Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Barbara of Cilli

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|15th century Holy Roman Empress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
| name           = Barbara
| succession     = [[Queen consort of Hungary]]
| coronation     = 1408
| coronation1    = 1414
| coronation2    = 1437
| coronation3    = 1433
| succession1    = [[Queen consort of the Romans]]
| succession2    = [[Queen consort of Bohemia]]
| succession3     = [[Holy Roman Empress]]
| image          = Barbara of Celje - Meister der Chronik des Konzils von Konstanz 001.jpg
| caption        =
| reign          = 1405–1437
| reign1         = 1411–1437
| reign2         = 1419–1437
| reign3         = 1433–1437
| house          = [[Counts of Celje|House of Cilli]]
| father         = [[Herman II, Count of Celje]]
| mother         = Countess Anna of Schaunberg
| spouse         = [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| issue          = [[Elisabeth of Bohemia (1409–1442)|Elisabeth of Luxembourg]]
| birth_date     = 1392
| birth_place    = [[Celje]], [[County of Cilli]]<br>(now [[Slovenia]])
| death_date     = 11 July 1451
| death_place    = [[Mělník]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Crown of Bohemia]]<br>(now [[Czech Republic]])
| place of burial=
}}

'''Barbara of Cilli''' or '''Barbara of Celje''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Cillei Borbála'', [[German language|German]]: ''Barbara von Cilli,'' [[Slovene language|Slovenian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]'': Barbara Celjska,'' 1392 – 11 July 1451), was the [[Holy Roman Empress]] and [[List of Hungarian consorts|Queen of Hungary]] and [[List of Bohemian consorts|Bohemia]] by marriage to [[Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund]]. She was actively involved in politics and economy of her times, independently administering large feudal fiefdoms and taxes, and was instrumental in creating the famous royal [[Order of the Dragon]]. She served as the regent of Hungarian kingdom in the absence of her husband four times: in 1412, 1414, 1416, and 1418.

== Biography ==
Barbara was born in [[Celje]], in the [[Duchy of Styria]] (today [[Slovenia]]), as the daughter and youngest child of [[Herman II, Count of Celje]], and Countess Anna of [[County of Schaunberg|Schaunberg]].

Barbara was engaged in 1405 to [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Bohemia]], [[King of Hungary]], a younger son of [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The marriage likely took place in December 1405.<ref>Amalie Fößel: "Barbara von Cilli. Ihre frühen Jahre als Gemahlin Sigismunds und ungarische Königin." In: Michel Pauly & François Reinert (eds.): ''Sigismund von Luxemburg. Ein Kaiser in Europa (Tagungsband des internationalen historischen und kunsthistorischen Kongresses in Luxemburg, 8.–10. Juni 2005)''. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.</ref>

===Queen and empress===
[[File:Konstanzer Richental Chronik Die Weihnachtsmesse Der Papst betet die Weihnachtsmesse, Königin Barbara wohnt sitzend der Messe bei 21r.jpg|thumb|left|265px|Barbara sits listening to mass, [[Ulrich of Richenthal]]: ''Das Konzil zu Konstanz'']]

Sigismund succeeded to the rule in [[List of German monarchs|Germany]] (1410), [[List of rulers of Bohemia|Bohemia]] (1419) and was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] himself in 1433, giving her the equivalent titles.

She spent most of her time on her Hungarian fiefdoms, while her spouse devoted his time elsewhere. She served as the regent of Hungary during his absences in 1412, 1414, 1416 and 1418. In 1429, she participated at the congress of [[Łuck]]. She was crowned Queen of Hungary in 1408, Queen of Germany in 1414 (being the last consort to be crowned in [[Aachen]]<ref>Claudia Zey: ''Imperatrix, si venerit Romam ... Zu den Krönungen von Kaiserinnen im Mittelalter.'' In: ''Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters'', vol. 60 (2004), pp. 3–51, p. 39.</ref>), Holy Roman Empress in 1433 and Queen of Bohemia in 1437, shortly before her husband's death. In 1409, Barbara gave birth to a daughter, [[Elisabeth of Bohemia (1409–1442)|Elisabeth]], Sigismund's only surviving issue and heiress, who married King [[Albert II of Germany]].

Barbara was richer than any precedent queen. In 1409, the former estates of the [[Ban of Slavonia]] was bestowed upon Barbara. She had a difficult phase though, when in 1419, rumours reached Sigismund that she had an affair with a German knight during his stay at [[Konstanz]]. The king took away the queen's possessions, dissolved her entourage and exiled her to [[Oradea]]. During the Christmas of 1419, Bishop George of Passau and Hofmeister Louis of Oettingen tried to arrange a reconciliation. Barbara fell on her knees begging for the king's forgiveness but Sigismund refused to listen, until the 10-year-old Elizabeth intervened on behalf of her mother. She was allowed to hold her own court again in 1423 only. In 1424, her husband lavishly compensated her for her lost estates. Barbara was given, among others, the counties of [[Zvolen]] and [[Trenčín]], as well as the revenues of [[Kremnica]]. The northern estates mortgaged to her included: Diósgyőr in 1427, [[Liptov]] in 1430, part of the Stibor inheritance in 1434. Her household became slightly more modest than her previous one. A notable feature was that the highest offices were now occupied by simple knights, instead of illustrious barons, like what had happened in the time of the Angevin rulers and [[Mary, Queen of Hungary|Mary]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engal |first1=Pal |last2=Engel |first2=Pal |last3=Ayton |first3=Andrew |last4=Engel |first4=Pál |title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 |date=23 February 2001 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85773-173-9 |page=389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RKJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT389 |access-date=6 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=77,78}}

She was an energetic regent who also functioned as the head military commander in the case the country was attacked. In 1431, Hungary was beleaguered by Hussite forces twice. During the second one, they even infringed on Barbara's fiefs, notably Liptov. In October, at her castle in Old Buda, she learned of the situation in Liptov and possibly also the occupation of the Likava Castle by the Hussites. She immediately instructed Kremnica to follow the lead of Hanns Wallenroth and sent a large force to relieve Liptov. In October, she moved to Vígľaš, where she organized the defence against the Hussites led by Messenpek and planned the reconquest of Likava Castle. On 13 October 1431, Barbara sent a letter to the city of Košice, in which she informed them about loss of Likava and gave the order that their military divisions should be incorporated to her army as soon as possible. After this under the command of her military commander and main chronicler Stefan Poharnok ("Stefan the Cupbearer"), the army undertook the reconquering of Likava Castle. According to Dvořáková, "the lack of sources do not permit us to determine when Barbara got Likava back, and whether a Hussite garrison operated for several years at Likava, as some historians assume.", but "It is possible that Barbara's energetic interventions allowed her to send a strong force to the Liptov region in a short time, causing the Hussites to leave
the Liptov and return to the Turiec region and then head down the Nitra valley to the city of Nitra." On 24 October, again she wrote to Košice, procuring from them crossbows and arrows (that would be paid by one-thirtieth tax from her collectors) as well as asking them for gunpowder or at least sulphur in the case they did not have it.{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=127,128}}

Barbara took an ambivalent position towards the Hussites. At first she attacked them vigorously in a manifesto published in July 1427 and in another published in October 1431. But in her later days, she worked behind the scenes to support the Hussite champion [[George of Poděbrady|George Podiebrad]].{{sfn|McNally|2001}}

There are about 250 extant charters issued in her name between 1406 and 1438 and now kept at The Hungarian National Archives preserved.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Kondor |first1=Márta |title=The Ginger Fox's Two Crowns. Central Administration and Government in Sigismund of Luxemburg's Realms 1410-1419 |type=PhD Thesis |date=2017 |page=84 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34374292 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref>

Mark Whelan notes that as the Roman queen, Barbara, through correspondence with Vienna or the Teutonic Order, was able to secure construction expertise (that she needed for her fortresses) from her German subjects, who provided a "far richer base of skills" than what she could find in the Hungarian kingdom. This seemed to be the result of what she saw in a travel to Vienna (she likely accompanied Sigismund to a Reichstag held in Vienna).<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Whelan |first1=Mark |title=Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Imperial Response to the Ottoman Turkish Threat, c. 1410-1437 |date=2014 |page=159 |url=https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/23092919/Whelan_thesis_final_version.pdf |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> She also accompanied Sigismund to the imperial diets held in Breslau (1420), Nuremberg (1422) and to Pressburg (1429).{{sfn|Roitner|2016|p=201}} She took on her role as the first lady of Europe in the Council of Constance (1414), performing ceremonial duties. She is remembered by many contemporaries as the emperor's young, vital and beautiful consort. Her liberal behaviours, encouraged by her husband, provoked protests from moralists though. Jean de Montreuil, secretary of the French King (who hated Sigismund), wrote that, "Nowhere in the world is a more indulgent husband (than Sigismund), who not only lets his wife do anything she wants, but ultimately even encourages her to take part in public dances, speak with everyone and relate to people in such a friendly way that it is said that those who do not know her (personally) would not consider her as a queen but as a
woman of some low trade." He was especially shocked that "merchant's wives, various bawds, and people without important positions" came to see the queen and left her apartment freely, in a way impossible in the French court.{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=72,73}}

====Founding of the Order of the Dragon====
On 12 December 1408, the ruling couple together with twenty-two of the leading barons founded the [[Order of the Dragon]]. Barbara was the co-publisher of the founding charter, in which she appeared as an equal partner to Sigismund and other founders. The proclaimed purpose of the Order was to support the ruling couple, elevate the dignity of the Hungarian king as well as to combat pagans. According to Dvořáková, "members of the order were bound to defend the queen and her children of both sexes in their domain and properties, even in the event of the king's death. Several of Barbara's relatives were among the founding members of the order: aside from her father Hermann, also her brother Frederick of Cilli, her brother-in-law Nicholas of Gara with his son John, who had an interest in keeping power in the hands of Barbara and her potential offspring even after the death of Sigismund."{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=41,42}}

===Conflict with Albert II===
Days before the death of her gravely ill husband on 9 December 1437 at [[Znojmo]], as a pretext to confiscate her large fiefdoms in the Hungarian kingdom (where she rivaled the king himself in number of fiefdoms and castles), she was quickly accused by her son-in-law [[Albert II of Germany]] of the Habsburg dynasty and his chancellor [[Kaspar Schlick]] of plotting against Sigismund, for which she was swiftly transported to prison in [[Bratislava]] castle and later forced to relinquish most of her possessions, including her dower. Conflict with the new king was inevitable, and Barbara soon decided to find shelter in the Polish royal court, where she was in exile from 1438 to 1441. The Polish king decided to give her financial support by granting her [[Sandomierz]] as a fief, according to the chronicle of [[Jan Długosz]].<ref>[http://staropolska.pl/ang/middleages/Sec_prose/Dlugosz.php3 Jan Długosz (1415–1480) – ANNALS OR CHRONICLES]</ref>

===Later life===
In 1441, two years after the death of her arch-rival King [[Albert II of Germany]], she moved to [[Mělník]] in Bohemia – a fiefdom given to her by her deceased husband. All her Hungarian fiefdoms were already lost; some of them belonged to her daughter, Queen Elisabeth. Later she reconciled with her daughter and renounced her rights to Hungarian possessions (1441). She spent the rest of her life as dowager queen in Bohemia. She seems to have retreated from political life, although the Habsburg court saw her as dangerous and tried to accuse her of heresy, alchemy, and immoral and agnostic behavior, for which she received the sobriquet "Messalina of Germany".<ref name="Bartlett">{{cite book
|last=Duggan
|first=Anne J.
|title=Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995
|publisher=Boydell Press
|year=2002
|isbn=0-85115-881-1}}<!--|access-date=2009-08-04--></ref>
She died of the plague epidemic in [[Mělník]] and was buried in St. Andrew's chapel of [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in Prague.

==Cultural depictions==
{{Category see also|Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses|Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Emperors}}
Recently, scholarly interest in Barbara's life and career has been increasing. Modern portrayals tend to show the late medieval ruler in a much more positive light than medieval writings. Historians pay more attention to her independent character, her notable political achievements, her shrewd administrative of her property, her versatile nature (she spoke several languages and was a practicing alchemist).<ref name=Machilek/>{{sfn|Kraljević|2014|p=2,10,11}}

===Historiography===
[[File:COA Celjska Barbara.jpg|thumb|left|Coat of arms of Barbara Celjska (Barbara of Cilli). Parish church in Prievidza, Slovakia. Boss of the rib vault.]]

====Barbara's personality====
Late medieval and early modern scholars often presented the empress in a bad light, highlighting her sexual deviancy. Daniela Dvořáková opines that the major creator of this negative image was [[Pope Pius II|Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, later Pope Pius II]], who hated the Cillis and also worked for [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III]], who also harboured enmity towards the Cillis (in 1436, Sigismund raised the Cillis, who had been vassals to the Habsburgs, to princes, without the consent of Frederick, who was at that time Duke Frederick V of Austria). {{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=154}} Later, the historian [[Johannes Cuspinian]] (1473–1529) further developed the sensual, negative image created by Piccolomini. Cuspinian was the first author who compared Barbara with the Roman empress [[Messalina]]. Later, [[Johann Jakob Fugger]] (1516–1575) associated Barbara with the enduring label "the German Messalina" (''Teutsche Messalina'')  {{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=228}}

Barbara returned as the focus of biographical research through two early Leipzig dissertation in 1755 and 1759. In 1908, Hans von Chilian, again in Leipzig, published the dissertation ''Barbara von Cilli'', in which the queen-empress was recognized as a brilliantly gifted individual.<ref name=Machilek>{{cite journal |last1=Machilek |first1=Franz |title=Daniela Dvořáková: Barbara von Cilli – Die schwarze Königin (1392–1451). Die Lebensgeschichte einer ungarischen, römisch-deutschen und böhmischen Königin (reviewed by Franz Machilek) |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / Jgo.e-reviews, jgo.e-reviews |year=2019 |issue=4 |pages=4–12 |url=https://www.recensio.net/rezensionen/zeitschriften/jahrbucher-fur-geschichte-osteuropas/jgo-e-reviews-2019/4/ReviewMonograph113696007/@@generate-pdf-recension?language=en |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref> Recently, together with the extraordinary development of research on Sigismund, more attention has also been paid to Barbara.<ref name=Machilek/>{{sfn|Kraljević|2014|pp=}}

Recent research, such as those of Rolanda Fugger Germadnik ("the leading Slovene expert on Barbara of Cilli") or Daniela Dvořáková, aims at clearing the queen's name of the old disreputable accusations. She is now presented as an early emancipated, energetic, self-confident woman of profound education, who has been demonized unfairly.{{sfn|Kraljević|2014|p=11}}{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=2,3, 125}}

====Barbara as a politician====
[[File:Barbora Cellja.jpg|thumb|Barbara's seal]]

Dvořáková opines that Barbara "ranks among the most fascinating female historical figures of the first half of the 15th century", although until now she has been in the shadow of her more celebrated husband.{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|p=1}} According to the researcher, "The cohabitation of Sigismund and Barbara was built not only on affection or even love, but also on their mutually beneficial cooperation. Thanks to her wealth, multiplied by good management, a well-thought-through financial policy, as well as the choice of capable people, the queen always had money available, which her husband always needed. Due to his absolute occupation in politics, he did not have the capacity to devote himself to the administration of his own properties."{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=118}} By the end of her husband's reign, she held 30 castles, equal to the number held by the king, while the Cilli counts held 17. Dvořáková opines that Barbara's imprisonment after or shortly before the death of Sigismund was either without her husband's knowledge or manipulation of the dying Sigismund, likely on behalf of her son-in-law, King [[Albert I of Germany|Albert of Habsburg]].{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=176–178}} Dvořáková points out that it was the inevitable fate of self-confident queens, without the protection of their husbands, to end up badly in that era – which can be seen in the cases of [[Elizabeth of Bosnia]], widow of [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I the Great]]; Barbara's daughter [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]] or [[Beatrice of Naples]], widow of [[Matthias Corvinus]].{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=232}}
Machilek praises Dvořáková's work for successfully portraying Barbara as a gifted, self-confident ruler who displayed a non-conformist attitude in her widowhood.<ref name=Machilek/>

Sandra B. Weiss notes that Barbara relied especially upon her mountain (mining) estates (in 1427, Sigismund gave up on his rights on the mining tax for gold, silver, iron, and lead – except copper – in all mining towns, in exchange for the thirtieth tariff) to build her authority and even oppose Sigismund's will, which led to her eventual imprisonment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Sandra B. |title=Barbara von Cilli und die niederungarischen Bergwerke als Witwengut |journal=Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt |date=2017 |volume=Band 123 |pages=118–119 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/BerichteGeolBundesanstalt_123_0118-0119.pdf |issn=1017-8880}}</ref>

According Philip J.Potter, Barbara was instrumental in the founding of the Order of the Dragon. She used her dynasty's prestige to promote the Order's standing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Philip J. |title=Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9103-2 |page=301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39hKrtqiDcIC&pg=PA301 |access-date=6 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Ansgar Frenken remarks that the queen is now "expressly honored as an independent political subject and her political role as Hungarian regent as well as administrator of her own properties is emphasized."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pauly |first1=Michel |last2=Reinert |first2=François |title=Sigismund von Luxemburg |url=https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-9374 |publisher=Philipp von Zabern Verlag |access-date=6 December 2022 |year=2006|isbn=9783805336253 }}</ref>

Kondor notes that Barbara's organizational skills are now widely recognized by scholars. Jörg K. Hoensch though does point out that during the period of 1416–1419, when Barbara was forced to govern alone without the other two members (Garai and Kanizsai) of the regency council (''Regentschaftsrat'') that Sigismund appointed when he left Hungary, she was unable to cope with the situation. Chilian also notes the various problems with the defense against the Ottomans, other border incidents and armed robberies Hungary had in this period. Fößel argues though that these incidents were either not indicators of success in ruling the country or not acute problems during that period.{{sfn|Kondor|2017|p=84}} Martin Uhrmacher praises Amalie Fößel's article ''Barbara von Cilli. Gemahlin Sigismunds und ungarische Königin'' for an updated portrait, in which the author defends the queen from clichés but does not leave the ruling couple's action uncriticized.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sigismund von Luxemburg, König von Ungarn und Kaiser, 1387-1437 {{!}} H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften {{!}} Geschichte im Netz {{!}} History in the web |url=https://www.hsozkult.de/conferencereport/id/fdkn-119551 |website=H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften |access-date=6 December 2022 |language=de |date=6 December 2022}}</ref>

On the turbulent events happened before and after Sigismund's death, Roitner opines that it is hard to determine who was the person that ordered Barbara's arrest as well as her specific ambitions during that period.{{sfn|Roitner|2016|p=201}}

====Barbara and the occult====
Barbara is recognized as a practicing alchemist and astrologer. Her involvement in the occult has also contributed to her reputation as a godless, dangerous woman.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalčić |first1=Miodrag |title=Science and the New Age. Pseudo-Pulaʼs alchemists in Croatian New Age trans- mutation into gold: about the book Croatian Alchemists through the Centuries by Snježana Paušek-Baždar |journal=Histria: The Istrian Historical Society Review |date=27 December 2018 |issue=8 |pages=114 |doi=10.32728/h2018.02 |s2cid=203312820 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/327601 |access-date=1 December 2022 |language=hr |issn=1849-5699|doi-access=free }}</ref> {{ill|Hermann Schelenz|de}}'s 1904 ''Geschichte der Pharmazie'' ("History of pharmacy") describes the queen-empress as a fraudulent alchemist.{{sfn|Schelenz|1904|p=234}} According to Stanislav Južnič, Barbara – the richest female alchemist of all times – used very expensive but easily breakable tools for her experiments, thus today there is not much hope of obtaining a preserved specimen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Južnič |first1=S |title=[Chemical Laboratory of Celje Queen (at 580th Anniversary of Bohemian coronation of Queen Barbara of Celje)]. |journal=Acta Chimica Slovenica |date=June 2017 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=S67–S75 |doi=10.17344/acsi.2017.3550 |pmid=28621390|s2cid=102848956 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Books and articles====

*{{cite book |last1=Chilian |first1=Hans |title=Barbara von Cilli |date=1908 |publisher=Noske |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVUUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA74 |access-date=1 December 2022 |language=de}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dvořáková |first1=Daniela |title=Barbara of Cilli (1392–1451) : a Hungarian, Holy Roman, and Bohemian queen |date=2021 |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-49916-4 |url=https://brill.com/view/title/59677 |access-date=13 October 2022}}
[https://www.recensio.net/rezensionen/zeitschriften/jahrbucher-fur-geschichte-osteuropas/jgo-e-reviews-2019/4/ReviewMonograph113696007 Review by Franz Machilek]
*{{cite thesis |last1=Kraljević |first1=Sara Katanec |title=The Perquisite of a Medieval Wedding: Barbara of Cilli's Acquisition of Wealth, Power, and Lands |year=2014 |type=MA |url=https://www.academia.edu/8103856 |access-date=6 December 2022 |location=Budapest |publisher=Central European University}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Krzenck |first1=Thomas |title=Barbara von Cilli – eine "deutsche Messalina" |journal=Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde |date=1991 |issue=131 |pages=45–67 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/MGSL_131_0045-0067.pdf |access-date=13 December 2022}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Roitner |first1=Ingrid |contribution=Barbara von Cilli; Königin von Ungarn, römisch-deutsche Königin und Königin von Böhmen |title=BiografiA: Lexikon österreichischer Frauen |date=2016 |location=Wien |isbn=978-3-205-79348-9 |pages=199–203 |doi=10.7767/9783205793489-003 |edition=1. Aufl |url=https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7767/9783205793489-003 |access-date=13 December 2022}}
*{{cite journal |last1=McNally |first1=Raymond T. |title=In Search of the Lesbian Vampire: Barbara von Cilli, Le Fanu's "Carmilla" and the Dragon Order |journal=Journal of Dracula Studies |year=2001 |volume=3 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288282946.pdf |access-date=13 October 2022}}
*[[Amalie Fößel]]: ''Die Korrespondenz der Königin Barbara im ungarischen Staatsarchiv zu Budapest''. In: Karel Hruza, Alexandra Kaar (Hrsg.): ''Kaiser Sigismund (1368–1437). Zur Herrschaftspraxis eines europäischen Monarchen'' (''Forschungen zur Kaiser- und Papstgeschichte des Mittelalters''; Bd. 31). Böhlau Verlag, Wien (u.a) 2012, ISBN 978-3-205-78755-6, S. 245–254. [http://www.boehlau-verlag.com/download/162877/978-3-205-78755-6_OpenAccess.pdf Digitalisat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828062112/http://www.boehlau-verlag.com/download/162877/978-3-205-78755-6_OpenAccess.pdf |date=28 August 2013 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Ennen |first1=Edith |title=Frauen im Mittelalter |date=1994 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-37799-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXmRQaIqaRwC&pg=PA69 |access-date=22 August 2022 |language=de}}
*{{cite book |last1=Foerster |first1=Anne |title=Die Witwe des Königs zu Vorstellung, Anspruch und Performanz im englischen und deutschen Hochmittelalter |date=2018 |location=Ostfildern |isbn=978-3799543767}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schelenz |first1=Hermann |title=Geschichte der Pharmazie |date=1904 |publisher=J. Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5icJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA234 |access-date=1 December 2022 |language=de}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Paušek-Baždar |first1=Snježana |title=Königin Barbara zu Cilli als Alchimistin in Samobor |journal=Godišnjak Njemačke narodnosne zajednice ... |date=1 October 2008 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=275–280 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/67862 |language=hr |issn=1331-7172}}
*{{NDB|1|581||Barbara von Cilly|[[Heinz Quirin]]|119334224}}
*{{Cite ADB|2|48|49|Barbara v. Cilli|Franz von Krones|ADB:Barbara von Cilly}}

===Legends and anecdotes===
[[File:Barbara of Cilli and Sigismund statue, 2017 Nyírbátor.jpg|thumb|300px|Barbara of Cilli and Sigismund statue, 2017 Nyírbátor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tamás |first1=Pál |title=A Sárkány-rend és a Báthoriak |url=https://www.kozterkep.hu/46097/a-sarkany-rend-es-a-bathoriak |website=kozterkep.hu |access-date=13 October 2022 |language=hu}}</ref>]]

In Croatian folklore, Barbara is often identified with the figure of the Black Queen.{{sfn|Kraljević|2014|p=9}} The black queen is described as a lady with long black hair, who dressed herself in black.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Croatian legend of the Black Queen's downfall {{!}} Croatia.hr |url=https://croatia.hr/en-gb/culture-and-arts/legends/the-black-queens-downfall |website=Croatian National Tourist Board |access-date=13 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> There are dark legends about Black Queen-Barbara that are still widely known today, including:
*The queen had many lovers. When she did not like them anymore, she had them thrown over the wall of her castle.<ref name=slavorum>{{cite web |last1=P. |first1=Sara |title=4 Interesting Legends of Zagreb |url=https://www.slavorum.org/4-interesting-legends-of-zagreb/ |website=Slavorum |access-date=7 December 2022 |date=4 July 2018}}</ref>
*She was a bird-whisperer who kept a pet black raven that would attack people on her command.<ref name=slavorum/>
*She asked the Devil to protect Medvedgrad against invading Turks, offering her own life to him. Later she tried to trick the devil but failed. A version recounts that she offered 12 buckets of gold to anyone who could bring her around the fortress of Medvedgrad twelve times. But nobody managed to do this due to all the hidden traps around the fortress. She was turned into a snake. But once every hundred years, on a certain day, it is possible for a man who, if he encounters her in the form of a snake, to remove the curse by a kiss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legend of The Black Queen – published by Rabbit of Caerbannog on day 4,369 – page 1 of 1 |url=https://www.erepublik.com/en/article/2707129 |website=erepublik.com |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

Barbara supposedly had many lovers. Dvořáková says that these adultery stories are based on very shaky ground. For example, the German knight Johannes de Wallenroth (whose involvement with Barbara is written down by the Bavarian historian Enoch Widmann, who lived two centuries after Barbara) actually served in her court and possibly later boasted about the queen's favour when he retired to Germany, but it is hard to imagine that Sigismund would tolerate him to the degree that he could continue to work for her many years after the alleged uncovering of infidelity.{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=78}}

She has even been portrayed as a lesbian vampire – a beautiful (one of the traits older chroniclers and historians agreed about her) but nefarious creature. She allegedly kept a female harem during her exile in Melnyk and had orgies with young girls. The vampiristic stories originated at least partly from Piccolomini's account, which claims that, after the death of Albrecht, Barbara (who did not believe in the afterlife according to Piccolomini) and Elizabeth used to desecrate the Holy Communion by drinking real human blood. This would, even by modern medical standards, qualify Barbara as a "living vampire" (a person who drinks human blood). McNally comments that, "So, how can one evaluate the role of Barbara von Cilli? During a time when royalty in both western and eastern Europe could barely sign their names, Barbara knew German, Hungarian, Czech, Latin, and even a little Polish. She lived a comparatively free life in the manner of the Italian Renaissance with emphasis upon individual freedom. In fact, Barbara appears to have been an early example of an emancipated woman, who probably frightened her male contemporaries and led to her nefarious reputation as a lesbian vampire."{{sfn|McNally|2001}}

===Depictions in arts===
====Contemporary arts====
{{See also|Cultural depictions of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor#Depictions in arts}}

{{multiple image
|perrow=2
 | align = right
 | background color = #B2FB7C
 | total_width = 400
 | image1 =Pyhän Barbaran alttarikaappi 5.jpg
 | caption1 = Altarpiece from Kalanti, a Finnish village (Nykyrko in Swedish). Barbara is possibly shown as Saint Barbara while Sigismund is with his characteristic fur hat.{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=231}}
| image2 = Riffian Friedhofskapelle Helenas Auffindung des Kreuzes Meister Wenzelslaus.jpg
 | caption2 = Fresco depicting the scene of [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Saint Helena's]] discovery of the [[True Cross]] at the Cemetery Chapel at the parish church of Our Lady of Sorrows in [[Riffian, South Tyrol|Riffian]] ([[South Tyrol]]). Barbara is likely depicted as the kneeling queen (with the same hairstyle as Saint Barbara of Kalanti – a plait wrapping around her head.{{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=232}}
 | image3 = Hubert van Eyck 004.jpg
 | caption3 = The Adoration of the Lamb scene in the [[Ghent Altarpiece]]. The leader of the female martyrs (top right) is possibly another crypto portrait of the queen. {{sfn|Dvořáková|2021|pp=232}}
}}

*She was present in the ''Reminiscences'' of [[Helene Kottanner]], a lady-in-waiting to Barbara's daughter Queen Elizabeth and one of the first known female memoirist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rocha |first1=Alvaro |last2=Isaeva |first2=Ekaterina |title=Science and Global Challenges of the 21st Century – Science and Technology: Proceedings of the International Perm Forum "Science and Global Challenges of the 21st Century" |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-89477-1 |page=738 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wThIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA738 |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

====Later depictions====
=====Visual art=====
*Slovenian artist [[Rudi Španzel|Rudolf Španzel]] created a depiction of hers.<ref name=Celje/>
*In 2020, [[Renáta Fučíková]] pays tribute to Barbara with an illustration in a series about Czech heroines.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Urban |first1=Tereza |title=Oslava rovnoprávnosti žen. Ilustrátorka Renáta Fučíková vzdává hold slavným hrdinkám české minulosti |url=https://www.czechdesign.cz/temata-a-rubriky/oslava-rovnopravnosti-zen-ilustratorka-renata-fucikova-vzdava-hold-slavnym-hrdinkam-ceske-minulosti |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>

=====Prose=====
*In 1941, [[Ján Greža]] wrote the novel ''Barbora Cellská '' about Barbara.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Avion |first1=Antikvariát |title=📗 Barbora Cellská: historický román {{!}} Ján Greža 1941 |url=https://www.antikavion.cz/kniha/barbora-cellska-historicky-roman-jan-greza-1941-108782 |access-date=13 October 2022 |language=cs}}</ref> 
*She is a character in ''Das Lächeln der Imperia'' by Antje Windgassen. The main character is Gabriella Cognati, a courtesan who calls herself Imperia and is the mistress of Sigismund. The relationship between Barbara and Gabriella is friendly. The story is tied to the 1414 [[Council of Constance]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Windgassen |first1=Antje |title=Das Lächeln der Imperia Roman |date=2022 |location=Konstanz |isbn=978-3878001522 |edition=1. Auflage}}</ref>
*Mircalla, Countess Karnstein (the female vampire Carmilla), the title character of [[Carmilla]], a 1872 [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] novella by [[Sheridan Le Fanu]], is likely based on the legendary image of Barbara as a vampire.{{sfn|McNally|2001}}
*Barbara is featured as the main character in the wraparound narrative of the story collection ''Waggish Tales of the Czechs''. Referred to as "Queen Barbota," Barbara is portrayed as a somewhat ribald character who, bedridden and bored during her pregnancy, engages her women-in-waiting in telling her moral tales. According to the book's foreword, these are "lusty, uproarious, sometimes cruelly brutal yarns, recited with the coarse gusto and abounding virility of a healthy outdoor people". Queen Barbota takes great delight in them.<ref>Lockridge, Norman (1947). ''Waggish Tales of the Czechs'' The Candide Press, New York.</ref>
*In August 2023, the German horror fiction author Markus Heitz will publish the novel ''Die Schwarze Königin''. The story is about a young man named Len (a ''Drăculești'' and the last descendant of [[Vlad II Dracul]]) going to [[Prague]] and [[Banat]], assisted by his friend Klara (an ex-history professor) via the internet. He comes into contact with the world of the past, in which Barbara von Cilli and Vlad II fought against vampires living underground in [[Transylvania]] and [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heitz |first1=Markus |title=Die Schwarze Königin |date=2023 |publisher=Knaur |location=München |isbn=978-3426227817 |edition=1. Auflage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Die Schwarze Königin Heitz, Markus |url=https://www.lesestoff.ch/de/detail/ISBN 9783426227817/Heitz-Markus/Die-Schwarze-K%C3%B6nigin |website=Lesestoff |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=de-CH}}</ref>

=====Theater=====
*[[Václav Renč]] wrote the 1944 four-act drama ''Barbora Celská''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barbora Celská – Václav Renč {{!}} Databáze knih |url=https://www.databazeknih.cz/knihy/barbora-celska-246920 |website=databazeknih.cz |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>

=====Films=====
* In the 1986 Czechoslovakian television film ''Zikmund recený Selma rysavá'', the queen-empress is portrayed by [[Milena Dvorská]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Milena Dvorská – Lidé |url=https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/lide/milena-dvorska/ |website=Česká televize |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=cs}}</ref>

===Commemoration===
In 2014 (the 600th Anniversary of the Council of Constance and Barbara's coronation as Queen of Germany), the Provincial Museum of Celje organized the Year of Barbara of Cilli.<ref name=Celje>{{cite web |last1=Celje.info |first1=Uredništvo |title=Leto Barbare Celjske v Pokrajinskem muzeju Celje |url=https://www.celje.info/kultura/leto-barbare-celjske-v-pokrajinskem-muzeju-celje/ |website=Celje.info |access-date=6 December 2022 |language=sl-SI |date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Also in 2014, a €2 commemorative coin depicting the queen hold a sceptre was issued on behalf of Slovenia, designed by Matej Ramšak.<ref>{{cite web |title=2 Euro, Slovenia |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces65438.html |website=en.numista.com |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 November and 10 December 2022, [[Konstanz]] will organize the event ''Barbara von Cilli – Kaiserin, Alchemistin, Vampir''.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEU: Barbara von Cilli – Kaiserin, Alchemistin, Vampir |url=https://www.konstanz-info.com/event/neu-barbara-von-cilli-kaiserin-alchemistin-vampir-0339f1d88f |website=konstanz-info.com |access-date=13 October 2022 |language=de}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:BarboraBellifortis.jpg|Barbara of Cilli as [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], "Liber de septem signis", in Konrad Kyeser's ''Bellifortis'' (around first half of the fifteenth century){{sfn|Kraljević|2014|p=4}}
File:BarboraCellja.jpg|Barbara at the [[Council of Constance]]
File:Nuremberg chronicles f 242r 4 (Barbara coniunx sigismundi).jpg|Woodcut from the [[Nuremberg Chronicle]] (Latin copy in São Paulo)
File:Meister der Chronik des Konzils von Konstanz 001.jpg|Master of the Council of Constance Chronicle – ceremonial entry of emperor Sigismund and empress Barbara.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
;Hungarian
* Szathmáry, László: Alkémisták a magyar királyi udvarban, Természettudományi Közlöny, 60. kötet, 1928. február 1. 
* Pálosfalvi, Tamás: Borbála és a Cilleiek, História, 2006
* Engel, Pál – C. Tóth Norbert: Borbála királyné itineráriuma (1405–1438), Itineraria Regum et Reginarum (1382–1438), MTA Támogatott Kutatóhelyek Irodája, Budapest, 169–187, 2005
;Slovak
* {{cite book |last=Dvořáková |first=Daniela |date=2013 |title=Čierna kráľovná. Barbora Celjská (1392–1451): Životný príbeh uhorskej, rímsko-nemeckej a českej kráľovnej |trans-title= Black Queen. Barbara of Cilli (1392–1451): A Life Story of the Hungarian, Holy Roman and Bohemian Queen|language=sk |location= Budmerice-Bratislava|publisher= Vydavateľstvo Rak, HIÚ [[Slovak Academy of Sciences|SAV]]|isbn= 978-80-85501-60-5}}
;Slovenian
*{{cite book |last=Sitar |first=Sandi |date=1987 |chapter= 8. Barbara Celjska: astrologinja in alkimistka (ok. 1387–1451)|trans-chapter= Chapter 8. Barbara of Cilli: An Astrologer and Alchemist (c. 1387–1451)|title=Sto slovenskih znanstvenikov, zdravnikov in tehnikov |trans-title= Hundred Slovenian Scientists, Doctors and Technicians|language=sl |location= Ljubljana|publisher= Prešernova družba|pages= 76–77}}

== External links ==
*[[:it:File:2 euro CC 2014 Slovenia.jpg|Slovenia's commemorative coin depicting Barbara]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090216045205/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jamesdow/s059/f005194.htm A pedigree of her]

{{s-start}}
{{s-roy}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Elizabeth of Pomerania]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Holy Roman Empress]]|years=1433–1437}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Elisabeth of Nuremberg]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of Germany]]|years=1411–1437}}
{{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[Elisabeth of Bohemia (1409–1442)|Elisabeth of Bohemia]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sofia of Bavaria]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of Bohemia]]|years=1419–1437}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Margaret of Durazzo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of Hungary]]|years=1405–1437}}
{{s-end}}

{{Holy Roman Empresses}}
{{Royal consorts of Germany}}
{{Royal consorts of Bohemia}}
{{Hungarian consorts}}
{{Italian consorts}}
{{Electresses of Brandenburg}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbara of Celje}}
[[Category:1392 births]]
[[Category:1451 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century women regents]]
[[Category:Countesses of Celje]]
[[Category:Holy Roman Empresses]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Hungary]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Bohemia]]
[[Category:15th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:15th-century German women]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Vitus Cathedral]]
[[Category:Electresses of Brandenburg]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]