Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Arianespace

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|European commercial space transportation company}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox company
 | name             = Arianespace
 | logo             = <noinclude>Arianespace logo.svg</noinclude>
 | type             = [[Launch service provider]]
 | founded          = {{start date and age| March 26, 1980}}
 | founder          =
 | area_served      =
 | key_people       =
 | industry         = [[Aerospace]]
 | genre            =
 | products         =
 | services         = Rocket Launches
 | revenue          = {{increase}}&nbsp;[[euro|€]]1.433&nbsp;billion&nbsp;(2015)
 | operating_income = 
 | net_income       = {{increase}}&nbsp;[[euro|€]]4&nbsp;million&nbsp;(2015)
 | assets           =
 | equity           =
 | owner            =
 | num_employees    = 220 (2023)<ref>[https://www.arianespace.com/about-us/ About Us]</ref>
 | parent           = [[ArianeGroup]]
 | divisions        =
 | subsid           =
 | homepage         = [http://www.arianespace.com arianespace.com]
 | footnotes        =
 | intl             =
 | location_city    = [[Évry-Courcouronnes]]
 | location_country = [[France]]
 | location         =
 | locations        =
 | caption          =
}}

'''Arianespace SA''' is a French company founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial [[launch service provider]].<ref name=Jaeger1986/> It undertakes the operation and marketing of the [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]] programme.<ref name=arianespace1980/> The company offers a number of different [[launch vehicle]]s: the [[heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy-lift]] [[Ariane 5]] for dual launches to [[geostationary transfer orbit]], the [[Soyuz-2]] as a [[medium-lift launch vehicle|medium-lift]] alternative, and the [[solid-fuel rocket|solid-fueled]] [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] for lighter payloads.<ref name="launchers">{{cite web |title= Service & Solutions |url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us/service-solutions.asp |publisher=arianespace.com |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110212040834/http://arianespace.com/about-us/service-solutions.asp |archive-date= 12 February 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>

{{As of|2021|5}}, Arianespace had launched more than 850 satellites<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arianespace.com/company-profile/|title=Arianespace Company profile |publisher=Arianespace |date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 25, 2021}}</ref> in 287 launches over 41 years. The first commercial flight managed by the new entity was Spacenet F1 launched on 23 May 1984. Arianespace uses the [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]] as its main launch site. Through shareholding in [[Starsem]], it can also offer commercial Soyuz launches from the [[Baikonur spaceport]] in Kazakhstan. It has its headquarters in [[Évry-Courcouronnes]], [[Essonne]], [[France]].<ref>"[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9095324_ITM Russians, French sign space contract.(UPI Science Report)]." ''[[United Press International]]''. 12 April 2005. Retrieved on 24 September 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.arianespace.com/contact-us/ |publisher=Arianespace |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
The formation of Arianespace SA is closely associated with the desire of several [[Europe]]an nations to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and the formation of a pan-national organisation, the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), to oversee such undertaking during 1973.<ref name = "harvey 161 162">Harvey 2003, pp. 161-162.</ref> Prior to the ESA's formation, [[Government of France|France]] had been lobbying for the development of a new European [[expendable launch system]] to serve as a replacement for the [[Europa (rocket)|Europa]] rocket.<ref name = "harvey 161"/> Accordingly, one of the first programmes launched by the ESA was the [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]] heavy launcher.<ref name = "harvey 161">Harvey 2003, p. 161.</ref> The express purpose of this launcher was to facilitate the delivery of [[Commercial use of space#Satellites and equipment|commercial satellites]] into [[geosynchronous orbit]].<ref name = "harvey 16166">Harvey 2003, pp. 161-166.</ref>

[[File:Ariane 1 Le Bourget FRA 001.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Ariane 1]] mock-up]]
France was the largest stakeholder in the Ariane [[new product development|development]] programme.<ref name = "harvey 166">Harvey 2003, p. 166.</ref> French [[aerospace manufacturer]] [[Aérospatiale]] served as the [[prime contractor]] and held responsibility for performing the integration of all sections of the vehicle, while French engine manufacturer [[Snecma|Société Européenne de Propulsion]] (SEP) provided the first, second and third stage engines (the third stage engines were produced in partnership with German aerospace manufacturer [[Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm|MBB]]). Other major companies involved included the French firms Air Liquide and [[Matra]], Swedish manufacturer [[Volvo]], and German aircraft producer [[Dornier Flugzeugwerke]].<ref name = "harvey 166"/> Development of the third stage was a major focus point for the project - prior to Ariane, only the United States had ever flown a launcher that utilised hydrogen-powered upper stages.<ref name = "harvey 165 166">Harvey 2003, pp. 165-166.</ref>

Immediately following the successful [[maiden flight|first test launch]] of an [[Ariane 1]] on 24 December 1979, the French space agency [[CNES|Centre national d'études spatiales]] (CNES) and the ESA created a new company, ''Arianespace'', for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations.<ref name = "harvey 169">Harvey 2003, p. 169.</ref><ref name=Jaeger1986>
{{Cite conference |conference=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=May 1986 |title=Ariane — The first commercial space transportation system |bibcode=1986spte.conf.1431J |publisher=AGNE Publishing, Inc. |publication-date=1986 |volume=2 |id=A87-32276 13-12 |author1=Jaeger, Ralph-W. |author2=Claudon, Jean-Louis }}</ref> According to Arianespace, at the time of its establishment, it was the world's first launch services company.<ref name=arianespace1980>
{{cite web |title=Arianespace was founded in 1980 as the world's first launch services company |url=http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html |publisher=arianespace.com |access-date=7 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218002917/http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html |archive-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> Following a further three test launches, the first commercial launch took place on 10 September 1982, which ended in failure as a result of a [[turbopump]] having failed in the third stage.<ref name = "harvey 17072">Harvey 2003, pp. 170-172.</ref> The six remaining flights of the Ariane 1 were successful, with the final flight occurring during February 1986.<ref name = "harvey 172">Harvey 2003, p. 172.</ref> As a result of these repeated successes, orders for the Ariane launcher quickly mounted up; by early 1984, a total of 27 satellites had been booked to use Ariane, which was estimated to be half of the world's market at that time. As a result of the commercial success, after the tenth Ariane mission was flown, the ESA formally transferred responsibility for Ariane over to Arianespace.<ref name = "harvey 172"/>

By early 1986, the Ariane 1, along with its [[Ariane 2]] and [[Ariane 3]] derivates, were the dominant launcher on the world market.<ref name = "harvey 172"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Home/SEMN2E67ESD_0.html |title=Ariane 1,2,3 |date=3 May 2004 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |work=Ariane 1 |access-date=28 September 2009}}</ref> The Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 were short-lived platforms while the more extensive [[Ariane 4]] was being developed; it was a considerably larger and more flexible launcher that the earlier members of its family, having been intended from the onset to compete with the upper end of launchers worldwide. In comparison, while the Ariane 1 had a typical weight of 207 tonnes and could launch payloads of up to 1.7 tonnes into orbit; the larger Ariane 4 had a typical weight of 470 tonnes and could orbit payloads of up to 4.2 tonnes.<ref name = "harvey 178">Harvey 2003, p. 178.</ref> Despite this, the Ariane 4 was actually 15 per cent smaller than the Ariane 3.<ref name = "harvey 180">Harvey 2003, p. 180.</ref>

On 15 June 1988, the first successful launch of the Ariane 4 was conducted.<ref name = "harvey 180"/> This maiden flight was considered a success, having placed multiple satellites into orbit.<ref name = "harvey 180"/> For the V50 launch onwards, an improved third stage, known as the ''H10+'', was adopted for the Ariane 4, which raised the rocket's overall payload capacity by 110&nbsp;kg and increased its burn time by 20 seconds.<ref name = "harvey 183">Harvey 2003, p. 183.</ref>

[[File:Ariane42P rocket.png|thumb|[[Ariane 4]] on launch pad]]
Even prior to the first flight of the Ariane 4 in 1988, development of a successor, designated as the [[Ariane 5]], had already commenced.<ref name = "harvey 184 185">Harvey 2003, pp. 184-185.</ref> In January 1985, the Ariane 5 was officially adopted as an ESA programme, and began an eleven-year development and test program to the first launch in 1996. It lacked the high levels of commonality that the Ariane 4 had with its predecessors, and had been designed not only for launching heavier payloads of up to 5.2 tonnes and at a 20 per cent cost reduction over the Ariane 4, but for a higher margin of safety due to the fact that the Ariane 5 was designed to conduct crewed space launches as well, being intended to transport [[astronaut]]s using the proposed [[Hermes (spacecraft)|Hermes space vehicle]].<ref name = "harvey 185">Harvey 2003, p. 185.</ref> Development of the Ariane 5 was not without controversy as some ESA members considered the mature Ariane 4 platform to be more suited for meeting established needs for such launchers; it was reportedly for this reason that Britain chose not to participate in the Ariane 5 programme.<ref name = "harvey 186">Harvey 2003, p. 186.</ref> For several years, Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers were operated interchangeably; however, it was eventually decided to terminate all Ariane 4 operations in favour of concentrating on the newer Ariane 5.<ref name = "harvey 193">Harvey 2003, p. 193.</ref>

During the mid-1990s, French firms [[Aérospatiale]] and SEP, along with Italian firm [[Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino]] (BPD), held discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Simultaneously, Italy championed the concept of a new solid-propellant satellite launcher, referred to as [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]].<ref name = "flight 1996">[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/launcher-proposals-10282/ "Launcher proposals."] ''Flight International'', 18 December 1996.</ref><ref>Moxon, Julian. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/esa-plan-emphasises-launchers-35235/ "ESA plan emphasises launchers."] ''Flight International'', 8 April 1998.</ref> During March 2003, contracts for Vega's development were signed by the ESA and CNES; Italy provided 65 per cent of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder.<ref>Furniss, Tim. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/europe-starts-vega-development-162369/ "Europe starts Vega development."] ''Flight International'', 4 March 2003.</ref> In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator Arianespace and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]].<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/vega-nears-maiden-flight-182063/ "Vega nears maiden flight."] ''Flight International'', 25 May 2004.</ref> On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega took place; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight".<ref>Thisdell, Dan. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/vega-maiden-launch-goes-to-plan-368170/"Vega maiden launch goes to plan".] ''Flight International'', 13 February 2012.</ref><ref>Thisdell, Dan. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/success-of-vega-rocket-flight-boosts-avio-profile-368564/ "Success of Vega rocket flight boosts Avio profile."] ''Flight International'', 22 February 2012.</ref> Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to [[Polar orbit|polar]] and [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] orbits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-vega/performance.asp|title=Vega&nbsp;— Performance|publisher=Arianespace}}</ref>

During 2002, the ESA announced the [[Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre|Arianespace Soyuz]] programme in cooperation with [[Russia]]; a launch site for Soyuz was constructed as the [[Guiana Space Centre]], while the Soyuz launch vehicle was modified for use at the site. On 4 February 2005, both funding and final approval for the initiative were granted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Access_to_space_today_and_tomorrow_what_does_Europe_need.html|title=Access to space today and tomorrow: what does Europe need?|publisher=Space Daily|date=26 May 2003|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-feature-story/2004/2004_02_05_key_European_decisions.asp |title=Europe takes key decisions to ensure the long-term viability of its launcher sector |publisher=Arianespace |date=5 February 2004 |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212210835/http://arianespace.com/news-feature-story/2004/2004_02_05_key_European_decisions.asp |archive-date=12 December 2010 }}</ref> Arianespace had offered launch services on the modified Soyuz ST-B to its clients.<ref name="UserManual">{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Soyuz-Users-Manual-March-2012.pdf|title=Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre – User's manual|issue=2|publisher=Arianespace|date=March 2012|access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121742/http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Soyuz-Users-Manual-March-2012.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="VS09preview">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/soyuz/vs09/140821preview/|title=Europe's Galileo navigation system set for expansion|author=Stephen Clark|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=21 August 2014|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> On 21 October 2011, Arianespace launched the first Soyuz rocket ever from outside former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] territory. The payload consisted of two [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] navigation satellites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://interspacenews.com/tabid/130/Arianespace_Launches_First_European_Soyuz.aspx?id=7475 |title=Arianespace Launches First European Soyuz |publisher=Interspacenews.com |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> Since 2011, Arianespace has ordered a total of 23 Soyuz rockets, enough to cover its needs until 2019 at a pace of three to four launches per year.<ref name="funding2019">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/07soyuz/|title=Arianespace's Soyuz order to cover market until 2019|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=7 April 2014|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="report2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/Arianespace-Annual-Report-2013-EN.pdf |title=Arianespace Annual report 2013 |publisher=Arianespace |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903093716/http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/Arianespace-Annual-Report-2013-EN.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref>{{rp|10}}

On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced that it had signed a one-year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to the Moon to mine [[regolith]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining-on-the-moon-could-be-a-reality-as-early-as-2025/ |title=Mining on the moon could be a reality as early as 2025 |last=Wehner |first=Mike |date=23 January 2019 |website=[[New York Post]] |access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, Arianespace suspended operations for nearly two months due to the [[COVID-19]] pandemic.  Operations were suspended on 18 March and are, as of 29 April, expected to resume on 11 May.<ref name=nsf20200429>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/arianespace-set-dates-return-action/|title=Arianespace set the dates for its return to action|date=29 April 2020}}</ref> The return to operations will observe a number of new health and safety guidelines including [[social distancing]] in the workplace.<ref name=nsf20200429/>

In 2023,Ariane 5 was Retired with the introduction of New Ariane 6 expected to take its maiden flight Between June -July 2024

== Company and infrastructure ==

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:250px-Arianespace logo.png|right|thumb|Arianespace Logo from 2009 to 2017{{deletable file-caption|Sunday, 26 June 2022|PROD}}]] -->
[[File:Sentinel-2 and vega.jpg|thumb|[[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] launcher on launch pad]]
Arianespace "is the marketing and sales organization for the European space industry and various component suppliers."<ref name=CASBAA2013>
{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZ-7nNw-04Q&t=1745 |people=Mr. Richard<!-- moderator introduced as "Richard, representing Arianespace" --> |title=Singapore Satellite Industry Forum 2013 - Changing the Launch Game? |date=23 June 2013 |medium=video |location=Singapore Satellite Industry Forum 2013 |at=29:05 |publisher=[[CASBAA|Cable and Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia]] |via=YouTube |access-date=14 April 2018 }}</ref>

The primary shareholders of Arianespace are its [[Supply (economics)|suppliers]],{{why|date=September 2019}}<!-- the Wikipedia article would be improved if we could explain why it is owned by its suppliers with a good source on how this came about. --> in various European nations.<ref name=sn20141120>
{{cite news |last1=de Selding|first1=Peter B. |title=Europe's Satellite Operators Urge Swift Development of Ariane 6 |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42610europe%E2%80%99s-satellite-operators-urge-swift-development-of-ariane-6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141121025726/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42610europe%E2%80%99s-satellite-operators-urge-swift-development-of-ariane-6 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 21, 2014 |access-date=21 November 2014 |work=SpaceNews |date=20 November 2014 |quote=''France-based Arianespace has responded by squeezing, to a limited degree, its supplier base. But Ariane 5 builders are also Arianespace shareholders, limiting the company’s leverage on them.'' }}</ref>
Arianespace had 24 shareholders in 2008,<ref name=shareholders200809>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080918045636/http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp Corporate information > Shareholders], Arianespace, 8 September 2008, accessed 16 April 2008.</ref> 21 in 2014,<ref name="shareholders201410">
{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp |title=Shareholders |publisher=Arianespace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008022811/http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp |url-status = dead|archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=14 April 2018 }}</ref>
and just 17 {{as of|October 2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Repartition of Arianespace capital |publisher=Arianespace |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|Total share
!scope="col"|Shareholder
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|Capital
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{BEL}}
| rowspan="3" | 3.36%
| [[SABCA]]
| 2.71%
|-
| [[Thales Alenia Space]] Belgium
| 0.33%
|-
| {{Interlanguage link|Safran Aero Boosters|fr}}
| 0.32%
|-
| rowspan="5" | {{FRA}}
| rowspan="5" | 64.10%
|-
| [[ArianeGroup]] 
| 62.10%
|-
| [[Air Liquide]] SA 
| 1.89%
|-
| {{Interlanguage link|Clemessy|fr}}
| 0.11%
|-
| CIE Deutsche
| <0.01%
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{GER}}
| rowspan="2" | 19.85%
| [[ArianeGroup]] 
| 11.59%
|-
| {{Interlanguage link|MT Aerospace|de}} AG 
| 8.26% 
|-
| {{ITA}}
| 3.38%
| [[Avio]] S.p.A.
| 3.38%
|-
| {{NLD}}
| 1.94%
| [[Airbus Defence and Space]] B.V.
| 1.94%
|-
| {{NOR}}
| 0.11%
| [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace]] AS 
| 0.11%
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{ESP}}
| rowspan="2" | 2.14%
| [[Airbus Defence and Space]] SAU
| 2.03%
|-
| [[CRISA]]
| 0.11%
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{SWE}}
| rowspan="2" | 2.45%
| [[GKN Aerospace]] Sweden AB
| 1.63%
|-
| [[RUAG Space]] AB
| 0.82%
|-
| {{CHE}}
| 2.67%
| [[RUAG Space#Company structure and sites|RUAG Schweiz]] AG
| 2.67%
|}

In 2015, Arianespace shareholding was restructured due to the creation of [[Airbus Safran Launchers]] (later renamed ArianeGroup), which is tasked with developing and manufacturing the [[Ariane 6]] carrier rocket. Industrial groups [[Airbus]] and [[Safran]] pooled their shares along with the French government's [[CNES]] stake to form a partnership company holding just under 74% of Arianespace shares, while the remaining 26% is spread across suppliers in nine countries including further Airbus subsidiaries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/06/10/le-gouvernement-privatise-arianespace_4650837_3234.html |title=Le gouvernement privatise Arianespace |language=fr |trans-title=Government privatizes Arianespace |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |first=Dominique |last=Gallois |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref>

===Corporate management===
{{As of|October 2018}}, the Arianespace management team was:<ref name="management201409">{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/governance/ |title=Governance |publisher=Arianespace |date=2018 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Position
! Name
|-
| Arianespace Chief Executive Officer, ArianeGroup Executive VP
| [[Stéphane Israël]]
|-
| Senior Vice-President, Sales & Business Development
| Jacques Breton
|-
| Senior Vice-President, Missions, Operations & Purchasing
| Luce Fabreguettes
|-
| Senior Vice President – Technical and Quality; Chief Technical Officer
| Roland Lagier
|-
| Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
| Michel Doubovick
|-
| Senior Vice President, Human Resources
| Philippe Nicolaï
|-
| Senior Vice President, Brand and Communications
| Isabelle Veillon
|}

==== Regional offices ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Location
! Head of branch
|-
| French Guiana
| Bruno Gérard
|-
| USA, Washington D.C.
| Wiener Kernisan
|-
| Japan, Tokyo
| Kiyoshi Takamatsu
|-
| [[ASEAN]], Singapore
| Vivian Quenet
|}

===Subsidiaries===
* Arianespace inc. (U.S. Subsidiary)
* Arianespace Singapore PTE LTD. (Asian Subsidiary)
* [[Starsem]] S.A. (European-Russian Soyuz commercialization)

==Competition and pricing==
{{Main|Space launch market competition}}

By 2004, Arianespace reportedly held more than 50% of the world market for boosting satellites to [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO).<ref>{{cite book |title=The European Union |first=John |last = McCormick |pages=[https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0/page/273 273] |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-8133-4202-3 |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0/page/273}}</ref>

During the 2010s, the disruptive force represented by the new sector entrant [[SpaceX]] forced Arianespace to cut back on its workforce and focus on cost-cutting to decrease costs to remain competitive against the new low-cost entrant in the launch sector. In the midst of [[competition (economics)|pricing pressure]] from such companies, during November 2013, Arianespace announced that it was enacting pricing flexibility for the "lighter satellites" that it carries to [[Geostationary transfer orbit|Geostationary]] orbits aboard its Ariane 5.<ref name=CASBAA2013/><ref name=sn20131125>{{cite news |last=de Selding|first=Peter B. |title=SpaceX Challenge Has Arianespace Rethinking Pricing Policies |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38331spacex-challenge-has-arianespace-rethinking-pricing-policies |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131127055319/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38331spacex-challenge-has-arianespace-rethinking-pricing-policies |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 27, 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013 |newspaper=Space News |date=25 November 2013 |quote=''The Arianespace commercial launch consortium is telling its customers it is open to reducing the cost of flights for lighter satellites on the Ariane 5 rocket in response to the challenge posed by SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket.''}}</ref> According to Arianespace's managing director: "It's quite clear there's a very significant challenge coming from [[SpaceX]] (...) therefore things have to change (...) and the whole European industry is being restructured, consolidated, rationalised and streamlined."<ref name=SMH-2015-05-19>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/business/nbn-launcher-arianespace-to-cut-jobs-and-costs-to-fight-spacex-20150519-gh4i4x.html |title= NBN launcher Arianespace to cut jobs and costs to fight SpaceX |date= 19 May 2015 |first= David |last = Ramli |publisher= [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] (Australia) }}</ref>

During early 2014, Arianespace was considering requesting additional subsidies from European governments to face competition from SpaceX and unfavorable changes in the Euro-Dollar exchange rate. The company had halved subsidy support by €100m per year since 2002 but the fall in the value of the US Dollar meant Arianespace was losing €60m per year due to currency fluctuations on launch contracts.<ref name=aw20140211>{{cite news |last=Svitak |first=Amy |title=Arianespace To ESA: We Need Help |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_02_11_2014_p0-663010.xml |access-date=21 February 2014 |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=11 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222957/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fawx_02_11_2014_p0-663010.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> SpaceX had reportedly begun to take market share from Arianespace,<ref name=sn20141120/> [[Eutelsat]] CEO [[Michel de Rosen]], a major customer of Arianespace, stated that: "Each year that passes will see SpaceX advance, gain market share and further reduce its costs through [[economies of scale]]."<ref name=sn20141120/>

By September 2014, Arianespace had reportedly to sign four additional contracts for lower slots on an [[Ariane 5 SYLDA]] dispenser for satellites that otherwise could be flown on a SpaceX launch vehicle; this was claimed to have been allowed via cost reductions; it had signed a total of 11 contracts by that point, while two additional ones that were under advanced negotiations. At the time, Arianespace has a backlog of launches worth {{Euro|4.5}} billion with 38 satellites to be launched on [[Ariane 5]], 7 on [[Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre|Soyuz]] and 9 on [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]], claiming 60% of the global satellite launch market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1409/08ariane5contracts/ |title=Arianespace nets four commercial launch contracts |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2014/9-8-2014-Euroconsult2014.asp |title=World Satellite Business Week 2014: A rich harvest of contracts for Arianespace |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/09/08/europes-arianespace-claims-60-of-the-commercial-launch-market/ |title=Europe's Arianespace Claims 60% Of The Commercial Launch Market |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> However, since 2017, Arianespace's market share has been passed by SpaceX in commercial launches.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wang |first1=Brian |title=After Four Years of Being Crushed by SpaceX, Europe Forms a Working Group |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2021/03/after-four-years-of-being-crushed-by-spacex-europe-forms-a-working-group.html |website=NextBigfuture |access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

== Launch vehicles ==
[[File:Arianespace mockups (37108595462).jpg|thumb|Mockups of all the launch vehicles that Arianespace markets as of 2017:  Vega, Vega-C, Soyuz, Ariane 5, and the future Ariane 6.]]
Currently Arianespace operates 1 launch vehicle:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Payload to [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] (including [[Sun-synchronous orbit|SSO]])
!scope="col"|Payload to [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|-
| [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]]
| {{convert|1450|kg}}
|}

Additionally Arianespace offers optional back-up launch service on [[H-IIA]] through [[Launch Services Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2013/6-7-2013-MHI.asp |title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Arianespace conclude MOU on cooperation in commercial space rocket launches |publisher=Arianespace |date=7 June 2013 |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

===Ariane launch vehicles===
{{Main|Ariane (rocket family)}}
Since the first launch in 1979, there have been several versions of the Ariane [[launch vehicle]]:

* [[Ariane 1]], first successful launch on December 24, 1979
* [[Ariane 2]], first successful launch on November 20, 1987 ''(the first launch on May 30, 1986, failed)''
* [[Ariane 3]], first successful launch on August 4, 1984
* [[Ariane 4]], first successful launch on June 15, 1988
* [[Ariane 5]], first successful launch on October 30, 1997 ''(the first launch on June 4, 1996, failed)''.
* [[Ariane 6]], in development. It would have a similar payload capacity to that of Ariane 5 but considerably lower costs. Tentatively, its first flight is planned for 2023.
* [[Ariane Next]], in early development. It will be a partially reusable launcher that should succeed Ariane 6 from the 2030s. The objective of this reusable launcher is to halve the launch costs.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Patureau de Mirand |first1=Antoine |title=Ariane Next, a vision for a reusable cost efficient European rocket |conference=8th European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences |date=July 2019 |url=https://www.eucass.eu/index.php/component/docindexer/?task=download&id=5506 |format=PDF |doi=10.13009/EUCASS2019-949 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal| Spaceflight |France|Companies}}
* [[French space program]]
* [[Europa rocket]]
* [[NewSpace]]

===Other launch service providers===
* [[United Launch Alliance]]
* [[International Launch Services]]
* [[SpaceX]]
* [[Antrix Corporation]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Harvey, Brian. ''Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond.'' Springer Science & Business Media, 2003. {{ISBN|1-8523-3722-2}}.
{{Refend}}

{{Ariane}}
{{Arianespace launches}}
{{Satcomm}}
{{ESA projects}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arianespace| ]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of France]]
[[Category:Space tourism]]
[[Category:Airbus joint ventures]]
[[Category:Commercial launch service providers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Île-de-France]]
[[Category:French companies established in 1980]]
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