Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Anuradhapura period

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Period in the history of Sri Lanka during the Anuradhapura Kingdom (377 BC-1017 AD)}}
{{Main|History of Sri Lanka|Anuradhapura Kingdom}}
{{Infobox historical era
| name       = Anuradhapura period
| start      = 377 BCE
| end        = 1017
| image      = File:British Museum Asia 45 (cropped).jpg
| alt        = 
| caption    = Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka
| before     = [[Early kingdoms period|Pre Anuradhapura period]]
| including  = {{Plainlist|
* [[Early Anuradhapura period]]
* [[Middle Anuradhapura period]]
* [[Late Anuradhapura period]]}}
| after      = [[Polonnaruwa period]]
| monarch    = {{Plainlist|
* [[House of Vijaya]]
* [[The Five Dravidians]]
* [[House of Lambakanna I]]
* [[The Six Dravidians]]
* [[House of Moriya]]
* [[House of Lambakanna II]]}}
| leaders    = 
}}
{{History of Sri Lanka}}
The '''Anuradhapura period''' was a period in the history of Sri Lanka of the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] from 377 BCE to 1017 CE. The period begins when [[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]], [[Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara|King of Upatissa Nuwara]] moved the administration to [[Anuradhapura]], becoming the kingdom's first monarch. Anuradhapura is heralded as an ancient cosmopolitan citadel with diverse populations.

==Overview==
Periodization of Sri Lanka history:
{{Smalldiv|{{Sri Lankan history overview}}}}

==Political history==
===Early Anuradhapura period (377 BCE-463 CE)===
[[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]] (437–367 BCE) King of Upatissa Nuwara and the first monarch of the Anuradhapura Kingdom and 6th over all of the island of Sri Lanka since the arrival of the [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka|Vijaya]], he reigned from 437 BC to 367 BCE. According to many historians and philosophers, he is the first truly Sri Lankan king since the Vijayan invasion, and also the king who ended the conflict between the Sinha clan and local community, reorganizing the populace.

[[Ellalan|Elara]] (205–161 BCE), a [[Tamil People|Tamil]] King with [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] origins, who ruled "Pihiti Rata", i.e., Sri Lanka north of the [[mahaweli]], after killing King [[Asela of Sri Lanka|Asela]]. During Elara's time, [[Kelani Tissa]] was a sub-king of [[Maya Rata]] (south-west) and [[Kavan Tissa]] was a regional sub-king of [[Ruhuna]] (south-east). Kavan Tissa built [[Tissa Maha Vihara]], [[Dighavapi Tank]] and many shrines in Seruvila. [[Dutthagamani of Sri Lanka|Dutugemunu]] (161–137 BCE)&nbsp;– Eldest son of King Kavan Tissa, who was a young man 25 years of age, defeated the South Indian Tamil Invader Elara (over 64 years of age) in single combat, described in the [[Mahavamsa]]. Dutugemunu is depicted as a Sinhalese "Asoka". The [[Ruwanwelisaya]], built by this king is a dagaba of pyramid-like proportions. It was an engineering marvel.

[[Pulahatta]] (or Pulahatha) deposed by [[Bahiya]], was deposed by [[Panaya Mara]], deposed by [[Pilaya Mara]], murdered by [[Dathiya]] 88 BCE&nbsp;– deposed by [[Vattagamani Abhaya of Sri Lanka|Valagamba]], ending Tamil rule. Valagamba I (89–77) BCE&nbsp;– restored the [[House of Vijaya|Dutugamunu dynasty]]. The Mahavihara [[Theravada]]&nbsp;– Abhayagiri (pro-[[Mahayana]]) doctrinal disputes arose at this time. The [[Tripitaka]] was written in [[Pali]] at [[Aluvihara]], [[Matale]]. [[Chora Naga of Anuradhapura|Chora Naga]] (Mahanaga) (63–51) BCE; poisoned by his consort Anula. [[Queen Anula]] (48–44 BCE)&nbsp;– Widow of Chora Naga and [[Kuda Tissa of Anuradhapura|Kuda Tissa]], was the first Queen of Lanka. She had many lovers who were poisoned by her. She was finally killed by: Kuttakanna Tissa. Vasabha (67–111 CE)&nbsp;– [[Vallipuram]] gold plate; he fortified [[Anuradhapura]] and built eleven tanks; many edicts. [[Gajabahu I of Sri Lanka|Gajabahu I]] (114–136)&nbsp;– invaded the [[Chola kingdom]] and brought back captives. He recovered the [[tooth relic]] of the Buddha.

[[Mahasena of Sri Lanka|Mahasena]] (274–301)&nbsp;– The [[Theravada]] (Maha Vihara) was persecuted and [[Mahayana]] surfaced. Later the King returned to the Maha Vihara. Pandu  (429) – first of seven Pandiyan rulers, ending with Pithya, 455; [[Dhatusena of Sri Lanka|Dhatusena]] (459–477), his uncle, Mahanama wrote the Mahavamsa, he built "Kalaweva". His son [[Kashyapa I of Sri Lanka|Kashyapa]] (477–495), built the famous [[Sigiriya]] rock palace. Some 700 rock graffiti give a glimpse of ancient [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].

====Arrival of Buddhism and the sacred tooth relic====
[[Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka|Devanampiya Tissa]] (250–210 BCE), a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] King of the [[Maurya]] clan. His links with Emperor [[Asoka]] led to the introduction of [[Buddhism]] by [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] (son of Asoka) in 247 BCE. [[Sangamitta]], (sister of Mahinda) brought a [[Bodhi]] sapling via Jambukola (Sambiliturei).  [[Sangamitta]]'s son Saamanera Sumana also accompanied them to spread [[Buddhism]], following the [[Third Buddhist Council]], upon the recommendation of [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] (Ashoka's spiritual teacher). They were also accompanied by a lay disciple Bhankuka, who was a maternal grandson of [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]'s aunt. There is no evidence in the history of King Ashoka about his having had a son by the name of Mahinda (or by any other name) or a daughter by the name of Sangamitta (or by any other name). This king's reign was crucial to [[Theravada Buddhism]], and for Sri Lanka.

===Middle Anuradhapura period (463-691)===

===Late Anuradhapura period (691-1017)===
====Lambakanna====
[[Manavanna of Anuradhapura|Manavanna]] (684–718)&nbsp;– seized the throne with [[Pallava]] help. Manavamma introduced Pallava patronage for three centuries.
By the 9th century, with the [[Pandyan]] ascendancy in southern India, Anuradhapura was sacked. However, the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] invaded Pandya using a rival prince, and [[Madurai]] itself was [[Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya|sacked]]. [[Mahinda V of Sri Lanka|Mahinda V]] (982–1029)&nbsp;– was the last Sinhalese monarch of Anuradhapura. He fled to [[Ruhuna]], where, in 1017, the Chola took him to prison and he died in India.

====Demise====
In 993, the Chola Emperor [[Rajaraja I]] invaded Sri Lanka, forcing the then Sri Lankan ruler Mahinda V to flee to the southern part of the country.{{sfn|Siriweera|2004|p=44}} The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages.{{sfn|Wijesooriya|2006|p=114}} Taking advantage of this situation, [[Rajendra I]] son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas sacked the city of Anuradhapura. They moved the capital to [[Polonnaruwa]] and subsequent Sri Lankan rulers who came into power after the Chola reign continued to use Polonnaruwa as the capital, thus ending the Anuradhapura Kingdom.{{sfn|Siriweera|2004|p=44}}

==Demographics==
===Arrival of Tamils===
[[Potsherds]] with [[Tamil-Brahmi|early Tamil writing]] from the 5th century BCE have been found from the north in [[Poonagari|Poonakari]], [[Jaffna]] to the south in [[Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription|Tissamaharama]]. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—vela, a name related to [[Velirs|velir]] from [[ancient Tamil country]].{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=48}} [[Epigraphic]] evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Prakrit]] word for Tamil people) in [[Anuradhapura]], the capital city of [[Rajarata]] the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=157}} Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters,{{sfn|Mahadevan|2000|p=152–154}} which suggest that Tamils were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2004|p=546–549}} Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant,{{NoteTag|"Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka"}} the Tamil householder residing in Ilubharata{{NoteTag|"Ilu bhartechi Dameda karite Dameda gahapatikana"}} and a Tamil sailor named Karava.{{NoteTag|"Dameda navika karava"}} Two of the five ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the [[Vavuniya District]], one is in Seruvavila district in [[Trincomalee District]], one is in Kuduvil in [[Amparai District]] and one is in [[Anuradhapura]]. Mention is made in literary sources of Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water craft in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at [[Kudiramalai]]. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|De Silva|1981|p=30–32}}

==Technology==
{{Main|Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka|Irrigation works in ancient Sri Lanka}}

The irrigation works in ancient [[Sri Lanka]] dated from about 300 BC during the reign of King [[Pandukabhaya]] and under continuous development for the next thousand years, were one of the most complex [[irrigation system]]s of the [[ancient world]]. In addition to underground [[canal]]s, the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] were the first to build completely artificial reservoirs and [[dams]] to store water. The system was extensively restored and further extended during the reign of King [[Parākramabāhu]].

==Monarchs==
The [[House of Vijaya]], [[The Five Dravidians]], [[House of Lambakanna I]], [[The Six Dravidians]], [[House of Moriya]] and the [[House of Lambakanna II]] produced 122 monarchs who ruled during this period. 

==Timeline==
{{Simple Horizontal timeline

|from  = -400
|to    = 1300
|inc   = 100
|width = 

|axis-negativeFmt  =%s BCE
|axis-positiveFmt  =%s CE
|axis-zeroFmt      = %s CE
|axis-nudge        =-0.8em

|styleDefault-height        = 1.5em
|styleDefault-1-border      = none;
|styleDefault-3-border      = none;text-align:left
|styleDefault-3-texttop     = 0em;left:0.5em;
|styleDefault-5-border      = none;text-align:left
|styleDefault-5-texttop     = 0em;left:0.5em;

|stylePre-boxcolour      = Yellow
|stylePre-border         = none;border:2px solid Gold

|row1         = timeline
|row1-style   = styleDefault
|row1-1-to    = -377
|row1-2-to    = 66
|row1-2-style = stylePre
|row1-3-text  = Vijayan era (377 BCE–66)

|row2         = timeline
|row2-style   = styleDefault
|row2-1-to    = 66
|row2-2-to    = 436
|row2-2-style = stylePre
|row2-3-text  = Lambakanna I era (66–436)

|row3         = timeline
|row3-style   = styleDefault
|row3-1-to    = 463
|row3-2-to    = 691
|row3-2-style = stylePre
|row3-3-text  = Moriya era (463– 691)

|row4         = timeline
|row4-style   = styleDefault
|row4-1-to    = 691
|row4-2-to    = 1017
|row4-2-style = stylePre
|row4-3-text  = Lambakanna II era (691–1017)

|row5         = scale
|caption      = Anuradhapura period
}}
===Events===
* 377 BCE: The [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] is founded by [[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]]

==In popular culture==
{{Main|Anuradhapura period in popular culture}}

* [[The God King]], 1974 English and Sinhala historical film
* [[Aba (film)|Aba]], 2008 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Mahindagamanaya]], 2011 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Aloko Udapadi]], 2012 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Siri Daladagamanaya]], 2014 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Maharaja Gemunu]], 2015 Sinhalese historical film
* [[Mahaviru Pandu]], 2020 Sinhalese drama by [[Hiru TV]] 
* [[Asirimath Dalandagamanaya]], 2022 Sinhalese drama by [[Hiru TV]]

==See also==
* [[Sinhala Kingdom]]
* [[List of Sinhalese monarchs]]
* [[Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
===Citations=== 
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book| last = De Silva|first= K. M. | title = A history of Sri Lanka| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1981 | isbn = 978-0-520-04320-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Iravatham |title=Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. |date=2003 |publisher=Cre-A |isbn=9780674012271}}
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1990. ''Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka''. 752 pages with 1610 illustrations. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-05-0}}
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1992. ''The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka''. [Catalogue of the exhibition held at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D. C., 1 November 1992 – 26 September 1993]. 160 pages with 64 illustrations. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-06-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Bandaranayake|first=Senake|title=Sigiriya|publisher=Central Cultural Fund|year=2007|isbn=978-955-613-111-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sigiriyacitypala0000band}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bopearachchi|first=Osmund|chapter=Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu|editor1-last=Chevillard|editor1-first=Jean-Luc|editor2-last=Wilden|editor2-first=Eva|title=South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday|year=2004|publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient|place=Pondicherry|series=Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94|isbn=978-2-85539-630-9|issn=0073-8352|pages=546–549}}
* {{Cite book|last=Indrapala|first=K.|author-link=K. Indrapala|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|year=2007|location=Colombo|isbn=978-955-1266-72-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Lokubandara|first=W. J. M.|title=The Mistique of Sigiriya&nbsp;— Whispers of the Mirror Wall|publisher=Godage International Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-955-30-0610-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Mendis|first=Ranjan Chinthaka|title=The Story of Anuradhapura|publisher=Lakshmi Mendis|year=1999|isbn=978-955-96704-0-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Perera|first=Lakshman S.|title=The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|year=2001|volume=1|isbn=978-955-580-055-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Rambukwelle|first=P. B.|title=Commentary on Sinhala Kingship&nbsp;— Vijaya to Kalinga Magha|publisher=Sridevi Printers|year=1993|isbn=978-955-95565-0-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W. I.|title=History of Sri Lanka|publisher=Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company|year=2004|isbn=978-955-551-257-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W. I.|title=A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7069-7621-2|pages=44–45}}
* {{cite book|last=Wijesooriya|first=S.|title=A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa|publisher=Participatory Development Forum|year=2006|isbn=978-955-9140-31-3}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Paranavithana|first1=Senarath|title=Two Royal Titles of the Early Sinhalese, and the Origin of Kingship in Ancient Ceylon|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|date=July 1936|issue=3|pages=443–462}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|date=March 2000|title=Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka|journal=Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies|volume=XVII|issue=2|pages=147–156}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{Main|Bibliography of Sri Lanka}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Early kingdoms period|Pre Anuradhapura period]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=Anuradhapura period<br>of [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan history]]|years=377 BC–1017}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Chola occupation of Anuradhapura]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Anuradhapura period}}
{{History of Sri Lanka bar}}
{{Sri Lanka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Sri Lanka}}
[[Category:Anuradhapura period]]
[[Category:Ancient Sri Lanka]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]