Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Angola

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Country on the west coast of Southern Africa}}
{{about|the modern country since 1992|the former country from 1975 to 1992|People's Republic of Angola}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Angola
| common_name            = Angola
| native_name            = {{native name|pt|República de Angola}}<br>
| image_flag             = Flag of Angola.svg<!-- DO NOT ADD the proposed flag; you WILL be reverted and warned! -->
| image_coat             = Emblem of Angola.svg
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| national_motto         = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|la|Virtus Unita Fortior|italics=on|nolink=on}}|({{lang-en|"Virtue is stronger when united"}})}}
| national_anthem        = "[[Angola Avante]]"<br />({{Lang-en|"Onwards Angola"}})[[File:Angolan-National-Anthem-_US-Navy-Band.ogg]]
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|[[File:Angola - Location Map (2013) - AGO - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Angola|default=1}}
| map_caption            = 
| capital                = [[Luanda]]
| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;
|{{Tree list}}
*92.9% [[Christianity]]
**53.9% [[Catholic Church in Angola|Catholicism]]
**27.4% [[Protestantism]]
**11.6% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
  |5.1% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]
  |1.1% [[Islam]]
  |0.9% [[Religion in Angola|other]] / [[Irreligion|none]]
  }}
| religion_year          = 2020
| religion_ref           = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=7c |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref>
| coordinates            = {{Coord|8|50|S|13|20|E|type:city}}
| largest_city           = capital
| languages              = [[Angolan Portuguese|Portuguese]]
| languages_type         = Official language
| languages2_type        = National languages
| languages2             = {{unbulleted list
| [[Kimbundu]]
| [[Umbundu]]
| [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]]
| [[Kongo language|Kikongo]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
| 37% [[Ovimbundu]]
| 25% [[Ambundu]]
| 13% [[Kongo people|Bakongo]]
| 21% other African
| 2% [[Mestiço]] (mixed European and African)
| 2% [[Asian people|Asian]]
| 1% [[White Africans of European ancestry|European]]}}
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref>{{cite web|title=Main ethnic groups in Angola 2021
|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1202261/share-of-ethnic-groups-in-angola/|website=Statista}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2021
| demonym                = [[Demographics of Angola|Angolan]]
| government_type        = Unitary [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]
| leader_title1          = [[President of Angola|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[João Lourenço]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of Angola|Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = [[Esperança da Costa]]<ref name="RNA 15-9-22">[https://rna.ao/rna.ao/2022/09/15/investidura-do-presidente-da-republica/ Investidura do Presidente da República]. Rádio Nacional de Angola. 15 September 2022.</ref>
| legislature            = [[National Assembly (Angola)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Angola|Formation]]
| established_event1     = [[Angolan War of Independence|Independence]] from [[Portugal]], under [[People's Republic of Angola|Communist rule]]
| established_date1      = 11 November 1975
| established_event2     = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 397|United Nations full membership]]
| established_date2      = 22 November 1976
| established_event3     = [[Constitution of Angola|Current constitution]]
| established_date3      = 21 January 2010
| area_km2               = 1246700
| area_rank              = 22nd
| area_sq_mi             = 481354
| percent_water          = negligible
| population_estimate    = 37,290,193<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Angola|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 41st
| population_density_km2 = 24.97
| population_density_sq_mi = 64.65
| population_density_rank = 157th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $260.323 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Angola) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 62nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $7,077<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 129th
| GDP_nominal            = {{decrease}} $93.796	billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 61st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $2,550<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 125th
| Gini                   = 51.3
| Gini_year              = 2018
| Gini_ref               = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Angola |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AO |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003448/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DAO |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI                    = 0.588<!-- number only -->
| HDI_year               = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change             = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 146th
| currency               = [[Angolan kwanza]]
| currency_code          = AOA
| time_zone              = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset             = +1
| drives_on              = Right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Angola|+244]]
| cctld                  = [[.ao]]
}}

'''Angola''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-Angola-pronunciation.ogg|æ|n|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|ə}} {{respell|an|GOH|lə}}; {{IPA|pt|ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ|lang}}; {{lang-kg|Ngola}}, {{IPA|kg|ŋɔla|pron}}), officially the '''Republic of Angola''' ({{lang-pt|República de Angola}}), is a country on the west-[[Central Africa|central]] coast of [[Southern Africa]]. It is the second-largest [[Lusophone]] ([[List of territorial entities where Portuguese is an official language|Portuguese-speaking]]) country in both total area and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|population]] and is the [[List of African countries by area|seventh-largest]] country in [[Africa]]. It is bordered by [[Namibia]] to the south, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the north, [[Zambia]] to the east, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west. Angola has an [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] province, the province of [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]], that borders the [[Republic of the Congo]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is [[Luanda]].

Angola has been inhabited since the [[Paleolithic|Paleolithic Age]]. Its formation as a nation-state originates from [[European exploration of Africa|Portuguese colonisation]], which began with coastal settlements and [[trading post]]s in the 16th century. In the 19th century, European settlers gradually began to establish themselves in the interior. The [[Portuguese Angola|Portuguese colony]] that became Angola did not have its present borders until the early 20th century, owing to resistance by native groups such as the Cuamato, the [[Oukwanyama|Kwanyama]] and the [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]]. After a protracted [[Angolan War of Independence|anti-colonial struggle]], Angola achieved independence in 1975 as a [[People's Republic of Angola|one-party Republic]]. The country descended into a devastating [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] the same year, between the ruling [[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] (MPLA), backed by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]], the insurgent [[UNITA|National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]], an originally [[Maoism|Maoist]] and later anti-communist group supported by the [[United States]] and [[South Africa]], and the militant organization [[National Liberation Front of Angola]], backed by [[Zaire]]. The country has been governed by MPLA ever since its independence in 1975. Following the end of the war in 2002, Angola emerged as a relatively stable [[constitutional republic]].

Angola has vast [[Mineral resource estimation|mineral]] and [[Oil reserves|petroleum reserves]], and its economy is among the fastest-growing in the world, especially since the end of the civil war; however, economic growth is highly uneven, with most of the nation's [[Distribution of wealth#Wealth concentration|wealth concentrated]] in a disproportionately small part of the population; the largest investment and trade partners are [[China]], the [[European Union]], and the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=13 April 2010|title=Transparency and Accountability in Angola|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-accountability-angola|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006051053/http://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-accountability-angola|archive-date=6 October 2015|access-date=1 April 2016|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Foreign import trade partners of Angola (2021) |url=https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/ago/show/all/2021 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Foreign export trade partners of Angola (2021) |url=https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/ago/show/all/2021 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref> The [[standard of living]] remains low for most Angolans; [[life expectancy]] is among the [[List of countries by life expectancy|lowest in the world]], while [[infant mortality]] is [[List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates|among the highest]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at birth|year=2014|work=World Fact Book|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html|access-date=4 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120024054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html|archive-date=20 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2017, the government of [[João Lourenço]] has made fighting corruption its flagship, so much so that many individuals of the previous government are either jailed or awaiting trial. Whilst this effort has been recognised by foreign diplomats to be legitimate,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.angop.ao/en/noticias/politica/diplomata-reconhece-esforcos-na-luta-contra-corrupcao/|title=Diplomat recognizes government's effort in fight against corruption|date=30 June 2021|access-date=5 July 2021|publisher=Agéncia Angola Press|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006061359/https://www.angop.ao/en/noticias/politica/diplomata-reconhece-esforcos-na-luta-contra-corrupcao/|url-status=live}}</ref> some skeptics see the actions as being politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/angolas-anti-corruption-drive-real-or-cosmetic|title=Is Angola's Anti-Corruption Drive Real or Cosmetic?|website=VOA News|date=10 January 2020|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628000708/https://www.voanews.com/africa/angolas-anti-corruption-drive-real-or-cosmetic|url-status=live}}</ref>

Angola is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[African Union]], the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], and the [[Southern African Development Community]]. {{As of|2023}}, the Angolan population is estimated at 37.2 million. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola Population (2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/angola-population/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref>Angola is multicultural and multiethnic. [[Culture of Angola|Angolan culture]] reflects centuries of Portuguese influence, namely the predominance of the [[Portuguese language]] and of the [[Catholic Church]], intermingled with a variety of indigenous customs and traditions.

==Etymology==
The name ''Angola'' comes from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] colonial name {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese Angola|Reino de Angola]]}} ('Kingdom of Angola'), which appeared as early as [[Paulo Dias de Novais]]'s 1571 charter.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heywood |first1=Linda M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82 |title=Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660 |last2=Thornton |first2=John K. |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521770651 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320074507/http://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82 |archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> The [[Toponymy|toponym]] was derived by the Portuguese from the title {{lang|kmb|[[List of Ngolas of Ndongo|ngola]]}} held by the kings of [[Kingdom of Ndongo|Ndongo and Matamba]]. Ndongo in the [[highland]]s, between the [[Cuanza River|Kwanza]] and [[Lucala River]]s, was nominally a possession of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], but was seeking greater independence in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/kingdom-kongo-1390-1914 |title=Kingdom of Kongo 1390–1914 |last=Leander |date=18 May 2016 |website=South African History Online |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184815/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/kingdom-kongo-1390-1914 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Angola}}

===Early migrations and political units===
[[File:Jean_Roy_de_Congo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[João I of Kongo|King João I]], [[Manikongo]] of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]]]]
Modern Angola was populated predominantly by [[nomad]]ic [[Khoi]] and [[San people|San]] prior to the first [[Bantu migration]]s. The Khoi and San peoples were neither [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]]s nor cultivators, but rather [[hunter-gatherer]]s.<ref name=Henderson>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Lawrence|title=Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict|date=1979|pages=40–42|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca|isbn=978-0812216202}}</ref> They were displaced by [[Bantu peoples]] arriving from the north in the first millennium BC, most of whom likely originated in what is today northwestern [[Nigeria]] and southern [[Niger]].<ref name=Miller1>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Joseph|title=Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu States in Angola|date=1979|pages=55–56|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca|isbn=978-0198227045}}</ref> Bantu speakers introduced the cultivation of [[banana]]s and [[taro]], as well as large cattle herds, to Angola's central highlands and the Luanda plain. Due to a number of inhibiting geographic factors throughout the landscape of Angola, namely harshly traversable land, hot/humid climate, and a plethora of deadly diseases, intermingling of pre-colonial tribes in Angola was rare.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

A number of political entities were established; the best-known of these was the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], based in Angola, which extended northward to what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and [[Gabon]]. It established [[trade route]]s with other city-states and civilisations up and down the coast of southwestern and western Africa and even with [[Great Zimbabwe]] and the [[Mutapa Empire]], although it engaged in little or no trans-oceanic trade.<ref name="The Story of Africa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page45.shtml|title=The Story of Africa|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524040820/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page45.shtml|archive-date=24 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> To its south lay the [[Kingdom of Ndongo]], from which the area of the later Portuguese colony was sometimes known as ''Dongo'', and right next to them lay the [[Kingdom of Matamba]].<ref name=EB1878>{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Angola |volume=2 |page=45 }}</ref>

===Portuguese colonization===
{{Main|Colonial history of Angola|Portuguese Angola}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Kongo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Coat of arms granted to King [[Afonso I of Kongo]] by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]]]
[[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Age of Discovery|explorer]] [[Diogo Cão]] reached the area in 1484.<ref name=EB1878/> The previous year, the Portuguese had established relations with the [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]], which stretched at the time from modern [[Gabon]] in the north to the [[Kwanza River]] in the south. The Portuguese established their primary early trading post at [[Soyo]], which is now the northernmost city in Angola apart from the [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]] [[enclave and exclave|exclave]]. [[Paulo Dias de Novais]] founded São Paulo de Loanda ([[Luanda]]) in 1575 with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. [[Benguela]] was fortified in 1587 and became a township in 1617.

The Portuguese established several other settlements, forts and trading posts along the Angolan coast, principally trading in [[Slavery in Angola|Angolan slaves]] for [[plantations in the American South|plantations]]. Local slave dealers provided a large number of slaves for the [[Portuguese Empire]],<ref name=Fleisch>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Fleisch |first= Axel|title=Angola: Slave Trade, Abolition of|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia of African History |editor-last=Shillington|editor-first=Kevin|volume=1|pages=131–133|publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=1-57958-245-1}}</ref> usually in exchange for manufactured goods from Europe.<ref>{{cite book|title=Angola President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos Handbook|author=<!--Not stated-->|publisher=Int'l Business Publications USA|date=1 January 2006|page=153|isbn=0739716069}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=14 May 2016|page=27|url= http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/africa-brazil-bridging-chapter2.pdf |chapter=The History of Brazil–Africa Relations|author=<!--Not stated-->|title=Bridging the Atlantic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153221/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/africa-brazil-bridging-chapter2.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

This part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]] continued until after [[independence of Brazil|Brazil's independence]] in the 1820s.<ref name="Handbook">{{Cite book|title=Angola, a Country Study|edition=Third|editor-last=Collelo|editor-first=Thomas|year=1991|publisher=Department of the Army, [[American University]]|location=Washington, D.C.|series=Area Handbook Series|isbn=978-0160308444|pages=14–26}}</ref>
[[File:Queen_Nzinga_1657.png|thumb|right|[[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba|Queen Ana de Sousa of Ndongo]] meeting with the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], 1657]]
[[File:Cidade de São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of [[Luanda]] from 1755]]
Despite Portugal's territorial claims in Angola, its control over much of the country's vast interior was minimal.<ref name=EB1878/> In the 16th century Portugal gained control of the coast through a series of treaties and wars. Life for European colonists was difficult and progress was slow. [[John Iliffe (historian)|John Iliffe]] notes that "Portuguese records of Angola from the 16th century show that a great [[famine]] occurred on average every seventy years; accompanied by epidemic disease, it might kill one-third or one-half of the population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys".<ref>Iliffe, John (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC ''Africans: the history of a continent''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610211914/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC |date=10 June 2016 }}. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. {{ISBN|0-521-68297-5}}. For valuable complements for the 16th and 17th centuries see Beatrix Heintze, ''Studien zur Geschichte Angolas im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert'', Colónia/Alemanha: Köppe, 1996</ref>

During the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], the [[Dutch West India Company]] [[Dutch Loango-Angola|occupied]] the principal settlement of Luanda in 1641, using alliances with local peoples to carry out attacks against Portuguese holdings elsewhere.<ref name="Handbook"/> A fleet under [[Salvador de Sá]] retook Luanda in 1648; reconquest of the rest of the territory was completed by 1650. New treaties with the [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]] were signed in 1649; others with [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba|Njinga]]'s Kingdom of [[Matamba]] and [[Ndongo]] followed in 1656. The conquest of [[Pungo Andongo]] in 1671 was the last major Portuguese expansion from Luanda, as attempts to invade Kongo in 1670 and Matamba in 1681 failed. Colonial outposts also expanded inward from Benguela, but until the late 19th century the inroads from Luanda and Benguela were very limited.<ref name=EB1878/> Hamstrung by a series of political upheavals in the early 1800s, Portugal was slow to mount a large scale annexation of Angolan territory.<ref name="Handbook"/>
[[File:Cadornega.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''History of Angola''; written in Luanda in 1680.]]

The [[slave trade]] was abolished in Angola in 1836, and in 1854 the colonial government freed all its existing slaves.<ref name="Handbook"/> Four years later, a more progressive administration appointed by Portugal abolished [[slavery]] altogether. However, these decrees remained largely unenforceable, and the Portuguese depended on assistance from the British [[Royal Navy]] and what became known as the [[Blockade of Africa]] to enforce their ban on the slave trade.<ref name="Handbook"/> This coincided with a series of renewed military expeditions into the bush.

By the mid-nineteenth century Portugal had established its dominion as far north as the [[Congo River]] and as far south as [[Moçâmedes|Mossâmedes]].<ref name="Handbook"/> Until the late 1880s, Portugal entertained proposals to link Angola with its [[colony]] in [[Mozambique]] but was blocked by British and Belgian opposition.<ref name=Corrado>{{cite book|last=Corrado|first=Jacopo|title=The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870–1920|date=2008|pages=11–13|publisher=Cambria Press|location=Amherst, New York|isbn=978-1604975291}}</ref> In this period, the Portuguese came up against different forms of armed resistance from various peoples in Angola.<ref>See René Pélissier, ''Les guerres grises: Résistance et revoltes en Angola, (1845-1941)'', Éditions Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1977</ref>

The [[Berlin Conference]] in 1884–1885 set the colony's borders, delineating the boundaries of Portuguese claims in Angola,<ref name=Corrado/> although many details were unresolved until the 1920s.<ref>See René Pélissier, ''La colonie du Minotaure. Nationalismes et révoltes en Angola (1926–1961)'', éditions Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1979</ref> Trade between Portugal and its African territories rapidly increased as a result of protective [[tariff]]s, leading to increased development, and a wave of new Portuguese immigrants.<ref name=Corrado/>

Between 1939 and 1943 the Portuguese army carried out operations against the nomadic [[Mucubal people]], accused of rebellion, which led to the death of half their population. The survivors were incarcerated in concentration camps, sent to forced labor camps, where the great majority of them perished due to the brutality of the work system, undernourishment and executions.<ref>Rafael Coca de Campos ''Kakombola. O genocídio dos Mucubais na Angola colonial, 1930-1943'', Ponta Grossa, 2021.</ref>

===Angolan independence===
{{Main|Angolan War of Independence|Portuguese Colonial War}}
[[File:Luanda,desfilemilitar (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Portuguese Armed Forces]] marching in Luanda during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]s (1961–74).]]
Under colonial law, black Angolans were forbidden from forming political parties or labour unions.<ref name=Okoth>{{cite book|last=Okoth|first=Assa|title=A History of Africa: African nationalism and the de-colonisation process|date=2006|pages=143–147|publisher=East African Educational Publishers|location=Nairobi|isbn=9966-25-358-0}}</ref> The first nationalist movements did not take root until after [[World War II]], spearheaded by a largely Westernised and Portuguese-speaking urban class, which included many [[mestiço]]s.<ref name="Dowden">{{cite book|last=Dowden |first= Richard| title = Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles| year = 2010| pages = [https://archive.org/details/africaalteredsta00rich/page/207 207–208]| publisher = Portobello Books| location = London| isbn = 978-1-58648-753-9| url = https://archive.org/details/africaalteredsta00rich/page/207}}</ref> During the early 1960s they were joined by other associations stemming from ''ad hoc'' labour activism in the rural workforce.<ref name=Okoth/> Portugal's refusal to address increasing Angolan demands for [[self-determination]] provoked an armed conflict, which erupted in 1961 with the [[Baixa de Cassanje revolt]] and gradually evolved into a protracted [[Angolan War of Independence|war of independence]] that persisted for the next twelve years.<ref name="Cornwell">{{cite web
|title=The War of Independence|last=Cornwell|first=Richard|url=http://www.issafrica.org/pubs/books/Angola/4cornwell.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221015144/http://www.issafrica.org/pubs/books/Angola/4cornwell.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2015|location=Pretoria|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|date=1 November 2000|access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> Throughout the conflict, three militant nationalist movements with their own partisan guerrilla wings emerged from the fighting between the Portuguese government and local forces, supported to varying degrees by the [[Portuguese Communist Party]].<ref name="Dowden"/><ref name="Stockwell">{{cite book|title=In Search of Enemies|last=Stockwell|first=John|location=London|publisher=Futura Publications Limited|year=1979|orig-year=1978|isbn=978-0393009262|pages=44–45}}</ref>

The ''[[FNLA|National Front for the Liberation of Angola]]'' (FNLA) recruited from [[Bakongo]] refugees in [[Zaire]].<ref name="Hanlon">{{cite book|title=Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/beggaryourneighb00hanl|url-access=registration|last=Hanlon|first=Joseph|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=1986|isbn=978-0253331311|page=[https://archive.org/details/beggaryourneighb00hanl/page/155 155]}}</ref> Benefiting from particularly favourable political circumstances in [[Kinshasha|Léopoldville]], and especially from a common border with Zaire, Angolan political exiles were able to build up a power base among a large expatriate community from related families, clans, and traditions.<ref name="Chabal">{{cite book|title=A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa|last=Chabal|first=Patrick|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0253215659|page=142}}</ref> People on both sides of the border spoke mutually intelligible dialects and enjoyed shared ties to the historical Kingdom of Kongo.<ref name="Chabal"/> Though as foreigners skilled Angolans could not take advantage of [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]'s state employment programme, some found work as middlemen for the absentee owners of various lucrative private ventures. The migrants eventually formed the FNLA with the intention of making a bid for political power upon their envisaged return to Angola.<ref name="Chabal"/>
[[File:FNLA1973.jpg|thumb|upright|Members of the [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] training in 1973.]]
A largely [[Ovimbundu]] guerrilla initiative against the Portuguese in central Angola from 1966 was spearheaded by [[Jonas Savimbi]] and the ''[[UNITA|National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]]'' (UNITA).<ref name="Hanlon"/> It remained handicapped by its geographic remoteness from friendly borders, the ethnic fragmentation of the Ovimbundu, and the isolation of peasants on European plantations where they had little opportunity to mobilise.<ref name="Chabal"/>

During the late 1950s, the rise of the Marxist–Leninist ''[[MPLA|Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]]'' (MPLA) in the east and Dembos hills north of Luanda came to hold special significance. Formed as a coalition resistance movement by the [[Angolan Communist Party]],<ref name="Cornwell"/> the organisation's leadership remained predominantly [[Ambundu]] and courted public sector workers in [[Luanda]].<ref name="Hanlon"/> Although both the MPLA and its rivals accepted material assistance from the [[Soviet Union]] or the [[People's Republic of China]], the former harboured strong anti-imperialist views and was openly critical of the [[United States]] and its support for Portugal.<ref name="Stockwell"/> This allowed it to win important ground on the diplomatic front, soliciting support from nonaligned governments in [[Morocco]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], and the [[United Arab Republic]].<ref name="Cornwell"/>

The MPLA attempted to move its headquarters from [[Conakry]] to Léopoldville in October 1961, renewing efforts to create a common front with the FNLA, then known as the ''Union of Angolan Peoples'' (UPA) and its leader [[Holden Roberto]]. Roberto turned down the offer.<ref name="Cornwell"/> When the MPLA first attempted to insert its own insurgents into Angola, the cadres were ambushed and annihilated by UPA partisans on Roberto's orders—setting a precedent for the bitter factional strife which would later ignite the [[Angolan Civil War]].<ref name="Cornwell"/>

===Angolan Civil War===
{{Main|Angolan Civil War}}
[[File:President MPLA, heer Neto door Den Uyl ontvangen premier Den Uyl en A Neto (r), Bestanddeelnr 927-8518 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Agostinho Neto]], first [[President of Angola]].]]
Throughout the war of independence, the three rival nationalist movements were severely hampered by political and military factionalism, as well as their inability to unite guerrilla efforts against the Portuguese.<ref name=Rothschild1>{{cite book|last=Rothschild|first=Donald|title=Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation|date=1997|pages=115–120|publisher=The Brookings Institution|location=Washington|isbn=978-0815775935}}</ref> Between 1961 and 1975 the MPLA, UNITA, and the FNLA competed for influence in the Angolan population and the international community.<ref name=Rothschild1/> The [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]] became especially sympathetic towards the MPLA and supplied that party with arms, ammunition, funding, and training.<ref name="Rothschild1"/> They also backed UNITA militants until it became clear that the latter was at irreconcilable odds with the MPLA.<ref name=Revolution>{{cite book|last=Domínguez|first=Jorge|title=To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy|date=1989|pages=131–133|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0674893252}}</ref>

The collapse of Portugal's [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] government following the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]] suspended all Portuguese military activity in Africa and the brokering of a ceasefire pending negotiations for Angolan independence.<ref name=Rothschild1/> Encouraged by the [[Organisation of African Unity]], Holden Roberto, Jonas Savimbi, and MPLA chairman [[Agostinho Neto]] met in [[Mombasa]] in early January 1975 and agreed to form a coalition government.<ref name="Weigert">{{cite book|title=Angola: A Modern Military History|last=Weigert|first=Stephen|year=2011|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan
|isbn=978-0230117778|pages=56–65}}</ref> This was ratified by the [[Alvor Agreement]] later that month, which called for general elections and set the country's independence date for 11 November 1975.<ref name="Weigert"/> All three factions, however, followed up on the ceasefire by taking advantage of the gradual Portuguese withdrawal to seize various strategic positions, acquire more arms, and enlarge their militant forces.<ref name="Weigert"/> The rapid influx of weapons from numerous external sources, especially the Soviet Union and the United States, as well as the escalation of tensions between the nationalist parties, fueled a new outbreak of hostilities.<ref name="Weigert"/> With tacit American and Zairean support the FNLA began massing large numbers of troops in northern Angola in an attempt to gain military superiority.<ref name=Rothschild1/> Meanwhile, the MPLA began securing control of Luanda, a traditional Ambundu stronghold.<ref name=Rothschild1/> Sporadic violence broke out in Luanda over the next few months after the FNLA attacked MPLA forces in March 1975.<ref name="Weigert"/>{{additional citation needed|date=August 2023}} The fighting intensified with street clashes in April and May, and UNITA became involved after over two hundred of its members were massacred by an MPLA contingent that June.<ref name="Weigert"/> An upswing in Soviet arms shipments to the MPLA influenced a decision by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to likewise provide substantial covert aid to the FNLA and UNITA.<ref name=Vanneman>{{cite book|last=Vanneman|first=Peter|title=Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann|url-access=registration|date=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/48 48–49]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford|isbn=978-0817989026}}</ref>

In August 1975, the MPLA requested direct assistance from the Soviet Union in the form of ground troops.<ref name=Vanneman/> The Soviets declined, offering to send advisers but no troops; however, Cuba was more forthcoming and in late September dispatched nearly five hundred combat personnel to Angola, along with sophisticated weaponry and supplies.<ref name=Revolution/> By independence, there were over a thousand Cuban soldiers in the country.<ref name=Vanneman/> They were kept supplied by a massive [[Cuba–Angola airbridge|airbridge]] carried out with Soviet aircraft.<ref name=Vanneman/> The persistent buildup of Cuban and Soviet military aid allowed the MPLA to drive its opponents from Luanda and blunt an abortive intervention by Zairean and [[South Africa]]n troops, which had deployed in a belated attempt to assist the FNLA and UNITA.<ref name="Weigert"/> The FNLA was largely annihilated after the decisive [[Battle of Quifangondo]], although UNITA managed to withdraw its civil officials and militia from Luanda and seek sanctuary in the southern provinces.<ref name=Rothschild1/> From there, Savimbi continued to mount a determined insurgent campaign against the MPLA.<ref name=Vanneman/>
[[File:Cuban PT-76 Angola.JPG|thumb|Cuban tank in Luanda during the [[Cuban intervention in Angola]], 1976]]
Between 1975 and 1991, the MPLA implemented an economic and political system based on the principles of [[scientific socialism]], incorporating [[Planned economy|central planning]] and a [[Marxist–Leninist]] [[one-party state]].<ref name=Arming>{{cite book|last=Ferreira|first=Manuel|editor1-last=Brauer|editor1-first=Jurgen|editor2-last=Dunne|editor2-first=J. Paul|title=Arming the South: The Economics of Military Expenditure, Arms Production and Arms Trade in Developing Countries|date=2002|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-230-50125-6|pages=251–255}}</ref> It embarked on an ambitious programme of [[Nationalization|nationalisation]], and the domestic private sector was essentially abolished.<ref name="Arming"/> Privately owned enterprises were nationalised and incorporated into a single umbrella of state-owned enterprises known as ''Unidades Economicas Estatais'' (UEE).<ref name="Arming"/> Under the MPLA, Angola experienced a significant degree of modern [[industrialisation]].<ref name=Arming/> However, corruption and graft also increased and public resources were either allocated inefficiently or simply embezzled by officials for personal enrichment.<ref name=SSG1>{{cite book|last=Akongdit|first=Addis Ababa Othow|title=Impact of Political Stability on Economic Development: Case of South Sudan|date=2013|pages=74–75|publisher=AuthorHouse Ltd, Publishers|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-1491876442}}</ref> The ruling party survived an [[1977 Angolan coup d'état attempt|attempted coup d'état]] by the [[Maoism|Maoist]]-oriented [[Communist Organization of Angola|Communist Organisation of Angola]] (OCA) in 1977, which was suppressed after a series of bloody political purges left thousands of OCA supporters dead.<ref name=Tucker1>{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|title=Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare|date=2013|pages=374–375|publisher=ABC-CLIO Ltd, Publishers|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-1610692793}}</ref>

The MPLA abandoned its former Marxist ideology at its third party congress in 1990, and declared [[social democracy]] to be its new platform.<ref name=Tucker1/> Angola subsequently became a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]]; restrictions on the market economy were also reduced in an attempt to draw foreign investment.<ref name=Tordoff1>{{cite book|last=Tordoff|first=William|title=Government and Politics in Africa|edition=Third|date=1997|pages=97–98|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0333694749}}</ref> By May 1991 it reached a peace agreement with UNITA, the [[Bicesse Accords]], which scheduled [[Angolan general election, 1992|new general elections]] for September 1992.<ref name=Tordoff1/> When the MPLA secured a major electoral victory, UNITA objected to the results of both the presidential and legislative vote count and returned to war.<ref name=Tordoff1/> Following the election, the [[Halloween massacre (Angola)|Halloween massacre]] occurred from 30 October to 1 November, where MPLA forces killed thousands of UNITA supporters.<ref>{{cite book|last=W. James|first=Martin|year=2004|title=Historical Dictionary of Angola|pages=161–162|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1538111239}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Porto de Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|right|[[Luanda]] is experiencing widespread urban renewal and redevelopment in the 21st century, backed largely by profits from the oil and diamond industries.]]
{{Main|2000s in Angola}}
On 22 February 2002, government troops killed Savimbi in a skirmish in the [[Moxico (province)|Moxico province]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2002 |title=Savimbi 'died with gun in hand' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1839252.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614151458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1839252.stm |archive-date=14 June 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=BBC News Online}}</ref> UNITA and the MPLA consented to the [[Luena, Angola|Luena]] Memorandum of Understanding in April; UNITA agreed to give up its armed wing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naufila |first=Marmiliano Keyse de Oliveira |year=2016 |title=A search for an integrated peace framework for Angola: the case of Kuito-Bié and Viana |url=https://ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/14282/Naufila_Marmiliano_Keyse_de%20Oliveira_2016.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[University of KwaZulu Natal]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230814223551/https://ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/14282/Naufila_Marmiliano_Keyse_de%20Oliveira_2016.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2023}}</ref> With the [[elections in Angola|elections]] in [[2008 Angolan legislative election|2008]] and [[2012 Angolan legislative election|2012]], an MPLA-ruled [[dominant-party system]] emerged, with UNITA and the FNLA as opposition parties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pacatolo |first=Carlos |url=https://iep.lisboa.ucp.pt/pt-pt/asset/10381/file |title=The Emerging Predominant Party Systems in Angola (2008– 2017) |publisher=CIEP – Centro de Investigação do Instituto de Estudos Políticos |year=2022 |location=Lisboa |pages=3–15 |language=English}}</ref>

Angola has a serious humanitarian crisis; the result of the prolonged war, of the abundance of [[minefield]]s, and the continued political agitation in favour of the independence of the [[exclave]] of [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]] (carried out in the context of the protracted [[Cabinda War|Cabinda conflict]] by the [[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda|FLEC]]). While most of the internally displaced have now [[Squatting in Angola|squatted]] around the capital, in ''musseques'' ([[shanty towns]]) the general situation for Angolans remains desperate.<ref>Lari (2004), Human Rights Watch (2005)</ref><ref>For an overall analysis see Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola since the Civil War, London: Hurst, 2015</ref>

A [[drought]] in 2016 caused the worst food crisis in [[Southern Africa]] in 25 years, affecting 1.4 million people across seven of Angola's eighteen provinces. [[Food prices]] rose and acute [[malnutrition]] rates doubled, impacting over 95,000 children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidal |first=John |date=2016-05-22 |title=How southern Africa is coping with worst global food crisis for 25 years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/may/22/southern-africa-worst-global-food-crisis-25-years |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[José Eduardo dos Santos]] stepped down as [[President of Angola]] after 38 years in 2017, being peacefully succeeded by [[João Lourenço]], Santos' chosen successor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458|title=Who is Angola's new president Joao Lourenco? &#124; DW &#124; 26.09.2017|website=DW.COM|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203010533/https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458|url-status=live}}</ref> Some members of the dos Santos family were later linked to high levels of corruption. In July 2022, ex-president José Eduardo dos Santos died in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |title=José Eduardo dos Santos: State funeral for Angola ex-president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62705492 |work=BBC News |date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

In August 2022, the ruling party, MPLA, won another majority and President Lourenço won a second five-year term in the [[2022 Angolan general election|election]]. However, the election was the tightest in Angola's history.<ref>{{cite news |title=Angola's MPLA ruling party wins elections and presidency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/29/angola-ruling-party-wins-vote-and-president-a-second-term |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Angola}}
[[File:Angola Topography.png|thumb|upright|Topography of Angola]]

At {{convert|1246700|km2|sqmi|abbr= on}},<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison|title= Country Comparisons -- Area|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|work = The World Factbook|access-date= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222711/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/country-comparison|archive-date= 4 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Angola is the world's twenty-fourth largest country – comparable in size to Mali, or twice the size of France or of Texas. It lies mostly between latitudes [[4th parallel south|4°]] and [[18th parallel south|18°S]], and longitudes [[12th meridian east|12°]] and [[24th meridian east|24°E]].

Angola borders [[Namibia]] to the south, [[Zambia]] to the east, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the north-east and the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.

The coastal [[enclave and exclave|exclave]] of [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]] in the north has borders with the [[Republic of the Congo]] to the north and with the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinda {{!}} Angola, War, Oil & Conflict |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cabinda-province-Angola |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Britannica |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209033325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cabinda-province-Angola |archive-date= Feb 9, 2023 }}</ref> Angola has a favorable coastline for maritime trade with four natural harbors: Luanda, Lobito, Moçâmedes, and Porto Alexandre. These natural indentations contrast with Africa's typical coastline of rocky cliffs and deep bays.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=Lawrence |title=Angola |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1979}}</ref> Angola's capital, [[Luanda]], lies on the Atlantic coast in the northwest of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola {{!}} History, Capital, Flag, Map, Population, Language, & Religion |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

Angola had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.35/10, ranking it 23rd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |bibcode-access=free |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:AngolaOverview_S2_2022.png|thumb|right|300px|Satellite imagery of Angola, 2022]]

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Angola}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_AGO_present.svg|thumb|300px|Angola map of Köppen climate classification.]]

Like the rest of tropical Africa, Angola experiences distinct, alternating [[Monsoon|rainy]] and [[Dry season|dry]] seasons.<ref name=":1">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite encyclopedia|title=Angola: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90003244/|date=1989|editor-last=Collelo|editor-first=Thomas|pages=57–61|language=English|isbn=|oclc=44357178|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100132/https://www.loc.gov/item/90003244/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> In the north, the rainy season may last for as long as seven months—usually from September to April, with perhaps a brief slackening in January or February.<ref name=":1" /> In the south, the rainy season begins later, in November, and lasts until about February.<ref name=":1" /> The dry season (''cacimbo'') is often characterized by a heavy morning mist.<ref name=":1" /> In general, precipitation is higher in the north, but at any latitude it is greater in the interior than along the coast and increases with altitude.<ref name=":1" /> Temperatures fall with distance from the equator and with altitude and tend to rise closer to the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":1" /> Thus, at [[Soyo]], at the mouth of the [[Congo River]], the average annual temperature is about 26&nbsp;°C, but it is under 16&nbsp;°C at [[Huambo]] on the temperate central plateau.<ref name=":1" /> The coolest months are July and August (in the middle of the dry season), when frost may sometimes form at higher altitudes.<ref name=":1" />

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Provinces of Angola|Municipalities of Angola|Communes of Angola}}
[[File:Angola Provinces numbered 300px.png|thumb|upright|Map of Angola with the provinces numbered]]
[[File:Huambo, Palácio do Governador (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Huambo Province|Provincial Government of Huambo]].]] 
{{As of|March 2016}}, Angola is divided into [[Provinces of Angola|eighteen provinces]] (''províncias'') and [[Municipalities of Angola|162 municipalities]]. The municipalities are further divided into 559 communes (townships).<ref name="acd">{{Citation |title=Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014 |date=March 2016 |url=http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf|page=27|trans-title=Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística|language=pt|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The provinces are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- bgcolor="#ACE1AF"
!Number
!Province
!Capital
!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930004212/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx|archive-date=2016-09-30 |title=Angola General Information |website=geohive.com |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref>
!Population <br /> (2014 Census)<ref name="Censo2014s">{{cite web |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |trans-title=Definitive Results General Population and Housing Census - 2014 |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf|access-date=3 May 2020|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1
|[[Bengo Province|Bengo]]
|[[Caxito]]
| align="right" |31,371
| align="right" |356,641
|-
|2
|[[Benguela Province|Benguela]]
|[[Benguela]]
| align="right" |39,826
| align="right" |2,231,385
|-
|3
|[[Bié Province|Bié]]
|[[Cuíto]]
| align="right" |70,314
| align="right" |1,455,255
|-
|4
|[[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]]
|[[Cabinda (city)|Cabinda]]
| align="right" |7,270
| align="right" |716,076
|-
|5
|[[Cuando Cubango Province|Cuando Cubango]]
|[[Menongue]]
| align="right" |199,049
| align="right" |534,002
|-
|6
|[[Cuanza Norte Province|Cuanza Norte]]
|[[N'dalatando]]
| align="right" |24,110
| align="right" |443,386
|-
|7
|[[Cuanza Sul Province|Cuanza Sul]]
|[[Sumbe]]
| align="right" |55,600
| align="right" |1,881,873
|-
|8
|[[Cunene Province|Cunene]]
|[[Ondjiva]]
| align="right" |87,342
| align="right" |990,087
|-
|9
|[[Huambo Province|Huambo]]
|[[Huambo]]
| align="right" |34,270
| align="right" |2,019,555
|-
|10
|[[Huíla Province|Huíla]]
|[[Lubango]]
| align="right" |79,023
| align="right" |2,497,422
|-
|11
|[[Luanda Province|Luanda]]
|[[Luanda]]
| align="right" |2,417
| align="right" |6,945,386
|-
|12
|[[Lunda Norte Province|Lunda Norte]] 
|[[Dundo]]
| align="right" |103,760
| align="right" |862,566
|-
|13
|[[Lunda Sul Province|Lunda Sul]]
|[[Saurimo]]
| align="right" |77,637
| align="right" |537,587
|-
|14
|[[Malanje Province|Malanje]]
|[[Malanje]]
| align="right" |97,602
| align="right" |986,363
|-
|15
|[[Moxico Province|Moxico]]
|[[Luena, Moxico Province|Luena]]
| align="right" |223,023
| align="right" |758,568
|-
|16
|[[Namibe Province|Namibe]]
|[[Moçâmedes]]
| align="right" |57,091
| align="right" |495,326
|-
|17
|[[Uíge Province|Uíge]]
|[[Uíge]]
| align="right" |58,698
| align="right" |1,483,118
|-
|18
|[[Zaire Province|Zaire]]
|[[M'banza-Kongo]]
| align="right" |40,130
| align="right" |594,428
|}

===Exclave of Cabinda===
{{Main|Cabinda Province}}
[[File:Governo Provincial do Namibe (19543179475) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Namibe Province|Provincial Government of Namibe]].]]
With an area of approximately {{convert|7283|km2|sqmi}}, the Northern Angolan province of Cabinda is unusual in being separated from the rest of the country by a strip, some {{convert|60|km}} wide, of the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] along the lower [[Congo River]]. Cabinda borders the [[Congo Republic]] to the north and north-northeast and the DRC to the east and south. The town of Cabinda is the chief population centre.

According to a 1995 census, Cabinda had an estimated population of 600,000, approximately 400,000 of whom are citizens of neighboring countries. Population estimates are, however, highly unreliable. Consisting largely of tropical forest, Cabinda produces hardwoods, coffee, cocoa, crude rubber and palm oil.

The product for which it is best known, however, is its oil, which has given it the nickname, "the Kuwait of Africa". Cabinda's petroleum production from its considerable offshore reserves now accounts for more than half of Angola's output.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 December 2013|title=Angola profile|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624084435/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732|archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Most of the oil along its coast was discovered under [[Portuguese Angola|Portuguese rule]] by the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company (CABGOC) from 1968 onwards.

Ever since [[Portugal]] handed over sovereignty of its former overseas province of Angola to the local independence groups (MPLA, UNITA and FNLA), the territory of Cabinda has been a focus of separatist guerrilla actions opposing the [[Government of Angola]] (which has employed its armed forces, the FAA—Forças Armadas Angolanas) and Cabindan separatists.

===Wildlife===
{{Main|Wildlife of Angola}}

== Government and politics ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2020}}<!--several subsections with no or few footnotes-->
{{Main|Politics of Angola}}
{{See also|Elections in Angola|List of political parties in Angola}}
[[File:National Assembly Building (19898889148).jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Assembly of Angola]]]]
The Angolan government is composed of three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch of the government is composed of the President, the vice-presidents and the Council of Ministers.

The legislative branch comprises a 220-seat [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature, the [[National Assembly of Angola]], elected from multi-member province-wide and nationwide constituencies using [[party-list proportional representation]]. For decades, political power has been concentrated in the presidency.<ref>{{cite book |title=Der neue Fischer Weltalmanach 2019 |trans-title=The new Fischer World Almanac 2019 |date=1 July 2018 |publisher=Fischer |isbn=978-3-596-72019-4 |pages=38}}</ref>

After 38 years of rule, in 2017 President dos Santos stepped down from MPLA leadership.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-03/angola-ruling-party-names-joao-lourenco-presidential-candidate Angolan Leader Dos Santos to Step Down After 38 Years in Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407015106/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-03/angola-ruling-party-names-joao-lourenco-presidential-candidate |date=7 April 2017 }}. Bloomberg (3 February 2017). Retrieved on 26 April 2017.</ref> The leader of the winning party at the parliamentary elections in August 2017 would become the next president of Angola. The MPLA selected the former Defense Minister [[João Lourenço]] as Santos' chosen successor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thiefaine |first=Charles |date=2016-12-05 |title=En Angola, le ministre de la Défense devrait succèder au président Dos Santos |language=fr |trans-title=In Angola, the minister of defense is to succeed President Dos Santos |work=Lefigaro.fr |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/12/05/01003-20161205ARTFIG00307-en-angola-le-ministre-de-la-defense-devrait-succeder-au-president-dos-santos.php |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025941/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/12/05/01003-20161205ARTFIG00307-en-angola-le-ministre-de-la-defense-devrait-succeder-au-president-dos-santos.php |archive-date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

In what has been described as a political purge<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://beninwebtv.com/2017/11/angola-purge-sein-de-sonangol-emporte-isabel-santos/|title=Angola : une purge au sein de la Sonangol emporte Isabel dos Santos |trans-title=Angola: a purge within Sonangol takes away Isabel dos Santos |date=15 November 2017|work=BENIN WEB TV|access-date=21 November 2017|language=fr-FR}} {{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to cement his power and reduce the influence of the Dos Santos family, Lourenço subsequently sacked the chief of the national police, Ambrósio de Lemos, and the head of the intelligence service, Apolinário José Pereira. Both are considered allies of former president Dos Santos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-police/angolas-lourenco-replaces-police-and-intelligence-chiefs-idUSKBN1DK1SH|title=Angola's Lourenco replaces police and intelligence chiefs|date=20 November 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120171118/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-police/angolas-lourenco-replaces-police-and-intelligence-chiefs-idUSKBN1DK1SH|archive-date=20 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He also removed [[Isabel dos Santos|Isabel Dos Santos]], daughter of the former president, as head of the country's state oil company [[Sonangol Group|Sonangol]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42003016|title=Angola sacks Africa's richest woman|date=15 November 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118031625/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42003016|archive-date=18 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2020, [[José Filomeno dos Santos]], son of Angola's former president, was sentenced for five years in jail for fraud and corruption.<ref>{{cite news |title=José Filomeno dos Santos: Son of Angola's ex-leader jailed for five years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53774288 |work=BBC News |date=14 August 2020 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203552/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53774288 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Constitution===
[[File:Vladimir Putin and João Lourenço, 26 july 2018 (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[João Lourenço]], [[President of Angola]]]]
{{main|Constitution of Angola}}
The [[Constitution of Angola|Constitution of 2010]] establishes the broad outlines of government structure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The legal system is based on Portuguese law and customary law but is weak and fragmented, and courts operate in only 12 of more than 140 municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Angola|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/angola/19488.htm|website=State.gov|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210081539/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/angola/19488.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A Supreme Court serves as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court does not hold the powers of [[judicial review]].<ref name="CIA"/> Governors of the 18 provinces are appointed by the president. After the end of the civil war, the regime came under pressure from within as well as from the international community to become more democratic and less authoritarian. Its reaction was to implement a number of changes without substantially changing its character.<ref>Péclard, Didier (ed.) (2008) ''L'Angola dans la paix: Autoritarisme et reconversions'', special issue of ''Politique africains'' (Paris), p. 110.</ref>

The [[Constitution of Angola|new constitution]], adopted in 2010, did away with presidential elections, introducing a system in which the president and the vice-president of the political party that wins the parliamentary elections automatically become president and vice-president. Directly or indirectly, the president controls all other organs of the state, so there is ''de facto'' no [[separation of powers]].<ref>Miranda, Jorge (2010) "A Constituição de Angola de 2010", ''O Direito'' (Lisbon), vol. 142.</ref> In the classifications used in constitutional law, this government falls under the category of ''authoritarian regime.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Angola Party Politics: Into the African Trend|last=Amundsen|first=Inge|publisher=Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) and Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica (CEIC)|year=2011|type=PDF}}</ref>

===Armed forces===
{{Main|Angolan Armed Forces}}
[[File:Luanda - Angola (6276460346) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Soldiers of the [[Angolan Armed Forces]] in [[full dress uniform]]]]
The Angolan Armed Forces (Forças Armadas Angolanas, FAA) are headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the Minister of Defence. There are three divisions—the Army (Exército), Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MGA) and [[National Air Force of Angola|National Air Force]] (Força Aérea Nacional, FAN). Total manpower is 107,000; plus paramilitary forces of 10,000 (2015 est.).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide|publisher=Helicon|year=2018|isbn=978-1-84972-716-7|location=Abington, UK}}</ref>

Its equipment includes Russian-manufactured fighters, bombers and transport planes. There are also Brazilian-made [[EMB-312 Tucano]]s for training, Czech-made L-39s for training and bombing, and a variety of western-made aircraft such as the C-212\Aviocar, Sud Aviation Alouette III, etc. A small number of FAA personnel are stationed in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (Kinshasa) and 500 more were deployed in March 2023 due to the resurgence of the [[M23 rebellion|M23]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-06 |title=DRC: Angolan soldier killed in Kasai |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/07/06/drc-angolan-soldier-killed-in-kasai/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510124820/https://www.africanews.com/2020/07/06/drc-angolan-soldier-killed-in-kasai/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gomes |first1=Miguel |last2=Rolley |first2=Sonia |date=17 March 2023 |title=Angola to deploy troops in Congo's rebel-hit east |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/angola-deploy-troops-congos-rebel-hit-east-2023-03-17/ |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> The FAA has also participated in the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC)'s [[Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique|mission for peace]] in [[Cabo Delgado Province|Cabo Delgado]], [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola to join SADC military mission to Mozambique - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-07/28/c_1310092087.htm |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.xinhuanet.com |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025093503/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-07/28/c_1310092087.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Police===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Angola}}
[[File:Angola transito (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Angolan National Police officers]]
The National Police departments are Public Order, Criminal Investigation, Traffic and Transport, Investigation and Inspection of Economic Activities, Taxation and Frontier Supervision, Riot Police and the Rapid Intervention Police. The National Police are in the process of standing up an air wing,{{when|date=November 2017}} to provide helicopter support for operations. The National Police are developing their criminal investigation and forensic capabilities. The force has an estimated 6,000 patrol officers, 2,500 taxation and frontier supervision officers, 182 criminal investigators and 100 financial crimes detectives and around 90 economic activity inspectors.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

The National Police have implemented a modernisation and development plan to increase the capabilities and efficiency of the total force. In addition to administrative reorganisation, modernisation projects include procurement of new vehicles, aircraft and equipment, construction of new police stations and forensic laboratories, restructured training programmes and the replacement of [[AKM rifle]]s with 9&nbsp;mm [[Uzi]]s for officers in urban areas.

===Justice===
A Supreme Court serves as a court of appeal. The Constitutional Court is the supreme body of the constitutional jurisdiction, established with the approval of Law no. 2/08, of 17 June – Organic Law of the Constitutional Court and Law n. 3/08, of 17 June – Organic Law of the Constitutional Process. The legal system is based on Portuguese and customary law. There are 12 courts in more than 140 counties in the country. Its first task was the validation of the candidacies of the political parties to the legislative elections of 5 September 2008. Thus, on 25 June 2008, the Constitutional Court was institutionalized and its Judicial Counselors assumed the position before the President of the Republic. Currently, seven advisory judges are present, four men and three women. {{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In 2014, a new penal code took effect in Angola. The classification of [[money-laundering]] as a crime is one of the novelties in the new legislation.<ref>[http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/280463/angola-com-novo-codigo-penal-ainda-este-ano Angola com novo Código Penal ainda este ano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215075205/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/280463/angola-com-novo-codigo-penal-ainda-este-ano |date=15 December 2014 }}, Notícias ao Minuto, 24 September 2014</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Angola|List of diplomatic missions of Angola}}
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With Angolan Foreign Minister Augusto (48578221376) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Minister of External Relations (Angola)|Foreign Minister of Angola]] [[Manuel Domingos Augusto]].]]

Angola is a founding member state of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of [[Lusophone]] nations across four continents, where [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is an official language.

On 16 October 2014, Angola was elected for the second time a non-permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]], with 190 favorable votes out of a total of 193. The term of office began on 1 January 2015 and expired on 31 December 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ribeiro |first=João Ruela |date=16 October 2014 |title=Angola eleita para o Conselho de Segurança da ONU |language=pt |trans-title=Angola elected to the UN Security Council |work=publico.pt |url=http://www.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/angola-eleita-como-membro-naopermanente-no-conselho-de-seguranca-da-onu-1673156 |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906015310/https://www.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/angola-eleita-como-membro-naopermanente-no-conselho-de-seguranca-da-onu-1673156 |archive-date=6 September 2016}} Public, 16 October 2014</ref>

Since January 2014, the Republic of Angola has been chairing the International Conference for the Great Lakes Region (CIRGL). [80] In 2015, CIRGL Executive Secretary Ntumba Luaba said that Angola is the example to be followed by the members of the organization, due to the significant progress made during the 12 years of peace, namely in terms of socio-economic stability and political-military.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expansao.co.ao/Artigo/Geral/52550 |title=Angola deve servir de exemplo para os países da CIRGL – Ntumba Luaba |trans-title=Angola should serve as an example for ICGLR countries – Ntumba Luaba |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110419/http://expansao.co.ao/artigo/geral/52550|archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}} Expansion, 8 January 2015</ref>

===Human rights===
{{see also|Human rights in Angola|LGBT rights in Angola}}
Angola was classified as 'not free' by [[Freedom House]] in the [[Freedom in the World]] 2014 report.<ref name=freedomhouse>{{cite web|title=Angola|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/angola|work=Freedom in the World 2014|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207234837/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/angola|archive-date=7 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The report noted that the [[Angolan legislative election, 2012|August 2012 parliamentary elections]], in which the ruling [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] won more than 70% of the vote, suffered from serious flaws, including outdated and inaccurate voter rolls.<ref name=freedomhouse/> Voter turnout dropped from 80% in 2008 to 60%.<ref name=freedomhouse/>

A 2012 report by the [[United States State Department|U.S. Department of State]] said, "The three most important [[human rights]] abuses [in 2012] were official corruption and impunity; limits on the freedoms of assembly, association, speech, and press; and cruel and excessive punishment, including reported cases of torture and beatings as well as unlawful killings by police and other security personnel."<ref>{{citation|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204298.pdf|title=2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Angola|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326141534/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204298.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Angola ranked forty-two of forty-eight sub-Saharan African states on the 2007 Index of African Governance list and scored poorly on the 2013 [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Condon|first=Madison|date=2012-01-01|title=China in Africa: What the Policy of Nonintervention Adds to the Western Development Dilemma|url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/990|journal=PRAXIS: The Fletcher Journal of Human Security|volume=27|page=5|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026063319/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/990/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|8}} It was ranked 39 out of 52 [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n countries, scoring particularly badly in the areas of participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunity and human development. The Ibrahim Index uses a number of variables to compile its list which reflects the state of governance in Africa.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/iiag/| title=Ibrahim Index of African Governance| publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation| access-date=9 August 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801173520/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/iiag/| archive-date=1 August 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] acts were decriminalized in Angola, and the government also prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation. The vote was overwhelming: 155 for, 1 against, 7 abstaining.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Sophie |date=24 January 2019 |title=Angola decriminalises homosexuality and bans discrimination based on sexual orientation |work=The Evening Standard |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/angola-decriminalises-homosexuality-and-bans-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-a4047871.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124231409/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/angola-decriminalises-homosexuality-and-bans-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-a4047871.html |archive-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Angola}}
[[File:GDP per capita development of Angola.svg|thumb|GDP per capita 1950 to 2018]]
Angola has diamonds, oil, gold, copper and rich wildlife (which was dramatically depleted during the civil war), forest and fossil fuels. Since independence, oil and diamonds have been the most important economic resource. [[Smallholding|Smallholder]] and [[plantation]] agriculture dramatically dropped in the [[Angolan Civil War]], but began to recover after 2002.

Angola's economy has in recent years moved on from the disarray caused by a quarter-century of [[Angolan civil war]] to become the fastest-growing economy in Africa and one of the fastest-growing in the world, with an average [[GDP]] growth of 20% between 2005 and 2007.<ref>[http://www.mfw4a.org/angola/angola-financial-sector-profile.html Angola Financial Sector Profile: MFW4A – Making Finance Work for Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110141/http://www.mfw4a.org/angola/angola-financial-sector-profile.html |date=13 May 2011 }}. MFW4A. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</ref> In the period 2001–10, Angola had the world's highest [[annual average GDP growth]], at 11.1%.

In 2004, the [[Export–Import Bank of China|Exim Bank of China]] approved a $2&nbsp;billion [[line of credit]] to Angola, to be used for rebuilding Angola's [[infrastructure]], and to limit the influence of the [[International Monetary Fund]] there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505120801/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460&language_id=1|archive-date=5 May 2006|title=The Increasing Importance of African Oil|work=Power and Interest Report|date=20 March 2006}}</ref>

China is Angola's biggest trade partner and [[export]] destination as well as a significant source of [[import]]s. Bilateral trade reached $27.67&nbsp;billion in 2011, up 11.5% year-on-year. China's imports, mainly [[crude oil]] and diamonds, increased 9.1% to $24.89&nbsp;billion while China's exports to Angola, including mechanical and electrical products, machinery parts and construction materials, surged 38.8%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globaltradelogistic.com/logistics/africa/angola/|title=Angolo|website=Global Trade Logistic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064335/http://globaltradelogistic.com/logistics/africa/angola/|archive-date=21 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> The oil [[Overproduction|glut]] led to a local [[price]] for unleaded gasoline of [[Pound sterling|£]]0.37 a gallon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-Angola-retains-title-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.html |title=Luanda, capital of Angola, retains title of world's most expensive for expats. ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 9 August 2013. |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905035011/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-Angola-retains-title-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.html |archive-date=5 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2021, the biggest import partners were the European Union, followed by China, [[Togo]], the United States, and Brazil.<ref name=":3" /> More than half of Angola's exports go to China, followed by a significantly smaller amount to India, the European Union, and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=":4" />

The Angolan economy grew 18% in 2005, 26% in 2006 and 17.6% in 2007. Due to the global [[recession]], the economy contracted an estimated −0.3% in 2009.<ref name=CIA/> The security brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has allowed the resettlement of 4&nbsp;million displaced persons and a resulting large-scale increase in agriculture production. Angola's economy is expected to grow by 3.9 per cent in 2014 said the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), robust growth in the non-oil economy, mainly driven by a very good performance in the agricultural sector, is expected to offset a temporary drop in oil production.<ref>[http://en.starafrica.com/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-by-3-9-percent-imf.html Angola's economy to grow by 3.9 percent-IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713173958/http://en.starafrica.com/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-by-3-9-percent-imf.html |date=13 July 2015 }} StarAfrica, 4 September 2014</ref>
[[File:Banco Nacional de Angola in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Bank of Angola]].]]
Angola's financial system is maintained by the [[National Bank of Angola]] and managed by the governor [[:no:Jose de Lima Massano|Jose de Lima Massano]]. According to a study on the banking sector, carried out by [[Deloitte]], the monetary policy led by [[Banco Nacional de Angola]] (BNA), the Angolan national bank, allowed a decrease in the inflation rate put at 7.96% in December 2013, which contributed to the sector's growth trend.<ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/8/39/Angola-Sector-bancario-mantem-crescimento-2013,cd70b614-7123-4e91-b07f-caed89276592.html Angola: Sector bancário mantém crescimento em 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072005/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/8/39/Angola-Sector-bancario-mantem-crescimento-2013,cd70b614-7123-4e91-b07f-caed89276592.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, Angola Press (26 September 2014)</ref> Estimates released by Angola's central bank, said the country's economy should grow at an annual average rate of 5 per cent over the next four years, boosted by the increasing participation of the private sector.<ref>[https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKCN0HV1EN20141006 Angola seen growing average 5 percent: Central Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041824/https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKCN0HV1EN20141006 |date=1 December 2017 }}, Reuters (Africa), 10 June 2014</ref> Angola was ranked 132rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref>

Although the country's economy has grown significantly since Angola achieved political stability in 2002, mainly due to fast-rising earnings in the oil sector, Angola faces huge social and economic problems. These are in part a result of almost continual armed conflict from 1961 on, although the highest level of destruction and socio-economic damage took place after the 1975 independence, during the long years of [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]]. However, high [[poverty rate]]s and blatant [[social inequality]] chiefly stems from persistent [[authoritarianism]], "neo-patrimonial" practices at all levels of the political, administrative, military and economic structures, and of [[Corruption in Angola|a pervasive corruption]].<ref>Anti-corruption watchdog [[Transparency International]] rates Angola one of the 10 most corrupt countries in the world.</ref><ref>Dolan, Kerry A. (23 January 2013). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-of-angolas-president-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/ "Isabel Dos Santos, Daughter Of Angola's President, Is Africa's First Woman Billionaire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815004333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-of-angolas-president-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/ |date=15 August 2017 }}. ''Forbes''.</ref> The main beneficiaries are political, administrative, economic and military power holders, who have accumulated (and continue to accumulate) enormous wealth.<ref>This process is well analyzed by authors like [[Christine Messiant]], Tony Hodges and others. For an eloquent illustration, see the Angolan magazine ''Infra-Estruturas África'' 7/2010.</ref>
[[File:Cidade Financeira de Luanda 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Luanda Financial City]]

"Secondary beneficiaries" are the middle strata that are about to become [[social class]]es. However, almost half the population has to be considered poor, with dramatic differences between the countryside and the cities, where slightly more than 50% of the people reside.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

A study carried out in 2008 by the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística found that in rural areas roughly 58% must be classified as "poor" according to UN norms but in the urban areas only 19%, and an overall rate of 37%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola / Exame |url=http://www.exameangola.com/pt/?det=16943&id=2000&mid= |access-date=20 December 2023 |date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026082704/http://www.exameangola.com/pt/?det=16943&id=2000&mid= |url-status=dead }}</ref> In cities, a majority of families, well beyond those officially classified as poor, must adopt a variety of survival strategies.<ref>Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina (2006) ''O Trabalho Dignifica o Homem: Estratégias de Sobrevivência em Luanda'', Lisbon: Colibri.</ref>{{clarify|date=November 2017}} In urban areas social inequality is most evident and it is extreme in Luanda.<ref>As an excellent illustration see ''Luanda: A vida na cidade dos extremos'', in: ''Visão'', 11 November 2010.</ref> In the [[Human Development Index]] Angola constantly ranks in the bottom group.<ref>The HDI 2010 lists Angola in the 146th position among 169 countries—one position below that of Haiti. MLP l [http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf ''Human Development Index and its components.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201043/http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf|date=28 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Hotel in Lobito.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tourism in Angola]] has grown with the country's economy and stability.]]
In January 2020, a leak of government documents known as the ''Luanda Leaks'' showed that U.S. consulting companies such as [[Boston Consulting Group]], [[McKinsey & Company]], and [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] had helped members of the family of former President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] (especially his daughter [[Isabel dos Santos]]) corruptly run Sonangol for their own personal profit, helping them use the company's revenues to fund vanity projects in France and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forsythe |first1=Michael |last2=Gurney |first2=Kyra |last3=Alecci |first3=Scilla |last4=Hallman |first4=Ben |title=How U.S. Firms Helped Africa's Richest Woman Exploit Her Country's Wealth |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/19/world/africa/isabel-dos-santos.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119182007/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/19/world/africa/isabel-dos-santos.html |archive-date=2020-01-19 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=20 January 2020 |agency=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 January 2020}}</ref> After further revelations in the [[Pandora Papers]], former generals [[Hélder Vieira Dias|Dias]] and [[Leopoldino Fragoso do Nascimento|do Nascimento]] and former presidential advisers were also accused of misappropriating significant public funds for personal benefit.<ref name="fit1">{{cite news |last1=Fitzgibbon |first1=Will |title=Dos Santos and clique still appearing in leaks |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/109480/read/Dos-Santos-and-clique-still-appearing-in-leaks |access-date=3 February 2022 |work=Business - News |agency=The Namibian |publisher=namibian.com.na |date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203223210/https://www.namibian.com.na/109480/read/Dos-Santos-and-clique-still-appearing-in-leaks |url-status=live }}</ref>

The enormous differences between the regions pose a serious structural problem for the Angolan economy, illustrated by the fact that about one third of economic activities are concentrated in Luanda and neighbouring Bengo province, while several areas of the interior suffer economic stagnation and even regression.<ref>Manuel Alves da Rocha (2010) [http://www.ceic-ucan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/desigualdades-e-assimetrias-regionais-em-angola.pdf ''Desigualdades e assimetrias regionais em Angola: Os factores da competitividade territorial''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318160716/http://www.ceic-ucan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/desigualdades-e-assimetrias-regionais-em-angola.pdf |date=18 March 2015 }}, Luanda: Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica da Universidade Católica de Angola.</ref>

One of the economic consequences of social and regional disparities is a sharp increase in Angolan private investments abroad. The small fringe of Angolan society where most of the asset accumulation takes place seeks to spread its assets, for reasons of security and profit. For the time being, the biggest share of these investments is concentrated in Portugal where the [[Angolans in Portugal|Angolan presence]] (including the family of the state president) in banks as well as in the domains of energy, [[Telecommunications in Angola|telecommunications]], and [[mass media]] has become notable, as has the acquisition of vineyards and orchards as well as of tourism enterprises.<ref>"A força do kwanza", ''Visão'' (Lisbon), 993, 15 May 2012, pp. 50–54</ref>
[[File:Rua Kwame Nkrumah Luanda 05.JPG|thumb|left|Corporate headquarters in Luanda]]
Angola has upgraded critical infrastructure, an investment made possible by funds from the country's development of oil resources.<ref>[http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/africa/news-entry/The-New-Prosperity-Strategies-for-Improving-Well-Being-in-Sub-Saharan-Afri/ The New Prosperity: Strategies for Improving Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708202725/http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/africa/news-entry/The-New-Prosperity-Strategies-for-Improving-Well-Being-in-Sub-Saharan-Afri/ |date=8 July 2015 }} Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative 1 May 2013</ref> According to a report, just slightly more than ten years after the end of the [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] Angola's standard of living has overall greatly improved. Life expectancy, which was just 46 years in 2002, reached 51 in 2011. Mortality rates for children fell from 25 per cent in 2001 to 19 per cent in 2010 and the number of students enrolled in primary school has tripled since 2001.<ref>[https://www.bcgperspectives.com/Images/BCG_The_New_Prosperity_tcm80-133457.pdf The New Prosperity: Strategies for Improving Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713173954/https://www.bcgperspectives.com/Images/BCG_The_New_Prosperity_tcm80-133457.pdf |date=13 July 2015 }} Report by The Boston Consulting Group and Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative, May 2013</ref> However, at the same time the social and economic inequality that has characterised the country for so long has not diminished, but has deepened in all respects.

With a stock of assets corresponding to 70&nbsp;billion Kz (US$6.8&nbsp;billion), Angola is now the third-largest financial market in sub-Saharan Africa, surpassed only by [[Nigeria]] and South Africa. According to the Angolan Minister of Economy, [[Abraão Gourgel]], the financial market of the country grew modestly since 2002 and now occupies third place in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>[http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/07/23/angola-is-the-third-largest-sub-saharan-financial-market/ Angola is the third-largest sub-Saharan financial market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814052145/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/07/23/angola-is-the-third-largest-sub-saharan-financial-market/ |date=14 August 2014 }}, MacauHub, 23 July 2014</ref>

On 19 December 2014, the Capital Market in Angola was launched. [[Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives|BODIVA]] (Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives, in English) was allocated the secondary public debt market, and was expected to launch the corporate debt market by 2015, though the stock market itself was only expected to commence trading in 2016.<ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-market,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-a27150a365dc.html CMC prepares launch of debt secondary market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222717/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-market,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-a27150a365dc.html |date=18 March 2015 }} Angola Press Agency, 16 December 2014</ref>

===Natural resources===
[[File:Offshore platform on move to final destination, Ilha de Luanda (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|An [[Oil platform|offshore oil drilling platform]] off the coast of central Angola]]
''[[The Economist]]'' reported in 2008 that diamonds and oil make up 60% of Angola's economy, almost all of the country's [[revenue]] and all of its dominant [[export]]s.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/12009946 "Marching towards riches and democracy?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031094320/http://www.economist.com/node/12009946 |date=31 October 2014 }} [[The Economist]]. 30 August 2008. p. 46.</ref> Growth is almost entirely driven by rising [[Extraction of petroleum|oil production]] which surpassed {{convert|1.4|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}} in late 2005 and was expected to grow to {{convert|2|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}} by 2007. Control of the [[Petroleum industry|oil industry]] is consolidated in [[Sonangol Group]], a conglomerate owned by the Angolan government. In December 2006, Angola was admitted as a member of [[OPEC]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Angola: Country Admitted As Opec Member|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200612140990.html|date=14 December 2006|publisher=Angola Press Agency|access-date=15 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019012049/http://allafrica.com/stories/200612140990.html|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the country produced an average of 1.165 million barrels of oil per day, according to its National Oil, Gas and Biofuel's Agency (ANPG).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://anpg.co.ao/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=ANPG |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

According to [[the Heritage Foundation]], a conservative American [[think tank]], oil production from Angola has increased so significantly that Angola now is China's biggest supplier of oil.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alt|first=Robert|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/HL1006.CFM|title=Into Africa: China's Grab for Influence and Oil|publisher=Heritage.org|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313053942/http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/HL1006.CFM|archive-date=13 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> "China has extended three multi-billion dollar lines of credit to the Angolan government; two loans of $2 billion from China Exim Bank, one in 2004, the second in 2007, as well as one loan in 2005 of $2.9 billion from [[China International Fund]] Ltd."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820 |title=Angola's Political and Economic Development|website=Council on Foreign Relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421141945/http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Growing oil revenues also created opportunities for [[Corruption in Angola|corruption]]: according to a recent [[Human Rights Watch]] report, 32&nbsp;billion US dollars disappeared from government accounts in 2007–2010.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 December 2011|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-government-funds|title=Angola: Explain Missing Government Funds|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=20 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221173830/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-government-funds|archive-date=21 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Sonangol]], the state-run oil company, controls 51% of Cabinda's oil. Due to this market control, the company ends up determining the profit received by the government and the taxes it pays. The council of foreign affairs states that the World Bank mentioned that Sonangol is a taxpayer, it carries out quasi-fiscal activities, it invests public funds, and, as concessionaire, it is a sector regulator. This multifarious work program creates conflicts of interest and characterises a complex relationship between Sonangol and the government that weakens the formal budgetary process and creates uncertainty as regards the actual fiscal stance of the state."<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola's political and economical development |url=http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820 |url-status=dead |publisher=Council of Foreign Relations |last=Hanson |first=Stephanie |date=21 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421141945/http://www.cfr.org/world/angolas-political-economic-development/p16820 |archive-date=21 April 2016 }}</ref>

In 2002, Angola demanded compensation for [[oil spill]]s allegedly caused by [[Chevron Corporation]], the first time it had fined a multinational corporation operating in its waters.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2077836.stm |title=Business &#124; Angola fines Chevron for pollution |work=BBC News |date=1 July 2002 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313192110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2077836.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Operations in its [[List of diamond mines|diamond mines]] include partnerships between state-run [[Endiama]] and mining companies such as [[ALROSA]] which operate in Angola.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdf|title=Angolan Diamond Centenary Conference 2013 Highlights Endiama and Alrosa Joint Venture for Future Geological Exploration of diamond deposits of Angola's Territory|publisher=angolancentenary.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012955/http://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>

Access to [[biocapacity]] in Angola is higher than world average. In 2016, Angola had 1.9 global hectares<ref name=footprintdata>{{cite web|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=7&type=BCpc,EFCpc|title=Country Trends|publisher=Global Footprint Network|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=7&type=BCpc,EFCpc|url-status=live}}</ref> of biocapacity per person within its territory, slightly more than world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=David|last2=Hanscom|first2=Laurel|last3=Murthy|first3=Adeline|last4=Galli|first4=Alessandro|last5=Evans|first5=Mikel|last6=Neill|first6=Evan|last7=Mancini|first7=MariaSerena|last8=Martindill|first8=Jon|last9=Medouar|first9=FatimeZahra|last10=Huang|first10=Shiyu|last11=Wackernagel |first11=Mathis|date=2018|title=Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012-2018|journal=Resources|volume=7|issue=3|page=58|doi=10.3390/resources7030058|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2016, Angola used 1.01 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their [[ecological footprint]] of consumption. This means they use about half as much biocapacity as Angola contains. As a result, Angola is running a biocapacity reserve.<ref name=footprintdata/>

===Agriculture===
[[File:HPP "CAPANDA".jpg|thumb|left|[[Capanda Dam]] on the [[Cuanza River|Cuanza]]]]
{{Main|Agriculture in Angola}}
Agriculture and forestry is an area of potential opportunity for the country. The African Economic Outlook organization states that "Angola requires 4.5 million tonnes a year of grain but grows only about 55% of the [[maize]] it needs, 20% of the [[rice]] and just 5% of its required [[wheat]]".<ref>
Muzima, Joel. Mazivila, Domingos. "Angola 2014" Retrieved from [http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org www.africaneconomicoutlook.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530223258/http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/ |date=30 May 2018 }}
</ref>

In addition, the World Bank estimates that "less than 3 per cent of Angola's abundant fertile land is cultivated and the economic potential of the forestry sector remains largely unexploited".<ref>"Country partnership strategy for the Republic of Angola" (15 August 2013). World Bank (Report No. 76225-A0)</ref>

Before independence in 1975, [[Angola (Portugal)|Angola]] was a bread-basket of southern Africa and a major exporter of [[banana]]s, coffee and [[sisal]], but [[Angolan Civil War|three decades of civil war]] destroyed fertile countryside, left it littered with [[landmine]]s and drove millions into the cities. The country now depends on expensive food imports, mainly from South Africa and [[Portugal]], while more than 90% of farming is done at the family and subsistence level. Thousands of Angolan small-scale farmers are trapped in poverty.<ref>Redvers, Louise [http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123 POVERTY-ANGOLA: Inter Press Service News Agency – NGOs Sceptical of Govt's Rural Development Plans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512215958/http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123|date=12 May 2010}}.</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Angola}}
[[File:TAAG_Angola_Airlines_Boeing_737-200Adv_D2-TBD_CDG_July_1986.png|thumb|right|[[TAAG Angola Airlines]] is the country's state-owned [[national carrier]].]]
Transport in Angola consists of:
*Three separate [[Rail transport in Angola|railway systems]] totalling {{convert|2761|km|mi|abbr=on}}
*{{convert|76626|km|0|abbr=on}} of highway of which {{convert|19156|km|0|abbr=on}} is paved
*1,295 navigable inland waterways
*five major [[sea port]]s  
*243 [[List of airports in Angola|airports]], of which 32 are paved.

Angola centers its port trade in five main ports: [[Port of Namibe|Namibe]], [[Port of Lobito|Lobito]], [[Soyo]], [[Cabinda (city)|Cabinda]] and Luanda. The [[port of Luanda]] is the largest of the five, as well as being one of the busiest on the African continent.<ref name="africanbusinesscentral.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/|title=The top eight busiest ports in Africa (Photos and Infographic)|website=African Business Central|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204061717/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Catumbela River Bridge (19478241049).jpg|thumb|left|[[Catumbela]] Bridge in [[Benguela Province|Benguela]].]]
Travel on highways outside of towns and cities in Angola (and in some cases within) is{{When|date=February 2022}} often not best advised for those without four-by-four vehicles. While reasonable road infrastructure has existed within Angola, time and war have taken their toll on the road surfaces, leaving many severely potholed, littered with broken asphalt. In many areas drivers have established alternative tracks to avoid the worst parts of the surface, although careful attention must be paid to the presence or absence of landmine warning markers by the side of the road. The [[Angolan government]] has contracted the restoration of many of the country's roads. The road between Lubango and Namibe, for example, was completed recently with funding from the European Union,<ref>ec.europa.eu: [https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_92_314 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205205/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_92_314 |date=26 May 2021 }}</ref> and is comparable to many European main routes. Completing the road infrastructure is likely to take some decades, but substantial efforts are already being made.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Telecommunications===
[[File:Porto do Lobito - Angola 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Lobito]] hosts a major seaport.]]
[[File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 13 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[Luanda]]'s construction boom is financed largely by oil and diamonds.]]
The [[telecommunication]]s industry is considered one of the main strategic sectors in Angola.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anip.co.ao/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411062215/http://www.anip.co.ao/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6|url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Sectores Económicos Prioritários |trans-title=Priority Economic Sectors |publisher=ANIP|language=pt }}</ref>
{{For|additional|Telephone numbers in Angola}}

In October 2014, the building of an [[optic fiber]] underwater cable was announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/9/42/Angola-Cables-parceiros-estrangeiros-anunciam-construcao-cabo-submarino,db62f448-710d-4cc5-80c5-fcee32a1a991.html|title=Angola Cables e parceiros estrangeiros anunciam construção de cabo submarino |trans-title=Angola Cables and foreign partners announce construction of submarine cable |date=14 October 2014 |publisher=ANGOP |language=pt|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125133024/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/economia/2014/9/42/Angola-Cables-parceiros-estrangeiros-anunciam-construcao-cabo-submarino,db62f448-710d-4cc5-80c5-fcee32a1a991.html|archive-date=25 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This project aims to turn Angola into a continental hub, thus improving Internet connections both nationally and internationally.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/tecnologia/cabo-submarino-que-ligara-brasil-africa-tera-capacidade-de-40-terabits-por-segundo-11456022 |title=Cabo submarino que ligará Brasil à África terá capacidade de 40 terabits por segundo |trans-title=Submarine cable that will connect Brazil to Africa will have a capacity of 40 terabits per second |last=Machado |first= André |date=30 January 2014 |newspaper=O Globo |language=pt |access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012131944/http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/tecnologia/cabo-submarino-que-ligara-brasil-africa-tera-capacidade-de-40-terabits-por-segundo-11456022|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 March 2015, the First Angolan Forum of Telecommunications and Information Technology was held in [[Luanda]] under the motto "The challenges of telecommunications in the current context of Angola",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/nacao_esta_mais_ligada |title=Nação está mais ligada |trans-title=Nation is more connected |last=Inácio |first= Adelina|date=12 March 2015|publisher=Jornal de Angola|language=pt|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319084816/http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/nacao_esta_mais_ligada|archive-date=19 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> to promote debate on topical issues on [[telecommunications]] in Angola and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2015/2/11/Angola-has-about-million-mobile-phone-network-users-Minister,2053f698-ce71-4ed2-9910-cd5819ad539d.html|title=Angola has about 14 million mobile phone network users – Minister|date=12 March 2015|publisher=ANGOP|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318223512/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2015/2/11/Angola-has-about-million-mobile-phone-network-users-Minister,2053f698-ce71-4ed2-9910-cd5819ad539d.html|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> A study of this sector, presented at the forum, said Angola had the first telecommunications operator in Africa to test LTE – with speeds up to 400 Mbit/s – and mobile penetration of about 75%; there are about 3.5 million [[smartphone]]s in the Angolan market; There are about {{convert|25000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of optical fibre installed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.platinaline.com/index.php/component/k2/item/14117-angola-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-no-sector-das-tic|title=Angola com crescimento anual superior a 55% no sector das TIC |trans-title=Angola with annual growth of more than 55% in the ICT sector |date=12 March 2015 |publisher=Platina Line|language=pt|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174008/http://www.platinaline.com/index.php/component/k2/item/14117-angola-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-no-sector-das-tic|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Sector-das-TIC-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-por-cento-na-ultima-decada=005331 |title=Sector das TIC com crescimento anual superior a 55 por cento na última década |trans-title=ICT sector with annual growth of more than 55 percent in the last decade |date=13 March 2015|publisher=Ver Angola|language=pt|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416132625/http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Sector-das-TIC-com-crescimento-anual-superior-a-55-por-cento-na-ultima-decada=005331|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first Angolan [[satellite]], [[Angosat 1|AngoSat-1]], was launched into orbit on 26 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=43087|title=Satbeams - World of Satellites at your fingertips|website=Satbeams Web and Mobile|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071429/https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=43087|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was launched from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur space center]] in Kazakhstan on board a [[Zenit-3F|Zenit 3F]] rocket. The satellite was built by Russia's [[RSC Energia]], a subsidiary of the state-run space industry player [[Roscosmos]]. The satellite payload was supplied by [[Airbus Defence & Space]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/angosat-1.htm|title=AngoSat 1|website=space.skyrocket.de|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105400/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/angosat-1.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to an on-board power failure during solar panel deployment, on 27 December, RSC Energia revealed that they lost communications contact with the satellite. Although, subsequent attempts to restore communications with the satellite were successful, the satellite eventually stopped sending data and RSC Energia confirmed that AngoSat-1 was inoperable. The launch of AngoSat-1 was aimed at ensuring telecommunications throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/ciencia-e-tecnologia/2014/8/37/Conclusion-works-Angosat-project-set-for-2016,580015f8-0b1f-46b1-b6b1-ebfd1beb5253.html |title=Conclusion works of "Angosat" project set for 2016 |date=8 September 2014|publisher=ANGOP|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215132435/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/ciencia-e-tecnologia/2014/8/37/Conclusion-works-Angosat-project-set-for-2016,580015f8-0b1f-46b1-b6b1-ebfd1beb5253.html|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Aristides Safeca, Secretary of State for Telecommunications, the satellite was aimed at providing telecommunications services, TV, internet and [[e-government]] and was expected to remain in operation "at best" for 18 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observador.pt/2014/11/04/primeiro-satelite-angolano-pronto-para-ser-lancado-em-2016/ |title=Primeiro satélite angolano pronto para ser lançado em 2016 |trans-title=First Angolan satellite ready to be launched in 2016 |author=Agência Lusa|date=4 November 2014|publisher=Observador|language=pt|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033343/http://observador.pt/2014/11/04/primeiro-satelite-angolano-pronto-para-ser-lancado-em-2016/|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

A replacement satellite named [[AngoSat 2|AngoSat-2]] was pursued and was expected to be in service by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ggpen.gov.ao/LerMais/?cd=19|title=GGPEN - Leia Mais|website=www.ggpen.gov.ao|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071444/http://www.ggpen.gov.ao/LerMais/?cd=19|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As of February 2021, Ango-Sat-2 was about 60% ready. The officials reported the launch was expected in about 17 months, by July 2022.<ref>[{{cite web|url=https://africanews.space/angosat-2-more-than-60-per-cent-ready/|title=AngoSat-2 More Than 60 per cent Ready; Launch in 17 Months|date=February 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224322/https://africanews.space/angosat-2-more-than-60-per-cent-ready/|url-status=live}}</ref> The launch of AngoSat-2 occurred on 12 October 2022.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

=== Technology ===
The management of the [[top-level domain]] '[[.ao]]' passed from [[Portugal]] to Angola in 2015, following new legislation.<ref>[http://www.telecompaper.com/news/angola-to-manage-own-internet-domain-from-2015--1037238 Angola to manage own internet domain from 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174011/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/angola-to-manage-own-internet-domain-from-2015--1037238 |date=13 July 2015 }} Telecompaper, 16 September 2014</ref> A joint decree of Minister of Telecommunications and Information Technologies José Carvalho da Rocha and the minister of Science and Technology, Maria Cândida Pereira Teixeira, states that "under the massification" of that Angolan domain, "conditions are created for the transfer of the domain root '.ao' of Portugal to Angola".<ref>[http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manages-its-own-internet-domain/ Angola manages its own Internet domain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223160657/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manages-its-own-internet-domain/ |date=23 December 2014 }} Macauhub, 16 September 2014</ref>

== Energy ==
{{Main|Energy in Angola}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Angola}}
[[File:Angola Ethnic map 1970.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Historical ethnic divisions of Angola]]
Angola has a population of 24,383,301 inhabitants according to the preliminary results of its 2014 census, the first one conducted or carried out since 15 December 1970.<ref name="INE Angola">{{Citation |title=Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014 |date=March 2016 |url=http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |trans-title=Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística |language=pt |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is composed of [[Ovimbundu]] (language [[Umbundu]]) 37%, [[Northern Mbundu people|Ambundu]] (language [[Kimbundu]]) 23%, [[Bakongo]] 13%, and 32% other ethnic groups (including the [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]], the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]], the [[Ganguela people|Ganguela]] and the [[Xindonga]]) as well as about 2% ''[[mulatto]]s'' (mixed European and African), 1.6% Chinese and 1% European.<ref name=CIA/> The Ambundu and Ovimbundu ethnic groups combined form a majority of the population, at 62%.<ref>As no reliable census data exist at this stage (2011), all these numbers are rough estimates only, subject to adjustments and updates.</ref><ref>[http://www.prb.org/DataFinder/Topic/Rankings.aspx?ind=1&loc=294 2050 Population as a Multiple of 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101305/http://www.prb.org/DataFinder/Topic/Rankings.aspx?ind=1&loc=294|date=2 April 2015 }}. PRB 2014 World Population Data Sheet</ref> However, on 23 March 2016, official data revealed by Angola's National Statistic Institute – Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), states that Angola has a population of 25,789,024 inhabitants.

It is estimated that Angola was host to 12,100 refugees and 2,900 asylum seekers by the end of 2007. 11,400 of those refugees were originally from the Democratic Republic of Congo, who arrived in the 1970s.<ref>U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110126130051/http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?id=2117 "World Refugee Survey 2008"]. p. 37</ref> {{As of|2008}} there were an estimated 400,000 [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] migrant workers,<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCRI,,COD,456d621e2,485f50c0c,0.html World Refugee Survey 2008 – Angola] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005710/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CUSCRI%2C%2CCOD%2C456d621e2%2C485f50c0c%2C0.html|date=10 May 2011}}, UNHCR. NB: This figure is highly doubtful, as it makes no clear distinction between migrant workers, refugees and immigrants.</ref> at least 220,000 [[Portuguese Angolans|Portuguese]],<ref name="Observatório da Emigração">{{cite web |title=José Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses são bem-vindos em Angola |trans-title=José Eduardo dos Santos says Portuguese workers are welcome in Angola |url=http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/3607.html|publisher=Observatório da Emigração|access-date=22 July 2013|quote=…presença de cerca de 200 mil trabalhadores portugueses no país…|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920100459/http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/3607.html|archive-date=20 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and about 259,000 [[Chinese people in Angola|Chinese living in Angola]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visao.sapo.pt/angola-cerca-de-259000-chineses-vivem-atualmente-no-pais=f660830 |title=Angola: Cerca de 259.000 chineses vivem atualmente no país |trans-title=Angola: Around 259,000 Chinese currently live in the country |work=Visão|date=25 April 2012|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509165420/http://visao.sapo.pt/angola-cerca-de-259000-chineses-vivem-atualmente-no-pais=f660830|archive-date=9 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> 1 million Angolans are [[mixed race]] (black and white). Also, 40,000 [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] live in the country.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Since 2003, more than 400,000 [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] migrants have been expelled from Angola.<ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/ Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525172019/http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/ |date=25 May 2013 }}". [[Inter Press Service]]. 21 May 2012</ref> Prior to independence in 1975, Angola had a community of approximately 350,000 Portuguese,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bender |first1= Gerald|last2=Yoder |first2= Stanley|title=Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence. The Politics of Numbers|journal=Africa Today|volume=21|issue=4|year=1974|pages=23–27|jstor=4185453}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340 Flight from Angola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074203/http://www.economist.com/node/12079340?story_id=12079340 |date=27 February 2013 }}, ''The Economist '', 16 August 1975 puts the number at 500,000, but this is an estimate lacking appropriate sources.</ref> but the vast majority left after independence and the ensuing civil war. However, Angola has recovered its Portuguese minority in recent years; currently, there are about 200,000 registered with the consulates, and increasing due to the debt crisis in Portugal and the relative prosperity in Angola.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.publico.pt/economia/noticia/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-diz-que-trabalhadores-portugueses-sao-bem-vindos-em-angola-1596693 |location=Lisbon|work=Público|first1=Rita|last1=Siza |title=José Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses são bem-vindos em Angola |trans-title=José Eduardo dos Santos says Portuguese workers are welcome in Angola |date=6 June 2013|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612002917/http://www.publico.pt/economia/noticia/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-diz-que-trabalhadores-portugueses-sao-bem-vindos-em-angola-1596693|archive-date=12 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chinese population stands at 258,920, mostly composed of temporary migrants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=26 August 2012 |title=Chinese 'gangsters' repatriated from Angola |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9500517/Chinese-gangsters-repatriated-from-Angola.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422011123/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9500517/Chinese-gangsters-repatriated-from-Angola.html |archive-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> Also, there is a small [[Brazil]]ian community of about 5,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2008/08/17/angola-brazil-a-culture-shock-divide/|title=Angola, Brazil: A culture shock divide · Global Voices|date=17 August 2008|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316042333/https://globalvoices.org/2008/08/17/angola-brazil-a-culture-shock-divide/|archive-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Romani people|Roma]] were deported to Angola from Portugal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romaninet.com/ROMANINET_Cultural_report.pdf|title=Romaninet- a multimedia Romani course for promoting linguistic diversity and improving social dialogue: report on Roma people|website=romaninet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114041156/http://www.romaninet.com/ROMANINET_Cultural_report.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2014|access-date=19 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{as of|2007}}, the [[total fertility rate]] of Angola is 5.54 children born per woman (2012 estimates), the 11th highest in the world.<ref name=CIA>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Angola|access-date=15 May 2007|year=2007}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Angola}}
{{bar box
|title=Languages in Angola (2014 Census)<ref name="INE Angola" />
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|darkgreen|71.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Umbundu language|Umbundu]]|purple|23.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Kikongo language|Kikongo]]|red|8.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Kimbundu]]|black|7.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Chokwe language|Chokwe]]|orange|6.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Nyaneka language|Nyaneka]]|green|3.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Ngangela language|Ngangela]]|darkblue|3.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Fiote language|Fiote]]|black|2.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Kwanyama language|Kwanyama]]|darkred|2.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Muhumbi language|Muhumbi]]|gray|2.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Luvale language|Luvale]]|tan|1.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Languages of Angola|Other]]|lime|4.1}}
}}
The languages in Angola are those originally spoken by the different ethnic groups and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], introduced during the Portuguese colonial era. The most widely spoken indigenous languages are [[Umbundu]], [[Kimbundu]] and [[Kikongo]], in that order. Portuguese is the official language of the country.

Although the exact numbers of those fluent in Portuguese or who speak Portuguese as a first language are unknown, a 2012 study mentions that Portuguese is the first language of 39% of the population.<ref>Silva, José António Maria da Conceição (2004) [http://poing.me/layar/Colombia/brochuranoCrop.pdf Angola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721190428/http://poing.me/layar/Colombia/brochuranoCrop.pdf |date=21 July 2017 }}. 7th World Urban Forum</ref> In 2014, a census carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estatística in Angola mentions that 71.15% of the nearly 25.8 million inhabitants of Angola (meaning around 18.3 million people) use Portuguese as a first or second language.<ref name="Angola: português é falado por 71,15% de angolanos">{{cite web |title=Angola: português é falado por 71,15% de angolanos |trans-title=Angola: Portuguese is spoken by 71.15% of Angolans |url=http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226100353/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2014 census, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is spoken by 71.1% of Angolans, [[Umbundu language|Umbundu]] by 23%, [[Kikongo language|Kikongo]] by 8.2%, [[Kimbundu]] by 7.8%, [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]] by 6.5%, [[Nyaneka language|Nyaneka]] by 3.4%, [[Ngangela language|Ngangela]] by 3.1%, [[Fiote language|Fiote]] by 2.4%, [[Kwanyama language|Kwanyama]] by 2.3%, [[Muhumbi language|Muhumbi]] by 2.1%, [[Luvale language|Luvale]] by 1%, and [[Languages of Angola|other languages]] by 4.1%.<ref name =Censo2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |trans-title=Definitive Results General Population and Housing Census - 2014 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
There are about 1,000 religious communities, mostly Christian, in Angola.<ref>Viegas, Fátima (2008) ''Panorâmica das Religiões em Angola Independente (1975–2008)'', Ministério da Cultura/Instituto Nacional para os Assuntos Religiosos, Luanda</ref> While reliable statistics are nonexistent, estimates have it that more than half of the population are Catholics, while about a quarter adhere to the Protestant churches introduced during the colonial period: the [[Congregationalist]]s mainly among the [[Ovimbundu]] of the Central Highlands and the coastal region to its west, the [[Methodists]] concentrating on the [[Kimbundu]] speaking strip from Luanda to Malanje, the [[Baptists]] almost exclusively among the [[Bakongo]] of the north-west (now present in Luanda as well) and dispersed [[Adventists]], [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]], and [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schubert |first=Benedict |title=Der Krieg und die Kirchen: Angola 1961–1991 |trans-title=The War and the Churches: Angola 1961–1991 |publisher=Exodus |year=1997 |location=Luzern, Switzerland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=Lawrence W. |title=The Church in Angola: A river of many currents |date=1989 |publisher=Pilgrim Press |location=Cleveland}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = [[Religion in Angola]] <small>(2015)</small><ref>{{cite web| title=Angola| website=Association of Religion Data Archives| date=2012-11-16| url=https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_1.asp| access-date=11 October 2020| archive-date=30 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030191322/https://thearda.com/internationalData/Countries/Country_7_1.asp| url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|value1 = 56.4
|color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 =23.4
|color2 = blue
|label3 = [[Christianity|Christian]]
|value3 = 13.6
|color3 =  skyblue
|label4 = [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]]
|value4 = 4.5
|color4 = black
|label5 = [[Irreligion]]
|value5 =1
|color5 = gray
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 1.1
|color6 = green
}}
In Luanda and region there subsists a nucleus of the "[[syncretic]]" [[Tocoists]] and in the north-west a sprinkling of [[Kimbanguism]] can be found, spreading from the Congo/Zaïre. Since independence, hundreds of [[Pentecostal]] and similar communities have sprung up in the cities, whereby now about 50% of the population is living; several of these communities/churches are of Brazilian origin.
[[File:Igreja Matriz - panoramio - Rogério Melo (2).jpg|left|thumb|Catholic church of [[Uaco Cungo]].]]
{{As of|2008}} the [[U.S. Department of State]] estimates the Muslim population at 80,000–90,000, less than 1% of the population,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108352.htm|title=Angola|publisher=State.gov|date=19 September 2008|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803234002/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108352.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Islam in Angola|Islamic Community of Angola]] puts the figure closer to 500,000.<ref>[http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?id=1657&det=23057 Surgimento do Islão em Angola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401143743/http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?id=1657&det=23057 |date=1 April 2012 }}. ''O Pais''. 2 September 2011. p. 18</ref> Muslims consist largely of migrants from West Africa and the Middle East (especially [[Lebanon]]), although some are local converts.<ref name="customs">Oyebade, Adebayo O. ''Culture And Customs of Angola'', 2006. pp. 45–46.</ref> The Angolan government does not [[Islam in Angola#Legal status|legally recognize]] any Muslim organizations and often shuts down mosques or prevents their construction.<ref name="IRFR2012">{{Citation |title=Angola 2012 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208328.pdf |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328162456/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208328.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a study assessing nations' levels of religious regulation and persecution with scores ranging from 0 to 10 where 0 represented low levels of regulation or persecution, Angola was scored 0.8 on Government Regulation of Religion, 4.0 on Social Regulation of Religion, 0 on Government Favoritism of Religion and 0 on Religious Persecution.<ref>[http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_3.asp Angola: Religious Freedom Profile at the Association of Religion Data Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411043322/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_3.asp |date=11 April 2010 }} Brian J Grim and Roger Finke. "International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism and Social Regulation of Religion". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 2 (2006) Article 1: www.religjournal.com.</ref>

Foreign [[Missionary|missionaries]] were very active prior to independence in 1975, although since the beginning of the anti-colonial fight in 1961 the Portuguese colonial authorities expelled a series of Protestant missionaries and closed mission stations based on the belief that the missionaries were inciting pro-independence sentiments. Missionaries have been able to return to the country since the early 1990s, although security conditions due to the civil war have prevented them until 2002 from restoring many of their former inland mission stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5511.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report – Angola|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=1 January 2004|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131002030/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5511.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Catholic Church and some major Protestant denominations mostly keep to themselves in contrast to the "New Churches" which actively proselytize. Catholics, as well as some major Protestant denominations, provide help for the poor in the form of crop seeds, farm animals, medical care and education.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVqVy21g9sC&pg=PA40|title=Culture and customs of Angola|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-33147-3|page=40|year=2007|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726053929/https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVqVy21g9sC&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcusa.org/hunger/downloads/2005intgrants.pdf|title=International Grants 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113131805/http://www.pcusa.org/hunger/downloads/2005intgrants.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref>

=== Urbanization ===
{{Largest cities
| country = Angola
| stat_ref = According to the 2014 Census<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/angola/cities/|title=Angola: Provinces, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Urban Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822084153/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/angola/cities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| div_name = Province

| city_1 = Luanda
| div_1 = Luanda Province{{!}}Luanda
| pop_1 = 6,759,313
| img_1 = Luanda Bay 5 - panoramio (cropped) (cropped).jpg

| city_2 = Lubango
|div_2 = Huíla Province{{!}}Huíla
| pop_2 = 600,751
| img_2 = Lubango sight (cropped).jpg

| city_3 = Huambo
| div_3 = Huambo Province{{!}}Huambo
| pop_3 = 595,304
| img_3 = Huambo Jardim da Cultura (cropped).jpg

| city_4 = Benguela
| div_4 = Benguela Province{{!}}Benguela
| pop_4 = 555,124
| img_4 = Praia de Benguela (cropped).jpg

| city_5 = Cabinda (city){{!}}Cabinda
| div_5 = Cabinda Province{{!}}Cabinda
| pop_5 = 550,000

| city_6 = Malanje
| div_6 = Malanje Province{{!}}Malanje
| pop_6 = 455,000

| city_7 = Saurimo
| div_7 = Lunda Sul Province{{!}}Lunda Sul
| pop_7 = 393,000

| city_8 = Lobito
| div_8 = Benguela Province{{!}}Benguela
| pop_8 = 357,950

| city_9 = Cuíto
| div_9 = Bié Province{{!}}Bié
| pop_9 = 355,423

| city_10 = Uíge
| div_10 = Uíge Province{{!}}Uíge
| pop_10 = 322,531

}}

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Angola}}
[[File:Maternidade Lucrécia Paím - panoramio - Rogério Melo (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lucrécia Paím Maternity Hospital.]]
Epidemics of [[cholera]], [[malaria]], [[rabies]] and African [[hemorrhagic]] fevers like [[Marburg virus|Marburg hemorrhagic fever]], are common diseases in several parts of the country. Many regions in this country have high incidence rates of [[tuberculosis]] and high [[HIV/AIDS in Africa|HIV prevalence]] rates. [[Dengue]], [[filariasis]], [[leishmaniasis]] and [[onchocerciasis]] (river blindness) are other diseases carried by insects that also occur in the region. Angola has one of the highest [[infant mortality rate]]s in the world and one of the world's lowest [[life expectancies]]. A 2007 survey concluded that low and deficient [[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]] status was common in Angola.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seal |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Creeke |first2=Paul I |last3=Dibari |first3=Filippo |last4=Cheung |first4=Edith |last5=Kyroussis |first5=Eustace |last6=Semedo |first6=Paulina |last7=van den Briel |first7=Tina |display-authors=3 |date=2007 |title=Low and deficient niacin status and pellagra are endemic in postwar Angola |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=218–224 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/85.1.218 |pmid=17209199 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10144/125625}}</ref> [[Demographic and Health Surveys]] is currently conducting several surveys in Angola on malaria, domestic violence and more.<ref name="Angola Surveys">[http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=344&ctry_id=76&SrvyTp=ctry&cn=Angola Angola Surveys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127021228/http://measuredhs.com/countries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=344&ctry_id=76&SrvyTp=ctry&cn=Angola |date=27 November 2010 }}, measuredhs.com</ref>

In September 2014, the Angolan Institute for Cancer Control (IACC) was created by presidential decree, and it will integrate the National Health Service in Angola.<ref>[http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/273191/novo-instituto-oncologico-de-angola-quer-ser-referencia-em-africa Novo instituto oncológico de Angola quer ser referência em África] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318052307/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/273191/novo-instituto-oncologico-de-angola-quer-ser-referencia-em-africa |date=18 March 2015 }}, Notícias ao Minuto (Source: Lusa Agency), 9 September 2014</ref> The purpose of this new centre is to ensure health and medical care in [[oncology]], policy implementation, programmes and plans for prevention and specialised treatment.<ref>[https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=728577 Novo instituto oncológico de Angola quer ser referência em África] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221827/http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=728577|date=3 March 2016 }}, Diário Digital (Source: Lusa Agency), 9 September 2014</ref> This cancer institute will be assumed as a reference institution in the central and southern regions of Africa.<ref>[http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Novo-instituto-oncologico-angolano-quer-ser-instituicao-de-referencia-no-continente=004333 Novo instituto oncológico angolano quer ser instituição de referência no continente] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134912/http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Novo-instituto-oncologico-angolano-quer-ser-instituicao-de-referencia-no-continente=004333 |date=6 October 2014 }}, Ver Angola, 11 September 2014</ref>

In 2014, Angola launched a national campaign of [[vaccination]] against [[measles]], extended to every child under ten years old and aiming to go to all 18 provinces in the country.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201410010149.html Angola: Over 30,000 Children Vaccinated Against Measles in Huila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085310/http://allafrica.com/stories/201410010149.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, All Africa, 30 September 2014</ref> The measure is part of the Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Measles 2014–2020 created by the Angolan Ministry of Health which includes strengthening routine immunisation, a proper dealing with measles cases, national campaigns, introducing a second dose of vaccination in the national routine vaccination calendar and active epidemiological surveillance for measles. This campaign took place together with the vaccination against [[polio]] and [[vitamin A]] supplementation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2014 |title=Angola lança vacinação nacional contra sarampo |language=pt |trans-title=Angola launches national measles vaccination |work=Notícias ao Minuto |agency=Lusa |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/277391/angola-lanca-vacinacao-nacional-contra-sarampo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103202/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/277391/angola-lanca-vacinacao-nacional-contra-sarampo |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

A [[2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak|yellow fever]] outbreak, the worst in the country in three decades<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO: Yellow fever outbreak is 'serious and of great concern' |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/19/health/yellow-fever-who/index.html# |last=Goldschmidt |first=Debra |date=19 May 2016 |website=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529102132/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/19/health/yellow-fever-who/index.html |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> began in December 2015. By August 2016, when the outbreak began to subside, nearly 4,000 people were suspected of being infected. As many as 369 may have died. The outbreak began in the capital, Luanda, and spread to at least 16 of the 18 provinces.

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Angola}}
[[File:New campus (6177681401) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Agostinho Neto University]].]]
Although by law education in Angola is compulsory and free for eight years, the government reports that a percentage of pupils are not attending due to a lack of school buildings and teachers.<ref name=ilab>"Botswana". [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf ''2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor'']. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2006). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Pupils are often responsible for paying additional school-related expenses, including fees for books and supplies.<ref name=ilab/>

In 1999, the gross primary enrollment rate was 74 per cent and in 1998, the most recent year for which data are available, the net primary enrollment rate was 61 per cent.<ref name=ilab/> Gross and net enrollment ratios are based on the number of pupils formally registered in primary school and therefore do not necessarily reflect actual school attendance.<ref name=ilab/> There continue to be significant disparities in enrollment between rural and urban areas. In 1995, 71.2 per cent of children ages 7 to 14 years were attending school.<ref name=ilab/> It is reported that higher percentages of boys attend school than girls.<ref name=ilab/> During the [[Angolan Civil War]] (1975–2002), nearly half of all schools were reportedly looted and destroyed, leading to current problems with overcrowding.<ref name=ilab/>
[[File:Waku Kungo, Angola - panoramio (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|A primary school in [[Cuanza Sul Province|Province of Cuanza Sul]]]]
The Ministry of Education recruited 20,000 new teachers in 2005 and continued to implement teacher training.<ref name=ilab/> Teachers tend to be underpaid, inadequately trained and overworked (sometimes teaching two or three shifts a day).<ref name=ilab/> Some teachers may reportedly demand payment or bribes directly from their pupils.<ref name=ilab/> Other factors, such as the presence of landmines, lack of resources and identity papers, and poor health prevent children from regularly attending school.<ref name=ilab/> Although budgetary allocations for education were increased in 2004, the education system in Angola continues to be extremely under-funded.<ref name=ilab/>

According to estimates by the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], the adult literacy rate in 2011 was 70.4%.<ref name=unescolit>{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2015, this had increased to 71.1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en#|title=Education|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905185501/http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> 82.9% of men and 54.2% of women are literate as of 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/angola_statistics.html|title=Angola – Statistics|website=[[UNICEF]]|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613004722/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/angola_statistics.html|archive-date=13 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, [[politechnic|polytechnical]] institutes and universities in [[Portugal]] and [[Brazil]] through bilateral agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites.
[[File:Lyceum Salvador Correia in Luanda, Angola (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[:pt:Magistério Mutu-ya-Kevela|Mutu-ya Kevela Prep. School]]]]
In September 2014, the Angolan Ministry of Education announced an investment of 16 million [[Euro]]s in the computerisation of over 300 classrooms across the country. The project also includes training teachers at a national level, "as a way to introduce and use new information technologies in primary schools, thus reflecting an improvement in the quality of teaching".<ref>[http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/mundo/angola-investe-16-milhoes-na-informatizacao-300-salas-aula-todo-pais Angola investe 16 milhões na informatização de 300 salas de aula em todo o país] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007000209/http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/mundo/angola-investe-16-milhoes-na-informatizacao-300-salas-aula-todo-pais |date=7 October 2014 }}, jornal i (28 September 2014)</ref>

In 2010, the Angolan government started building the Angolan Media Libraries Network, distributed throughout several provinces in the country to facilitate the people's access to information and knowledge. Each site has a bibliographic archive, multimedia resources and computers with Internet access, as well as areas for reading, researching and socialising.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sumário Executivo do Plano Director da ReMA |date=May 2013 |url=http://mediatecas.ao/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Plano_Director_Maio_2013.pdf |trans-title=Executive Summary of the ReMA Master Plan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212180948/http://mediatecas.ao/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Plano_Director_Maio_2013.pdf |publisher=Rede de Mediatecas de Angola |language=pt |archive-date=2016-12-12}}</ref> The plan envisages the establishment of one media library in each Angolan province by 2017. The project also includes the implementation of several media libraries, in order to provide the several contents available in the fixed media libraries to the most isolated populations in the country.<ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/educacao/2015/0/2/Government-open-digital-libraries-every-province,744c2f6f-7d66-49cf-8e56-85c0d6969725.html Government to open digital libraries in every province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222038/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/educacao/2015/0/2/Government-open-digital-libraries-every-province,744c2f6f-7d66-49cf-8e56-85c0d6969725.html |date=18 March 2015 }} Angola Press Agency, 8 January 2015</ref> At this time, the mobile media libraries are already operating in the provinces of Luanda, Malanje, Uíge, Cabinda and Lunda South. As for REMA, the provinces of Luanda, Benguela, Lubango and Soyo have currently working media libraries.<ref>[http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/regioes/malanje/mediateca_movel_aberta_ao_publico Mediateca móvel aberta ao público] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20150209181727/http%3A//m.ja.sapo.ao/regioes/malanje/mediateca_movel_aberta_ao_publico|date=9 February 2015}} Jornal de Angola, 9 January 2015</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Angola}}
{{see also|Music of Angola|Angolan cuisine}}
[[File:Memorial_Antonio_Agostinho_Neto_(19882325368).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Agostinho Neto]] National Memorial in Luanda.]]

Angolan culture has been heavily influenced by [[Portuguese culture]], especially in language and religion, and the culture of the indigenous ethnic groups of Angola, predominantly [[Bantu people|Bantu culture]].

The diverse ethnic communities—the [[Ovimbundu]], [[Northern Mbundu people|Ambundu]], [[Bakongo]], [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]], [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]] and other peoples—to varying degrees maintain their own cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities, where slightly more than half of the population now lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonial times; in [[Luanda]], since its foundation in the 16th century.

In this urban culture, Portuguese heritage has become more and more dominant. African roots are evident in music and dance and is moulding the way in which Portuguese is spoken. This process is well reflected in contemporary Angolan literature, especially in the works of [[Angolan literature|Angolan authors]].

In 2014, Angola resumed the National Festival of Angolan Culture after a 25-year break. The festival took place in all the provincial capitals and lasted for 20 days, with the theme "Culture as a Factor of Peace and Development.<ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2014/11/51/Retrospect2014-Fenacult-marks-cultural-year,58a0fcae-b594-4edd-bc8b-1d7e2e798f14.html Retrospect2014: Fenacult marks cultural year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231184839/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2014/11/51/Retrospect2014-Fenacult-marks-cultural-year,58a0fcae-b594-4edd-bc8b-1d7e2e798f14.html |date=31 December 2014 }} Angola Press Agency, 18 December 2014</ref>

==Media==
{{Main|Mass media of Angola|List of newspapers in Angola|Television in Angola}}

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Angola}}
In 1972, one of Angola's first feature films, [[Sarah Maldoror]]'s [[Co-production (media)|internationally co-produced]] ''[[Sambizanga (film)|Sambizanga]]'', was released at the [[Carthage Film Festival]] to critical acclaim, winning the ''Tanit d'Or'', the festival's highest prize.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dovey|first1=Lindiwe|title=Curating Africa in the Age of Film Festivals|date=11 March 2015|publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]]|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1137404145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7u_BwAAQBAJ|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225644/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=H7u_BwAAQBAJ|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sports ===

[[File:Estádio Nacional de Ombaka (19151153514) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The National Stadium in [[Benguela]].]]
[[Basketball]] is the second most popular sport in Angola. Its [[Angola national basketball team|national team]] has won the [[AfroBasket]] 11 times and holds the record of most titles. As a top team in Africa, it is a regular competitor at the [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]] and the [[FIBA World Cup]]. Angola is home to one of Africa's first competitive leagues.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In football, Angola hosted the [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations]]. The [[Angola national football team]] qualified for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], their first appearance in the World Cup finals. They were eliminated after one defeat and two draws in the group stage. They won three [[COSAFA Cup]]s and finished runner-up in the [[2011 African Nations Championship]].

Angola has participated in the [[World Women's Handball Championship]] for several years. The country has also appeared in the [[Angola at the Olympics|Summer Olympics]] for seven years and both regularly competes in and once has hosted the [[FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup]], where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the [[martial art]] "[[Capoeira Angola]]" and "[[Batuque (game)|Batuque]]" which were practised by [[Slavery in Angola|enslaved African Angolans]] transported as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Poncianinho |first1= Mestre|last2=Almeida |first2= Ponciano|title=Capoeira: The Essential Guide to Mastering the Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKKGUCJ5PAwC&pg=PA18|year=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84537-761-8|pages=18–|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320053304/http://books.google.com/books?id=fKKGUCJ5PAwC&pg=PA18|archive-date=20 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Countries}}
*[[Outline of Angola]]
*[[Index of Angola-related articles]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Angola |volume=2 |ref = {{harvid|EB|1911}} |pages=38–40 }}
* Birmingham, David (2006) ''Empire in Africa: Angola and its Neighbors'', Ohio University Press: Athens, Ohio.
* Bösl, Anton (2008) ''Angola's Parliamentary Elections in 2008. A Country on its Way to One-Party-Democracy'', KAS Auslandsinformationen 10/2008. [http://www.kas.de/wf/de/33.15186/ Die Parlamentswahlen in Angola 2008]
* Cilliers, Jackie and Christian Dietrich, Eds. (2000). ''Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds''. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
* Global Witness (1999). ''A Crude Awakening,'' The Role of Oil and Banking Industries in Angola's Civil War and the Plundering of State Assets. London, UK, Global Witness. [http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/93/en/a_crude_awakening A Crude Awakening]
* Hodges, Tony (2001). ''Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism''. Oxford: James Currey.
* Hodges, Tony (2004). ''Angola: The Anatomy of an Oil State''. Oxford, UK and Indianapolis, US, The Fridtjol Nansen Institute & The International African Institute in association with James Currey and Indiana University Press.
* Human Rights Watch (2004). Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenues in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights. New York, Human Rights Watch. [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/angola0104/ Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenue in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights (Human Rights Watch Report, January 2004)]
* Human Rights Watch (2005). Coming Home, Return and Reintegration in Angola. New York, Human Rights Watch. [http://hrw.org/reports/2005/angola0305/ Coming Home: Return and Reintegration in Angola]
* James, Walter (1992). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1964–1990. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers.
* [[Ryszard Kapuściński|Kapuściński, Ryszard]]. Another Day of Life, Penguin, 1975. {{ISBN|978-0-14-118678-8}}. A Polish journalist's account of Portuguese withdrawal from Angola and the beginning of the civil war.
* Kevlihan, R. (2003). "Sanctions and humanitarian concerns: Ireland and Angola, 2001-2". Irish Studies in International Affairs 14: 95–106.
* Lari, A. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023754/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/85/Paper85.pdf Returning home to a normal life? The plight of displaced Angolans]. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
* Lari, A. and R. Kevlihan (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023828/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/13No4/FLari.pdf "International Human Rights Protection in Situations of Conflict and Post-Conflict, A Case Study of Angola".] African Security Review 13(4): 29–41.
* Le Billon, Philippe (2005) ''Aid in the Midst of Plenty: Oil Wealth, Misery and Advocacy in Angola'', Disasters 29(1): 1–25.
* Le Billon, Philippe (2001). "Angola's Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds". African Affairs (100): 55–80.
* {{cite book|last=Le Billon|first=P.|title=Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts|date=March 2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-37970-0}}
* MacQueen, Norrie ''An Ill Wind? Rethinking the Angolan Crisis and the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–1976'', ''Itinerario: European Journal of Overseas History, 26/2, 2000, pp.&nbsp;22–44''
* Médecins Sans Frontières (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723154858/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2002/angola1_10-2002.pdf Angola: Sacrifice of a People]. Luanda, Angola, MSF.
* Mwakikagile, Godfrey ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006, on Angola in Chapter 11, "American Involvement in Angola and Southern Africa: Nyerere's Response", pp.&nbsp;324–346, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-1-2}}.
* Pearce, Justin (2004). "War, Peace and Diamonds in Angola: Popular perceptions of the diamond industry in the Lundas". African Security Review 13 (2), pp 51–64. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023855/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/13No2/AW.pdf Wayback Machine]
* Porto, João Gomes (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100821083212/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/77/Paper77.html Cabinda: Notes on a soon to be forgotten war]. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
* Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola, Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.
* Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. New York and London, UK, Human Rights Watch.

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Wikijunior:Countries A–Z|Angola}}
{{Sister project links|voy=Angola|d=Q916|Angola}}

*{{Official website|http://www.governo.gov.ao/}} {{in lang|pt}}
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/ Angola]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Angola}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704131403/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/angola.htm Angola] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732 Angola profile] from the [[BBC News]].
*{{Wikiatlas|Angola}}
*{{Osmrelation}}
*[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AO Key Development Forecasts for Angola] from [[International Futures]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401150404/http://www.bti-project.org/country-reports/esa/ago/ Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012 – Angola Country Report]
*Markus Weimer, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120801221204/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Africa/0312pp_weimer.pdf The Peace Dividend: Analysis of a Decade of Angolan Indicators, 2002–2012]".
*[https://www.academia.edu/12759680/The_participation_of_Hungarian_soldiers_in_UN_peacekeeping_operations_in_Angola The participation of Hungarian soldiers in UN peacekeeping operations in Angola]

{{Angola topics}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Southern African Development Community}}
{{African Union}}
{{Community of Portuguese Language Countries|collapsed}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|12|30|S|18|30|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Angola| ]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Angola]]
[[Category:Central African countries]]
[[Category:Countries in Africa]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Least developed countries]]
[[Category:Member states of OPEC]]
[[Category:Member states of the African Union]]
[[Category:Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:Southern African countries]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1975]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]