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{{Short description|Overview of the architecture of Georgia}}{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{About|the country|architecture of the U.S. state|Architecture of the United States|the unrelated style that emerged in the English-speaking world during the reigns of successive kings named George|Georgian architecture}}
[[File:Kvatakhevi church (1).jpg|thumb|[[Kvatakhevi]] Church, 1126]]
[[File:Senaki theatre.jpg|thumb|Akaki Khorava State Theatre in [[Senaki]], an example of [[Neoclassicism]] style with elements of [[Baroque]] in Georgia. Architect Vakhtang Gogoladze.]]
[[File:Georgia opera (8987121451).jpg|thumb|Georgian National Opera Theater]]
The '''architecture of Georgia''' refers to the styles of architecture found in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. The country is exceptionally rich in architectural monuments. Characteristic features of the Georgian architecture are monumentality, clear composition, strict proportions, moderate use of decorations, and above all these the harmonic interaction with nature.<ref>Закарая, П. (1983) Памятники Восточной Грузии. Искусство, Москва, 376 с. (In Russian)</ref>

Georgian architecture is influenced by a number of architectural styles, including several each for [[castles]], [[towers]], [[fortifications]], [[palaces]] and churches. The [[Svaneti|Upper Svaneti]] fortifications and the castle town of [[Shatili]] in [[Khevsureti]] are among the finest examples of medieval Georgian castles.

Georgian medieval churches have a distinct character, though related to [[armenian architecture|Armenian]] and [[Byzantine architecture]], typically combining a conical [[dome]] raised high on a drum over a rectangular or cross-shaped lower structure. Often known as the "Georgian cross-dome style," this style of architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century. Before that, most Georgian churches were basilicas. One distinguishing feature of Georgian ecclesiastical architecture, one which can be traced back to a high emphasis on [[individualism]] in Georgian culture, is reflected in the allocation of space inside the churches. Other examples of Georgian ecclesiastic architecture can be found overseas, in Bulgaria ([[Bachkovo Monastery]] built in 1083 by Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani), in Greece ([[Iviron monastery]] built by Georgians in the 10th century) and in Jerusalem ([[Monastery of the Cross]] built by Georgians in the 9th century).

Other [[architectural style]]s in Georgia include the [[Baron Haussmann|Hausmannized]] Rustaveli Avenue in [[Tbilisi]] and that city's Old Town District.

== History ==
The history of construction in Georgia can be traced back to the 5th-4th millennia BC, from [[Paleolithic]] to the [[Late Medieval]] times.<ref>Закарая, П. (1983) Памятники Восточной Грузии. Искусство, Москва, 376 с. (In Russian)</ref> The oldest structures were made of stone and wood, and later of bricks.

===7th century===

This was the period of considerable rethinking of church internal space. It was increased by introduction of pillars that held now the [[tholobate]], which gave possibility to experiment with the walls and improved esthetic perception of the interior. Traditional triangular niches by the sides of the [[apse]] also appear in this century. First such example, which actually started new traditions, was [[Tsromi church]].

===10th century===

The first hints of the emerging 11-13th century architecture appear in this period in [[Kumurdo Cathedral]].

===11th century===
From the beginning of the century Georgian architecture becomes exceptionally artistic and decorative. Facades acquire rich relief ornamentation and arcading. Predominant ornamental motifs are inspired from nature – flowers, birds, wild and domestic mammals and people. Characteristic for eastern façade axial two rombs with ornamented window and cross above, first appeared in [[Samtavisi Cathedral|Samtavisi]], was later used up until the 13th century. Many earlier built churches, like [[Svetitskhoveli Cathedral|Svetitskhoveli]] and [[Manglisi Cathedral|Manglisi]] cathedrals, were substantially rebuilt and decorated in the 11th century.

Major step in the general design was introduction of the [[cross-in-square]] plan.

Examples of that period: [[Samtavisi Cathedral]], [[Samtavro Monastery|Samtavro church]].

===12th century===
Following the traditions established in the 11th century, the accent was put on increased illumination of interiors in order to better observe frescos. This reflected in creating more windows in dome and side walls.

Examples: [[Ikorta church]].

===13th century===
Bell towers near the churches start to be constructed from the middle of the century.

Invasion of [[Khwarazm|Khwarezmians]] and [[Mongols]], and strong earthquake of 1283 brought significant destructions. Meanwhile, the end of the 13th century is notable for large scale construction of monasteries; particularly in provinces less effected by invasions, like [[Samtskhe]]. Its rulers of the [[Jakeli]] family succeeded in building one of the best in that period and still largely preserved [[Sapara Monastery|St. Saba's Church]], part of Sapara Monastery.<ref>Zakaraya, P. (1983) Pamyatniki Vostochnoi Gruzii. Iskusstvo, Moskva, 376 s. [Monuments of Eastern Georgia](In Russian)</ref> Following generally the [[Georgian Golden Age|Golden Age]] traditions, churches of that period are characterised by more simplified and less expressive decorations. Facade architecture disappears, and decorations are made on smooth surfaces. Previously convex window decorations become immersed into the wall. [[Cladding (construction)|Cladding]] is characteristically polychromatic. The [[dome]] looks heavier than in previous centuries, and its [[tholobate]] typically has twelve windows, although starting from St. Saba's Church, the number increases to sixteen - eight true and eight false windows.

===14th century===
The decline, which began in the previous century due to [[Mongol]] dominance, continued to reflect in the architecture of the 14th century. The church dome [[tholobate]] becomes more stumpy. The facade decorations remaining only around the doors and windows. The examples include [[Gergeti Trinity Church]], [[Zarzma monastery|Zarzma]] and [[Chulevi monastery]].

==See also==
{{portal|Architecture}}
* [[Darbazi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category|Architecture of Georgia}}
* ''The Georgians'', David Marshal Lang, 6th chapter: Architecture & Art

{{Expand Spanish|Arquitectura de Georgia|date=February 2019}}

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