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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
| infobox caption = ''Arthur Foss''
| display title = ital
}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = 011. Arthur Foss March 2021.jpg
| Ship caption = ''Arthur Foss'' in her slip at the Historic Ships Wharf at Lake Union Park, March 2021.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship country = [[United States]]
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|United States}}
| Ship name = *''Wallowa'' (1889–1934)
*''Arthur Foss'' (1934–1942)
*''Dohasan'' (1942–1945 Navy) 
*''Arthur Foss'' (1945–1964)
*''Theodore Foss'' (1964–1970)
*''Arthur Foss'' (1970–present)
| Ship owner = *[[Oregon Railway and Navigation Company]] (1889–1898)
*Pacific Clipper Line (1898–1904)
*Puget Sound Mill and Timber Company (1904–1929)
*Merrill & Ring Logging Company (1929)
*[[Foss Maritime|Foss Launch & Tug Company]] (1929–1970)
*[[Northwest Seaport]] (1970–present)
| Ship builder = [[Willamette Iron and Steel Works]]
| Ship launched = Summer 1889
| Ship in service = Fall 1889
| Ship out of service = Summer 1968
| Ship identification = *YT-335 (1942–1944)
*YTM-335 (1944–1945 Navy)
*WB6192 (1980–present)
| Ship fate = 
| Ship status = [[Museum Ship]]
| Ship notes = Believed to be world's oldest wooden tug afloat
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Ship type = [[Tugboat]]
| Ship tonnage = *{{NetT|118}}
*{{GT|214}}
| Ship displacement = 583 tons (unloaded)
| Ship length = {{cvt|120|ft|m}}
| Ship beam = {{cvt|24.5|ft|m}}
| Ship height = {{cvt|45|ft|m}}
| Ship draft = {{cvt|16.0|ft|m}}
| Ship decks = 4
| Ship power = [[Washington Iron Works]] diesel, direct reversing 6 cylinder, {{cvt|700|hp|kW}}, {{cvt|18,382|lb.ft|Nm}}
| Ship propulsion = Direct-drive to {{cvt|6|ft|m|adj=on}} diameter 3-blade propeller
| Ship speed = {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
| Ship crew = 7 (inshore tows) to 9 (coastal and oceanic tows)
| Ship notes = Classic heavy wood construction with limited ice-breaking capacity
}}
|}
{{Infobox NRHP
| Hide header              =
| name                     = ''Arthur Foss'' (tugboat)
| nrhp_type                = nhl
| location                 = Historic Ships Wharf, 860 Terry Avenue N., Seattle
| coordinates              = {{coord|47|37|41|N|122|20|13|W|display=inline,title}}
| area                     = Lake Union Park, South Lake Union, Seattle
| built                    = 1889, Portland, Oregon
| architect                = David Stephenson
| architecture             = Sawn old-growth Douglas fir, plank on frame
| added                    = 11 April 1989<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| refnum                   = 89001078
| designated_other1        = Seattle Landmark
| designated_other1_date   = 14 March 1977<ref name="Seattle list">{{cite web|title=Landmarks A–Z|publisher=City of Seattle|url=http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/landmarks_listing.htm|access-date=2013-03-05|archive-date=6 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306003250/http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/landmarks_listing.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| designated_other1_number =
| designated_nrhp_type     = 11 April 1989<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2052&ResourceType=Structure|title=Arthur Foss (Tugboat) |access-date=2008-03-01|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080130055109/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2052&ResourceType=Structure| archive-date= 30 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Arthur Foss''''', built in 1889 as ''Wallowa'' at [[Portland, Oregon]], is likely the oldest wooden [[tugboat]] afloat in the world. Its 79-year commercial service life began with towing sailing ships over the [[Columbia Bar|Columbia River bar]], and ended with hauling bundled log rafts on the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]] in 1968. [[Northwest Seaport]] now preserves the tug as a [[museum ship]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref name=Delgado />

The tug's long service in the Pacific Northwest, including a role in the Klondike Gold Rush, was interrupted by preparations for war in early 1941. After delivering a drydock gate to Pearl Harbor the tug was chartered by Contractors Pacific Naval Air Bases, a consortium formed to build air fields on remote Pacific islands as the United States prepared for war. In June 1941 ''Arthur Foss'' was supporting construction on [[Wake Island]] and was there in November along with the smaller ''Justine Foss'' transporting construction materials from barges in the lagoon to the island. When the work was completed the tug was scheduled to return to Hawaii with two barges in tow.

The captain, concerned about the warnings of war, left the island without refueling. The smaller tug had to refuel and remained to do so. ''Arthur Foss'' was about twelve hours into the voyage to Honolulu when word of the attack on Pearl Harbor was received. The tug's crew repainted the tug with what paint was available and kept radio silence. The tug, overdue and thought lost, was spotted by Navy patrol planes and made Pearl Harbor on 28 December with fuel for less than a day's operation left. The crew of ''Justine Foss'' were captured when the island was taken by the Japanese with all but one eventually executed. The Navy put ''Arthur Foss'' in service as a yard tug under the name ''Dohasan'' from early 1942 until February 1945. The tug was laid up until 1947 when it was returned to Foss and transported to its home area where it was rehabilitated for company service in 1948. It served the company for 20 more years until retirement in July 1968.

==Construction and early operations==

[[File:OSHeaPhoto9.jpeg|thumb|left|This photograph is believed to be the earliest surviving image of ''Wallowa'', taken in the 1890s during its Columbia River service. The [[Lightvessel|lightship]] in the background is probably on station at the Columbia River entrance.]]

''Wallowa'' was built in 1889 in Portland, Oregon, for the [[Oregon Railway & Navigation Company]] (OR & N). The hull was designed by noted shipbuilder David Stephenson, and constructed by the shipyard/machinery firm of [[Willamette Iron and Steel Works]]. The twin inclined (or "bilge") [[steam engines]] for the new vessel came from an older tug, ''Donald'', which was retired from service that year. As built, ''Wallowa'' was listed as {{convert|111.5|feet|m}} long, with a beam of {{convert|23.75|feet|m}} and a depth of hold of {{convert|11.5|feet|m}}. According to another report, ''Wallowa'' was roughly {{convert|120|feet|m}} long; this is in fact the overall length. The hull was launched in summer 1889, and fitting out was completed by September. On the 3rd, Captain [[George Anson Pease|George A. Pease]], one of the most experienced pilots on the [[Columbia River]], took ''Wallowa'' downriver from Portland to [[Astoria, Oregon]]. Although it is unknown if all were present for the maiden voyage, A.F. Goodrich and John S. Kidd served as engineers on the tug in its early years, as did John Melville.<ref name = Telegraphic>{{cite news
| title = Telegraphic. Specials to the Astoria
| url = http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn96061150/1889-09-04/ed-1/seq-2/
| newspaper = Daily Morning Astorian
| location=Astoria, OR
| volume = 33
| issue  = 53
| date = 4 September 1889
| at= p. 2, col. 2
}}</ref><ref name = Lewis366>{{cite book
| editor1-last = Wright 
| editor1-first = E.W. 
| title = Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest 
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ 
| chapter = Finest Steamers Appear on Puget Sound Waters
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA366
| lccn = 28001147 
| location = Portland, OR
| publisher = Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. 
| date = 1895 
| pages = 366–369
}}</ref>

The first master of ''Wallowa'' in service was Captain R.E. Howes. Howes was born in 1846 on [[Cape Cod, Massachusetts]], and had been captain of ''Wallowa''{{'s}} predecessor ''Donald''. ''Donald'' had been used to tow sailing vessels across the dangerous [[Columbia Bar|bar]] at the mouth of the Columbia River, and ''Wallowa'' was placed into the same service, operating out of Astoria. The new tug was taken on its first inspection trip across the bar on 23 September 1889, starting out from Astoria at 0300 hours. Present on board were a number of OR & N officials, including the chief of maritime and riverine operations, Captain [[James W. Troup]]. ''Wallowa'' returned to Astoria that afternoon, having been found to be fully satisfactory for bar service. The tug went on to successfully perform its intended duties in this dangerous service for the next nine years.<ref name = Lewis366/><ref name = ToTheBar>{{cite news
| title = The O.R.& N. company's new tug Wallowa ...
| url  = http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn96061150/1889-09-24/ed-1/seq-3/
| newspaper = Daily Morning Astorian
| location =Astoria, OR
| volume = 33
| issue  = 69
| date = 24 September 1889 
| at=p. 3, col. 1
}}</ref>

==Klondike Gold Rush service==

[[File:Wallowa_towing_in_AK_waters_Gold_Rush.jpg|thumb|left|This early photograph of ''Wallowa'' towing is believed to have been taken somewhere in Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush (1898–1900).]]

In 1898, caught up in the shipping boom caused by the [[Klondike Gold Rush]], the OR & N leased ''Wallowa'' to the [[White Star Line]] to tow that company's large sidewheeler [[Yosemite (sidewheeler)|''Yosemite'']] north up the [[Inside Passage]] to [[St. Michael, Alaska]]. (That town was a major gateway to the gold fields via the [[Yukon River]].) An early return voyage to Seattle from [[Skagway]] towing the [[barque|bark]] ''Columbia'' nearly resulted in the loss of ''Wallowa'' on 1 November 1898. A strong [[gale]] drove the tug ashore near Mary Island, north of [[Portland Canal]] on the southeast Alaska coast. ''Wallowa'' was found to have suffered no damage and was successfully refloated on the next high tide, but three days later ''Columbia'' was stranded at the mouth of Portland Canal and became a total loss. ''Wallowa'' was able to safely endure the rest of the stormy voyage to Seattle.<ref name=Delgado /><ref>{{cite book|last1=McCurdy|first1=H.W.|last2=Newell|first2=Gordon|title=The H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest|date=1966|publisher=Superior Publishing|location=Seattle, WA|isbn=0875642209|page=41|edition=First|url=https://www.amazon.com/McCurdy-Marine-History-Pacific-Northwest/dp/B000GR0E2G|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

''Wallowa'''s strong construction continued to serve it in good stead. The tug made many subsequent voyages up the Inside Passage transporting supply [[barge]]s and construction materials for the mining camps. By 1900, ''Wallowa'' was listed as working for the Pacific Clipper Line under Captain E. Caine, carrying mail and supplies between [[Juneau]], [[Haines, Alaska|Haines]], Skagway, and Seattle. In 1903, the tug returned to [[Puget Sound]] and was sold into the timber industry a year later. There is only one other Alaskan gold rush vessel still in existence: the privately owned 1890 wooden tugboat ''Elmore''.<ref name=Delgado /><ref name = Skalley73/>

==Puget Sound Mill & Timber Company service==

[[File: Wallowa_Aug_1923_in_Ballard_Locks.jpg|thumb|left|During its PSM & T Co. service, ''Wallowa'' was rarely seen in southern Puget Sound ports. Even rarer was a transit of the [[Ballard Locks|Hiram N. Chittenden Locks]] in [[Ballard, Seattle|Ballard]]. This photo was taken in August 1923 as ''Wallowa'' headed back into salt water.]]

In 1904, ''Wallowa'' was purchased by lumber baron Mike Earles, owner of Puget Sound Mill & Timber Company (PSM & T Co.), based at [[Port Angeles]]. For the next 25 years, the tug towed [[timber rafting|log rafts]] from the Port Crescent "booming grounds" on the [[Olympic Peninsula]] to sawmills in [[Bellingham, Washington|Bellingham]]. At some point shortly after acquiring ''Wallowa'', Earles had the tug refitted and re-powered with a new [[boiler]] and a new vertical [[compound steam engine|double-expansion]] steam engine to replace the worn and obsolete inclined "bilge engines" originally fitted to the old ''Donald''. ''Wallowa'' emerged from the refit with much more power and towing capability than before. It performed reliable work for the PSM & T Co. without any significant layups, except for a rebuild of the main [[cabin (ship)|deckhouse]] following a fire in 1927. During this period the vessel was mostly under the command of Captain Frank Harrington.<ref name = Skalley73>{{cite book|last1=Skalley|first1=Michael|title=Foss: Ninety Years of Towboating|date=1981|publisher=Michael Skalley|location=Seattle, WA|isbn=0-87564-224-1|pages=72–75|edition=First}}</ref>

In early 1929, Earles sold ''Wallowa'' to a neighboring timber concern: Merrill & Ring Logging Company, formed in 1886 by two families established in the lumber business back in [[Michigan]] and [[Minnesota]]. T.D. Merrill and Clark Ring had formed their joint venture after arriving in the Pacific Northwest to scout timberlands, acquiring large tracts around the [[Pysht River]]. The company still owns these today. ''Wallowa'' undertook the same types of jobs for Merrill & Ring as it had for the PSM & T Co., but operating primarily between booming grounds at [[Pysht, Washington|Pysht]] and Port Angeles. However, after less than a year, Merrill & Ring decided to sell the tug.<ref name = Skalley73/><ref>{{cite web|title=Merrill & Ring History|url=http://www.merrillring.com/merrill-ring-history/|website=Merrill & Ring|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>

==Foss Launch & Tug Company service (pre-war)==
[[Foss Maritime|Foss Launch & Tug Company]] (Foss) purchased ''Wallowa'' in late 1929, and the vessel became among the first of that company's large, seagoing acquisitions. To help pay off the large purchase, Foss donated a previously agreed-upon amount of towing services to Merrill & Ring, then in 1931 leased ''Wallowa'' to [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM Studios]] for filming the 1933 blockbuster hit ''[[Tugboat Annie]]''. That film, the first major [[motion picture]] filmed in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], became a huge success and made ''Wallowa'' (unofficially renamed "Narcissus" during filming) a movie star.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://nwseaport.org/event/museum-ship-visit-tugboat-arthur-foss-4-4/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415152523/http://nwseaport.org/event/museum-ship-visit-tugboat-arthur-foss-4-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=Museum Ship: Visit Tugboat ''Arthur Foss'' |website=Northwest Seaport Maritime Heritage Center |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=1 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3678 |title=Filmography in Seattle |website=HistoryLink |date=1 February 2007 |orig-year=2002 |first=Alyssa |last=Burrows}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historylink.org/File/11142 |title=Tugboat Annie: Seattle's First Movie |website=HistoryLink |date=4 March 2018 |orig-year=2015 |first=Eleanor |last=Boba}}</ref>

[[File:Tugboat_Annie_Race_1940.jpg|thumb|left|Annual tugboat races have long been held at Puget Sound ports, but became more popular after the success of ''Tugboat Annie''. After its 1934 rebuild, ''Arthur Foss'' (second from right) was always the favorite and frequent winner, capable of up to 13 knots. This photograph was taken in 1940 on [[Commencement Bay]].]]

Afterward, ''Wallowa'' was returned to Foss, which rebuilt and modernized the tug from its main deck up at company headquarters in [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in 1934. The primary component of the rebuild was installation of a state-of-the-art, six cylinder, [[four-stroke]], {{convert|700|hp|kW}} [[Washington Iron Works]] direct-drive [[diesel engine]], which made the tug the most powerful on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. At re-launch, Foss renamed the tug ''Arthur Foss'' in honor of the company president and eldest son of company founder [[Thea Foss]]. Following successful trials, ''Arthur Foss'' went into commercial service as the Foss company [[flagship]]. However, steering troubles were presumably encountered, for a [[pneumatic]] power-steering assist system was installed in 1937. This was likely needed because increased right-hand [[torque]] from the propeller due to the more powerful engine made manual steering difficult for a single person.<ref name = Skalley73/>

For nearly three years following modernization, ''Arthur Foss'' was utilized primarily for coastal tows to [[California]], [[Oregon]], and [[Alaska]], based mostly out of Tacoma. The tug set several speed and tonnage hauled records, most notably while towing large lumber [[schooner]]s down the coast to California. The most famous of these voyages occurred in 1936 under the command of Captain W. B. Sporman when, battling bad weather the whole time, ''Arthur Foss'' towed the large four-masted schooner ''Commodore'', loaded with {{convert|1500000|board feet|m3}} of lumber, from Oregon to [[Los Angeles]] in a record seven days. During this period the tug also frequently towed log rafts, ships, and barges along the Inside Passage as it had during the gold rush. Disaster struck on 18 February 1937, when a severe fire broke out in the forward crew quarters. In order to save ''Arthur Foss'', Captain J.M. Bowers deliberately steered the tug into shallow water near [[Discovery Bay, Washington|Discovery Bay]] and sank it, extinguishing the fire. Several other vessels came to assistance, and ''Arthur Foss'' was refloated and taken to Tacoma for repairs.<ref name = Skalley73/><ref name = Johnson37>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Bruce|title=Foss: A Living Legend|date=1990|publisher=Foss Maritime Company|location=Seattle, WA|page=37|edition=First}}</ref>

[[File:Lumber schooner COMMODORE and ARTHUR FOSS in LA, 1937.jpg|thumb|left|The large lumber schooner ''Commodore'', in tow of the tugboat ''Arthur Foss'', arrives at Los Angeles in record time, 1936.]]

By late 1937, ''Arthur Foss'' was back in service with a new power steering system and a new, extremely skillful captain. In November both tug and captain, Martin Guchee, were commended for towing the disabled motorship ''Eastern Prince'' from [[Yakutat, Alaska]], to Seattle in just six days. Captain Guchee was also at the helm when ''Arthur Foss'' became in involved in the construction of two of the Northwest's most famous landmarks. In 1938, the tug made a long tow from [[San Francisco]] with the giant barge ''Foss No. 64'', which had been used in the construction of the [[Golden Gate Bridge]]. ''Foss No. 64'' was needed up north for the construction of the [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge]] which began in September 1938. The bridge was completed in 1940 and, after just a few months in service, collapsed in high winds due to [[aeroelastic flutter]]. Students of physics and structural engineering have been studying the infamous event ever since. In January 1939, construction of another famous bridge began on [[Lake Washington]], the [[Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge]] connecting Seattle to [[Mercer Island]]. Prior to construction, extensive testing of the [[float (nautical)|pontoons]]' strength and stability occurred over a nine-month period in 1938. An experimental barge approximating the proposed bridge's configuration was anchored in the lake, and the most powerful tug on the West Coast was hired to put it to the test. Captain Guchee took ''Arthur Foss'' at full speed around and around the test barge, generating four-foot waves and simulating lake conditions in an {{convert|85|knot|kph}} wind. Engineers and technicians were on hand to take readings. The test barge held, but not satisfied with the amount of stress he was putting it under, Captain Guchee put ''Arthur Foss''{{'s}} bow against the barge and "gave her full power". The anchoring system still held. Utilizing the data gathered during this unorthodox experiment and others, the world's first [[pontoon bridge|floating highway bridge]] was completed in 1940. To this day, there are only five similar floating spans in the world, and three are located in Washington State.<ref name = Johnson37/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Leber|first1=Helen|title=Northwest Tugboat Captain: The Life & Times of Captain Martin Guchee, 1905 -, & His Adventures on Our Northwest Waters|date=1990|publisher=Anderson Publishing Company Inc.|location=Anacortes, WA|isbn=0-945989-24-5|pages=35–39|edition=First}}</ref>

After its involvement with the two soon-to-be-famous bridges, ''Arthur Foss'' returned to its normal towing duties up and down the coast. Captain Vince Miller was in command at this time. After a record barge tow of {{convert|1800000|board feet|m3}} of lumber to Los Angeles in late 1940, on 8 February 1941 the tug departed Tacoma for [[Oakland, California]], to pick up a barge carrying a huge gate for one of the [[United States Navy]]'s [[dry docks]] at [[Pearl Harbor]]. ''Arthur Foss'' and tow departed for [[Hawaii]] on 15 February 1941 and arrived without mishap two weeks later. The crew thought they were on just another routine job and would soon be returning home.<ref name = Skalley73/><ref name = Johnson37/>

==World War II service==
''Arthur Foss'' successfully delivered the drydock gate to the [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|navy yard]] at Pearl Harbor in early March 1941. Instead of returning to the West Coast, the vessel was chartered by Foss to a [[consortium]] of civilian engineering firms: Contractors Pacific Naval Air Bases (CPNAB), which had been formed in January 1941 to begin construction of military bases on strategic Pacific [[atolls]], including [[Wake Island]]. ''Arthur Foss'''s first assignment with CPNAB was towing gravel barges from [[Kaneohe]] to [[Honolulu]] for construction of airport [[runways]]. This work lasted until June, when the tug was assigned to a regular run between Hawaii and Wake towing barges of construction materials and military supplies for the [[Wake Island Airfield|airfield and barracks]] there. Meanwhile, the United States quietly prepared for the coming of [[World War II|war]]. In November, amid increasing U.S.-[[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] tensions, the tug was again dispatched from Honolulu under the command of Captain Oscar Rolstad to Wake towing two fully loaded barges. Upon arrival, ''Arthur Foss'' was joined by the smaller ''Justine Foss'' in the atoll harbor. Offloading the barges and [[lightering]] the equipment ashore occupied the two tug crews for the next few weeks. Upon completion of the work, ''Arthur Foss'' was scheduled to return to Honolulu towing two 1,000-ton fuel barges (empty). Departure from Wake was expected in the first week of December.<ref name = Skalley73/><ref name=Towbitts1>{{cite journal |last1=Skalley |first1=Mike |date=June 2010 |title=The ''Arthur Foss'' Escaped to Hawaii, But the ''Justine Foss'' Was Caught in the Japanese Invasion of Wake Island |journal=Tow Bitts |department=The Look Aft |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=18–19 |publisher=Foss Maritime |url=http://www.fossmaritime.com/wp-content/uploads/June10TowBitts.pdf#page=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133703/http://www.fossmaritime.com/wp-content/uploads/June10TowBitts.pdf#page=17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Urwin|first1=Gregory J.W.|title=Battle of Wake Island|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Wake-Island#ref1226546|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

[[File:ARTHUR FOSS at Wake Island, 5 December 1941.jpg|thumb|right|''Arthur Foss'' was the last vessel escape Wake Island on 8 December 1941 (7 December on the U.S. side of the International Date Line). This photograph was taken on 5 December.]]

Work was completed on schedule. ''Arthur Foss'' needed to refuel before undertaking the {{convert|2300|mile|km}} voyage back to Hawaii. Captain Rolstad and the crew were extremely anxious to leave as soon as possible. By the early morning of 8 December 1941 (7 December on the other side of the [[International Date Line]]), three war warnings had been issued over the radio, and Captain Rolstad decided to forego refueling. He took ''Arthur Foss'' and tow to sea. Twelve hours out of Wake, news of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] was received. Japanese [[naval aviation|naval air forces]] simultaneously [[Battle of Wake Island|attacked Wake]]. Painted a highly visible white and green, ''Arthur Foss'' was a ripe target standing "out like a chain of coral islands on the empty sea", and Captain Rolstad was acutely aware of the likelihood of being bombed or [[torpedoed]]. While underway, the crew hastily mixed all white paint on board with engine grease to repaint the tug dark gray to help blend in with the ocean. All lights were blacked out and ''Arthur Foss'' proceeded under [[radio silence]]. Still towing the two barges at barely more than walking speed, the crew debated whether they should head for Alaska or Hawaii. No one was certain if they had enough fuel to reach either place, or whether when/if they arrived they would find the enemy in control. The decision was made to follow original orders and head to Honolulu at reduced speed to conserve as much fuel as possible.<ref name=Johnson37/>

[[File:YT335Dohasen.ExArthurFoss1947.jpg|thumb|left|This is the only image so far discovered of ''Arthur Foss'' in wartime configuration as YT/YTM-335 ''Dohasan''. The gray wheelhouse, foremast with bell, forward [[bitts|crucifix bitt]], and bow with large "335" in white are visible behind the other tugboats in the foreground. The photograph was taken in 1947 after the tug was returned to Foss at Tacoma.]]

''Arthur Foss'' and tow were spotted by U.S. [[scout plane|naval scout planes]] and escorted into Pearl Harbor on 28 December 1941, where [[Claude C. Bloch|Admiral Claude Bloch]] cited the crew for action beyond the call of duty. Due to the reduced speed of the voyage, they were a week overdue and had been presumed missing in action. According to Captain Rolstad's log, less than 500 [[U.S. gallons]] of fuel remained when they docked (this was the equivalent of running on fumes, as the main engine uses about 42 U.S. gallons per hour).<ref name=Johnson37/><ref name=Towbitts1/>

''Arthur Foss'' was ultimately the last vessel to escape Wake before Japanese forces captured the island on 23 December 1941, after a prolonged and bloody [[siege]]. After ''Arthur Foss''{{'s}} departure, only a few flights of [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] [[flying boats]] carrying employees and some civilian contractors were able to escape. The crew of ''Justine Foss'', which unlike ''Arthur Foss'' had remained to refuel, was captured and used as [[forced labor]]. ''Justine Foss'' itself was [[scuttled]] by the Japanese. All members of the crew except Thea Foss's grandson Drew (who had been removed to a [[prisoner of war]] camp in [[Burma]]) were executed along with all the remaining captives in 1943.<ref name=Delgado/><ref name=Towbitts1 /><ref>{{cite DANFS |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wake-island.html |title=Wake Island |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>

''Arthur Foss'' was placed in service by the [[United States Navy]] in early 1942, renamed ''Dohasan'' and designated YT-335 (harbor tug) and later YTM-335 (district harbor tug, medium). The tug continued to tow supply barges between bases in the Hawaiian [[archipelago]] and even ventured as far as [[French Frigate Shoals]], {{convert|500|miles|km}} northwest of [[Oahu]]. ''Dohasan'' towed a large [[dredging|grab dredge]] to the Shoals on 8 August 1942 for construction of an [[emergency landing]] strip there, then remained as a [[ship's tender|tender]] to the dredge as it removed material from the [[lagoon]] and deposited it ashore to build up and form a runway. The tug returned to Hawaii after three months of this work, but afterward apparently spent a lot of time idle as navy crews were unfamiliar with operation of the main engine. After the war ended in September 1945, ''Dohasan'' continued in naval service until being stricken from the Navy List on 7 February 1945 and lay up at Honolulu through 1946. The tug was finally returned to Foss Launch & Tug Company ownership in fall 1947, and renamed ''Arthur Foss''. To return the worn-out tug to the West Coast, CPNAB secured it in a [[floating drydock]] and had it towed to Los Angeles. During the stormy voyage, rough seas knocked ''Arthur Foss'' off its [[keel]] blocks, heavily damaging the hull. Upon arrival back in Tacoma, Foss began a comprehensive rehabilitation of the tug which occupied it until August 1948.<ref name = Skalley73/><ref name=Johnson37/><ref name=NAVSOURCE>{{navsource|14/08335|Dohasan (YTM-335)}}</ref><ref name=DANFS>{{cite DANFS |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/d/dohasan.html |title=Dohasan |author=Naval History And Heritage Command |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=Naval History And Heritage Command |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>

==Foss Launch & Tug Company service (post-war)==

[[File:Arthur Foss 1950s.jpg|thumb|right|Between 1948 and 1968, ''Arthur Foss'' was kept hard at work towing bundled log rafts on the Strait of Juan de Fuca.]]

Upon completion of repairs, the newly refurbished ''Arthur Foss'' was assigned to Foss's Port Angeles division with the task of towing log cribs and later bundled log rafts in the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], mostly under contract to [[Crown Zellerbach]], [[Rayonier]], and [[Weyerhaeuser]]. Each raft averaged about {{convert|750000|board feet|m3}} of timber. ''Arthur Foss'' operated between [[Neah Bay]], [[Sekiu, Washington|Sekiu]], [[Clallam Bay]], Pysht, Port Crescent, and Port Angeles; and continued this work for 20 years, setting the record for the longest uninterrupted towing service in the Straits. During this period the tug was almost exclusively under the command of captains Lynn Davis and Arnold Tweter. In 1964 during annual overhaul the tug was renamed ''Theodore Foss'' in honor of Thea Foss's eldest brother-in-law; a brand-new oceangoing tug took on the venerable name ''Arthur Foss'' that year. Upon retirement in July 1968, ''Theodore Foss'' was moved to Tacoma and sat idle for the next two years. In 1970, the vessel was donated to Northwest Seaport by Foss Launch & Tug Company and renamed ''Arthur Foss'' once again (since no longer part of the commercial fleet). [[Henry Foss]] himself, youngest and last surviving son of Thea Foss, presided at the official transfer ceremony.<ref name = Skalley73/><ref name=history/><ref name=Towbitts2>{{cite journal |last1=Skalley |first1=Mike |date=September 2010 |title=Logs Brought Foss to Neah Bay in the 1920s |journal=Tow Bitts |department=The Look Aft |volume=23 |issue=3 |page=19 |publisher=Foss Maritime |url=http://www.fossmaritime.com/wp-content/uploads/Sept10TowBitts.pdf#page=18|access-date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235231/http://www.fossmaritime.com/wp-content/uploads/Sept10TowBitts.pdf#page=18 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==Museum ship and National Historic Landmark==

Northwest Seaport volunteers cleaned and organized the tug's interior and refurbished the main engine piece by piece, with the first official startup as a museum ship occurring in 1980. Afterward ''Arthur Foss'' regularly cruised Puget Sound waters during the summer months with a volunteer crew, participating in tugboat races, boat shows, and other maritime heritage events until 2001. The tug's excursions ended that year due to rising fuel and insurance costs, and increased safety concerns, in the wake of the [[11 September attacks]]. Volunteer crew burnout, lack of organizational development, and the increasing need for major restoration work also played a part. Varying non-professional attempts at spot repairs over the years were superseded beginning in 2004 with larger but specifically focused restoration projects run by contracted professionals. However, a comprehensive restoration has not yet been attempted. Following extensive survey, documentation, and hull maintenance projects in 2017, planning and fundraising efforts are under way to restore the vessel to its 1940 appearance, in cruising condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritimeheritage.net/attractions/attraction_select.asp?id=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029160024/http://www.maritimeheritage.net/attractions/attraction_select.asp?id=14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2005 |title=Arthur Foss |website=Maritime Heritage Network |access-date=1 March 2008 }}</ref>

''Arthur Foss'' was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1989, is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], and is a [[List of Seattle landmarks|Seattle Landmark]]. The tug was also named a Washington State Centennial Heritage Flagship in 1989, when both tug and state celebrated their 100th "birthday".<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name=Delgado>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=89001078}} |title=Tugboat ''Arthur Foss'', ex-''Wallowa'' National Historic Landmark Study |first=James P. |last=Delgado |author-link=James P. Delgado |year=1988 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=27 December 2016}}and<br />{{cite web|title=Accompanying five photos, exterior and interior, from 1988 |url={{NHLS url|id=89001078|photos=y}}|date=9 July 1988 |first=James P. |last=Delgado |author-link=James P. Delgado |author-mask=2 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=2012-08-22 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cityofseattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/t.htm Landmarks Alphabetical Listing for T] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209175303/http://www.cityofseattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/t.htm |date=9 February 2012 }}, Individual Landmarks, Department of Neighborhoods, City of Seattle. Accessed 28 December 2007.</ref>

''Arthur Foss'' is currently docked at the Historic Ships Wharf at Seattle's [[Lake Union Park]], and is a featured attraction open for public tours most summer weekends, or by appointment. Visitors of all ages enjoy a glimpse of life aboard what is now one of the oldest and most historic vessels in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nwseaport.org/fleet.html |website=Northwest Seaport |title=Historic Fleet: Tugboat Arthur Foss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727195003/http://www.nwseaport.org/fleet.html |archive-date=2009-07-27}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{ship|United States lightship|Swiftsure|LV-83}}
*{{ship||Wawona|schooner}}
*[[Northwest Seaport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nwseaport.org/ Northwest Seaport]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014043129/http://hnsa.org/ships/arthurfoss.htm HNSA Web Page: Tug Arthur Foss]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924092155/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/constructpearlww2.htm Pearl Harbor and the Outlying Islands: US Navy Base Construction in World War II]
*[http://www.goldtel.net/ddxa/massacre.html Massacre on Wake Island]
*{{HAER |survey=WA-190 |id=wa0868 |title=Tugboat Arthur Foss, Lake Union Park, Seattle, King County, WA |photos=55 |color=2 |data=8 |cap=6}}

{{South Lake Union, Seattle}}
{{Puget Sound steam tugs}}
{{Mosquito Fleet|state = collapsed}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Washington}}
{{Oldest surviving ships (pre-1919)}}

[[Category:Museums in Seattle]]
[[Category:Museum ships in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Seattle]]
[[Category:Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Tugboats of the United States]]
[[Category:Steam tugs]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Industry museums in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:South Lake Union, Seattle]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:World War II auxiliary ships of the United States]]
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