Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:ArianeGroup

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|European aerospace company}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name             = ArianeGroup
| former_name      = Airbus Safran Launchers
| logo             = Arianegroup.png
| type             = [[Joint venture]]
| foundation       = {{Start date and age|2015|1|1}}
| founder          = [[Airbus]]<br>[[Safran]]
| location_city    = 60 Rue Camille Desmoulins, 92130 [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]], [[France]]<br/>{{coord|48.830353| 2.264927|region:FR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| num_locations    = 13 main locations and facilities
| industry         = [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace]]
| products         = {{unbulleted list
 | [[Missile]]s
 | [[Ballistic missile]]s
 | [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s
 | [[Launch vehicle]]s
 | [[Spacecraft propulsion|Orbital propulsion systems]]
 | [[Rocket engine]]s
 }}
| owners           = {{unbulleted list
 | [[Airbus|Airbus SE]] (50%)
 | [[Safran|Safran S.A.]] (50%)
 }}
| subsid           = {{unbulleted list
 | [[Arianespace]]
 | Aerospace Propulsion Products B.V.
 | [[CILAS]]
 | [[Eurockot Launch Services]]
 | NUCLETUDES
 | Pyroalliance
 | [[Sodern]]
 }}
| revenue          = {{Euro}}3.0 billion (2016)
| num_employees    = 8,000 (2023)<ref>[https://www.ariane.group/en/about-us/company-profil/ Company Profile]</ref>
| homepage         = {{URL|https://www.ariane.group/}}
| footnotes        = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariane.group/en/about-us/company-profil/|title=Company profile|publisher=ArianeGroup|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ariane.group/en/equipment-and-services/security-and-defence|title=Security and Defence|publisher=ArianeGroup|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ariane.group/en/about-us/our-main-facilities-and-locations/|title=Our main facilities and locations|publisher=ArianeGroup|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''ArianeGroup''' (formerly '''Airbus Safran Launchers''') is an [[aerospace]] company based in [[France]]. A [[joint venture]] between [[Airbus]] and [[Safran]],<ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2022 |title=Nos actionnaires |url=https://www.ariane.group/fr/a-propos/nos-actionnaires/}}</ref> the company was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]]. It consists of three core groups: aerospace, defence and security. ArianeGroup is developing its next-generation two-stage [[Ariane 6]] launch vehicle, intended to succeed the [[Ariane 5]] rocket, which has had more than 110  launches. The new vehicle will be offered in two variants that will be capable of carrying between 10,350 and 21,650 [[Kilogram|kilograms]]. The first launch of Ariane 6 is expected to occur in 2024.

If the company's task is to develop and manufacture the launch vehicles, [[Arianespace]] acts as the launch service provider for them. Meanwhile, another subsidiary, [[ArianeWorks]], is tasked with developing next-generation technologies such as the reusable '''Themis''' rocket booster. ArianeGroup also notably manufactures France's [[M51 (missile)|M51]] [[thermonuclear weapon|nuclear]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]].

As of 2016, ArianeGroup's principal sites are located in Issy-les-Moulineaux, [[Saint-Médard-en-Jalles]], [[Kourou]] (space center), [[Vernon, Eure|Vernon]], [[Le Haillan]] and [[Les Mureaux]] in France as well as [[Lampoldshausen]], [[Bremen]] and [[Ottobrunn]] in [[Germany]].<ref name=airbus20160209/>

==History==
The formation of ArianeGroup is closely connected to both the development of the [[Ariane 6]] [[heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy-lift launcher]] during the 2010s, as well as the space manufacturing aligned interests of two European aerospace companies, [[Airbus Defence and Space|Airbus]] and [[Safran]]. During June 2014, Airbus and Safran approached the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) with its own proposal for the Ariane 6 programme, the establishment of a 50/50 [[joint venture]] to develop the rocket, which would also involve buying out the French government's [[CNES]] interest in [[Arianespace]].<ref name=sn20140620>{{cite news|last=de Selding|first=Peter|title=Airbus and Safran Propose New Ariane 6 Design, Reorganization of Europe's Rocket Industry|url=http://spacenews.com/40973airbus-and-safran-propose-new-ariane-6-design-reorganization-of-europes/|newspaper=Space News|date=20 June 2014|accessdate=6 June 2015|quote=European space-hardware builders Airbus and Safran have proposed that the French and European space agencies scrap much of their previous 18 months' work on a next-generation Ariane 6 rocket in favor of a design that includes much more liquid propulsion.}}</ref><ref name="BBCcustomerShots">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-28166626|title=Ariane 6: Customers call the shots|first1=Jonathan|last1=Amos|work=[[BBC News]]|date=5 July 2014|accessdate=6 June 2015}}</ref>

The company was established on 1 January 2015, with headquarters in [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]] near [[Paris]].<ref name=airbus20141203>[http://www.airbusgroup.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/news-and-media/Press-Releases-PDF/12-2014/20141203_airbus_group_safran/Press-Release_Airbus-Safran-Joint-Venture_DE/Press%20Release_Airbus%20Safran%20Joint%20Venture_DE.pdf "Press Release. Airbus Group und Safran gründen Joint Venture".] ''Airbus Group'', 3 December 2014. Retrieved on 8 February 2016.</ref> At the time of formation, ArianeGroup's principal sites were Issy-les-Moulineaux, [[Saint-Médard-en-Jalles]], [[Kourou]] (space center), [[Vernon, Eure|Vernon]], [[Le Haillan]] and [[Les Mureaux]] in France as well as [[Lampoldshausen]], [[Bremen]] and [[Ottobrunn]] in [[Germany]].<ref name=airbus20160209>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airbusafran-launchers.com/#location|title=Airbus Safran Launchers|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321084530/https://www.airbusafran-launchers.com/#location|archive-date=21 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=June 2020}}
In mid 2014, the joint venture partners named Alain Charmeau as its [[CEO]] and Marc Ventre as the Chairman of the Board.<ref>{{cite news|title=Airbus and Safran Pick Leadership for New Joint Venture Launch Company|author=Caleb Henry |date=July 31, 2014 |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/business/2014/07/31/airbus-and-safran-pick-leadership-for-new-joint-venture-launch-company/|publisher=Via Satellite|access-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref>

The reorganization of a major portion of [[Europe]]'s space industry, which led to the creation of ArianeGroup, generated both close scrutiny and a level of controversy. French newspaper ''[[La Tribune]]'' published a scathing article, questioning whether Airbus could deliver on the promised costs for their Ariane 6 proposal, and whether Airbus and Safran Group could be trusted when they were found to be responsible for a failure of [[Ariane 5#Notable launches|Ariane 5 flight 517]] in 2002 and the failure of the [[M51 (missile)|M51 ballistic missile]] in 2013.<ref name=FautilDonnerToutesLesCles>{{cite news |url=http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/20140707trib000838582/faut-il-donner-toutes-les-cles-d-ariane-6-a-airbus-et-safran.html|title=Faut-il donner toutes les clés d'Ariane 6 a Airbus et Safran?|first=Michel|last=Cabirol|publisher=La Tribune|date=7 July 2014|accessdate=5 August 2014|language=fr}}</ref> The companies were also criticized for being unwilling to incur development risks, and asking for higher initial funding than originally planned - {{Euro|2.6 billion}} instead of {{Euro|2.3 billion}}. Estimated launch prices of {{Euro|85 million}} for Ariane 6.1 and {{Euro|69 million}} for Ariane 6.2 did not compare favorably to [[SpaceX]] offerings.<ref name=PrivatisationdAriane6>{{cite news|url=http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/20140707trib000838581/privatisation-d-ariane-6-comment-airbus-et-safran-negocient-le-casse-du-siecle.html|title=Privatisation d'Ariane 6 : comment Airbus et Safran négocient le "casse du siècle" |first=Michel|last=Cabirol|work=[[La Tribune]]|date=7 July 2014|access-date=5 August 2014|language=fr|trans-title=Ariane 6 privatized: how Airbus and Safran negotiate the "heist of the century"}}</ref> A review was performed by the French government, focusing upon the company's tax affairs, while the [[European Commission]] conducted its own probe into a possible [[conflict of interest]] if Airbus, which is also active as a [[List of spacecraft manufacturers|satellite manufacturer]], was put into the position of purchasing launches upon launchers manufactured by itself.<ref name="BBCapril2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35983735|title=Ariane 6 project 'in good shape'|first1=Jonathan|last1=Amos|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=7 April 2016}}</ref>{{update after|2014}}

{{asof|2018}}, [[Alain Charmeau]] remained as chair of ArianeGroup, and the group was producing three existing rockets: the [[Ariane 5]], [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]], and a [[European Soyuz|European version]] of the [[Government of Russia|Russian]] [[European Soyuz|Soyuz]], while pursuing [[new product development|development]] of the [[Ariane 6]], and building a massive new launch pad facility at the [[Guiana Space Centre]].<ref name=ars20180721>{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/07/as-the-spacex-steamroller-surges-european-rocket-industry-vows-to-resist/ |title=As the SpaceX steamroller surges, European rocket industry vows to resist |date=20 July 2018 |accessdate=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720141110/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/07/as-the-spacex-steamroller-surges-european-rocket-industry-vows-to-resist/ |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By February 2019, Ariane Group and the French government space agency [[CNES]] began work on a new "acceleration platform" called '''ArianeWorks'''<!-- bolded per [[WP:MOSBOLD]] as a redirect target --> to develop new launchers, including [[reusable launch system|reusable]] ones, which included teams from both companies working "under one roof."<ref name=sdc20100910/> The joint operation was to have a more [[Agile development|flexible working environment]]<!-- Agile development is per refname satnews20201217 --> than traditional Ariane projects, and was intended to explicitly be open to "new players and internationally."<ref name=sdc20100910/>  By September 2019, the results from two low-cost demonstrators were expected soon, and a more robust flight demonstrator called [[Themis programme|Themis]] was projected to one day make use of some parts of the earlier demonstration projects and would use the larger reusable [[Prometheus (rocket engine)|Prometheus]] [[rocket engine]]. The Themis prototype was to be built by Paris prototyping company [[MyCTO]].<ref name=sdc20100910>{{cite news |title=Europe's ArianeWorks Aims for Reusable Rockets (with a Very SpaceX Look) |url=https://www.space.com/arianeworks-reusable-rockets-themis-callisto-video.html |work=SPACE.com |last=Howell|first=Elizabeth |date=10 September 2019 |accessdate=4 January 2021 }}</ref> In the event, the [[ESA]] contracted with ArianeGroup in December 2020 to build the Themis resusable rocket stage demonstrator, and provided an initial {{Euro|33 million}} for the first development phase.  The program objective is to be able to demonstrate to European governments by 2022 a range of technologies needed to meet European reusable rocket technology needs such that competitive launcher options could be developed in Europe to compete in the 2030s [[Space launch market competition|global launch market]].<ref name=satnews20201217>{{cite news |title=ESA Contracts ArianeGroup To Develop Themis Reusable Rocket Stage Demonstrator |url=https://news.satnews.com/2020/12/17/esa-contracts-arianegroup-to-develop-themis-reusable-rocket-stage-demonstrator/ |work=satnews |date=17 December 2020 |accessdate=4 January 2021 }}</ref>

==Products==
===Orbital launch vehicles===
[[File:Ariane 62 and 64.svg|thumb|upright|left|''Ariane 62'' (left) and ''Ariane 64'' (right) in development by ArianeGroup]]

ArianeGroup's [[subsidiary]], [[Arianespace]], operates and markets commercial launch services for the [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane rocket family]], an [[expendable launch system]] which is used to deliver payloads into [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO) or [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO). According to Arianespace, at the time of its establishment in 1980, it was the world's first launch services company.<ref name=arianespace1980>{{cite web|title=Arianespace was founded in 1980 as the world's first launch services company|url=http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html |publisher=arianespace.com|accessdate=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218002917/http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html|archive-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> By early 1986, the [[Ariane 1]], along with its [[Ariane 2]] and [[Ariane 3]] derivates, had become the dominant launcher on the global market.<ref name="harvey 172">Harvey 2003, p. 172.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Home/SEMN2E67ESD_0.html|title=Ariane 1,2,3|date=3 May 2004|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|work=Ariane 1|accessdate=28 September 2009}}</ref> Since then, the improved [[Ariane 4]] and [[Ariane 5]] launchers have been successfully introduced by Arianespace.<ref name="harvey 193">Harvey 2003, p. 193.</ref>

In addition to the Ariane [[heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy-lift launcher]], Arianespace also has a portfolio of smaller [[launch vehicle]]s, including the [[Soyuz-2]] as a [[medium-lift launch vehicle|medium-lift]] alternative, and the [[solid-fuel rocket|solid-fueled]] [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] for lighter payloads. Arianespace uses the [[Guiana Space Center]] in [[French Guiana]] as its main launch site.<ref name="launchers">{{cite web|title=Service & Solutions|url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us/service-solutions.asp|publisher=arianespace.com|accessdate=15 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110212040834/http://arianespace.com/about-us/service-solutions.asp|archive-date=12 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

While Arianespace handles the operation of the [[Ariane 5]], its parent ArianeGroup is the primary contractor for the manufacture of this launcher. It has also been responsible for enhancements and further development of the platform; one project, known as the Ariane 5 '''ME''' (''Mid-life Evolution'') was underway until late 2014, at which point the ESA halted funding for development to instead prioritize work on the new generation [[Ariane 6]] launcher.<ref name="AdaptedME">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Adapted_Ariane_5_ME|title= Adapted Ariane 5 ME|publisher=European Space Agency|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114600/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Adapted_Ariane_5_ME|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0912/21ariane/|title=ESA signs contract for Ariane 5 rocket enhancements|access-date=22 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225120206/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0912/21ariane/|archive-date=25 December 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=slr20141203>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/ariane6.html|title=Ariane 6|publisher=Space Launch Report|first1=Ed|last1=Kyle|date=3 December 2014|accessdate=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530225452/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/ariane6.html|archive-date=30 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 August 2015, the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) appointed Airbus Safran Launchers as the principal contractor with the new development of the [[Ariane 6]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.airbusafran-launchers.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ASL-1-year.pdf|title=Airbus Safran Launchers: a highly promising first year|type=PDF|date=28 January 2016|accessdate=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208020512/http://www.airbusafran-launchers.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ASL-1-year.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amongst other factors, the ESA is reportedly keen to maximise the potential commonalities between the Ariane 6 and Vega launchers.<ref>Thisdell, Dan. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-europes-next-rocket-has-high-hurdles-to-c-379500/"IN FOCUS: Europe's next rocket has high hurdles to clear".] ''Flight International'', 27 November 2012.</ref> During January 2016, the basic design was finalized, advancing the work into the detailed design and production phases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Ariane_6_design_finalized_set_for_2020_launch_999.html|title=Ariane 6 design finalized, set for 2020 launch|publisher=Space Daily|date=28 January 2016|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35435108|title=Europe settles on design for Ariane 6 rocket|publisher=BBC News|first1=Jonathan|last1=Amos|date=28 January 2016|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> On 6 May 2019, Arianespace ordered the first production batch of 14 Ariane 6 launchers; these are intended for missions to be conducted between 2022 and 2025.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=jeff_foust|author-link=Jeff Foust|number=1125837658477989888|title=Stéphane Israël, Arianespace: ordered first production batch of 14 Ariane 6 rockets yesterday for missions in 2021-23. #SATShow|date=7 May 2019|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

ArianeGroup is also developing [[Ariane Next]], a partially reusable launcher that should succeed Ariane 6 from the 2030s. The objective of this reusable launcher is to halve the launch costs.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Patureau de Mirand |first1=Antoine |title=Ariane Next, a vision for a reusable cost efficient European rocket |conference=8th European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences |date=July 2019 |url=https://www.eucass.eu/index.php/component/docindexer/?task=download&id=5506 |format=PDF |doi=10.13009/EUCASS2019-949 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

==== MaiaSpace ====
In 2021, French company, MaiaSpace, was founded. A subsidiary of ArianeGroup, its purpose is to develop a small reusable launch vehicle as soon as 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=SAINT-MARTIN|first=Thierry|title=ArianeGroup is launching MaiaSpace - JEC Group|url=https://www.jeccomposites.com/news/arianegroup-is-launching-maiaspace/|access-date=29 January 2022|website=www.jeccomposites.com/|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=Spatial: la France fait (enfin) le grand saut du lanceur réutilisable|url=https://www.challenges.fr/entreprise/aeronautique/spatial-la-france-fait-enfin-le-grand-saut-du-lanceur-reutilisable_792188|first=Vincent|last=Lamigeon|access-date=29 January 2022|website=Challenges|language=fr}}</ref> The launch vehicle, named Maia, is planned to be capable of carrying 500-kilogram payloads to [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]. It will use an unknown number of the already developed Prometheus engine. The rocket design is similar to [[SpaceX]]'s reusable rocket, [[Falcon 9]], and similarly to SpaceX, Maia will use landing legs to land on either a floating landing platform or a landing pad on land. The Maia rocket will be launched from Europe's [[Guiana Space Centre|Guiana Spaceport]] in Kourou, French Guiana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=SAINT-MARTIN|first=Thierry|title=ArianeGroup is launching MaiaSpace - JEC Group|url=https://www.jeccomposites.com/news/arianegroup-is-launching-maiaspace/|access-date=29 January 2022|website=jeccomposites.com/|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=Spatial: la France fait (enfin) le grand saut du lanceur réutilisable|url=https://www.challenges.fr/entreprise/aeronautique/spatial-la-france-fait-enfin-le-grand-saut-du-lanceur-reutilisable_792188|access-date=29 January 2022|website=Challenges|language=fr}}</ref>

===Missiles===
ArianeGroup is the prime contractor for the [[M51 (missile)|M51]], a [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (SLBM) operated by the [[French Navy]], being responsible for development, manufacture, system support, and end-of-life disposal of the missiles, in addition to delivering both the land-based operating infrastructure and the submarine-based command and control systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ariane.group/en/defense/m51/|title=M51|publisher=ArianeGroup|accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref> During May 2016, Airbus and Safran announced an agreement for ArianeGroup to undertake modification work to upgrade the M51 to the M51.3 standard.<ref name="M51">{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/space/2016/05/10/airbus-and-safran-agree-to-space-launcher-joint-venture/|website=defensenews.com|title=Airbus and Safran Agree to Space Launcher Joint Venture|first=Pierre|last=Tran|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=9 July 2017|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/20190115110111/https://www.defensenews.com/space/2016/05/10/airbus-and-safran-agree-to-space-launcher-joint-venture/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During January 2019, it was announced that ArianeGroup was developing a [[hypersonic]] glide vehicle under the project V-Max.<ref name="urlRace for hypersonic weapons heats up as France joins fray">{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/race-for-hypersonic-weapons-heats-up-as-france-joins-fray|title=Race for 'hypersonic' weapons heats up as France joins fray|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date= 29 January 2019}}</ref> Forecast for delivery during 2021, its delivery shall make France the second European nation after [[Russia]] to develop its own hypersonic weapons.<ref name="urlNow France Wants Hypersonic Missiles by 2021|The National Interest">{{cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/now-france-wants-hypersonic-missiles-2021-43202|title=Now France Wants Hypersonic Missiles by 2021|first=Michael|last=Peck|publisher=The National Interest|date=4 February 2019}}</ref>

===Orbital Propulsion Systems===
The [[Orbital Propulsion Centre]], a division of the ArianeGroup, is located in Lampoldshausen, Germany. The Lampoldshausen facility is the European [[centre of excellence]] for spacecraft propulsion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space-propulsion.com|title=Orbital Propulsion Centre, Lampoldshausen, Germany|publisher=space-propulsion.com}}</ref> The centre supplies complete propulsion systems, subsystems and component parts for satellites, orbital spacecraft, interplanetary spacecraft, re-entry vehicles, resupply missions to the International Space Station and currently the NASA / ESA Orion European Service Module. The majority of ESA satellites and spacecraft have reportedly incorporated thruster or other components that have been produced at Lampoldshausen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space-propulsion.com/spacecraft-propulsion/heritage/index.html|title=Spacecraft Propulsion Heritage|publisher=space-propulsion.com}}</ref>

===Rocket engines===
* [[Vulcain (rocket engine)|Vulcain]]
* [[HM7B]]
* [[Vinci (rocket engine)|Vinci]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|France|Companies}}
* [[French space program]]

==References==
[[File:Ariane Group (35121113780).jpg|thumb|The ArianeGroup Chalet at [[Paris Air Show]] 2017]]

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}

* Harvey, Brian. ''Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond.'' Springer Science & Business Media, 2003. {{ISBN|1-8523-3722-2}}.
{{Refend}}

{{Ariane}}
{{Airbus Group}}
{{Safran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aerospace companies of France]]
[[Category:Airbus subsidiaries and divisions]]
[[Category:Safran Group]]
[[Category:Airbus joint ventures]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Companies based in Île-de-France]]
[[Category:Arianespace]]
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