi%20of%20Trebizond |archive-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation | last=Harris | first=Jonathan | year=2003| title=Byzantium and the Crusades| publisher=Bloomsbury Academic}}
* {{Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών | volume = A1 | ref={{harvid|Varzos1984a}} }}
* {{Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών | volume = B | ref={{harvid|Varzos1984b}} }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Gibbon, Edward. ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Chapter 48.
* Grünbart, Michael, 'Die Macht des Historiographen – Andronikos (I.) Komnenos und sein Bild', in ''Zbornik Radova Vizantinoloskog Instituta'' 48, 2011, pp.&nbsp;75–85
* Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-78093-767-0}}
* Harris, Jonathan, 'Collusion with the infidel as a pretext for military action against Byzantium', in ''Clash of Cultures: the Languages of Love and Hate'', ed. Sarah Lambert and Helen Nicholson, Brepols, 2012, pp.&nbsp;99–117. {{ISBN|978 2503 520643}}
* {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium}}
* Mihai Tiuliumeanu, ''Andronic I Comnenul'', [[Iași]], 2000. {{in lang|ro}}
* {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}}
* Eustathios of Thessaloniki 'The Capture of Thessaloniki' (Byzantina Australiensia 8), [[Canberra]] 1988.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111042205/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~byzaus/conferences/16th2010/andronicus.html The full text of a lecture by John Melville-Jones on the life of this emperor is located at] [[Vicnet]]. It is accompanied by an extensive bibliography.


==External links==
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}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Isaac II Angelos]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman emperors}}
{{Komnenoi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komnenos, Andronikos I}}
[[Category:Komnenos dynasty|Andronikos 01]]
[[Category:Byzantine people of the Crusades]]
[[Category:12th-century Byzantine emperors]]
[[Category:1110s births|Andronikos Komnenos]]
[[Category:1185 deaths|Andronikos Komnenos]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox monarchs]]
[[Category:Executed Byzantine people]]
[[Category:Executed monarchs]]
[[Category:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars]]
[[Category:People executed by dismemberment]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]