Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Assisi

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Town and administrative division in Italy}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                  = Assisi 
| native_name           = Ascesi
| image_skyline         = Panorama di Assisi, PG, Umbria, agosto 2012.jpg
| imagesize             = 
| image_alt             = 
| image_caption         = Panorama of Assisi
| image_flag            = Flag of Assisi.svg
| image_shield          = Assisi-Stemma.svg
| shield_size           = 
| shield_alt            = 
| image_map             = 
| mapsize               = 
| map_alt               = 
| map_caption           = 
| pushpin_map           = Italy Umbria#Italy#Europe
| pushpin_map_alt       = 
| coordinates           = {{coord|43|04|33|N|12|37|03|E|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region                = [[Umbria]]
| province              = [[Province of Perugia|Perugia]] (PG)
| frazioni              = [[Armenzano]], [[Capodacqua, Assisi|Capodacqua]], [[Castelnuovo, Assisi|Castelnuovo]], [[Palazzo, Assisi|Palazzo]], [[Petrignano]], [[Rivotorto]], [[Santa Maria degli Angeli, Assisi|Santa Maria degli Angeli]], [[San Vitale, Assisi|San Vitale]], [[Sterpeto]], [[Torchiagina]], [[Tordandrea]], [[Tordibetto]], <!-- italic -> very little frazioni -->''Col d'Erba'', ''Col d'Erba III'', ''Collicello'', ''[[Passaggio di Assisi]]'', ''Pian della Pieve'', ''[[Pieve San Nicolò]]'', ''Podere Casanova'', ''Ponte Grande'', ''Renaiola'', ''[[Rocca Sant'Angelo]]'', ''San Damiano'', ''[[San Gregorio (Assisi)|San Gregorio]]'', ''San Martino'', ''San Martino Basso'', ''[[San Presto]]'', ''Santa Tecla'', ''Tomba'', ''Tombetta'', ''Valecchie''
| mayor_party           = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]]
| mayor                 = Stefania Proietti
| area_footnotes        = 
| area_total_km2        = 186.8
| population_total      = 27862
| population_as_of      = 1 January 2022
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=POS&l=en |title=Resident population |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=demo |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref>
| population_demonym    = Assisiani/Assisiati
| elevation_footnotes   = 
| elevation_m           = 424
| elevation_min_m       = 
| elevation_max_m       = 
| saint                 = [[Rufinus of Assisi|St. Rufinus of Assisi]]
| day                   = 12 August
| postal_code           = 06081
| area_code             = 075
| website               = {{official URL}}
| footnotes             = 
  {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
  |child = yes
  |Official_name = Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites
  |ID = 990
  |Year = 2000
  |Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi
  |Area = 14,563.25 ha
  |Buffer_zone = 4,086.7 ha 
  |Includes = [[San Damiano, Assisi|San Damiano]], [[Eremo delle Carceri]], [[Rivotorto#Monuments and places of interest|Santuario di Rivotorto]], [[Papal Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi|Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]] and [[Palazzo del Capitano del Perdono]]
  }}
}}
'''Assisi''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|iː|s|i}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Assisi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182243/https://www.lexico.com/definition/assisi |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Assisi |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|-|iː|z|i|,_|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|i|,_|-|ɪ|z|i}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Assisi|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/assisi|title=Assisi|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Assisi|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-it|asˈsiːzi|lang}}; from {{lang-la|Asisium}}; [[Central Italian]]: ''Ascesi'') is a town and ''[[comune]]'' of Italy in the [[Province of Perugia]] in the [[Umbria region]], on the western flank of [[Monte Subasio]].

It is generally regarded as the birthplace of the Latin poet [[Propertius]], born around 50–45 BC. It is the birthplace of [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]], who founded the [[Franciscan religious order]] in the town in 1208, and [[Clare of Assisi|St. Clare]] (''Chiara d'Offreducci''), who with St. Francis founded the Poor Sisters, which later became the Order of [[Poor Clares]] after her death. The 19th-century [[Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows|Saint Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows]] was also born in Assisi.

== History ==
The earliest attested people of Assisi were the [[Umbri]]. In 77AD [[Pliny the Elder]] described [[Regio VI Umbria]] and said that the Umbri were thought to be the oldest inhabitants of Italy. The people of Assisi were mentioned by name.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bostock |first=John |author-link= |date=2018 |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D19 |location= |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |page= |isbn=}}</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] took control of [[central Italy]] after the [[Battle of Sentinum]] in 295 BC. They built the flourishing ''municipium'' Asisium on a series of terraces on [[Monte Subasio]]. Roman remains can still be found in Assisi: [[Defensive wall|city walls]], the forum (now Piazza del Comune), a [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]], an [[Roman amphitheatre|amphitheatre]] and the Temple of Minerva (now transformed into the Church of [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Assisi)|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]). In 1997, the remains of a Roman villa were also discovered containing several well-preserved rooms with frescoes and mosaics in a condition rarely found outside sites such as [[Pompei]].

The Augustan age poet [[Propertius]] is considered to have been born in what is now the city of Assisi.

In 238 AD Assisi was [[Christianization|converted to Christianity]] by bishop [[Rufinus of Assisi|Rufino]], who was martyred at [[Costano]]. According to tradition, his remains rest in the [[Assisi Cathedral|Cathedral Church of San Rufino]] in Assisi.

The [[Ostrogoths]] of king [[Totila]] destroyed most of the town in 545. Assisi then came under the rule of the [[Lombards]] as part of the Lombard and then Frankish [[Duchy of Spoleto]].

The thriving [[Medieval commune|commune]] became an independent [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Ghibelline]] commune in the 11th century. Constantly struggling with the Guelph [[Perugia]], it was during one of those battles, the battle at Collestrada, that Francesco di Bernardone ([[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis of Assisi]]) was taken prisoner, setting in motion the events that eventually led him to live as a beggar, renounce the world and establish the [[Franciscan|Order of Friars Minor]].

[[File:Assisi Piazza del Comune BW 1.JPG|thumb|left|Temple of Minerva in the Piazza del Comune.]]

The city, which had remained within the confines of the Roman walls, began to expand outside these walls in the 13th century. In this period the city was under papal jurisdiction. The [[Rocca Maggiore]], the imperial fortress on top of the hill above the city, which had been plundered by the people in 1189, was rebuilt in 1367 on orders of the [[papal legate]], cardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Gil de Albornoz]].

In the beginning, Assisi fell under the rule of [[Perugia]] and later under several despots, such as the soldier of fortune [[Biordo Michelotti]], [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] and his successor [[Francesco I Sforza]], dukes of [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]], [[Jacopo Piccinino]] and [[Federico II da Montefeltro]], lord of [[Urbino]]. The city went into a deep decline through the plague of the [[Black Death]] in 1348.

The city came again under papal jurisdiction under the rule of [[Pope Pius II]] (1458–1464).

In 1569 construction was started of the [[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]. During the [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] and in later centuries, the city continued to develop peacefully, as the 17th-century palazzi of the Bernabei and Giacobetti attest.

Now the site of many a pilgrimage, Assisi is linked in legend with its native son, St. Francis. The gentle saint founded the Franciscan order and shares honours with [[Catherine of Siena|St. Catherine of Siena]] as the [[patron saint]] of Italy. He is remembered by many, even non-Christians, as a lover of nature (his preaching to an audience of birds is one of the legends of his life).

[[File:BasilicaDiSanFrancescoAssisiDec132023 04.jpg|thumb|The basilica in December 2023]]

During [[World War II]] Assisi was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] in September 1943. To save [[History of the Jews in Italy#Jews during the Fascist era|Jews in Italy]] the [[Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany|Catholic Church]] started the [[Assisi Network]] and hid [[Jews]] in the city. As the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] moved up Italy, Germany declared Assisi an [[open city]] and pulled out, turning the city over to [[Italian partisans]]. The [[12th Royal Lancers]] (Prince of Wales) entered the city on 17 June 1944. Colonel Valentin Müller, a German medical officer and a Catholic, was able to make Assisi a German hospital city for German troops in Italy in the summer of 1944, helping save Assisi from destruction, unlike [[Cassino#World War II and afterwards|Cassino]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annesitaly.com/blog/assisi-in-world-war-ii-convent-welcomes-for-the-jewish-refugees/|title=Assisi in World War II: Convents Shelter the Jewish Refugees|date=3 February 2021|website=Annesitaly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2020/07/02/how-catholic-leaders-in-assisi-and-even-a-german-officer-saved-jews-in-wwii/|title=How Catholic leaders in Assisi, and even a German officer, saved Jews in WWII|date=2 July 2020|website=Aleteia – Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exaudi.org/historic-significance-of-assisi-in-protecting-jewish-refugees/|title=Historic Significance of Assisi in Protecting Jewish Refugees|first=Deborah Castellano Lubov·Trending News··4 min|last=read|date=27 January 2022|website=Exaudi}}</ref>

Assisi was hit by two devastating [[1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake|earthquakes]] that shook [[Umbria]] in September 1997. But the recovery and restoration have been remarkable, although much remains to be done. Massive damage was caused to many historical sites, but the major attraction, the [[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi|Basilica di San Francesco]], reopened less than 2 years later.

== Main sights ==
[[UNESCO]] collectively designated the Franciscan structures of Assisi as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 2000.

=== Churches ===
* [[Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi]] (St. Francis): The Franciscan monastery, il [[Sacro Convento]], and the lower and upper church (Italian: ''Basilica inferiore'' and ''Basilica superiore'') of St Francis were begun immediately after his [[canonization]] in 1228, and completed in 1253. The lower church has [[fresco]]es by the [[Late Middle Ages|late-medieval]] artists [[Cimabue]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]]; the upper church houses frescoes of scenes in the life of St. Francis previously ascribed to Giotto, but now thought to be by artists of the circle of [[Pietro Cavallini]] from Rome. The Basilica was badly damaged by a 5.5 earthquake on 26 September 1997, during which part of the vault collapsed, killing four people inside the church and carrying with it a fresco by Cimabue. The edifice was closed for two years for restoration.
*[[Santa Maria Maggiore, Assisi|Santa Maria Maggiore]] (St. Mary the Greater): earliest extant church in Assisi.
*[[Assisi Cathedral|Cathedral of San Rufino]] (St. Rufinus): church with a [[façade]] in [[Romanesque style]] with three [[rose window]]s and a 16th‑century interior; part of it is built on a [[cistern]] from the [[Roman era]].
*[[Basilica di Santa Chiara|Basilica of Santa Chiara]] (St. Clare): church, begun in 1257, with its massive lateral [[buttress]]es, rose window, and simple [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] interior; and 13th‑century frescoes and paintings. It contains the [[tomb]] of the [[Saint Clare of Assisi|namesake saint]].
*[[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]] (St. Mary of the Angels); a church which houses the [[Porziuncola]].
*[[Chiesa Nuova (Assisi)|Chiesa Nuova]]: church built over the presumed parental home of St. Francis
*[[Santo Stefano (Assisi)|Santo Stefano]]: one of the oldest churches of Assisi.
*[[Eremo delle Carceri]]: a small monastery with a church at a canyon above the town, where St. Francis retreated and preached to birds
*[[Abbey of Saint Peters (Assisi)|Church of ''San Pietro'' (St. Peter)]]: monastery built by the [[Benedictine order|Benedictine]]s in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 13th century. It has a rectangular façade with three [[rose windows]]; the Gothic chapel of the Holy Sacrament houses a triptych by Matteo di Gualdo.
*Church of [[San Damiano, Assisi|San Damiano]] is where Saint Clare and the Poor Clares lived and is the location of Saint Francis' conversion.

=== Other landmarks ===
[[File:Rocca_Maggiore_Evening_Assisi_Italy_Sep19_D72_12038.jpg|thumb|Rocca Maggiore, Sep '19]]
[[File:Assisi02.jpg|thumb|[[Eremo delle Carceri]].]]
The town is dominated by two medieval [[castle]]s. The larger, called ''[[Rocca Maggiore]]'', is a massive reconstruction by [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Cardinal Albornoz]] (1366) and expanded by popes [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]] (polygonal tower, 1458) and [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]] (the cylindrical bastion near the entrance, 1535–1538). The smaller of the two was built in [[Roman era]]: it has been only partially preserved, a small portion and three towers being open to the public.

Other sights include:
*the Roman [[amphitheater]], built in the early 1st century AD. Its elliptical plan is identifiable from the medieval houses built around it, and from an arch of travertine cunei. The arena now houses a garden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/413037 |title=Places: 413037 (Asisium) |author1=Harris, W. |author2=DARMC, R. Talbert |author3=S. Gillies, J. Åhlfeldt |author4=J. Becker, T. Elliott |date=22 September 2019 |access-date=8 November 2014 <!-- 12:04 pm -->  |publisher=Pleiades}}</ref>
*the ''Piazza del Comune'' ("Communal Square"), with the ''Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo'' (mid-13th century, featuring a series of merlons added in 1927), the adjoining ''Torre del Popolo'' ("People's Tower", 1305) the ''Palazzo dei Priori'' ("Palace of the Priors", 1275–1493). The fountains with three lions on the southern side date from the 16th century.
*The [[Temple of Minerva (Assisi)|Temple of Minerva]], also facing the ''Piazza del Comune''
*The abbey of St. Benedict, founded in the 10th century on the Monte Subasio. Remains include the crypt (late 11th century), the apse and the external walls.
[[File:Pietro lorenzetti, compianto (dettaglio) basilica inferiore di assisi (1310-1329).jpg|thumb|left|[[Pietro Lorenzetti]] detail [[fresco]], ''Assisi Basilica'', 1310–1329.]]

=== Art ===
:''See also [[Commons:Gallery of Art in Assisi|Art in Assisi]]''

Assisi has had a rich tradition of art through the centuries and is now home to a number of well-known artistic works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/tours/siena/index_d.html|title=Web Gallery of Art – Art of Simone|website=wga.hu}}</ref>

Artists [[Pietro Lorenzetti]] and [[Simone Martini]] worked shoulder to shoulder at Assisi. The [[Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi]] includes a number of artistic works. Simone Martini's 1317 fresco there reflects the influence of [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]] in [[realism (arts)|realism]] and the use of brilliant colours. Lorenzetti's fresco at the lower church of the Basilica includes a series of panels depicting the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]], [[Descent from the Cross|Deposition from the Cross]], and [[Entombment of Christ]]. The figures Lorenzetti painted display emotions, yet the figures in these scenes are governed by geometric emotional interactions, unlike many prior depictions which appeared to be independent iconic aggregations. Lorenzetti's 1330 [[Madonna dei Tramonti]] also reflects the ongoing influence of [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]] on his [[Roman Catholic Marian art|Marian art]], midway through his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.virtualuffizi.com/pietro-lorenzetti.html|title=Pietro Lorenzetti :: Biography ► Virtual Uffizi|website=Virtual Uffizi Gallery}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livingitaly.com/Umbria_Art_Cities/umbria_assisi.htm |title=Umbria Art |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130080014/http://www.livingitaly.com/Umbria_Art_Cities/umbria_assisi.htm |archive-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== Culture ==
[[File:Assisi, travel poster for ENIT, ca. 1920.jpg|thumb|upright|{{circa|1920}} travel poster]]
The Calendimaggio Festival takes place on the first four days of May ending on a Saturday. The festival is a re-enactment of medieval and Renaissance life in the form of a challenge between the upper faction (parte de sopra) with a blue flag and the lower faction of the town (parte de sotto) with a red flag. It includes processions, theatrical presentations, choirs, [[crossbow]], flag-waving and dancing contests.

[[Assisi embroidery|Assisi Embroidery]] is a form of [[counted-thread embroidery]] which has been practised in Assisi since the 13th century.

Today many groups gather in Assisi for a variety of cultural and religious activities. One such group{{Which?|date=July 2023}} restored {{When?|date=July 2023}} an 11th-century room and added altars to the world's religions. Other organizations, such as Assisi Performing Arts,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assisi Performing Arts - Summer Music Festival in Assisi, Italy |url=https://www.assisiperformingarts.org/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=assisiperformingarts |language=en}}</ref> host musical performances and other cultural events.

== Saints ==
Assisi was the home of several [[saint]]s, including:

*[[Agnes of Assisi]]
*[[Clare of Assisi]]
*[[Francis of Assisi]]
*[[Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows]]
*[[Rufinus of Assisi]]
*[[Vitalis of Assisi]]
*[[Sylvester of Assisi]]

== Transport ==
[[Assisi railway station]], opened in 1866, forms part of the Foligno–Terontola railway, which also links [[Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station|Florence]] with [[Roma Termini railway station|Rome]]. The station is located at Piazza [[Dante Alighieri]], in the [[frazione]] of [[Santa Maria degli Angeli (Assisi)|Santa Maria degli Angeli]], about {{convert|5|km}} southwest of the city centre.

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}

===Twin towns – sister cities===
Assisi is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Documento Unico di Programmazione 2016-2021 – DUP|url=http://www.comune.assisi.pg.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DUP_versione_definitiva_DEFINITIVO.pdf|website=comune.assisi.pg.it|publisher=Assisi|page=63,78|language=it|date=October 2016|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], Palestine
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], United States
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Santiago de Compostela]], Spain
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Gmina Wadowice|Wadowice]], Poland
{{div col end}}

=== Others ===

The two [[papal basilica]]s sited in Assisi (the only ones not in Rome) gave their name to the two major cities in [[California]]: ''[[San Francisco]]'' and ''St. Mary of [[Los Angeles|the Angels]] at the Porziuncula''.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{Official website}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Assisi}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Asisium|volume=2|page=762|first=Thomas|last=Ashby|author-link=Thomas Ashby (archaeologist)}}

{{Franciscans}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
{{Province of Perugia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assisi| ]]
[[Category:Hilltowns in Umbria]]
[[Category:Castles in Italy]]
[[Category:Catholic pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]]
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