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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Dialect cluster of Central Australia}}
{{distinguish|Lower Arrernte language}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Upper Arrernte
|nativename=''Arrernte''
|region=[[Northern Territory]], Australia
|ethnicity=[[Arrernte people]], [[Alyawarre]], [[Anmatyerre]], [[Ayerrereng]], [[Yuruwinga]]
|speakers={{sigfig|4115|2}}
|date=2021 census 
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=Cultural diversity: Census|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=13 October 2022|date=2021}}</ref>
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|fam2=[[Arandic languages|Arandic]]
|fam3=Arrernte
|sign=[[Arrernte Sign Language]]
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]
|lc1=amx|ld1=Anmatjirra
|lc2=aly|ld2=Alyawarr
|lc3=adg|ld3=[[Antekerrepenhe dialect|Antekerrepenhe]]
|lc4=aer|ld4=Eastern Arrernte
|lc5=are|ld5=Western Arrernte
|lc6=axe|ld6=Ayerrerenge
|aiatsis=C8
|aiatsisname=Arrernte
|aiatsis2=C14
|aiatsisname2=Alyawarr
|aiatsis3=C8.1
|aiatsisname3=Anmatyerre
|aiatsis4=C12
|aiatsisname4=Antekerrepenh
|aiatsis5=G12
|aiatsisname5=Ayerrerenge
|aiatsis6=C28
|aiatsisname6=Akarre
|glotto=aran1263
|glottorefname=Aranda
|notice=IPA
|map=Arandic languages.png
|mapcaption=Where Arandic is spoken
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Arrernte is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
}}
'''Arrernte''' or '''Aranda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʌr|ə|n|d|ə}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh; also {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|d|ə}} {{OED|Aranda}}</ref> {{IPA|aer|aɾəⁿɖə}}) or sometimes referred to as '''Upper Arrernte''' ('''Upper Aranda'''), is a [[dialect cluster]] in the [[Arandic language]] group spoken  in parts of the [[Northern Territory]], Australia, by the [[Arrernte people]]. Other spelling variations are '''Arunta''' or '''Arrarnta''', and all of the dialects have multiple other names.

There are about 1,800 speakers of '''Eastern'''/'''Central Arrernte''', making this dialect one of the widest spoken of any Indigenous language in Australia, the one usually referred to as Arrernte and the one described in detail below. It is spoken in the [[Alice Springs]] area and taught in schools and universities, heard in media and used in local government.

The second biggest dialect in the group is Alyawarre. Some of the other dialects are spoken by very few people, leading to efforts to [[Language revitalization|revive their usage]]; others are now completely [[extinct languages|extinct]].

=={{anchor|dialects|Dialects}}Arrernte/Aranda dialects==
[[File:Languages of Central Australia - map.jpg|thumb|Map showing languages]]
"Aranda" is a simplified, [[Australian English]] approximation of the traditional pronunciation of the name of ''Arrernte'' {{IPA|aus|ˈarəɳ͡ɖa|}}.{{sfn|Turpin|2004}}

''[[Glottolog]]'' defines the <u>Arandic</u> [[Dialect continuum|group of languages/dialects]] as comprising 5 <u>Aranda</u> (Arrernte) dialects, plus two distinct languages, [[Kaytetye language|Kaytetye]]  (Koch, 2004) and Lower Southern (or just Lower) Aranda, an extinct language.<ref>{{cite web|website=Glottolog|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aran1267|title=Arandic|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' defines 8 Arandic languages and classifies them slightly differently.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/arandic|website=Ethnologue|title=Arandic|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

Two dialects are more widely spoken than any of the others:
* '''Eastern Arrernte''' (also known as '''Central Arrernte''') dialects include ''Akarre'', ''Antekerrepenh'', ''Ikngerripenhe'', ''Mparntwe Arrernte''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ikng1238|website=[[Glottolog]]|title=Ikngerripenhe|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Spoken in the Alice Springs area and others, there were 1,910 speakers in the 2016 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aer|website=[[Ethnologue]]|title=Eastern Arrernte|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> making it the most widely spoken Arrernte, and Australian Aboriginal, language. This is the dialect most often referred to as "Arrernte" and the strongest of all in the group. There is a project encouraging its use, ''Apmere angkentye-kenhe'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apmere-angkentye-kenhe.com/|website=Apmere angkentye-kenhe|title=Home page|access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref>
* '''Alyawarra''' dialect is spoken by the [[Alyawarra]] people, in the [[Sandover, Northern Territory|Sandover]] and [[Tennant Creek]] areas as well as Queensland. In 2016 there were 1,550 speakers of the language, giving it a status of "Developing".<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Ethnologue]]|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aly|title=Alyawarr|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> It is similar to Western Arrernte. (Kaytetye is related to this dialect, but is classed as a separate language.<ref name=Breen2001>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 4: The wonders of Arandic phonology|first=Gavan|last=Breen| date=2001|title=Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages|editor1-last=Simpson|editor1-first=Jane|editor2-first=David|editor2-last=Nash|editor3-first=Mary|editor3-last=Laughren|editor4-first=Peter|editor4-last=Austin|editor5-first=Barry |editor5-last=Alpher|publisher=ANU. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. (Pacific Linguistics)|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43456489|chapter-format=pdf|series=Pacific Linguistics 512|isbn=085883524X|pages=45–69}}</ref>)

All of the other dialects are either threatened or extinct:
* [[Andegerebinha dialect|'''Andegerebinha''']] (or Antekerrepenhe or Ayerrerenge) was spoken in the [[Geography of the Northern Territory#Geographical features|Hay River]] area (east of Alice Springs), but is now [[extinct language|extinct]].<ref name=GlottAnde>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ande1247|website=[[Glottolog]]|title=Andegerebinha|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>
** '''Ayerrerenge''', (also known as Yuruwinga, Bularnu and other variations) was spoken by the [[Yuruwinga|Yuruwinga/Yaroinga]] people<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/g12|website=Austlang|title =G12: Ayerrerenge|access-date =11 June 2019}}</ref> is the north-easternmost member of the Arrernte group of languages, and the least studied.<ref name=Breen2001/>  It was spoken across the [[Queensland]] border in the [[Headingly Station|Headingly]], [[Urandangi]], [[Lake Nash]], Barkly Downs and [[Mount Isa]] areas, and near Mount Hogarth, Bathurst,<ref>NOTE: Cannot find reference to a Bathurst in this region, but [http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=35644&cmd=sp this map of Mt Hogarth] shows a "Bathurst Bore".</ref>  and 
[[Argadargada Station|Argadargada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&cmd=sp&zix=r&p=163041&st=&s=%20Argadargada |title=Argadargada Waterhole (with map)|website=Bonzle|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> in the NT.<ref name=Ethno>{{cite web|website=[[Ethnologue]]|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/axe/|title=Ayerrerenge|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> It is now extinct.<ref name=Ethno/>{{efn|According to Glottolog: "E17/E18/E19 has a separate entry for Ayerrerenge [axe]. But Ayerrerenge is an Arandic variety subsumed under the entry Andegerebinha [adg] (Breen, Gavan 2001, Breen, J. Gavan 1971)".}} Breen (2001) says that the language was regarded as the same or similar to Andegerebinha/Antekerrepenhe by some speakers,<ref name=Breen2001/> and Glottolog regards it as a dialect of it.<ref name=GlottAnde/>
[[Image:Namatjira govt house sydney.jpg|thumb|right|Artist [[Albert Namatjira]] was a Western Arrernte man.]]
* '''Anmatyerr''' (also spelt '''Anmatyerre''' and other variations),<ref>{{AIATSIS|C8.1|Anmatyerr}}</ref> divided into Eastern and Western, is spoken by the [[Anmatyerr]] (or Anmatjirra) people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anma1239|website=[[Glottolog]]|title=Anmatyerre|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> The Eastern form seems more closely related to Eastern Arrernte and Southern Alywarre than Western Anmatyerre, which is noticeably different phonetically from other Arandic languages.<ref name=Breen2001/> it is spoken in the Mount Allan and northwest Alice Springs regions. With only 640 speakers in the 2016 census, it is regarded as threatened.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/amx |website=[[Ethnologue]]|title=Anmatyerre|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
* '''Western Arrarnta''' (Western Arrernte, Western Aranda,  Akara, Southern Aranda, possible sub-dialect ''Akerre''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aker1238|website=[[Glottolog]]|title=Akerre|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>), spoken west of Alice Springs, is nearly extinct, being only spoken by 440 people in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/are|website=[[Ethnologue]]|title= Western Arrarnte|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Other terms are ''Tyuretye Arrernte'' and ''Arrernte Alturlerenj''.{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=xxxix}}{{efn|In Western Arrernte lands the preferred spelling for their language is 'Arrarnta' or 'Aranda'.{{sfn|Kenny|2017|p=xvii}}}}{{efn|'The Arandic group whose culture [[Carl Strehlow]] documented in great detail identify themselves today as Western Aranda or Arrarnta. They call themselves sometimes ''Tyurretyerenye'', meaning 'belonging to Tyurretye', and refer to their Arandic dialect as Western or ''Tyurretye Arrernte''.'{{sfn|Kenny|2017|p=6}}}} Breen distinguishes Tyurretye Arrernte (which he initially called Mbunghara) from Western Arrernte, saying that two speakers first recorded, from the Standley Chasm and Mbunghara, was not known until the mid-1980s, and that it may have been the "real" Western Arrernte, before the latter was mixed with Southern Arrernte ([[Pertame]]) at the [[Hermannsburg, Northern Territory|Hermannsburg Mission]].<ref name=Breen2001/> Anna Kenny has noted that the people of the Upper Finke River prefer their language to be known as Western Aranda.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Oceania|title=Aranda, Arrernte or Arrarnta? The Politics of Orthography and Identity on the Upper Finke River|first=Anna|last=Kenny|volume=87|issue=3|pages=261–281|date=17 November 2017|doi=10.1002/ocea.5169}}</ref> This dialect has similarities with Alyawarre and Kaytetye.

===Sign language===
The Arrernte also have a highly developed [[Arrernte Sign Language|sign language]],{{sfn|Kendon|1988|pp=49–50}} also known as  Iltyeme-iltyeme.

==Current usage and tuition==
The Northern Territory Department of Education has a program for teaching Indigenous culture and languages, underpinned by a plan entitled ''Keeping Indigenous Languages and Cultures Strong – A Plan for Teaching and Learning of Indigenous Languages and Cultures in the Northern Territory'' with the second stage of the plan running from 2018 to 2020.{{sfn|Northern Territory Government, April 2018}}{{sfn|Northern Territory Government|2017}}

The Alice Springs Language Centre delivers language teaching at primary, middle and senior schools, offering Arrernte, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]].{{sfn|Schools}}

There are two courses teaching Arrernte at tertiary level: at the [[Batchelor Institute]] and at [[Charles Darwin University]].{{sfn|ULPA search}}

There are books available in Arandic languages in the [[Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages]].{{sfn|Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages}}

Projects are being run to revive dying dialects of the language, such as Southern Arrernte/Pertame.{{sfn|Pertame Project}}

==Eastern/Central Arrernte==
===Phonology===
This description relates to Central or Eastern Arrernte.

====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="3" rowspan="2"| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
!colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
!colspan="2"| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
|-
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPAlink|p}} &ensp; {{IPA|pʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}} &ensp; {{IPA|kʷ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|c}} &ensp; {{IPA|cʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}} &ensp; {{IPA|t̪ʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} &ensp; {{IPA|tʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ʈʷ}}
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} &ensp; {{IPA|mʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ŋʷ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ɲʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|n̪}} &ensp; {{IPA|n̪ʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} &ensp; {{IPA|nʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɳ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ɳʷ}}
|-
! [[Prestopped nasal consonant|Prestopped nasal]]
| {{IPA|ᵖm}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᵖmʷ}}
| {{IPA|ᵏŋ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᵏŋʷ}}
|
| {{IPA|ᶜɲ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᶜɲʷ}}
| {{IPA|ᵗn̪}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᵗn̪ʷ}}
| {{IPA|ᵗn}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᵗnʷ}}
| {{IPA|ᵗɳ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᵗɳʷ}}
|-
! [[Prenasalized stop]]
| {{IPA|ᵐb}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᵐbʷ}}
| {{IPA|ᵑɡ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᵑɡʷ}}
|
| {{IPA|ᶮɟ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ᶮɟʷ}}
| {{IPA|ⁿd̪}} &ensp; {{IPA|ⁿd̪ʷ}}
| {{IPA|ⁿd}} &ensp; {{IPA|ⁿdʷ}}
| {{IPA|ⁿɖ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ⁿɖʷ}}
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ʎ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ʎʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|l̪}} &ensp; {{IPA|l̪ʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|l}} &ensp; {{IPA|lʷ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɭ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ɭʷ}}
|-
! [[Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|β̞}}
|colspan="2"| {{IPAlink|ɰ}} ~ {{IPAlink|ʁ̞}}
| {{IPAlink|j}} &ensp; {{IPA|jʷ}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɻ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ɻʷ}}
|-
! [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}} &ensp; {{IPA|ɾʷ}}
|
|}

{{IPA|/ɰ ~ ʁ̞/}} is described as velar {{IPAblink|ɰ}} by {{harvtxt|Breen|Dobson|2005}}, and as uvular {{IPAblink|ʁ̞}} by {{harvtxt|Henderson|2003}}.

Stops are unaspirated.{{sfnp|Green|2005}} Prenasalized stops are voiced throughout; prestopped nasals are voiceless during the stop. These sounds arose as normal consonant clusters; Ladefoged states that they now occur initially, where consonant clusters are otherwise forbidden, due to historical loss of initial vowels;<ref>{{SOWL|129}}</ref> however, it has also been argued that such words start with a phonemic schwa, which may not be pronounced (see below).

====Vowels====
[[File:Central Arrernte vowel chart.svg|right|250px|thumb|The [[Vowel diagram|vowel phonemes]] of Central Arrernte, from {{Harvcoltxt|Breen|Dobson|2005|p=251}}. The positioning of the vowels is only approximate, as they possess a wide range of allophones. {{IPA|/u/}} may not be a phoneme but rather just one of the allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}}.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| ({{IPAlink|i}})
|
| ({{IPAlink|u}})
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
| {{IPAlink|ə}}
|
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| {{IPAlink|a}}
|
|}
All dialects have at least {{IPA|/ə a/}}.

The vowel system of Eastern/Central Arrernte is unusual in that there are only two contrastive vowel phonemes, {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}. Two-vowel systems are very rare worldwide, but are also found in some [[Northwest Caucasian languages]]. It seems that the vowel system derives from an earlier one with more phonemes, but after the development of labialised consonants in the vicinity of round vowels, the vowels lost their roundedness/backness distinction, merging into just two phonemes. There is little [[allophone|allophonic]] variation in different consonantal contexts for the vowels. Instead, the phonemes can be realised by various different articulations in [[free variation]]. For example, the phoneme {{IPA|/ə/}} can be pronounced {{IPA|[ɪ ~ e ~ ə ~ ʊ]}} in most contexts. However, it is required to be [ʊ] when phrase-initial before a labialized consonant (see below).<ref>Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996)</ref>

====Phonotactics====
The underlying syllable structure of Eastern/Central Arrernte is argued to be VC(C), with obligatory [[coda (linguistics)|codas]] and no [[onset (linguistics)|onsets]].{{sfnp|Breen|Pensalfini|1999}} Underlying phrase-initial {{IPA|/ə/}} is realised as zero, except before a rounded consonant where, by a rounding process of general applicability, it is realised as {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.  It is also common for phrases to carry a final {{IPA|[ə]}} corresponding to no underlying segment.{{sfnp|Breen|Pensalfini|1999|pp=2–3}}

Among the evidence for this analysis is that some suffixes have [[suppletion|suppletive]] variants for monosyllabic and bisyllabic bases. Stems that appear monosyllabic and begin with a consonant in fact select the bisyllabic variant. [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] falls on the first [[Syllable nucleus|nucleus]] preceded by a consonant, which by this analysis can be stated more uniformly as the second underlying syllable.
And the [[frequentative]] is formed by [[reduplication|reduplicating]] the final VC syllable of the verb stem; it does not include the final {{IPA|[ə]}}.

====Orthography====
Central/Eastern Arrernte orthography does not write word-initial {{IPA|/ə/}}, and adds an ''e'' to the end of every word.

{|
|+<ref>[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arrernte.htm Arrernte on Omniglot]</ref>
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="3" rowspan="2"| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
!colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
!colspan="2"| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
|-
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| p pw
| k kw
|
| ty tyw
| th thw
| t tw
| rt rtw
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m mw
| ng ngw
|
| ny nyw
| nh nhw
| n nw
| rn rnw
|-
! [[Prestopped nasal consonant|Prestopped nasal]]
| pm pmw
| kng kngw
|
| tny tnyw
| tnh/thn tnhw/thnw
| tn tnw
| rtn rtnw
|-
! [[Prenasalized stop]]
| mp mpw
| ngk ngkw
|
| nty ntyw
| nth nthw
| nt ntw
| rnt rntw
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
| ly lyw
| lh lhw
| l lw
| rl rlw
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| w
|colspan="2"| h
| y yw
|
|
| r rw
|-
! [[Tap consonant|Tap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
|
|
| rr rrw
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| (i/ey)
|
| (u/we)
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
| e
|
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| a
|
|}
|}

===Grammar===
[[File:Kai Kai Western Arrernte.jpg|thumb|Kai Kai Western Arrernte, likely a speaker of Upper Arrernte; c. 1900.]]
Eastern and Central Arrernte has fairly [[free word order]] but tends towards [[subject–object–verb|SOV]]. It is generally [[ergative language|ergative]], but is [[accusative language|accusative]] in its pronouns. Pronouns may be marked for duality and [[skin group]].{{sfnp|Green|2005}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Suffixes (Eastern/Central Arrernte){{sfnp|Green|2005|pp=46–47}}
! suffix !! gloss
|-
| ''+aye''|| emphasis
|-
| ''+ewe''|| stronger emphasis
|-
| ''+eyewe''|| really strong emphasis
|-
| ''+ke''|| for
|-
| ''+le''|| actor in a sentence
|-
| ''+le''|| instrument
|-
| ''+le''|| location
|-
| ''+le-arlenge''|| together, with
|-
| ''+nge''|| from
|-
| ''-akerte''|| having
|-
| ''-arenye''|| from (origin), association
|-
| ''-arteke''|| similarity
|-
| ''-atheke''|| towards
|-
| -''iperre'', ''-ipenhe''|| after, from
|-
| ''-kenhe''|| belongs to
|-
| ''-ketye''|| because (bad consequence)
|-
| ''-kwenye''|| not having, without
|-
| ''-mpele''|| by way of, via
|-
| ''-ntyele''|| from
|-
| ''-werne''|| to
|-
| ''+ke''|| past
|-
| ''+lhe''|| reflexive
|-
| ''+me''|| present tense
|-
| ''+rre/+irre''|| reciprocal
|-
| ''+tyale''|| negative imperative
|-
| ''+tye-akenhe''|| negative
|-
| ''+tyeke''|| purpose or intent
|-
| ''+tyenhe''|| future
|-
| ∅ || imperative
|}

====Pronouns====
[[File:Hut Eastern Arrernte Basedow.jpg|thumb|Hut of the Eastern Arrernte Basedow, Eastern Arrernte people, Arltunga district, Northern Territory; August 1920.]]
Pronouns decline with a nominative rather than ergative alignment:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Non-skin-group-marking pronouns (Eastern/Central Arrernte){{sfnp|Green|2005|p=54}}
! person !! number !! subject !! object !! dative !! possessive
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1
! singular
| {{lang|aer|ayenge}}''/''{{lang|aer|the}}
| {{lang|aer|ayenge}}''/''{{lang|aer|ayenhe}}
| {{lang|aer|atyenge}}
| {{lang|aer|atyenhe}}''/''{{lang|aer|atyinhe}}
|-
! dual
| {{lang|aer|ilerne}}
| {{lang|aer|ilernenhe}}
| {{lang|aer|ilerneke}}
| {{lang|aer|ilernekenhe}}
|-
! plural
| {{lang|aer|anwerne}}
| {{lang|aer|anwernenhe}}
| {{lang|aer|anwerneke}}
| {{lang|aer|anwernekenhe}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2
! singular
| {{lang|aer|unte}}
| {{lang|aer|ngenhe}}
| {{lang|aer|ngkwenge}}
| {{lang|aer|ngkwinhe}}
|-
! dual
| {{lang|aer|mpwele}}
| {{lang|aer|mpwelenhe}}
| {{lang|aer|mpweleke}}
| {{lang|aer|mpwelekenhe}}
|-
! plural
| {{lang|aer|arrantherre}}
| {{lang|aer|arrenhantherre}}
| {{lang|aer|arrekantherre}}
| {{lang|aer|arrekantherrenhe}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3
! singular
| {{lang|aer|re}}
| {{lang|aer|renhe}}
| {{lang|aer|ikwere}}
| {{lang|aer|ikwerenhe}}
|-
! dual
| {{lang|aer|re-atherre}}
| {{lang|aer|renhe-atherre}}<br>{{lang|aer|renhe-atherrenhe}}
| {{lang|aer|ikwere-atherre}}
| {{lang|aer|ikwere-atherrenhe}}
|-
! plural
| {{lang|aer|itne}}
| {{lang|aer|itnenhe}}
| {{lang|aer|itneke}}
| {{lang|aer|itnekenhe}}
|}

Body parts normally require non-possessive pronouns ([[inalienable possession]]), though younger speakers may use possessives in this case too (e.g. {{lang|aer|akaperte ayenge}} or {{lang|aer|akaperte atyinhe}} 'my head').{{sfnp|Green|2005|p=55}}

===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Eastern and Central Arrernte examples<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usmob.com.au/factsheets/Fact_Sheet_03.pdf |title= Fact Sheet 3 |access-date= 13 June 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090911234635/http://www.usmob.com.au/factsheets/Fact_Sheet_03.pdf |archive-date= 11 September 2009 |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(681&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>
! Arrernte !! English
|-
| {{lang|aer|werte}}
: {{lang|aer|ware}}
| G'day, What's new?
: Nothing much
|-
| {{lang|aer|Unte mwerre?}}
: {{lang|aer|Ye, ayenge mwerre}}
| Are you alright?
: Yes, I'm alright
|-
| {{lang|aer|Urreke aretyenhenge}}
: {{lang|aer|Kele aretyenhenge}}
| See you later
: OK, See you later
|}

==Cultural references==
*[[Peter Sculthorpe]]'s music theatre work ''[[Rites of Passage (Sculthorpe)|Rites of Passage]]'' (1972–1973) is written partly in Arrernte and partly in [[Latin]].
*Western and Southern Arrernte were used in parts of the libretto for [[Andrew Schultz]]' and Gordon Williams' ''Journey to Horseshoe Bend'', based on the novel by [[Ted Strehlow]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Breen |first=Gavan |year=2000 |title=Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte |location=Alice Springs |publisher=IAD Press |isbn=978-0-949659-98-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Breen |first=Gavan |year=2001 |chapter=The wonders of Arandic phonology |editor=Simpson, Jane |editor2=Nash, David |editor3=Laughren, Mary |editor4=Austin, Peter |editor5=Alpher, Barry |title=Forty Years On: Ken Hale and Australian Languages |pages=45–69 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Breen |first1=Gavan |last2=Dobson |first2=Veronica |year=2005 |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Central Arrernte |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=249–254 |doi=10.1017/S0025100305002185|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Breen |first1=Gavan |last2=Pensalfini |first2=Rob |year=1999 |title=Arrernte: A Language with No Syllable Onsets |journal=Linguistic Inquiry |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.1162/002438999553940 |pages=1–25|s2cid=57564955 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:209796/UQ209796_OA.pdf }}
*{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon |year=2002 |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press  |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0-521-47378-0 |isbn=978-0-521-47378-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Green |first=Jenny |year=2005 |title=A learner's guide to Eastern and Central Arrernte |location=Alice Springs |publisher=IAD Press |isbn=978-1-86465-081-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Henderson |first=John |year=1988 |title=Topics in Eastern and Central Arrernte grammar |others=PhD dissertation. University of Western Australia}}
*{{cite book |last=Henderson |first=John |author2=Veronica Dobson |year=1994 |title=Eastern and Central Arrernte to English Dictionary |location=Alice Springs |publisher=IAD Press |isbn=978-0-949659-74-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Henderson |first=John |year=2003 |chapter=The word in Eastern/Central Arrernte |editor=R. M. W. Dixon |editor2=Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald |title=Word: A Cross-Linguistic Typology |pages=100–124 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{Cite book| title = Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives
 | last = Kendon | first = Adam
 | year = 1988
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YonNUqqnIRkC&pg=PA49
 | isbn = 978-0-521-36008-1
 }}
*{{cite book |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |author2=Ian Maddieson |year=1996 |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd |isbn=978-0-631-19815-4}}
*{{Cite web
 | title = Lower Arrernte
 | website = Mobile Language Team
 | url = http://www.mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/lower_arrernte
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180930012019/http://www.mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/lower_arrernte
 | archive-date = 30 September 2018
 | access-date = 9 June 2019
 | url-status = dead
 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Mathews |first=R. H. |author-link=R. H. Mathews |date=Oct–Dec 1907 |title=The Arran'da Language, Central Australia |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=46 |issue=187 |pages=322–339}}
*{{cite web|author=Northern Territory Government. Dept of Education|url=https://education.nt.gov.au/education/statistics-research-and-strategies/indigenous-education-strategy/indigenous-education-strategy-issue-17/keeping-arrernte-strong|website=NT Government|title=Indigenous Education Strategy - Issue 17: Keeping Arrernte strong|date=5 April 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Northern Territory Government, April 2018}} }}
*{{cite web|author=Northern Territory Government. Dept of Education|url=https://education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/471712/indigenous-languages-and-cultures-guidelines.pdf|website=NT Government|title=Guidelines for the implementation of Indigenous languages and cultures programs in schools|date=2017 |ref={{sfnRef|Northern Territory Government|2017}} }}
*{{cite web|title=Pertame Project|website=Call for Australian languages and linguistics|url=https://call.batchelor.edu.au/project/pertame-southern-arrernte/|access-date=9 June 2019|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401080640/https://call.batchelor.edu.au/project/pertame-southern-arrernte/|url-status=dead |ref={{sfnRef|Pertame Project}} }}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.alicespringslanguagecentre.com/schools|website=Alice Springs Language Centre|title=Schools|access-date=10 June 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Schools}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Strehlow |first=T. G. H. |year=1944 |title=Aranda phonetics and grammar |location=Sydney |publisher=Oceania Monographs}}
*{{cite news|title=To save a dying language|publisher=Alice Springs News Online|date=23 May 2019|url=http://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/05/23/to-save-a-dying-language/|access-date=9 June 2019}}
*{{Cite web| title = Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?
 | last = Turpin | first = Myfany
 | publisher = [[Central Land Council]]
 | url = https://www.clc.org.au/index.php?/articles/info/have-you-ever-wondered-why-arrernte-is-spelt-the-way-it-is/
 | date = August 2004
 }}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.ulpa.edu.au/subjects/search_results/?language=Arrernte|title=ULPA search|website=University Languages Portal Australia |ref={{sfnRef|ULPA search}} }}
*{{cite web|url=http://laal.cdu.edu.au|title=LAAL|website=Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages|ref={{sfnRef|Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Wilkins |first=David P. |year=1988 |chapter=Switch-reference in Mparntwe Arrernte (Aranda): form, function, and problems of identity |editor=Austin, P. K. |title=Complex sentence constructions in Australian languages |pages=141&ndash;176 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins}}
*{{cite book |last=Wilkins |first=David P. |year=1989 |title=Mparntwe Arrernte (Aranda): studies in the structure and semantics of grammar |others=PhD dissertation, Australian National University}}
*{{cite journal |last=Wilkins |first=David P. |year=1991 |title=The semantics, pragmatics and diachronic development of "associated motion" in Mparntwe Arrente |journal=Buffalo Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=91 |pages=207&ndash;257}}
*{{cite book |last=Yallop |first=C. |year=1977 |title=Alyawarra, an Aboriginal language of central Australia |url=https://archive.org/details/alyawarraaborigi0000yall |url-access=registration |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies |isbn=978-0-85575-062-6}}

==Further reading==
{{incubator|aer|lang=Eastern Arrernte}}
*[http://www.sorosoro.org/en/arrernte/ Arrernte: Data collected on the Arrernte language] (Sorosoro program for linguistic diversity, 2015)
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arrernte.htm Arrernte (Arrernte angkentye)] (Omniglot.com)
*[http://aboriginalart.com.au/culture/languages.html Arrernte language] - with map. (Aboriginal Art and Culture, Alice Springs)
*[http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/GB38 Gavan Breen Eastern Arrernte collection - written materials] ([[PARADISEC]] open-access collection)
* {{Citation | author1=Green, Jenny (Jennifer Anne) | author2=Institute for Aboriginal Development (Alice Springs, N.T.) | title=Alyawarr to English dictionary | date=1992 | publisher=Institute for Aboriginal Development | isbn=978-0-949659-66-8 }}
*{{cite book|chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p17331/html/ch13.xhtml?referer=81&page=23|title= Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and re-naming the Australian landscape|editor1=Harold Koch|editor2=Luise Hercus|first=Richard|last=Kimber |isbn=9781921666087|series=Aboriginal History Monograph|issue=19|chapter=Chapter 13. Placenames of central Australia: Early European records and recent experience|page=23|publisher=Australian National University. Aboriginal History Incorporated|date=2009|access-date=15 May 2019}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061205052533/http://bri.net.au/spokenword.html Keeping The Aboriginal Language Strong] (The Spoken Word)
*[http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/arrernte_aranda_published.pdf Published] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092539/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/arrernte_aranda_published.pdf |date=18 May 2015 }}, [http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/arrernte_aranda_rare.pdf rare items] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092612/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/arrernte_aranda_rare.pdf |date=18 May 2015 }} and [http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/arrernte_aranda_special.pdf special materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092557/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/arrernte_aranda_special.pdf |date=18 May 2015 }} on Arrernte language and people: bibliographies of items held in the [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]] library
*{{cite web | title=Western Arrarnta picture dictionary |others= Compiled by David Roennfeldt with members of the communities of Ntaria, Ipolera, Gilbert Springs, Kulpitarra, Undarana, Red Sand Hill, Old Station and other outstations. - Version details |first=David|last=Roennfeldt| website=Trove | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/44950969 }}
{{Languages of Australia}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Central}}

[[Category:Arandic languages]]
[[Category:Alice Springs]]
[[Category:Arrernte]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Endangered indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Vertical vowel systems]]
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