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{{Short description|1942 assassination in Prague}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military operation
| name          = Operation Anthropoid
| partof        = [[World War II]]
| image         = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-039-44, Heydrich-Attentat.jpg
| image_size    = 300px
| caption       = Heydrich's [[Mercedes-Benz W142|Typ 320]] damaged by the anti-tank grenade
| type          = [[Assassination#As military doctrine|Assassination]]
| location      = [[Prague]], [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
| planned       = December 1941 – May 1942
| planned_by    = [[Special Operations Executive]], [[František Moravec]]
| target        = [[Reinhard Heydrich]]{{DOW}}
| date          = {{start date and age|1942|05|27|df=yes}}
| executed_by   = [[Jozef Gabčík]], [[Jan Kubiš]]
| outcome       = {{ubl|Heydrich succumbs to wounds on 4 June; Nazis order reprisals}}<!-- Ubl fixes it in place. -->
* Assassins killed in firefight at [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral|St Cyril and Methodius Cathedral]]
* Bishop [[Gorazd (Pavlík)|Gorazd]] and church priests arrested and executed
* Estimated 13,000 arrested and interrogated; estimated 5,000 executed
* [[Lidice]] and [[Ležáky]] destroyed; citizens executed or imprisoned
}}
[[Reinhard Heydrich]], the commander of the German [[Reich Security Main Office]] (RSHA), the acting governor of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] and a principal architect of [[the Holocaust]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Browning i |first=Christopher |year=2007 |title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – ]March 1942|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |quote=In a brief two years between the autumn of 1939 and the autumn of 1941, Nazi Jewish policy escalated rapidly from the pre-war policy of forced emigration to the Final Solution as it is now understood—the systematic attempt to murder every last Jew within the German grasp.}}</ref> was assassinated during the [[World War II|Second World War]] in a coordinated operation by the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] resistance. The assassination attempt, code-named '''Operation Anthropoid''', was carried out by resistance operatives [[Jozef Gabčík]] and [[Jan Kubiš]] on 27 May 1942.<ref name="Dead pg 1">"Heydrich Is Dead; Czech Toll At 178," pg 1, The New York Times, 5 June 1942.</ref> Heydrich was wounded in the attack{{sfn|McNab|2009|pp=41, 158–161}} and died of his wounds on 4 June.<ref name="Dead pg 1"/>

The operatives who carried out the assassination were soldiers of the [[Czechoslovak Army]] who were prepared and trained by the British [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) with the approval of the [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]], led by [[Edvard Beneš]]. The Czechoslovaks undertook the operation to help confer legitimacy on the government-in-exile, and to exact retribution for Heydrich's brutal rule.{{sfn|Burian|2002|p=31}} The operation was the only verified government-sponsored assassination of a senior Nazi leader during the war. Heydrich's death led to a wave of reprisals by [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] troops, including the destruction of villages and mass killings of civilians, notably the [[Lidice massacre]].

Multiple memorials have been created in different nations such as in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and in the United Kingdom as a result of both the assassination and its aftermath. The events have been featured in various dramatic films (this taking place in the general context of [[World War II in popular culture]] and specifically [[Dramatic portrayals of Reinhard Heydrich|portrayals of Heydrich]]).

==Background==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R98683, Reinhard Heydrich.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Reinhard Heydrich]], the target of Operation Anthropoid, in 1940]]

===Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia===
[[Reinhard Heydrich]] had been the chief of the [[Reich Security Main Office]] (RSHA) since September 1939 and was appointed acting [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Protector of Bohemia and Moravia]] after replacing [[Konstantin von Neurath]] in September 1941. [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Adolf Hitler]] agreed with ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]] and Heydrich that von Neurath's relatively lenient approach to the [[Czech people|Czechs]] promoted anti-German sentiment, and encouraged anti-German resistance by strikes and sabotage.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|pp=469, 470}}{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=82}}

Heydrich came to [[Prague]] to "strengthen policy, carry out countermeasures against resistance", and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were "extremely important to the German war effort".{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=82}} During his role as ''de facto'' dictator of Bohemia and Moravia, Heydrich often drove with his [[chauffeur]] in a car with an open roof. This was a show of his confidence in the occupation forces and in the effectiveness of his government.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=141}} Due to his brutal efficiency, Heydrich was nicknamed the ''Butcher of Prague'', the ''Blond Beast'' and the ''Hangman''.<ref>Ramen, Fred. ''Reinhard Heydrich: Hangman of the Third Reich'', p. 8. {{ISBN|0-8239-3379-2}}</ref>

===Strategic context===
[[File:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|left|Nazi zenith 1941–42]]
By late 1941, [[Nazi Germany]] controlled almost all of [[continental Europe]], and German forces were approaching [[Moscow]].<ref name="ww2-timeline">{{Cite web |url=http://gmu.mossiso.com/689/?p=timeline |title=World War II&nbsp;— Timeline |access-date=7 July 2008 |last=Shepherd |first=Ammon |year=2008 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314232016/http://gmu.mossiso.com/689/?p=timeline |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Allied Powers of World War II|Allies]] deemed [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Capitulation (surrender)|capitulation]] likely. The exiled government of [[Czechoslovakia]] under [[President of Czechoslovakia|President]] [[Edvard Beneš]] was under pressure from [[British intelligence]], as there had been very little visible resistance since the occupation of the [[Sudetenland|Sudeten]] regions of the country in 1938. The takeover of these regions was accepted by the United Kingdom and [[French Third Republic|France]] in the [[Munich Agreement]]. Occupation of the whole country had begun in 1939, and the initial betrayal by the United Kingdom and France, along with the subsequent terror of the Nazis, seemed to break the will of the Czechs for a period.

The German [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]] had stimulated acts of sabotage by Czech [[communism|communists]], leading to Heydrich's appointment.<ref name = "H.Museum">{{cite web |title=Reinhard Heydrich: In Depth |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/reinhard-heydrich-in-depth |publisher=US Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=1 August 2019 }}</ref> As well as terrorizing the opposition and establishing the [[Theresienstadt]] ghetto/concentration camp, Heydrich had overseen a progressive policy of good wages (equivalent to those in Germany) for industrial workers and farmers, which caused acts of sabotage to drop significantly and helped cooperative production of war materials. Heydrich was thought to be scheduled to transfer to occupied northern France and Belgium, with the intent to implement similar policies there.<ref name = "H.Museum" />

Resistance movements were active from the very beginning of occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare ([[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Yugoslavia]] and [[4th of August Regime|Greece]]), but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of [[materiel]] for Germany. The exiled government felt that it had to do something that would inspire the Czechoslovaks, as well as show the world that the Czechs and [[Slovaks]] were allies. In particular, Beneš felt that a dramatic action displaying a Czech contribution to the Allied cause would make it politically harder for the British to forge any possible peace agreement with Germany that would undermine Czech national interests.<ref name="Decisions in Assassinations">{{cite journal | url=https://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=19545 | title=Decision Making in Using Assassinations in International Relations | journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] | volume=131 | issue=3 | date=Fall 2016 | pages=509, 516–517 | last1=Schilling | first1=Warner R. | last2=Schilling | first2=Jonathan L. | doi=10.1002/polq.12487}}</ref> Heydrich was chosen over [[Karl Hermann Frank]] as an assassination target due to his status as the acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia as well as his reputation for terrorizing local citizens. The operation was also intended to demonstrate to senior Nazis that they were not beyond the reach of Allied forces and the resistance groups they supported.{{sfn|Burian|2002|p=31}}

==Operation==
===Planning===
The operation was initiated by [[František Moravec]], head of the Czechoslovak intelligence services, with the knowledge and approval of Beneš, almost as soon as Heydrich was appointed Protector.{{sfn|Milton|2016|p=176–177}} Moravec personally briefed [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Colin Gubbins]], who at the time was the Director of Operations in the British [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) and who had responsibility for the Czech and Polish "country" sections of the organisation. Gubbins readily agreed to help mount the operation, although knowledge of it was restricted to a few of the headquarters and training staff of SOE. The operation was given the [[codename]] ''Anthropoid'', [[Greek language|Greek]] for "having the form of a human", a term usually used in [[zoology]].
[[File:Operace Anthropoid - Jozef Gabčík.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Jozef Gabčík]]]]
[[File:Operace Anthropoid - Jan Kubiš.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Jan Kubiš]]]]

Preparation began on 20 October 1941. Moravec had personally selected two dozen of the most promising personnel from among the 2,000 exiled Czechoslovak soldiers based in Britain. They were sent to one of SOE's [[commando]] training centres at [[Arisaig]] in Scotland.{{sfn|Milton|2016|p=180}} [[Warrant Officer]] [[Jozef Gabčík]] (Slovak) and [[Staff Sergeant]] [[Karel Svoboda (soldier)|Karel Svoboda]] <small>([[:cs:Karel Svoboda (výsadkář)|cs]])</small> (Czech) were chosen to carry out the operation on 28 October 1941 (Czechoslovakia's Independence Day),{{sfn|Burian|2002|p=31}} but after Svoboda received a head injury during training he was replaced by [[Jan Kubiš]] (Czech). This caused delays in the mission because Kubiš had not completed training.  The necessary false documents had not been prepared for him, either.{{sfn|Burian|2002|p=35}}

Training was supervised by the nominated head of the Czech section, Major Alfgar Hesketh-Prichard, who turned to [[Cecil Vandepeer Clarke|Cecil Clarke]] to develop the necessary weapon.  It was light enough to throw but still lethal enough to destroy an armour-plated [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]].{{sfn|Turner|2011|pp=106–109}} During extensive training, the new weapon was found to be easy to throw by Hesketh-Prichard (who had a strong [[cricket]]ing background, [[Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard|his father]] having been a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] bowler), but less so by Gabčík and Kubiš.{{sfn|Milton|2016|p=182-185}}<ref name="Wilkinson2002">{{cite book|first= Peter|last= Wilkinson|title= Foreign Fields: The Story of an SOE Operative|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G_PbKWaqtIYC|date=3 August 2002| publisher= I. B. Tauris| isbn= 978-1-86064-779-6}}</ref>

===Insertion===
Gabčík and Kubiš, along with seven other soldiers from Czechoslovakia's army-in-exile in the United Kingdom in two other groups, ''Silver A'' and ''Silver B'' (who had different missions), were flown from [[RAF Tangmere]] by a [[Handley Page Halifax|Halifax]] of [[No. 138 Squadron RAF]] at 22:00 on 28 December 1941.{{sfn|Ivanov|1973|pp=45,46}} The groups, along with some supply containers, left the plane by parachute, in drops in three separate areas. The Anthropoid pair landed near [[Nehvizdy]] east of Prague. Originally, the plane had been planned to land near [[Plzeň|Pilsen]], but the aircrew had navigation problems and each of the groups landed in different places from where intended.{{sfn|Burian|2002|p=44–45}} Gabčík and Kubiš then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned.

In Prague, the pair contacted families and [[Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak resistance organisations]] who helped them during the preparations for the assassination.{{sfn|Burian|2002|pp=48–49}} Upon learning of the nature of the mission, resistance leaders begged the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to call off the attack, saying that "[a]n attempt against Heydrich's life... would be of no use to the Allies and its consequences for our people would be immeasurable".{{sfn|Mastný|1971|p=209}} Beneš personally broadcast a message insisting that the attack go forward,{{sfn|Mastný|1971|p=209}} although he denied any involvement after the war.{{sfn|Mastný|1971|p=210}} Professor [[Vojtěch Mastný]] argues that he "clung to the scheme as the last resort to dramatize Czech resistance".{{sfn|Mastný|1971|p=210}}

Gabčík and Kubiš initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the practicalities they realised this was not going to be possible. A second plan was to kill Heydrich on a forest road that led from his home to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich's car, but after waiting several hours their commander, Lt. [[Adolf Opálka]] (from the group [[Out Distance]]), came to bring them back to Prague. A third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

===Attack in Prague===
[[File:Heydrich's car.jpg|thumb|Another of Heydrich's Mercedes 320 Cabriolet B cars, this one is similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded; the original is located at Egholm Museum, Denmark.<ref>{{cite web| last1= Christoffersen| first1=Camilla Thorup| title=Top Nazi Mercedes ends in Danish museum – was the center of mortal attack| url= http://nyheder.tv2.dk/lokalt/2018-02-13-topnazists-mercedes-ender-paa-dansk-museum-var-centrum-i-doedeligt-attentat?cid=tv2.dk:Topnazists%20Mercedes%20ender%20p%C3%A5%20dansk%20museum%20-%20var%20centrum%20i%20d%C3%B8deligt%20attentat:article|website=tv2.dk|access-date=13 April 2018| language=da|date=13 February 2018}}</ref>]]
[[File:Pistolet maszynowy STEN, Muzeum Orła Białego.jpg|thumb|A [[Sten]] submachine gun. Gabčík's gun suffered from [[Firearm malfunction#Failure to feed|failure to feed]]. Czechoslovak paratroopers often complained about the low reliability of British firearms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/proc-parasutista-gabcik-nevystrelil-archiv-vydal-dukaz/r~5da2137a03a611e593f4002590604f2e/| title=Proč výsadkář Gabčík nevystřelil? Archiv konečně vydal důkaz |website= Aktuálně.cz|date=27 May 2015}}</ref>]]

At 10:30 on 27 May 1942, Heydrich started his daily commute from his home in [[Panenské Břežany]], {{cvt|14|km}} north of central Prague, to his headquarters at [[Prague Castle]]. He was driven by SS-''[[Oberscharführer]]'' Johannes Klein. Gabčík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop at the junction between the road then known as {{lang|cs|Kirchmayerova třída}}, and {{lang|cs|V Holešovičkách}}, in [[Prague 8]]-[[Libeň]] near [[Bulovka Hospital]]. The tight curve there would force Heydrich's car to slow down as it turned westwards into {{lang|cs|V Holešovičkách}}.{{efn|In the intervening years, the local geography has greatly changed. {{lang|cs|Kirchmayerova třída}}, now named {{lang|cs|Zenklova}}, no longer intersects {{lang|cs|V Holešovičkách}}. Although a junction is still in the same place, it is formed by {{lang|cs|V Holešovičkách}} and two access ramps of the surrounding traffic interchange, the three roads together forming a triangular traffic island inside the hairpin turn where {{lang|cs|Kirchmayerova třída}} formerly intersected {{lang|cs|V Holešovičkách}}.}} [[Josef Valčík]] (from group ''Silver A'') was positioned about {{cvt|100|m|yd}}  north of Gabčík, and Kubiš to look out for the approaching car.

Heydrich's green, open-topped [[Mercedes-Benz W142|Mercedes 320 Cabriolet B]] reached the curve two minutes later. Gabčík concealed his [[Sten]] [[submachine gun]] under a raincoat. As the car slowed and rounded the corner, Gabčík dropped his raincoat and raised the gun, to shoot Heydrich but the gun [[Firearm malfunction#Failure to feed|jammed]]. Heydrich, instead of ordering to accelerate, stood up and drew his [[Luger pistol]], yelling to halt. As the car braked in front of him, Kubiš, who was not spotted, threw a modified [[anti-tank grenade]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Michel|first=Wolfgang|title=Britische Spezialwaffen 1939–1945: Ausrüstung für Eliteeinheiten, Geheimdienst und Widerstand| language= de| page=72| isbn= 3-8423-3944-5}}</ref> (concealed in a briefcase) at the car; he misjudged his throw. Instead of landing inside the car, it landed against the rear wheel. Nonetheless, the bomb severely wounded Heydrich when it detonated, its [[Shrapnel (fragment)|fragments]] ripping through the right rear fender and embedding fragmentation and fibers from the upholstery of the car into Heydrich, causing serious injuries to his left side, with major damage to his [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]], [[spleen]] and [[human lung|lung]], as well as fracturing a rib. Kubiš received a minor wound to his face from the shrapnel.{{sfn|Williams|2003|pp=145–147}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=205, 207}} The explosion shattered the windows of the tram, that had stopped on the opposite side of the road, with shrapnel striking passengers. Two SS jackets that were folded on the back seat of the car were whirled upwards by the blast and draped themselves over the trolley wire.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=205, 207}}

Heydrich and Klein leapt out of the shattered Mercedes with drawn pistols; Klein ran towards Kubiš, who had staggered against the railings, while Heydrich went to Gabčík, who stood holding the Sten. Kubiš recovered, jumped on his bicycle and pedaled away, scattering passengers spilling from the tram by firing in the air with his [[Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless|Colt M1903]] pistol. Klein tried to shoot at him, but dazed by the explosion, pressed the magazine release catch and the gun jammed.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=206}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=782871| title= Nová tajemství muže, který zabil Reinharda Heydricha |website= Aktuálně.cz| date=18 June 2013|language=cs}}</ref> A staggering Heydrich came towards Gabčík, who dropped his Sten and tried to reach his bicycle but was forced to abandon the attempt and took cover behind a [[telegraph]] pole, firing at Heydrich with his pistol. Heydrich returned fire and ducked behind the stalled tram, when he suddenly doubled over and staggered to the side of the road in pain. He then collapsed against the railings, holding himself up with one hand. As Gabčík took the opportunity to run, Klein rushed to help his superior. Heydrich, his face pale and contorted in pain, pointed toward the fleeing Gabčík, saying, "Get that bastard!"{{sfn|Williams|2003|pp=147, 155}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=206, 207}} As Klein gave pursuit, Heydrich stumbled along the pavement before collapsing against the bonnet of his wrecked car.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=207}} Gabčík fled into a butcher shop, where the owner, a man named Brauer, who was a Nazi sympathiser and had a brother who worked for the [[Gestapo]], ignored his request for help. Brauer ran out to the street and attracted Klein's attention by shouting and pointing to the shop. Klein, whose gun was still jammed, ran into the shop and collided with Gabčík in the doorway. In the confusion, Gabčík shot him twice, severely wounding him in the leg.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=207}} Gabčík then escaped in a tram, reaching a local [[safe house]].<ref>{{cite book| last= Burgess| first= Alan| title= Seven Men at Daybreak| publisher=| page= 160 |isbn= 0-553-23508-7}}</ref>{{sfn|Burian|2002|p=64}} At this point, Gabčík and Kubiš did not know that Heydrich was wounded and thought the attack had failed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Russell |title=A Ray of Light: Reinhard Heydrich, Lidice, and the North Staffordshire Miners |year= 2016 |publisher=Shilka |isbn= 978-0-9955133-0-3 |url= https://www.shilka.co.uk/heydrich-lidice/ |page=69 |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160816061552/https://www.shilka.co.uk/heydrich-lidice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=205, 207}}

===Medical treatment and death===
A Czech woman and an off-duty policeman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab but complained that the truck's movement was causing him pain. He was then transferred to the back of the truck on his stomach and taken to the [[emergency room]] at Bulovka Hospital.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=155}} A Dr. Slanina packed the chest wound, while Dr. Walter Diek, the [[Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|Sudeten German]] chief of surgery at the hospital, tried to remove the shrapnel splinters.

Professor Hollbaum (a [[Silesia]]n German who was chairman of surgery at [[Charles University]] in Prague) operated on Heydrich with Diek and Slanina's assistance.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=155}} The surgeons reinflated the collapsed left lung, removed the tip of the fractured 11th rib, [[surgical suture|sutured]] the torn diaphragm, inserted several [[catheter]]s and removed the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery.<ref name = "Defalque"/> Himmler, Heydrich's superior, despatched his personal physician, [[Karl Gebhardt]], who flew to Prague and arrived that evening. After 29 May, Heydrich was entirely in the care of SS physicians. Postoperative care included administration of large amounts of [[morphine]].

Conflicting accounts exist concerning whether [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfanilamide]], a new [[antibacterial]] drug, was given; Gebhardt testified at his 1947 war crimes trial that it was not.<ref name = "Defalque"/> [[Theodor Morell]], Hitler's doctor, suggested its use, but Gebhardt, thinking Heydrich was recovering, declined.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=165}} Heydrich developed a fever of 38–39&nbsp;°C (100.4–102.2&nbsp;°F) and wound drainage, and he was in great pain.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=218}} Despite the fever, his recovery appeared to progress well. On 2 June, during a visit by Himmler, Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father's operas:

<poem lang="de" style="float:left;">Ja, die Welt ist nur ein Leierkasten,
die unser Herrgott selber dreht.
Jeder muß nach dem Liede tanzen,
das gerade auf der Walze steht.<ref>{{cite web |title=Das Spiel ist aus — Arthur Nebe| language= de| url= https://www.spiegel.de/politik/das-spiel-ist-aus-arthur-nebe-a-c93ff157-0002-0001-0000-000044446464 |website= [[Der Spiegel]] |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref></poem>
<poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">The world is just a barrel-organ
which the Lord God turns Himself.
We all have to dance to the tune
which is already on the drum.{{sfn|Lehrer|2000|p=86}}</poem>{{Clear|left}}

Heydrich's fever and drainage subsided and his condition appeared to be improving until, while sitting up eating a noon meal on 3 June, he suddenly went into [[shock (circulatory)|shock]].<ref name = "Defalque"/> He soon slipped into a deep [[coma]] and died on 4 June around 04:30.<ref name = "Defalque"/>{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=225, 227}} Heydrich's facial expression as he died betrayed an "uncanny spirituality and entirely perverted beauty, like a renaissance Cardinal" according to [[Bernhard Wehner]], a ''[[Kriminalpolizei]]'' police official who investigated the assassination.{{sfn|Höhne|2000|p=495}} An [[autopsy]] concluded he died of [[sepsis]].

One of the hypotheses was that some of the horsehair in the upholstery of Heydrich's car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=182–183}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Johnson (author) |title=Extra Life |publisher=[[Riverhead Books]] |year= 2021 |isbn=978-0-525-53885-1 |edition=1st |pages=150 |language=en}}</ref> Another suggestion was that Heydrich died of a massive [[pulmonary embolism]] (probably a [[fat embolism]]). In support of the latter possibility, particles of fat and blood clots were found at autopsy in the [[right ventricle]] and [[pulmonary artery]] and severe [[pulmonary edema|oedema]] was noted in the upper lobes of the lungs, while the lower lobes were [[Atelectasis|collapsed]].<ref name = "Defalque"/>

===Botulinum poisoning hypothesis===
The authors of ''A Higher Form of Killing'' claim that Heydrich died from [[botulism]] (''Clostridium botulinum'') toxin poisoning.{{sfn|Harris|Paxman|1982|pp= [https://books.google.com/books?id=MxV_86EpdRIC&pg=PA70 70–108]}} According to this hypothesis, based on statements made by [[Paul Fildes]], a [[Porton Down]] botulism researcher, the No. 73 anti-tank grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain botulinum toxin. The authors say that only circumstantial evidence supports this allegation; SOE records for the period have remained sealed and few medical records of Heydrich's condition and treatment have been preserved.<ref>{{cite book | last = Carus | first = W. Seth | title = Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900 | publisher = The Minerva Group, Inc | year = 2001 | page = 89 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1jEP8Ve4zwgC | isbn = 1-4101-0023-5}}</ref><ref name="Defalque">{{cite journal | url= http://aha.anesthesia.wisc.edu/Bulletin/January_2009.pdf | title=The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich | journal= Bulletin of Anesthesia History | publisher= Anesthesia History Association and Wood-Library Museum of Anesthesiology | date=January 2009 | access-date=14 December 2017 | last1=Defalque | first1=R. J. | last2= Wright | first2= A. J. | volume=27 | issue= 1 | location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | pages= 1, 4–7 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141031071649/http://ahahq.org/Bulletin/January_2009.pdf| archive-date= 31 October 2014|url-status= dead| doi= 10.1016/S1522-8649(09)50001-7 | pmid=20506755 }}</ref>

The evidence cited to support the hypothesis includes the modifications made to the No. 73 grenade, the bottom two-thirds of this weapon had been removed, and the open end and sides were wrapped up with adhesive tape. The modification of the weapon could indicate an attached toxic or [[biological weapon|biological agent]]. Heydrich received excellent medical care by the standards of the time. His ''post mortem'' examination showed none of the usual signs of sepsis, although infection of the wound and areas surrounding the lungs and heart was reported.<ref name = "Defalque"/> A German wartime report on the incident stated, "[d]eath occurred as a consequence of lesions in the vital [[parenchyma]]tous organs caused by bacteria and possibly by poisons carried into them by bomb splinters".{{sfn|Harris|Paxman|1982|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=MxV_86EpdRIC&pg=PA95 95]}}

Heydrich's condition while hospitalized was not documented in detail, but he was not noted to have developed any of the distinctive [[botulism#signs and symptoms|symptoms associated with botulism]], which have a gradual onset, invariably including paralysis, with death generally resulting from [[respiratory failure]]. Two others were also wounded by fragments of the same grenade — Kubiš, the Czech soldier who threw the grenade, and a bystander — but neither was reported to have shown any sign of poisoning.<ref name = "Defalque"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Middlebrook and Franz | title = Botulinum toxins | publisher = Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, US | year = 1998 | url = http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/medaspec/Ch-33Rprntblscx699.pdf | access-date = 30 December 2009 | archive-date = 29 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170829095329/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/medaspec/Ch-33Rprntblscx699.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The botulinum toxin theory has not found widespread acceptance among scholars. Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts", and the grenade modifications could have been aimed at making the {{convert|2|kg|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}} weapon lighter.<ref name = "Defalque"/> Two of the six original modified grenades are kept by the Military History Institute in Prague.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=746282 | title= Grenades | website= aktualne.centrum.cz | publisher= The Military History Institute}} (acc to [[Eduard Stehlík]])</ref>

==Consequences==
===Reprisals===
[[File:Kobylisy, nomtabuloj.jpg|thumb|Memorial plaques with names of the victims at the [[Kobylisy Shooting Range]] in Prague, where over 500 Czechs were executed in May and June 1942]]
[[File:Koncentracni tabor Mauthausen Praha 2012 7934.JPG|thumb|The relatives of [[Jan Kubiš]] and [[Josef Valčík]] and their fellows. In total, 294 people were executed in [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp|Mauthausen]] (262 people on 24 October 1942, 31 people on 26 January 1943 and the last one on 3 February 1944).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fronta.cz/kalendar/poprava-262-spolupracovniku-parasutistu-v-mauthausenu|title=List of people executed in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp|publisher=Fronta.cz}}</ref>]]

Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals on the day of the assassination attempt, suggesting that Himmler send SS General [[Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski]] to Prague. According to Karl Hermann Frank's postwar testimony, Hitler knew Zelewski to be even harsher than Heydrich.{{sfn|Dederichs|2009|pp=150–51}} Hitler favoured killing 10,000 politically unreliable Czechs, but after he consulted Himmler, the idea was dropped because Czech territory was an important industrial zone for the German military, and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region.{{sfn|Dederichs|2009|p=151}}

According to one estimate, 5,000 people were murdered in the reprisals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/special/heroes-or-cowards-czechs-in-world-war-ii|title=Radio Prague – Heroes or Cowards? Czechs in World War II|date=7 May 2005 }}</ref> More than 13,000 people were arrested, including Gabčík's girlfriend Anna Malinová, who died in the [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp]]. Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father Viktor Jarolím was also killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vets.estranky.cz/clanky/vpm-okres-znojmo/resice.html|title=Rešice|publisher=Spolek pro vojenská pietní místa|access-date=9 April 2023|language=cs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vets.estranky.cz/clanky/vpm-okres-znojmo/vemyslice.html|title=Vémyslice|publisher=Spolek pro vojenská pietní místa|access-date=9 April 2023|language=cs}}</ref>

[[Abwehr|Nazi intelligence]] falsely linked Heydrich's assassins to the village of [[Lidice]]. A Gestapo report suggested Lidice was the hiding place of the assassins, since several Czech army officers exiled in England were known to have come from there.{{sfn|Dederichs|2009|pp=151–152}} On 9 June 1942, the Germans committed the [[Lidice massacre]]; 199 men were killed, 195 women were deported to [[Ravensbrück]] concentration camp and 95 children taken prisoner. Of the children, 81 were later killed in [[gas van]]s at the [[Chełmno extermination camp]], while eight were adopted by German families. The Czech village of [[Ležáky]] was also destroyed because a radio transmitter belonging to the ''Silver A'' team was found there. The men and women of Ležáky were murdered, both villages were burned and the ruins of Lidice were levelled.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=186, 187}}{{sfn|Dederichs|2009|p=152}}

===Investigation and manhunt===
[[File:CyrilMethodious.JPG|thumb|Bullet-scarred window of the [[Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in Prague where the attackers were cornered]]
In the days following the Lidice massacre, no leads were found for those responsible for Heydrich's death. A deadline was issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed wary and fearful of further reprisals, making hiding information much longer increasingly difficult. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in the [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral|Cathedral of Sts Cyril and Methodius]] (until 1935 the Karel Boromejsky Church)<ref>{{Interlanguage link| Jiří Otter|de}}: ''Durch Prag auf den Spuren der Böhmischen Reformation.'' Kalich Verlag Praha 2002, ISBN 80-7017-565-6, p. 78.</ref> a cathedral of the [[Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church]] in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until [[Karel Čurda]] of the Out Distance sabotage group turned himself in to the Gestapo and gave up the names of the team's local contacts for the [[Bounty (reward)|bounty]] of one million [[German reichsmark|Reichsmarks]].<ref>[http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/heydrichkilling.html "The Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich"], The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team</ref>

Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in [[Žižkov]]. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Marie Moravec was allowed to go to the toilet, where she bit into a [[cyanide]] capsule and killed herself. Alois Moravec was unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance; he was taken to the [[Petschek Palace]] together with his 17-year-old son Vlastimil, or "Ata", who was tortured throughout the day but refused to talk. The youth was stupefied with [[brandy]], shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank, and warned that, if he did not talk, his father would be next; Ata gave in.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=202}} Ata was executed by the Nazis in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942, the same day as his father, his fiancée, her mother and her brother.<ref name=tlmr>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollmar.com/svoboda/ppp3-filer/frame.htm|title=The attentat on SS Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304173635/http://www.tollmar.com/svoboda/ppp3-filer/frame.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''[[Waffen-SS]]'' troops laid siege to the church the following day, but they were unable to take the assailants alive, despite the best efforts of 750 SS soldiers under the command of SS-''[[Gruppenführer]]'' [[Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld]]. They also brought along Čurda, who tried to get them to surrender by shouting: "{{lang|cs|Kamarádi, vzdejte se! Nic se vám nestane! Mně se také nic nestalo.}}" ({{trans|Comrades, surrender! Nothing will happen to you! Nothing happened to me either.}}) to which the paratroopers fired back and shouted: "{{lang|cs|Jsme Češi! Nikdy se nevzdáme, slyšíte? Nikdy!}}" ({{trans|We are Czechs! We will never surrender, you hear? Never!}})<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-25|title=Jsme Češi! Nikdy se nevzdáme! volali parašutisté před smrtí|url=https://www.lidovky.cz/relax/lide/jsme-cesi-nikdy-se-nevzdame-volali-parasutiste-pred-smrti.A120525_183216_lide_mc|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Lidovky.cz|language=cs}}</ref> Adolf Opálka and Josef Bublík were killed in the prayer loft after a two-hour gun battle, and Kubiš was reportedly found unconscious after the battle and died shortly after from his injuries.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=}} Gabčík, Josef Valčík, Jaroslav Švarc and Jan Hrubý killed themselves in the [[crypt]] after repeated SS attacks, attempts to force them out with [[tear gas]] and fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burgess|first=Alan|title=Seven Men at Daybreak|year=1960|isbn=0-553-23508-7}}</ref> The SS report about the fight mentioned five wounded SS soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zprávy SS a gestapa o dobývání kostela sv. Cyrila a Metoděje 18. června 1942|url=https://www.fronta.cz/dokument/zpravy-ss-a-gestapa-o-dobyvani-kostela-sv-cyrila-a-metodeje-18-cervna-1942|website=fronta.cz|language=cs|access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> The men in the church had only pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík.

Bishop [[Gorazd (Pavlik)|Gorazd]] took the blame for the actions in the church to minimize the reprisals among his flock, and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942, the bishop, the church's priests and senior lay leaders were taken to [[Kobylisy Shooting Range]] in a northern suburb of Prague and shot. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later [[glorification|glorified]] as a [[martyr]] by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2020/09/04/102375-martyr-gorazd-of-prague-bohemia-and-moravo-cilezsk |title=Martyr Gorazd of Prague, Bohemia and Moravo-Cilezsk |first= Edward |last=Pehanich |publisher=[[Orthodox Church in America]] |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Heydrich funeral.jpg|thumb|Funeral ceremony in Berlin.]]
Two large funeral ceremonies were held for Heydrich as one of the most important Nazi leaders, first in Prague, where the way to Prague Castle was lined by thousands of SS men with torches, and then in [[Berlin]] attended by all high-ranking Nazi figures. Hitler attended the Berlin ceremony and placed the [[German Order (decoration)|German Order]] and [[Blood Order]] medals on Heydrich's funeral pillow.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=223}}

The assassination of Heydrich was one of the most significant moments of the resistance in Czechoslovakia. Čurda, who had betrayed Heydrich's assassins, was hanged for [[treason|high treason]] in 1947 after attempting suicide.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TKQwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1ooDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2765,2704934 "Czech Traitors Hanged Today"], 1947, ''[[The Free Lance-Star]]'' via Google news.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/czechrepublic/738342/Trial-and-terror-in-a-by-gone-Prague.html "Trial and terror in a by-gone Prague"], 2007, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''</ref>

On 5 August 1942, British foreign secretary [[Anthony Eden]] issued a declaration that Germany had destroyed the Munich Agreement. However, the declaration did not commit the UK to Czechoslovakia's pre-Munich borders, nor did it declare the Munich agreement ''[[void ab initio]], a''s Czechoslovakia wanted.  Thus, the statement has been questioned as a full repudiation of the deal. A September 1942 declaration by the [[French National Committee]] suggested that the agreement was ''void ab initio'' since it had come about under threat of aggression.  The committee recognized no changes in Czechoslovakia's borders as of 1938.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pergler |first1=Charles |title=The Munich "Repudiation" |journal=American Journal of International Law |date=1943 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=308–310 |doi=10.1017/S0002930000112242|s2cid=151313194 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=R. Gerald |title=The Ghosts of Appeasement: Britain and the Legacy of the Munich Agreement |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=2013 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=688–716 |doi=10.1177/0022009413493949|s2cid=145169701 }}</ref>

Neither the Czech government-in-exile nor the British SOE likely foresaw that the Germans would apply the principle of ''[[Sippenhaft]]'' (collective responsibility) on the scale they did to avenge Heydrich's assassination.<ref name="Decisions in Assassinations"/> Moreover, decisions whether to conduct assassinations are resistant to a [[rational choice]] process. Computing the probability of success, or the cost-versus-benefit aspect, is inherently difficult.  Even if it were possible, the benefit (in this case, the diplomatic value of British repudiation of the Munich Agreement) was not in a form that Beneš could readily compare against the nature of the cost (the loss of Czech civilian lives).<ref name= "Decisions in Assassinations"/> [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] was so infuriated by the scale of reprisals as to suggest levelling three German villages for every Czech village that the Nazis destroyed. Two years after Heydrich's death, [[Operation Foxley]], a similar assassination plan, was drawn up against Hitler, but never implemented.

Operation Anthropoid was the only successful government-organized assassination of a top-ranking Nazi official. The [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish underground]] killed two senior SS officers in the [[General Government]] in [[Operation Kutschera]] and [[Operation Bürkl]]; [[Wilhelm Kube]], the General-[[Commissioner|kommissar]] of [[German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II|Belarus]], was killed in Operation Blowup by Soviet partisan [[Yelena Mazanik]], a Belarusian woman who had managed to find employment in his household.<ref>{{cite web | first =Vasiliy | last = Tsvetkov | title=A Bomb for Gauleiter | publisher=De Bello | url= http://ww2.debello.ca/underground/ussr/bomb.html | access-date=24 December 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130821015930/http://ww2.debello.ca/underground/ussr/bomb.html | archive-date=21 August 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Memorials==
{{main article|Operation Anthropoid Memorial}}
[[File:Memorial plague on St.Cyril and Method orthodox church in Resslova street in Prague, where the members of paratroup group died in fight with Germans.jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque on the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius]]
[[File:Nehvizdy pomnik.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Gabčík and Kubiš in Nehvizdy]]

The soldiers of Operation Anthropoid, their helpers and the operation itself were memorialized in the Czech Republic and abroad. The oldest memorial is a plaque on the Cathedral of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Resslova Street, Prague. It was created in 1947 by an ex-soldier of the Czechoslovak army-in-exile, [[Franta Belsky|František Bělský]] and is dedicated to the paratroopers, the clergymen and other Czech patriots who died for the sake of the operation.<ref name="Belsky">{{cite web |last1=Beránek |first1=Jaroslav |title=Umělci a vojáci: František Bělský, tvůrce vojenských památníků, panovnických bust i Churchilla |url=http://www.vhu.cz/stopy-ceske-vojenske-hitorie-f-belsky-tvurce-vojenskych-pamatniku-panovnickych-bust-i-churchilla/ |website=VHU.cz |access-date=27 August 2018 |language=cs |date=25 March 2013|publisher=Vojenský historický ústav Praha}}</ref>

The National Memorial to the Heroes of the Heydrich Terror was created beneath the Cathedral of Saints Cyril and Methodius in 1995. Later, it underwent significant reconstruction and the extended exposition was reopened in 2010.<ref name="pamatnik">{{cite web |title=Národní památník hrdinů heydrichiády |url=http://www.vhu.cz/muzea/ostatni-expozice/krypta/ |website=VHU.cz |publisher=Vojenský historický ústav Praha |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref>

Another important monument is in the form of a [[fountain]], and symbolically commemorates the seven paratroopers. It was installed in 1968 in the [[Jephson Gardens]], [[Leamington Spa]], England. The headquarters of the Czechoslovak military [[training camp]] during the Second World War were in Leamington.<ref>{{cite news |title=Work to begin on Czech fountain in Leamington which was built to remember war heroes |url=https://www.leamingtoncourier.co.uk/news/work-to-begin-on-czech-fountain-in-leamington-which-was-built-to-remember-war-heroes-1-8488057 |access-date=27 August 2018 |work=The Leamington Courier |date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504212308/https://www.leamingtoncourier.co.uk/news/work-to-begin-on-czech-fountain-in-leamington-which-was-built-to-remember-war-heroes-1-8488057 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Slovak National Museum]] opened an exhibition in May 2007 to commemorate the heroes of the Czech and Slovak resistance, one of the most important resistance actions in the whole of [[German-occupied Europe]].

[[The Anthropoid Operation Memorial]], 2009, Prague, authors: sculptor [[:cs:David Moješčík|David Mojescik]] and sculptor Michal Smeral; architects: M. Tumova and J. Gulbis.

[[File:Soldiers Memorial, Arisaig - geograph.org.uk - 1803217.jpg|thumb|upright|Czech Soldiers' Memorial at [[Arisaig]] in western Scotland]]
Also, a memorial has been placed in [[Arisaig]], [[Scotland]], to the Czechoslovakian members of SOE who trained in that area, with a list of those killed and the missions in which they took part.<ref>[http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/318847/details/arisaig+czech+special+operations+executive+memorial/ Arisaig, Czechoslovakian Special Operations Executive Training Memorial] Canmore.</ref>

In October 2011, a memorial plaque was unveiled on residential block Porchester Gate (London), which housed the Czechoslovak military intelligence service and where the Operation Anthropoid was planned in October 1941.<ref name="London Remembers">{{cite web |title=Plaque: Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile Military Intelligence Service |url=https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/czechoslovak-government-in-exile-military-intelligence-service |website=London Remembers.com |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="porchester">{{cite news |last1=Skalický |first1=Jaroslav |title=Tady naplánovali atentát. A zde stáli Gabčík s Kubišem |url=https://radiozurnal.rozhlas.cz/tady-naplanovali-atentat-a-zde-stali-gabcik-s-kubisem-6229865 |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=Radiožurnál |publisher=[[Český rozhlas]] |date=30 May 2012 |language=cs}}</ref>

==Portrayals in literature and popular culture==
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2019}}

===Literature===
[[Jiří Weil]]'s 1959 book ''[[Mendelssohn is on the Roof]]'' features the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich as a subplot.

The story of Operation Anthropoid is narrated in a short Czech comic book titled ''Atentát'' (''The Assassination''), created in 1976 by brothers [[Jan Saudek]] and [[Kája Saudek]]. It was published in 1976 in the Polish comic-book magazine ''Relax'', as ''Zamach'' (''The Assassination'').

The [[alternate history]] novel ''[[The Man with the Iron Heart]]'' by [[Harry Turtledove]] is based on the premise that Heydrich survives the assassination attempt, and leads a postwar [[insurgency]] campaign, using the [[Werwolf]].

[[Jiří Šulc]]'s novel ''Dva proti Říši'' (literally ''Two Men Against The Empire'') describes the events long before the assassination, assassination itself, its consequences and a detailed look at the life of the Czech resistance and exiled paratroopers in the Protectorate.

Laurent Binet's novel ''[[HHhH]]'' (''Himmlers Hirn heißt Heydrich'', or "Himmler's brain is called Heydrich"), published in 2010 by Grasset & Fasquelle, chronicles the lives of Reinhard Heydrich and his assassins Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš.

===Movies===
The following is a list of the movies dealing with Operation Anthropoid or portraying the assassination as a crucial moment of the film's plot:
* ''[[Hangmen Also Die!]]'' (1943)
* ''[[Hitler's Madman]]'' (1943)
* ''[[Muži bez křídel]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Atentát]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Sokolovo (film)|Sokolovo]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Operation Daybreak]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Protector (2009 film)|Protector]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Lidice (film)|Lidice]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Bullet for Heydrich]]'' (2013 TV movie)<ref>{{cite web|title=Kulka pro Heydricha (TV film) (2013 TV movie) {{!}} Galerie|url=http://www.csfd.cz/film/345363-kulka-pro-heydricha/galerie/?type=1|publisher=CSFD.cz|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Anthropoid (film)|Anthropoid]]'' (2016)
* ''[[The Man with the Iron Heart (film)|The Man with the Iron Heart]]'' (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmneweurope.com/news/czech-news/item/110067-fifty-shades-star-jamie-dornan-to-play-czech-soldier|title=Fifty Shades Star Jamie Dornan to Play Czech Soldier |publisher=FilmNewEurope.com}}</ref>

===Songs===
There are two Czech songs about operation Anthropoid.

One is by [[Jan Vyčítal]], from Czech country band Greenhorns, called Battledress (2006).

Second is from [[Daniel Landa]], called Anička Malinová (2022; Anna Malinová was [[Jozef Gabčík|Gabčík’s]] girlfriend. She was executed by Nazis in [[Mauthausen concentration camp|Mauthausen)]]

==Gallery==
Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius is where the Czechoslovak paratroopers died after being cornered, and the memorial there is for those killed by the SS in retaliation for Operation Anthropoid.

<gallery>
Pravoslavny katedralni chram sv. Cyrila a Metodeje Resslova Praha.jpg|Orthodox Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius
Ss Cyril and Methodius Cathedral Names 01.jpg|Photo of memorial outside door of the church
Valčík za 100 000 Kč.jpg|Reward poster for Sgt. [[Josef Valčík]], one of the assassins of Heydrich
Cs war poster 1.JPG|Poster with Sgt. Jan Hrubý, who died in the fight with German troops in the crypt of the Church of Saint Cyril and Methodius
Krypta-pamatnik.jpg|Memorial in the crypt of the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodius
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|History}}
*[[Aston House|Aston House - Station XII]]
*[[Czech resistance to Nazi occupation]]
*[[Occupation of Czechoslovakia]]
*[[Operation Kutschera]] – Polish assassination of the [[SS and Police Leader]] [[Franz Kutschera]] in 1944
*[[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials]]
*[[List of rulers of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.army.cz/images/id_7001_8000/7419/assassination-en.pdf |title=Assassination&nbsp;– Operation Anthropoid, 1941–1942 |last1=Burian |first1=Michal |year=2002 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic]] |access-date=20 May 2010 }}
* {{cite book | last = Dederichs | first = Mario R. | year = 2009 | orig-year = 2005 | title = Heydrich: The Face of Evil | publisher = Casemate | location = Drexel Hill, PA | isbn = 978-1-935149-12-5 }}
*{{Cite book | last1= Harris | first1= Robert | author-link = Robert Harris (novelist) |last2= Paxman|first2= Jeremy |author-link2=Jeremy Paxman  | title = A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare | publisher = [[Chatto & Windus]] | year = 1982 | location = London | pages = chapter 4, pp. 70–108  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MxV_86EpdRIC | isbn = 978-0-8129-6653-4 | oclc = 8261705 }}
*{{cite book|last= Höhne|first= Heinz|author-link= Heinz Höhne|year= 2000|orig-year= 1969|title= The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS|location= London|publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-0-14-139012-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Ivanov | first=Miroslav | author-link = Miroslav Ivanov (writer) | date=1973 | title=The Assassination of Heydrich: 27 May 1942 | location=London | publisher=Hart-Davis, MacGibbon | isbn=978-0-246-10564-6 }}
*{{cite book|last= Lehrer|first= Steven|author-link= Steven Lehrer|year= 2000|title= Wannsee House and the Holocaust|publisher= McFarland|location= Jefferson, NC|isbn= 978-0-7864-0792-7}}
* {{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Longerich| year = 2012 | title = Heinrich Himmler: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long | url-access = registration | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-959232-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = MacDonald | first = Callum | year = 1998 | orig-year = 1989 | title = The Killing of Reinhard Heydrich: The SS 'Butcher of Prague' | publisher = Da Capo Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-306-80860-9 }}
*{{cite book |last=Mastný |first=Vojtěch |year=1971 |author-link=Vojtěch Mastný |title=The Czechs Under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance, 1939–1942 |place=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-03303-6}}
* {{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | year = 2009 | title = The SS: 1923–1945 | publisher = Amber Books | location = London | isbn = 978-1-906626-48-8 }}
* {{cite book| last=Milton| first= Giles| author-link=Giles Milton| title= The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare| year=2016| publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |isbn=978-1-444-79895-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Turner | year = 2011 | first = Des | title = SOE's Secret Weapons Centre: Station 12 | publisher = The History Press | isbn = 978-0-7524-5944-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Williams | first = Max | year = 2003 | title = Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 2 – Enigma | publisher = Ulric Publishing | location = Church Stretton | isbn = 978-0-9537577-6-3 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol4no1/html/v04i1a01p_0001.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109193613/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol4no1/html/v04i1a01p_0001.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 January 2008 | title=The Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich | publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | date=8 May 2007 | access-date=19 July 2019 | author=Jaggers, R. C.}}
* {{cite book | last = Wiener |first= Jan G. |others=[[Gerald Hausman]] (Epilogue), [[William L. Shirer]] (Introduction)|title= The Assassination of Heydrich| location= New York|publisher= Irie Books |year= 2012|orig-year=1969 ([[Grossman Publishers]])|isbn=978-1-61720-372-5 |oclc=247895}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Operation Anthropoid}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100529170431/http://www.pamatnik-heydrichiady.cz/ National Memorial to the Heroes of the Heydrich Terror]
* [http://www.radio.cz/en/article/66218 Radio Prague: Czechs in World War II]
* [http://www.radio.cz/en/article/28416 Radio Prague: Exhibitions mark 60th anniversary of assassination of Nazi governor Heydrich]
* [http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1509938 Operation Anthropoid at Everything2]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060514212634/http://www.czechsinexile.org/ Czechs in Exile website]
* [http://www.snm.sk/?lang=eng&section=podu&org=1&id=750 Exhibition on Operation Anthropoid at the Slovak Nation Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071026034423/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/183/czech_national_news/12882/ The Prague Daily Monitor: Experts find wartime paratroopers' grave]
* [http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/318847/details/arisaig+czech+special+operations+executive+memorial/ RCAHMS record for Arisaig memorial]
* [http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG53188 Highland HER entry for Arisaig memorial]

{{Czechoslovakia in World War Two}}
{{Coord|50|7|4|N|14|27|51|E|type:city(100)_scale:2000|name=Assassination location in Prague |display=title}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Anthropoid, Operation}}
[[Category:Operation Anthropoid| ]]
[[Category:1942 in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:1942 murders in Europe]]
[[Category:20th century in Prague]]
[[Category:Code names]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1942]]
[[Category:Covert operations]]
[[Category:Czechoslovakia in World War II]]
[[Category:Prague in World War II]]
[[Category:May 1942 events]]
[[Category:Military assassinations]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Reinhard Heydrich]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive operations]]
[[Category:World War II operations and battles of Europe]]
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