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{{Short description|1759 naval battle of the Seven Years' War}}
{{Expand French|Bataille des Cardinaux|topic=hist|date=April 2022}}
{{About|the battle during the [[Seven Years' War]]|the battle during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]|Invasion of France (1795)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Quiberon Bay
| partof            = the [[Seven Years' War]]
| image             = File:The Battle of Quiberon Bay, 20 November 1759 RMG BHC0397.tiff
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = ''The Battle of Quiberon Bay'', [[Richard Paton]]
| date              = 20 November 1759
| place             = [[Quiberon Bay]], [[Bay of Biscay]] , [[France]]
| coordinates       = {{coord|47|31|N|3|0|W|display=title,inline}}
| casus             = 
| territory         = 
| result            = British victory     
* Planned French invasion of Great Britain  foiled.
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
| commander1        = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain|naval}} [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Sir Edward Hawke]]
| commander2        = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of France|naval}} [[Hubert de Brienne, Comte de Conflans|Comte de Conflans]]
| strength1         = 24 ships of the line<br>5 frigates<br>14,000 crewmen{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=236}}
| strength2         = 21 ships of the line<br>6 frigates<br>10,000 crewmen{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=236}}
| casualties1       = 2 ships of the line wrecked,<br>300 killed or wounded{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=236}}
| casualties2       = 3 ships of the line destroyed<br>3 ships of the line captured<br>1,700 killed or wounded<br>1,300 captured{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=236}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Quiberon}}
}}
The '''Battle of Quiberon Bay''' (known as '''''Bataille des Cardinaux''''' in French) was a decisive naval engagement during the [[Seven Years' War]]. It was fought on 20 November 1759 between the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[French Navy]] in [[Quiberon Bay]], off the coast of [[France]] near [[Saint-Nazaire]]. The battle was the culmination of British efforts to eliminate French naval superiority, which could have given the French the ability to carry out their [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)|planned invasion of Great Britain]]. A [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] fleet of 24 [[ship of the line|ships of the line]] under [[Edward Hawke|Sir Edward Hawke]] tracked down and engaged a French fleet of 21 ships of the line under [[Hubert de Brienne, Comte de Conflans|Marshal de Conflans]]. After hard fighting, the British fleet sank or ran aground six French ships, captured one and scattered the rest, giving the Royal Navy one of its greatest victories, and ending the threat of French invasion for good.

The battle signalled the rise of the Royal Navy in becoming the world's foremost naval power, and, for the British, was part of the [[Annus Mirabilis of 1759]].

==Background==
{{Further|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)|Battle of Lagos}}

The endemic ill feeling between France and Great Britain during the 18th century turned into open warfare in 1754 and 1755. In 1756 what become known as the [[Seven Years' War]] broke out across Europe, pitching France, Austria and Russia against Britain and Prussia. France supported Austria and Russia in a land campaign against Prussia, and launched what it saw as its main effort in a maritime and colonial offensive against Britain.{{sfn|Szabo|2007|pp=17–18}} By the beginning of 1759 neither alliance had the advantage, in either the land or sea campaigns, and both were having serious problems financing the war. In 1759 more than 60% of French revenue went to service its debt,{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=65}} causing numerous shortages. The French navy in particular was overstretched{{sfn|Chaline|2011|p=17}} and suffered from the lack of a coherent doctrine, exacerbated by the inexperience verging on incompetence of the Secretary of State for the Navy, [[Nicolas René Berryer]], a former chief of police.{{sfn|Jenkins|1973|p=148}} Meanwhile, Britain's war effort up to early 1756 had been a failure.{{sfn|Anderson|2001|pp=211–212}} From the summer of 1757 it came under the control of the assertive new [[secretary of state for the southern department]] (foreign minister), [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], who imposed a coordinated strategy. By early 1759 this was beginning to bear fruit.{{sfn|Chaline|2011|p=18}}

In response to the British successes, the ministers of the French king [[King Louis XV|Louis XV]] planned a direct invasion of Britain, which if successful would have decided the war in their favour.{{sfn|le Moing|2003|p=9}} An army of 17,000 was collected at Vannes, in the south-east of [[Brittany]], and nearly 100 transports were assembled near [[Quiberon Bay]],{{sfn|le Moing|2003|p=11}} plus several warships sailing ''[[en flute]]'', that is with their guns stripped out to allow them to transport more soldiers.{{sfn|la Condamine|2000|p=36}} In its final form the French plan required these transports to be escorted by the [[French Navy]].{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=232}}

However, at the best of times the French struggled to crew their full fleet with experienced mariners; landsmen could be used, but even a small deficiency in ship handling translated into a significant handicap in a combat situation. Three years into the war, thousands of French seamen were held as prisoners by the British; many more were engaged in speculative, and occasionally lucrative, [[privateer]]ing careers; and the unhealthy conditions, onerous onboard discipline and poor wages, paid late, acted as a strong disincentive to service. The transports also required at least a [[Cadre (military)|cadre]] of skilled men.{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=232}} By the summer of 1759 the French had 73 [[ship of the line|ships of the line]], the largest warships of the time: 30 serving abroad and 43 in home waters. The ships in home waters required an aggregate [[Ship's company|complement]] of about 25,000 men; they were more than 9,000 short of this.{{sfn|McLynn|2005|pp=232–233}} The 43 French ships in home waters were split between the Atlantic port of [[Brest, France|Brest]] (22 ships){{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=236}} and the Mediterranean port of [[Toulon]], with a small number at two ports on the [[Bay of Biscay]]: [[Lorient]] and [[Arsenal de Rochefort|Rochefort]]. The British had 40 ships of the line in home waters, and a further 15 in their Mediterranean Fleet, which was based in [[Gibraltar]].{{sfn|Tracey|2010|p=24}}

Brest was the obvious starting point for the expedition: it was a major port; it was well placed with regard to the prevailing winds; and departure from it minimised the sailing distance and time to the proposed landing site.{{sfn|le Moing|2003|p=9}} However, Brest was at the end of a long and relatively infertile peninsula, which made supporting a large number of men there difficult; supplies of food had to come in by sea and were vulnerable to the British [[blockade]].{{sfn|Rodger|2004|p=279}} A [[typhoid]] epidemic in Brest during 1757–1758 killed over 4,000 French seamen, greatly exacerbating their shortage of experienced sailors.{{sfn|Rodger|2004|p=276}} In addition, there was fear of a recurrence of the typhus outbreak{{clarify|date=August 2020}}. Therefore, the army assembled at Vannes and its transports gathered around the [[Gulf of Morbihan]]; the terrain was more fertile, the anchorage was large and sheltered, and men and supplies could readily be despatched from Bordeaux, Rochefort, Nantes, or [[Orléans]].{{sfn|le Moing|2003|p=7}}

In August, the French Mediterranean Fleet under [[Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran]] attempted to break out past Gibraltar into the Atlantic. The British Mediterranean Fleet under [[Edward Boscawen]] caught them and a [[Battle of Lagos|two-day battle]] resulted in three French ships of the line being captured, two destroyed, and five [[blockade]]d in [[Neutral country|neutral]] [[Cádiz]]; two escaped the battle to reach Rochefort.{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=277–278}}{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=253}}{{sfn|Dull|2009|p=83}} The five French ships in Cadiz were blockaded by Boscawen's second-in-command, [[Thomas Brodrick (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Brodrick]].{{sfn|McLynn|2005|p=253}} Five of Boscawen's victorious ships were transferred to Admiral [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Edward Hawke]]'s fleet, off Brest.{{sfn|Willis|2009|p=763}}

==Prelude==
[[File:Côte Sud Morbihan - Baie de Quiberon.png|thumb|upright|left|{{center|Map of Quiberon Bay}}]]
During 1759, the British, under Hawke, maintained a close blockade on the French coast in the vicinity of Brest. In that year, the French [[Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)|had made plans to invade England and Scotland]], and had accumulated transports and troops around the [[Loire]] estuary. The defeat of the Mediterranean fleet at the [[Battle of Lagos (1759)|Battle of Lagos]] in August made the invasion plans impossible, but [[Étienne François, duc de Choiseul|Choiseul]] still contemplated a plan for [[Scotland]], and so the fleet was ordered to escape the blockade and collect the transports assembled in the [[Gulf of Morbihan]].

During the first week of November, a westerly [[gale]] came up and, after three days, the ships of Hawke's blockade were forced to run for [[Torbay]] on the south coast of England. [[Robert Duff (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Duff]] was left behind in Quiberon Bay, with a squadron of five 'fifties' (ships of the line with 50 cannons) and nine frigates to keep an eye on the transports.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=50}} In the meantime, a small squadron from the [[West Indies]] joined Conflans in Brest and, when an easterly wind came on the 14th, Conflans slipped out. He was sighted by {{HMS|Actaeon|1757|6}} which had remained on station off Brest despite the storms but which failed to rendezvous with Hawke, by {{HMS|Juno|1757|6}} & {{HMS|Swallow|1745|2}} which tried to warn Duff but were apparently chased off by the French, and by the victualler ''Love and Unity'' returning from Quiberon, which sighted the French fleet at 2&nbsp;pm on the 15th, 70 miles west of Belle-Isle.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|pp=52–53}} She met Hawke the next day and he sailed hard for Quiberon into a SSE gale. Meanwhile, {{HMS|Vengeance|1758|6}} had arrived in Quiberon Bay the night before to warn Duff and he had put his squadron to sea in the teeth of a WNW gale.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=59}}

==Battle==
[[File:Battle of Quiberon Bay - 1759 - Tracks map-en.svg|thumb|left|{{center|Tracks of British and French fleets}}]]
Having struggled with unfavourable winds, Conflans had slowed down on the night of the 19th in order to arrive at Quiberon at dawn. 20 miles off Belleisle he sighted seven of Duff's squadron.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=59}} Once he realised that this was not the main British fleet, he gave chase. Duff split his ships to the north and south, with the French [[Vanguard (military tactics)|van]] and centre in pursuit, whilst the rearguard held off to windward to watch some strange sails appearing from the west.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=60}} The French broke off the pursuit but were still scattered as Hawke's fleet came into sight.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=60}} {{HMS|Magnanime|1748|6}} sighted the French at 8.30{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=59}}  and Hawke gave the signal for line abreast.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=60}}

Conflans was faced with a choice, to fight in his current disadvantageous position in high seas and a "very violent" WNW wind, or take up a defensive position in Quiberon Bay and dare Hawke to come into the labyrinth of shoals and reefs.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=61}} About 9&nbsp;am Hawke gave the signal for general chase along with a new signal for the first 7 ships to form a line ahead and, in spite of the weather and the dangerous waters, set full sail.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|pp=63–64}} By 2.30 Conflans rounded Les Cardinaux, the rocks at the end of the Quiberon peninsula that give the battle its name in French. The first shots were heard as he did so, although Sir John Bentley in ''Warspite'' claimed that they were fired without his orders.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=65}} However the British were starting to overtake the rear of the French fleet even as their van and centre made it to the safety of the bay.

Just before 4&nbsp;pm the battered ''[[French ship Formidable (1751)|Formidable]]'' surrendered to the {{HMS|Resolution|1758|2}}, just as Hawke himself rounded The Cardinals.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=66}} Kersaint attempted to come to the aid of Conflans, but ''Thésée'' performed her turn without closing her lower gunports; water rushed into the gundeck, and she capsized{{sfnp|Taillemite|2002|p=276}} with only 22 survivors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rouxel |first1=Jean-Christophe |title= Comte Guy François de KERSAINT de COËTNEMPREN |url=http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_dekersaint_guy.htm |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>  ''Superbe'' also [[capsize]]d, and the badly damaged ''Héros'' struck her flag to Viscount Howe{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=66}} before running aground on the Four Shoal during the night.
[[File:Bataille-Cardinaux.jpg|thumb|{{center|''Battle of Quiberon Bay: the Day After''}} {{center|[[Richard Wright (painter)|Richard Wright]] 1760}}]]

Meanwhile, the wind shifted to the NW, further confusing Conflans' half-formed line as they tangled together in the face of Hawke's daring pursuit. Conflans tried unsuccessfully to resolve the muddle, but in the end decided to put to sea again. His flagship, ''[[French ship Soleil-Royal (1749)|Soleil Royal]]'', headed for the entrance to the bay just as Hawke was coming in on {{HMS|Royal George|1756|2}}. Hawke saw an opportunity to rake ''Soleil Royal'', but ''Intrépide'' interposed herself and took the fire.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=67}} Meanwhile, ''Soleil Royal'' had fallen to leeward and was forced to run back and anchor off Croisic, away from the rest of the French fleet. By now it was about 5&nbsp;pm and darkness had fallen, so Hawke made the signal to anchor.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=67}}

During the night eight French ships managed to do what ''Soleil Royal'' had failed to do, to navigate through the shoals to the safety of the open sea, and escape to [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]]. Seven ships and the frigates were in the [[Vilaine]] estuary (just off the map above, to the east), but Hawke dared not attack them in the stormy weather.  The French jettisoned their guns and gear and used the rising tide and northwesterly wind to escape over the sandbar at the bottom of the river Vilaine.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=68}} One of these ships was wrecked, and the remaining six were trapped throughout 1760 by a blockading British squadron and only later managed to break out and reach Brest in 1761/1762.{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=}} The badly damaged ''[[French ship Juste (1725)|Juste]]'' was lost as she made for the Loire, 150 of her crew surviving the ordeal, and {{HMS|Resolution|1758|2}} grounded on the Four Shoal during the night.

''Soleil Royal'' tried to escape to the safety of the batteries at Croisic, but {{HMS|Essex|1679|2}} pursued her with the result that both were wrecked on the Four Shoal beside ''Heros''.  On the 22nd the gale moderated, and three of Duff's ships were sent to destroy the beached ships.  Conflans set fire to ''Soleil Royal'' while the British burnt ''Heros'',{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=68}} as seen in the right of Richard Wright's painting.

==Aftermath==
The British continued to keep a tight blockade on the French coast, which continued to starve French ports of commerce, further weakening France's economy.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=86}} Hawke attempted to destroy some of the French warships trapped in the Vilaine Estuary, sending in [[fire ship]]s; but these failed to accomplish the task.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=67}} Hawke developed a plan for landing on the coast, seizing a peninsula, and attacking the ships from land. However, he was forced to abandon this when orders reached him from Pitt for a different approach, which was ultimately unsuccessful.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|pp=93–94}}

The power of the French fleet was broken, and would not recover before the war was over. Combined with admiral [[Edward Boscawen]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Lagos]] the previous August, the French invasion threat was removed.{{sfn|Anderson|2001|pp=381–383}}  Although he had effectively put the French channel fleet out of action for the remainder of the war, Hawke was disappointed he had not secured a more comprehensive victory, asserting that had he had two more hours of daylight the whole enemy fleet would have been taken.{{sfn|Anderson|2001|p=383}} [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Hawke]]'s commission was extended and followed by a [[Hereditary peer|peerage]] in 1776.

The naval historian Nicholas Tracey described the battle as "the most dramatic sea battle in the age of sail",{{sfn|Tracey|2010|p=54}} while the naval theorist and historian [[Alfred Thayer Mahan|Alfred Mahan]] claimed that "The battle of 20 November 1759 was the [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]] of this war, and ... the English fleets were now free to act against the colonies of France, and later of Spain, on a grander scale than ever before."{{sfn|Mahan|1890|}} For instance, the French could not follow up their victory in the land [[battle of Sainte-Foy]] the following spring for want of reinforcements and supplies from France, and so Quiberon Bay may be regarded as the battle that determined the fate of [[New France]] and hence [[Canada]]. France experienced a [[credit crunch]] as financiers recognised that Britain could now strike at will against French trade. The French government was forced to default on its debt.{{sfn|Corbett|1907|p=72}} The battle was one of a series of British victories in 1759 which caused the year to be known as an [[Annus Mirabilis of 1759|''annus mirabilis'']] (Latin for "year of wonders").{{sfn|Monod|2009|p=167}}

From this battle, and that two months earlier where, under General [[James Wolfe]], the British [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|captured Quebec]], comes the Royal Naval toast "May our officers have the eye of a Hawke and the heart of a Wolfe".{{sfn|Shrubb|Sainsbury|1979|p=322}}

==Orders of battle==

===France===
[[File:Battle of Quiberon Bay IMG 4821.jpg|thumb|''Battle of Quiberon Bay'', engraved by [[Pierre-Charles Canot|Canot]] after [[Richard Paton]], 1761]]
Order of Battle:{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=380}}
{|
|-
|'''Name'''
|'''Guns'''
|'''Commander'''
|'''Men'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|'''''First Division'''''
|-
|''[[French ship Soleil-Royal (1749)|Soleil Royal]]''
|80
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Paul Osée Bidé de Chézac|fr}}
|950
|Flagship of Marquis de Conflans&nbsp;– Aground and burnt
|-
|''[[French ship Orient (1756)|Orient]]''
|80
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Alain Nogérée de la Filière|fr}}
|750
|Flagship of Chevalier de Guébridant Budes&nbsp;– Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|''Glorieux''
|74
|{{Interlanguage link multi|René Villars de la Brosse-Raquin|fr}}
|650
|Escaped to the Vilaine, blockaded there until April, 1762{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=}}
|-
|''Robuste''
|74
|Fragnier de Vienne
|650
|Escaped to the Vilaine, blockaded there until 1761, returned to Brest in January, 1762{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=}}
|-
|''[[French ship Dauphin Royal (1735)|Dauphin Royal]]''
|70
|{{Interlanguage link multi|André d'Urtubie|fr}}
|630
|Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|''Dragon''
|64
|[[Louis-Charles Le Vassor de La Touche]]
|450
|Escaped to the Vilaine, blockaded there until January, 1761{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=}}
|-
|''Solitaire''
|64
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Louis-Vincent de Langle|fr}}
|450
|Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|'''''Second Division'''''
|-
|''[[French ship Tonnant (1740)|Tonnant]]''
|80
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Antoine de Marges de Saint-Victoret|fr}}
|800
|Flagship of Chevalier de Beauffremont&nbsp;– Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|''[[French ship Intrépide (1747)|Intrépide]]''
|74
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Charles Le Mercerel de Chasteloger|fr}}
|650
|Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|''Thésée''
|74
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Guy François de Kersaint|fr}}
|650
|Foundered
|-
|''Superbe''
|70
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Jean-Pierre-René-Séraphin du Tertre de Montalais|fr}}
|630
|Sunk by ''Royal George''
|-
|''[[HMS Northumberland (1705)|Northumberland]]''
|64
|Belingant de Kerbabut
|450
|Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|''[[French ship Éveillé (1752)|Éveillé]]''
|64
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Pierre-Bernardin Thierry de La Prévalaye|fr}}
|450
|Escaped to the Vilaine, blockaded there until 1761, returned to Brest in January, 1762{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=}}
|-
|''Brillant''
|64
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Louis-Jean de Kerémar|fr}}
|450
|Escaped to the Vilaine, blockaded there until January, 1761{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=}}
|-
|'''''Third Division'''''
|-
|''[[French ship Formidable (1751)|Formidable]]''
|80
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Louis de Saint-André du Verger|fr}}
|800
|Flagship of De Saint André du Vergé&nbsp;– Taken by ''Resolution''
|-
|''Magnifique''
|74
|[[Bigot de Morogues]]
|650
|Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|''[[French ship Héros (1750)|Héros]]''
|74
|Vicomte de Sanzay
|650
|Surrendered, but ran aground next day during heavy weather, burnt
|-
|''[[French ship Juste (1725)|Juste]]''
|70
|{{Interlanguage link multi|François de Saint-Allouarn|fr}}
|630
|Wrecked in the Loire
|-
|''Inflexible''
|64
|Tancrede
|540
|Lost at the entrance to the Vilaine
|-
|''Sphinx''
|64
|Goyon
|450
|Escaped to the Vilaine, blockaded there until April, 1762{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=}}
|-
|''Bizarre''
|64
|[[Jules, Prince of Guéméné|Prince de Montbazon]]
|450
|Escaped to Rochefort
|-
|'''''Frigates and corvettes'''''
|-
|''Hébé''
|40
|
|300
|Returned to Brest
|-
|''Aigrette''
|36
|
|
|Escaped to the Vilaine
|-
|''[[French ship Vestale (1756)|Vestale]]''
|34
|
|254
|Escaped to the Vilaine
|-
|[[French corvette Calypso (1756)|''Calypso'']]
|16
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Paul Alexandre du Bois-Berthelot|fr}}
|
|Escaped to the Vilaine
|-
|''Prince Noir''
|6
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Pierre-Joseph Kergariou de Roscouet|fr}}
|
|Escaped to the Vilaine
|-
|'''''Other'''''
|-
|''Vengeance''
|?
|
|
|-
|}

===Britain===

[[File:HMS Royal George, 1759 Gravur, Walzahn.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Royal George'', Hawke's flagship at Quiberon Bay – a replica of walrus ivory]]
Order of Battle:{{sfn|Troude|1867|p=385}}
{|
|'''Name'''
|'''Guns'''
|'''Commander'''
|'''Men'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|''[[HMS Royal George (1756)|Royal George]]''
|100
|[[John Campbell (Royal Navy officer)|John Campbell]]
|880
|Flagship of [[Edward Hawke|Sir Edward Hawke]]
|-
|''[[HMS Union (1756)|Union]]''
|90
|Thomas Evans
|770
|Flagship of [[Charles Hardy|Sir Charles Hardy]]
|-
|''[[HMS Vanguard (1678)|Duke]]''
|80
|[[Samuel Graves]]
|800
|
|-
|''[[HMS Namur (1756)|Namur]]''
|90
|[[Matthew Buckle]]
|780
|
|-
|''[[HMS Mars (1759)|Mars]]''
|74
|[[James Young (1717–1789)|James Young]]
|600
|
|-
|''[[HMS Warspite (1758)|Warspite]]''
|74
|Sir John Bentley
|600
|
|-
|''[[HMS Hercules (1759)|Hercules]]''
|74
|William Fortescue
|600
|
|-
|''[[HMS Neptune (1683)|Torbay]]''
|74
|[[Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel|Augustus Keppel]]
|600
|
|-
|''[[HMS Magnanime (1748)|Magnanime]]''
|74
|[[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Viscount Howe]]
|600
|
|-
|''[[HMS Resolution (1758)|Resolution]]''
|74
|Henry Speke
|600
|Wrecked on Le Four shoal
|-
|''[[HMS Hero (1759)|Hero]]''
|74
|[[George Edgcumbe, 1st Earl of Mount Edgcumbe|George Edgcumbe]]
|600
|
|-
|''[[HMS Swiftsure (1750)|Swiftsure]]''
|70
|Sir Thomas Stanhope
|520
|
|-
|''[[HMS Dorsetshire (1757)|Dorsetshire]]''
|70
|[[Sir Peter Denis, 1st Baronet|Peter Denis]]
|520
|
|-
|''[[HMS Burford (1757)|Burford]]''
|70
|[[James Gambier (Royal Navy officer)|James Gambier]]
|520
|
|-
|''[[HMS Chichester (1753)|Chichester]]''
|70
|William Saltren Willet
|520
|
|-
|''[[HMS Temple (1758)|Temple]]''
|70
|[[Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers|Washington Shirley]]
|520
|
|-
|''[[HMS Essex (1679)|Essex]]''
|64
|Lucius O'Brien
|480
|Wrecked on Le Four shoal
|-
|''[[HMS Swiftsure (1673)|Revenge]]''
|64
|[[John Storr]]
|480
|
|-
|''[[HMS Montagu (1757)|Montague]]''
|60
|[[Sir Joshua Rowley, 1st Baronet|Joshua Rowley]]
|400
|
|-
|''[[HMS Kingston (1697)|Kingston]]''
|60
|[[Thomas Shirley (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Shirley]]
|400
|
|-
|''[[HMS Intrepid (1747)|Intrepid]]''
|60
|Jervis Maplesden
|400
|
|-
|''[[HMS Dunkirk (1754)|Dunkirk]]''
|60
|[[Robert Digby (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Digby]]
|420
|
|-
|''[[HMS Defiance (1744)|Defiance]]''
|60
|Patrick Baird
|420
|
|-
|''[[HMS Rochester (1749)|Rochester]]''
|50
|[[Robert Duff (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Duff]]
|350
|
|-
|''[[HMS Portland (1744)|Portland]]''
|50
|[[Mariot Arbuthnot]]
|350
|
|-
|''[[HMS Falkland (1696)|Falkland]]''
|50
|[[Sir Francis Samuel Drake, 1st Baronet|Francis Samuel Drake]]
|350
|
|-
|''[[HMS Chatham (1758)|Chatham]]''
|50
|[[John Lockhart-Ross|John Lockhart]]
|350
|
|-
|''[[HMS Venus (1758)|Venus]]''
|36
|[[Thomas Harrison (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Harrison]]
|240
|
|-
|''[[HMS Minerva (1759)|Minerva]]''
|32
|[[Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport|Alexander Hood]]
|220
|
|-
|''[[HMS Sapphire (1741)|Sapphire]]''
|32
|[[Sir John Strachan, 5th Baronet|John Strachan]]
|220
|
|-
|''[[HMS Vengeance (1758)|Vengeance]]''
|28
|[[Gamaliel Nightingale]]
|200
|
|-
|''[[HMS Coventry (1757)|Coventry]]''
|28
|Francis Burslem
|200
|
|-
|''[[HMS Maidstone (1758)|Maidstone]]''
|28
|Dudley Digges
|200
|
|}<!-- With thanks to the authors of the French page on this battle -->

==Namesake==
[[HMAS Quiberon (G81)|HMAS ''Quiberon'']] was a [[destroyer]] named in memory of the battle of Quiberon Bay. She served in the [[Royal Navy]] and then the [[Royal Australian Navy]]. ''Quiberon'' was launched in 1942 and saw operations in World War II. She was decommissioned in 1964.{{sfn|Cassells|2000|p=}}

==Notes, citations and sources==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book
|last=Anderson
|first=Fred
|date=2001
|title=Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
|location=London
|publisher=Faber and Faber
|isbn=978-0-571-20565-3
|author-link=Fred Anderson (historian)
}}
* {{cite book |last=Cassells |first=Vic |title=The Destroyers: their battles and their badges |year=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=East Roseville, New South Wales |isbn=978-0-7318-0893-9 |oclc=46829686}}
* {{Cite journal
| issue =53
| pages =17–29
| last =Chaline
| first =Oliver
| language=Fr
| title =Quiberon Bay, 20 Novembre 1759
| journal =Les cahiers du Pays de Guérande
|publisher=Société des Amis de Guérande
| date =2011
| issn =0765-3565
}}
* {{cite book
|last=la Condamine
|first=Pierre de
|date=2000
| language=Fr
|title=Le combat des Cardinaux : 20 novembre 1759, baie de Quiberon et rade du Croisic
|location=La Turballe
|publisher= L'Esprit large-Éd. Alizés
|isbn=978-2-911835-03-2
}}
* {{citation | title=England in the Seven Years War vol II | first=Julian S. | last=Corbett | publisher=Longmans Green | year=1907 | url=https://archive.org/stream/englandinsevenye02corb/englandinsevenye02corb_djvu.txt }}
* {{cite book
|last=Dull
|first=Jonathan R.
|date=2009
|title=The Age of the Ship of the Line: the British and French Navies, 1650–1815
|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire
|publisher=Pen & Sword Books
|isbn=978-1-84832-549-4
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Jenkins
|first=E.H.
|date=1973
|title=A History of the French Navy : From its Beginnings to the Present Day
|location=London
|publisher=Macdonald and Janeś
|isbn=978-0-356-04196-4
}}
* {{cite book
|last= Mahan
|first=Alfred Thayer Mahan
|date=1890
|title=The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783
|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History/Chapter_VIII
|chapter=VIII
|location=London
|publisher=Sampson, Low, Marston
|oclc=782063369
|author-link=Alfred Thayer Mahan
}}
* {{cite book
|last=McLynn
|first=Frank
|date=2005
|title=1759: the Year Britain Became Master of the World
|location=London
|publisher=Pimlico
|isbn=978-0-09-952639-1
|author-link=Frank McLynn
}}
* {{cite book
|last=le Moing
|first=Guy
|date=2003
|title=La Bataille Navale des Cardinaux: 20 novembre 1759
|location=Paris
|publisher=Economica
|isbn=978-2-7178-4503-7
|language=Fr
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Monod
|first=Paul Kléber
|date=2009
|title=Imperial Island: A History of Britain and Its Empire, 1660–1837
|location=Malden, Massachusetts
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
|isbn=978-1-4051-3444-6
|author-link=Paul Monod
}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodger|first=N.A.M.|title=The Command of the Ocean|location=London |publisher=Penguin |date= 2004|isbn= 978-0-7139-9411-7|author-link=Nicholas A. M. Rodger}}
* {{cite book
|date=1979
|title=The Royal Navy Day by Day
|location=Fontwell
|publisher=Centaur Press
|isbn=978-0-900000-91-1
|editor1-last=Shrubb
|editor1-first=R. E. A.
|editor2-last=Sainsbury
|editor2-first=A. B.
}}

* {{cite book
|last=Szabo
|first=Franz A. J.
|date=2007
|title=The Seven Years' War in Europe 1756–1763
|location=Harlow, Essex
|publisher=Longman
|isbn=978-0-582-29272-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Tracey
|first=Nicholas
|date=2010
|title=The Battle of Quiberon Bay, 1759: Hawke and the Defeat of the French Invasion
|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire
|publisher=Pen & Sword
|isbn=978-1-84884-116-1
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Troude
|first=Onesime-Joachim
|date=1867
|title=Batailles Navales de la France, Volume 1
|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HyRwDwzIqz4C
|location=Paris
|publisher=Libraire Commissionaire de la Marine
|language=Fr
|oclc=757299734
}}
* {{Cite journal
| volume = 73
| issue = 3
| pages =745–765
| last = Willis
| first = Sam
| title = The Battle of Lagos, 1759
| journal =The Journal of Military History
| date = 2009
| doi = 10.1353/jmh.0.0366
| s2cid = 162390731
| issn = 0899-3718
}}

*{{Cite book 
| last=Bodart 
| first=Gaston 
| date=1908 
| title=Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) 
| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ 
| access-date=27 June 2023
|author-link=Gaston Bodart}}

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Quiberon, Campaign and Battle of|volume=22|pages=747–748|first=David|last=Hannay|author-link=David Hannay (historian)}}
* {{Cite journal| volume = 128| issue = 535| pages =1451–1482| last = Kinkel| first = Sarah| title = Disorder, Discipline, and Naval Reform in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain
| journal =The English Historical Review| date = 2013| doi = 10.1093/ehr/cet273| jstor = 24473894}}
* {{cite book | last = Longmate | first = Norman | title = Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945|location=London|isbn=978-0-586-20846-5 | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 1993}}
* Lloyd, Christopher. "Hearts Of Oak: The Battle of Quiberon Bay November 20th, 1759." ''History Today'' (Nov 1959) 9#11 pp744–751.
* Mackay, R.F. ''Admiral Hawke'' (Oxford 1965).
* Marcus, G. ''Quiberon Bay; The Campaign in Home Waters, 1759'' (London, 1960).
* Padfield, Peter. ''Maritime Supremacy & the Opening of the Western Mind: Naval Campaigns that Shaped the Modern World'' (Overlook Books, 2000).
* Robson, Martin. ''A History of the Royal Navy: The Seven Years War'' (IB Tauris, 2015).
* {{cite book|first=Étienne|last=Taillemite|author-link=Étienne Taillemite|year=2002|title=Dictionnaire des Marins français |publisher=Tallandier |isbn=978-2-84734-008-2| oclc=606770323}}
* Tracy, Nicholas. ''The Battle of Quiberon Bay, 1759: Hawke and the Defeat of the French Invasion'' (Casemate Publishers, 2010).
* Tunstall, Brian and Tracy, Nicholas (ed.). ''Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail. The Evolution of Fighting Tactics, 1650–1815'' (London, 1990).
* {{Cite journal| volume =50| issue =7| pages =230–239| last =Wheeler| first = Dennis| title =A Climatic Reconstruction of the Battle of Quiberon Bay, 20 November 1759| journal =Weather| date =1995| doi =10.1002/j.1477-8696.1995.tb06119.x| bibcode =1995Wthr...50..230W| issn =0043-1656}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Battle of Quiberon Bay}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327232124/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/history/battles/battle-of-quiberon/ Royal Navy page on the battle]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quiberon Bay, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1759]]
[[Category:Military history of Brittany]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:Military history of the Bay of Biscay]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving France]]
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