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{{Short description|Naval battle of the Eighty Years' War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of La Naval de Manila, Battle of Manila Bay
|partof=the [[Eighty Years' War]]
|image= 
|caption= [[Our Lady of La Naval de Manila]]
|date=March 15, 1646 – October 4, 1646
|place= Stretching from [[Lingayen, Pangasinan]] to [[Marinduque]] then to [[Mariveles, Bataan|Mariveles]] near [[Corregidor Island]]
|result=Spanish victory
|combatant1={{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Empire]]
*{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Spanish East Indies]]
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Prinsenvlag.svg}} [[Dutch Republic]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company (Prinsenvlag).svg}} [[Company rule in the Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]]
|commander1= {{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]]
----{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Diego Fajardo Chacón]]<br />{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} Lorenzo Ugalde de Orellana<br />{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} Sebastián López<br />{{flagicon|Spain|1506}} Agustín de Cepeda<br />{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} Cristobal Marquéz de Valenzuela<br />{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} Francisco de Esteyvar
|commander2={{flagicon image|Prinsenvlag.svg}} [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange|Frederick Henry]]
----{{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company (Prinsenvlag).svg}} [[Cornelis van der Lijn]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company (Prinsenvlag).svg}} [[Maarten Gerritsz Vries]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company (Prinsenvlag).svg}} Antonio Camb
|strength1=8 ships
* 3 [[Manila galleon]]s
* 1 [[galley]]
* 4 [[brigantine]]s
<br />
400 soldiers<br />
68 guns
|strength2=35 ships
* 16 regular galleons
* 3 fire ships
* 16 [[Launch (boat)|launches]]
470 guns (est.)<br>
First Squadron:    <br>
Second Squadron: 800 soldiers <br>
Third Squadron:
|casualties1=15 dead
|casualties2=500 dead<ref>Recorded casualties in the second Dutch squadron only.—Vidal, Prudencio. (1888)</ref> (est.)<br />
2 fire ships sunk<br />
3 ships severely damaged
}}
{{Campaignbox Dutch Revolt}}
{{Dutch colonial campaigns}}
{{Spanish colonial campaigns}}
{{History of the Philippines}}
The '''Battles of La Naval de Manila''' or '''Battle of Manila Bay''' ({{lang-es|Batallas de las marinas de Manila}}) were a series of five naval battles fought in the waters of the [[Spanish East Indies]] in the year 1646, in which the forces of the [[Spanish Empire]] repelled various attempts by forces of the [[Dutch Republic]] to invade Manila, during the [[Eighty Years' War]]. The Spanish forces, which included many native volunteers, consisted of two, and later, three [[Manila galleon]]s, a galley and four brigantines. They neutralized a Dutch fleet of nineteen warships, divided into three separate squadrons. Heavy damage was inflicted upon the Dutch squadrons by the Spanish forces, forcing the Dutch to abandon their invasion of the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Philippines]].

The victories against the Dutch invaders were attributed by the Spanish troops to the intercession of the [[Virgin Mary]] under the title of [[Our Lady of La Naval de Manila]]. On 9 April 1652, the victories in the five sea battles were declared a miracle by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila|Archdiocese of Manila]] after a thorough canonical investigation, giving rise to the centuries-old festivities of Our Lady of La Naval de Manila.

==Background==

===Early Spanish-Dutch conflicts in the Philippines===
Pursuing their quest for alternative trade routes to Asia, the Dutch reached the Philippines and sought to dominate the commercial sea trade in Southeast Asia. Being at [[Eighty Years' War|war with Spain]], they engaged in privateering activities. They harassed the coasts of Manila Bay and its environs, and preyed on [[sampan]]s and [[Junk (ship)|junks]] from China and Japan in an attempt to cut off Spanish trade with East Asia.

The first Dutch squadron to reach the Philippines was led by [[Olivier van Noort]]. On December 14, 1600, van Noort's squadron grappled with the Spanish fleet under [[Antonio de Morga]] near [[Fortune Island (Philippines)|Fortune Island]], where de Morga's flagship, the ''[[San Diego (ship)|San Diego]]'', sank. Van Noort managed to return to Holland, thus becoming the first Dutch to circumnavigate the world.

Another Dutch fleet of four ships under the command of [[François de Wittert]] tried to attack Manila in 1609, but was repelled by the Spanish governor-general [[Juan de Silva]] who launched a counterattack and defeated the Dutch at the [[Battle of Playa Honda]], where François Wittert was killed.

In October 1616, another Dutch fleet of 10 galleons under the command of [[Joris van Spilbergen]] (Georges Spillberg) blockaded the entrance of [[Manila Bay]]. A Spanish armada of seven galleons led by Juan Ronquillo battled against Spilbergen's fleet at the Playa Honda in April 1617 (known as the second [[Battle of Playa Honda]]). Spilbergen's flagship, the "Sol de Holanda" (Sun of Holland) sank, and the Dutch were once again repulsed with heavy damage.

From 1640 to 1641, a Dutch fleet of three ships stationed near Embocadero de San Bernardino tried to capture [[Manila galleon|merchant galleon]]s coming from Acapulco, Mexico. These galleons, however, escaped safely by taking a different route after receiving warnings from a system of fire-signals (placed in Embocadero) which was devised by the Jesuit priest Francisco Colin.<ref>Velarde, Murillo (Hist. de Philipinas, fol. 126 b)</ref>

===Planned invasion of the Philippines===
[[File:1600 drawing of Dutch ships in Taiwan.jpg|thumb|left|210px|A lithographic illustration of the Dutch harbour in Taiwan (after 1623).]]
In view of their previous failures to disrupt the [[Spanish Empire]]'s trade in Asia, the Dutch decided to seize the Philippines, feeling certain that they were strong enough to carry out the attacks.<ref name="autogenerated5">Vidal, Prudencio. (1888)</ref> From the time they conquered the Spanish settlement in the north of [[Taiwan|Formosa]] in 1642, the Dutch became increasingly eager to attack Manila because they knew the city lacked strong defenses and that it was unable to receive enough aid because the Spanish were occupied by the wars in Europe.

Fr. Juan de los Angeles, a Dominican priest who had been taken from Formosa to [[Makassar|Macassar]] by the Dutch as a prisoner of war, later described in his account that the Dutch were so eager to launch an attack on the Philippines that "''they talk among themselves of nothing else than how they will gain Manila''", and that "''they have urgently requested more men<ref>Aside from the one hundred and fifty fresh soldiers that arrived at Jakarta from Holland in January of the same year).— De los Angeles, O.P., Juan. (March 1643)</ref> from Holland for the purpose of attacking Manila.''<ref name="autogenerated3">De los Angeles, O.P., Juan. (March 1643)</ref> ".
In his account, he also described the formidable force of the Dutch stationed at the ports of [[Jakarta]] in [[Indonesia]] and Formosa:
{{blockquote|"The power which the Dutch enemy possess in those regions...is greater than we could imagine of them. According to what I myself have seen...the Dutch have at this time more than '''''one hundred and fifty ships and pataches''''', at a moderate estimate—all equipped and provided by seamen, soldiers, artillery and other necessary supplies.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> "}}

===Condition of the islands===
The entire Philippines was already in dire situation at the time when the Dutch were planning their invasion.
* A series of volcanic eruptions took place between 1633 and 1640. Food shortage at the same time crippled the city.<ref name="autogenerated7">Fayol, Joseph. (1640–1649)</ref>
* Wars against the Muslims of [[Mindanao]] led by [[Muhammad Kudarat|Sultan Kudarat]] in 1635 and the Sangley Rebellion in 1639 to 1640 had taken its toll of lives and resources.<ref>Cortez, Regino (1998).</ref>
* Numerous wrecks and losses of sea vessels which sailed to and from [[New Spain]] (1638–39) did not only disrupted the [[Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade|Manila–Acapulco trade]] but also reduced the naval strength of Manila.
* After the Dutch seized Formosa in 1642, they began sending squadrons of vessels, both large and small—the former going to the [[San Bernardino Strait|Embocadero de San Bernardino]] and Cape Espiritu Santo to await the ships that carried relief for the Philippines, and the latter stationed on the coast of [[Ilocos]] and [[Pangasinan]] to pillage the trading vessels coming from China.

The new Spanish governor-general [[Diego Fajardo Chacón]] reached the Philippines at the end of June in 1644, together with the Andalusian Captain Sebastian López.<ref>According to Vidal, Sebastian Lopez was a Portuguese (Vidal, Prudencio, 1888)</ref> Fajardo found the islands deficient in naval strength. Making his entrance into Manila by mid-August, Fajardo took possession of the government and dispatched two galleons--''[[Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño|Nuestra Señora dela Encarnación]]'' and ''Nuestra Señora del Rosario'' (hereinafter called ''Encarnación'' and ''Rosario'', respectively)—to acquire new resources for the islands from New Spain.

[[File:FernandoMonteroEspinosa.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Msgr. Fernando Montero de Espinosa]]

===Catastrophic events in 1645===

====Death of the Archbishop====
In July 1645, the ''Encarnación'' and ''Rosario'', under the command of the Viscayan Captain Lorenzo de Orella y Ugalde (also Lorenzo Ugalde de Orellana<ref name="autogenerated6">Rodriguez, Mariano (1907)</ref>) arrived from Mexico at the port of [[Lamon Bay]], with goods for the Philippines to replenish its depleted resources. Aboard in one of the two galleons was the archbishop-elect of Manila, His Grace Don [[Fernando Montero Espinosa|Fernando Montero de Espinosa]]. On his way to Manila, de Espinosa was stricken by hemorrhagic fever and died. The citizens of Manila, who were in great need of a religious leader to strengthen their faith in those desperate times, sorrowfully mourned at the untimely death of de Espinosa.

====The San Andres earthquake====
{{main|1645 Luzon earthquake}}

On November 30, 1645, during the feast of Saint [[Andrew the Apostle]], a devastating earthquake hit Manila and its environs, destroying about 150 magnificent buildings and killed countless citizens. Five days later, on December 5, another earthquake as violent as the first rocked the city. Although no fatalities were recorded, the remaining unstable structures damaged by the first tremor were totally destroyed.

The destructive powers of the earthquake reached other provinces of the islands. Natives' villages were utterly overthrown, as their huts built of bamboos and palm-leaves were leveled. Great fissures, and even chasms, appeared in the open fields. Rivers (including those in Manila) overflowed and flooded the cities and villages as the result of the subsequent quakes.<ref>Fayol, Joseph. (1640–1649). A contemporary description of this earthquake is furnished in a rare pamphlet (Manila, 1641), containing a report of this occurrence made by the order of Pedro Arce, bishop of Cebu; part of it is reprinted by Retana in his edition of Zunfiiga's Estadismo, ii, pp. 334–336.</ref>

==Full-scale attack in 1646==
[[File:Waere affbeeldinge Wegens het Casteel ende Stadt BATAVIA gelegen opt groot Eylant JAVA Anno 1681.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Drawing of Batavia (now Jakarta) in the 17th century.]]
In their great council in New [[Jakarta Old Town|Batavia]]<ref name=autogenerated7 /> (Jakarta), the Dutch decided to launch a decisive attack in the Philippines. The Dutch equipped 18 vessels under [[Maarten Gerritsz Vries]], and divided them into three squadrons:

===Dutch forces===
'''''First Squadron'''''
* '''Strength''': 5 vessels (4 regular ships and one small boat in the form of O called chó)<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name="autogenerated2">Cortez, Regino. (1998)</ref>
* '''Destination''': Ilocos and Pangasinan<ref name=autogenerated5 />
* '''Purpose''': To stir up the natives against the Spaniards and to seize coastal boats and barges from China.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

'''''Second Squadron'''''
* '''Strength''': 7 vessels (5 regular ships and 2 fire ships), 16 launches, 800 soldiers; '''Artillery''': The flagship carried 46 pieces of excellent artillery; the smallest vessels carried thirty.<ref>Cortes, Regino (1998)</ref>
* '''Destination''': [[Zamboanga Peninsula|Zamboanga]]<ref name=autogenerated5 /> then to [[San Bernardino Strait|Embocadero de San Bernardino Strait]]
* '''Purpose''': To snatch the vessels coming from Mexico, which annually brought to Manila considerable amount of money for the maintenance of the Spanish garrison in the archipelago.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

'''''Third Squadron'''''
* '''Strength''': 6 vessels; '''Artillery''': Its flagship carried 45 guns, while others had over 20.<ref name=autogenerated5 />
* '''Destination''': Manila (as reinforcement of the first two squadrons)<ref name=autogenerated7 />
* '''Purpose''': To cut off any relief coming from Manila to [[Ternate]] and Makassar.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

After monsoon, these three squadrons will then converge as one armada outside the bay of Manila to attack the city.<ref name=autogenerated7 />
[[File:Encarnacion and Rosario.jpg|thumb|right|245px|The two merchant galleons—the ''Encarnacion'' and ''Rosario''--which were hastily converted to warships to meet the superior Dutch armada of 18 vessels during the battles of La Naval de Manila in 1646. (From an artist's conception)]]

===Spanish forces===
News of the arrival of the first squadron in Ilocos and Pangasinan region reached Manila on February 1, 1646. The Dutch tried to win over the [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], promising complete independence and abolition of taxes.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> But when the natives resisted, the Dutch corsairs plundered their homes. The arrival of some companies of Spanish soldiers to those places, however, forced the Dutch to re-embark to their ships.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

Learning the presence of the enemy, Governor Fajardo called for a [[council of war]].<ref name=autogenerated7 /> At that time, Manila had no naval strength to repel the enemy—save for the two old and nearly-rotting Manila-Acapulco galleons, the 800-ton<ref name=autogenerated5 /> ''Encarnación'' and 700-ton<ref name=autogenerated5 /> ''Rosario''—which arrived at Cavite from Mexico from the previous year. Despite being greatly outnumbered by the enemy, General Fajardo decided that the two galleons should be made ready for battle.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> The two galleons were hastily equipped and manned as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! '''Encarnación''' !! '''Rosario'''
|-
| Designation || ''Capitana'' (Flagship) || ''Almiranta'' (Admiral ship)
|-
| Artillery || 34 bronze cannons (calibers: 18, 25 and 30)<ref name=autogenerated7 />  || 30 cannons (calibers: same as the flagship)
|-
| Soldiery || 200 men (100 musketeers; 40 seamen; 60 artillerist, laborers and servants)<ref name=autogenerated5 /> || (Same as the flagship)<ref name=autogenerated5 />
|}
Fajardo appointed the General Lorenzo Ugalde de Orellana as commander-in chief of the Spanish fleet (and thus making him captain of the flagship Encarnacion), with Sebastain Lopez as admiral (and captain of the Rosario). The appointed sergeant-major was Agustin de Cepeda.

The four companies of infantrymen were under the leadership of Captains Juan Enriquez de Miranda and Gaspar Cardoso on the flagship, and Captains Juan Martinez Capel and Gabriel Niño de Guzman on the almiranta.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

The chief pilots were Captain Domingo Machado with his associate Francisco Romero on the flagship, while on the Almirante were Captain Juan Martinez and his associate Andres Cordero.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

==Battles of 1646==

===First battle===
Arriving at the entrance of [[Mariveles]], the Dutch squadron were nowhere to be found (contrary to the earlier reports of the sentinels stationed in Mariveles).<ref name="autogenerated4">Hornedo, Florentino. (2007)</ref>

The Spanish fleet then proceeded to [[Bolinao, Pangasinan|Bolinao]] in Lingayen, Pangasinan.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> There, on March 15 at around 9:00{{nbsp}}am, the Spanish fleet discovered one enemy vessel on oars, but it quickly took flight.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> At about 1:00{{nbsp}}pm, four Dutch ships appeared, together with the smaller oared-vessel they had seen earlier. The two fleets came within firing range of each other between two and three o'clock in the afternoon.

The first [[salvo]] came from the Dutch flagship but missed its mark. The ''Encarnación'' answered with two shots, hitting the Dutch flagship with a 15&nbsp;kg cannonball,<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated4 /> tearing open the forward edge of the ship's prow. The Dutch then concentrated firing on the smaller ship ''Rosario'', which retaliated by firing a simultaneous volley of cannons. The ''Encarnación'' fired freely at any of the four Dutch vessels, inflicting severe damages and thus forcing the Dutch to disengage in battle.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

The battles lasted for five hours. At around 7:00{{nbsp}}pm, four of the Dutch ships retreated in the dark with their lanterns out. The Dutch flagship almost sunk but also escaped under the cover of darkness. The Spanish fleet looked for the Dutch corsairs up to [[Burgos, Ilocos Norte|Cape Bojeador]] on the northern tip of Luzon, but the Dutch fleet completely disappeared.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

The Spanish fleet sustained only minor damages. None of the men were killed and only few were wounded.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> The two Spanish galleons had been so heavily armed with cannon, cannonballs and ammunition that they had outgunned the Dutch ships.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kk_iU0f-iT8C|title=The Manila-Acapulco Galleons : the Treasure Ships of the Pacific: With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565-1815 | first=Shirley|last=Fish|edition=annotated|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2011|isbn=9781456775438|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kk_iU0f-iT8C&pg=PA503 503]}}</ref>

The two ships stayed at the port of Bolinao to undergo some repairs. From there, General Orellana, after sending word to Governor Fajardo of their initial victory, received orders from the governor to escort and secure the safety of the merchant galleon from Mexico—the ''San Luis''—which was calculated to reach the Philippines via [[San Bernardino Strait|Embocadero de San Bernardino]] on July 21. The merchant galleon, laden with goods from Mexico, could be a principal target of the Dutch corsairs.

<big>'''Naval siege at Ticao Island'''</big>

In mid-April, the second Dutch squadron had entered the Philippine waters. The Dutch first headed for Jolo,<ref name=autogenerated7 /> intending to attack the Spanish garrison in that place, but upon seeing that it was already abandoned (as ordered by Governor Fajardo to consolidate the Spanish force against the Dutch),<ref name=autogenerated2 /> the Dutch fleet then proceeded to another Spanish stronghold in Zamboanga, snatching two of the five ships that would carry the relief to Ternate in Moluccas. The other three managed to escape.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

The Dutch then attacked the stronghold of Zamboanga, but given its strong resistance, the corsairs landed their troops in Caldera to directly assault the fort, but they were driven back to their ships by Captain Pedro Duran de Monforte with 30 Spanish and two indigenous companies, causing more than a hundred casualties on the part of the Dutch.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

News of the Dutch presence in Zamboanga reached the Spanish fleet, which had already docked at the [[San Jacinto, Masbate|Port of San Jacinto]]<ref name=autogenerated6 /> in [[Ticao Island]] (a long and narrow strip of land, lying between San Bernardino Strait and Ticao Passage, northeast of Masbate Island) on June 1. The port where the two galleons anchored lies open to sea, in the form of a semicircle, and is entered by a passage through which vessels can pass only one after another.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

The Dutch squadron, still stationed in Zamboanga awaiting the return of the other three ships which managed to escape their clutches,<ref name=autogenerated5 /> proceeded to San Bernardino, prompted by their previous orders from Batavia to seize any vessel coming from Mexico to the Philippines.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> On June 22, the seven Dutch warships and 16 launches were sighted by the sentinel approaching the island of Ticao. The following day, June 23, the Dutch discovered the ''Encarnación'' and ''Rosario'' moored at the entrance of San Jacinto port. The Dutch decided to form a naval siege, blockading the entrance of the harbor with their own ships to prevent the two galleons from coming out.

It was decided after a council of war that the two ships should not engage in battle to save their ammunitions until the arrival of the ''San Luis'' to protect it at all cost.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> General Orellana then ordered sergeant-major Agustin de Cepeda with Captain Gaspar Cardoso as his aide, together with 150 infantrymen, to secure an elevated piece of land located near the entrance of the harbor, which might be used by the Dutch as a strategic point to ambush the two galleons.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> At 10 o'clock of June 23, four heavy armed boats of the Dutch approached the hill, but were driven back by the Spanish troops in a surprise attack.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

Failing to secure the hill, the Dutch sent 10 launches to inflict some damage upon the two galleons, hoping to reduce the ammunitions of the Spanish fleet before the arrival of the ''San Luis''. This strategy (which intermittently occurred throughout the span of the siege) also failed.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

The standoff between the Spanish and Dutch fleets continued for a span of 31 days as both navies waited for the arrival of ''San Luís''. By July 24, however, there was still no sign of the galleon. Antonio Camb,<ref name=autogenerated7 /> the commander of the second Dutch squadron, presumed that it had already made port somewhere in the archipelago.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> The Dutch lifted their siege and finally took the route to Manila.

===Second battle===
At dawn of July 25, (the [[Feast of Saint James]], Patron of Spain) the Spanish fleet of two left the port of Ticao. When the sun finally rose they saw the Dutch squadron sailing away, bound to Manila. The ''Encarnación'' and ''Rosario'' wasted no time and chased the enemy, knowing that Manila laid defenseless, with no ships to protect itself and all its artillery totally removed for use of the two galleons.

On one occasion, as reported by one of the soldiers aboard the ''Encarnación'', Fr. Juan de Cuenca, O.P. seemed in a trance and then delivered "a very spiritual sermon" to the men, the content of which was "an assurance on the part of God and His Most Holy Mother, not only victory but also that no one would be killed in battle."<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref name="autogenerated9">Hornedo, Florentino (2007)</ref>

The two Spanish galleons caught up the seven Dutch warships between the islands of [[Banton Island|Banton]] and [[Marinduque]] on July 28, 1646, although no immediate hostilities ensued.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Before the battle began, both General Orellana and Admiral Lopez (without each other's knowledge),<ref name="autogenerated1">Cortez, Regino (1998)</ref> made public their vows to the Virgin of the Rosary in the name of the entire armada, that if they come out victorious against the Dutch, ''they will make a solemn feast in Her honor, and all of them would walk barefoot to Our Lady's chapel at Santo Domingo church'',<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref name=autogenerated4 /> as a sign of thanksgiving.

The second battle (which was according to the chronicles was the bloodiest) took place on July 29 at around 7:00{{nbsp}}pm. The seven Dutch ships surrounded the ''Encarnación''. The lone Spanish flagship exchanged fires violently against the Dutch, inflicting greater damage on the part of the corsairs. The ''Rosario'' was outside the circle of the Dutch and fired freely from behind causing greater destruction to the enemy.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

At one point the ''Encarnacion'' got entangled with the Dutch flagship,<ref name=autogenerated4 /> with the danger that the Dutch would board the flagship and force the outnumbered Spanish troops in hand-to-hand combat. The mariners of the Spanish flagship immediately rushed to cut the tangled ropes, freeing both ships.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

The Dutch tried to blow up the ''Encarnacion'' by sending one of their fire ships, but it was repulsed by a continuous volley of artillery from the Spanish flagship. It turned to the ''Rosario'', but it too was met with ten simultaneous shots which ignited its fireworks. The fire ship burst into flames and sank, killing its crew.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

The battle lasted till daybreak, and the Dutch fled. One man survived the sinking of the Dutch fire ship and was taken prisoner by the Spanish armada.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> As promised by Fr. de Cuenca, no man was killed in the ''Encarnación''.<ref name=autogenerated7 /><ref name=autogenerated4 /> The ''Rosario'' lost five men.<ref name=autogenerated7 /><ref name=autogenerated4 />

===Third battle===
The following day, the Spanish fleet pursued the enemy, which now had only six vessels including the remaining fire ship. The Dutch were cornered by the two ships on July 31, 1646 at around 2:00{{nbsp}}pm, between the islands of [[Mindoro]] and [[Maestre de Campo Island|Maestre de Campo]] (an island about 20&nbsp;kilometers southeast of Mindoro), where the third battle took place.

The Spanish fleet took the offensive side as the Dutch were desperately defensive.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> The bombardment between the two navies, as one narrator described it, "became furious like the explosion of so many volcanoes."<ref name="autogenerated8">Hornedo, Florentino. (2007).</ref> The Dutch then tried to disable the ''Rosario'', but they were met by a heavy volley of cannon shots.

In desperation, the Dutch finally sent out their remaining fire ship. It was armed with 30 cannons but with no sail, so it had to be escorted by two other vessels and towed by some of the Dutch launches.

General Orellana ordered the musketeers to fire on the men who were directing the launches. At the same time, he ordered the artillery on the [[starboard]] side of his ship (to which the fire ship was coming) to continuously fire at the sides of the approaching vessel.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> The fire ship got badly battered and sank, bringing its crew and fireworks to the bottom of the sea.

As the fire ship sank, the men on the Spanish flagship shouted ''"Ave Maria!"''<ref name=autogenerated6 /> (Hail Mary!)  and ''"Viva la fe Cristo y la Virgen Santísima del Rosario!"''<ref name=autogenerated6 /> (Long live the Faith in Christ and the Most Holy Virgin of the Rosary!) and continued shouting these words until the fire ship completely disappeared into the sea.

The battle continued till about the time of the Angelus at 6:00{{nbsp}}pm. The Dutch once again fled into the night, with its flagship severely damaged. The sense of relief was overwhelming for the Spanish armada, that they publicly declared that it was the victory of Our Lady of the Rosary, and General Orellana "fell on his knees before an image of Our Lady and publicly gave thanks for the victory, acknowledging it as by Her hand."<ref name=autogenerated8 />

Informed of the third victory, Governor Fajardo ordered the Spanish fleet of two to return to the port of Cavite for the much needed rest and repairs. After a six-month voyage, the victorious fleet reached Cavite in the latter part of August.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> As soon as they landed, the triumphant Spanish troops led by General Orellana marched barefooted to the church of Santo Domingo in Manila, as fulfillment to their vow.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> They were acclaimed as heroes upon their arrival in the city.

General Orellana retired from service and was awarded by the Governor-General with one of the best [[encomienda]]s in the land,<ref name=autogenerated7 /> while the other officers were promoted in rank.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

[[File:Spanish Galleon.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Example of an Atlantic Spanish galleon.]]

===Fourth battle===
With their successive victories against the Dutch corsairs, the Spanish authorities in Manila presumed that the enemy had already abandoned their plan of invasion, that they confidently allowed the ''San Diego'', a newly built merchant galleon bound for Mexico, to sail as far as San Bernardino Strait without having any ships to escort it.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

Unknown to the Spaniards, the first three of the six warships that consisted the third Dutch squadron had already entered the Philippine waters by the month of September of the same year, to join the rest of the earlier two Dutch squadrons, which—unknown to the commanders of these three ships—had already been defeated by the Spanish fleet.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

General Cristoval Marquez de Valenzuela, commander of the ''San Diego'', was surprised to discover the three Dutch ships stationed near [[Fortune Island (Philippines)|Fortune Island]] in Nasugbu, [[Batangas]]. Seeing that the ''San Diego'' was not a warship, the Dutch corsairs attacked it furiously. The ''San Diego'' barely escaped the Dutch as it retreated towards Mariveles. Upon entering Manila Bay, the galleon proceeded to the port of Cavite to inform the Governor General regarding the presence of the Dutch.<ref name=autogenerated7 /><ref name=autogenerated4 />

Governor Fajardo immediately ordered his sergeant major and infantry commander Manuel Estacio de Venegas to form a new Spanish armada, now composed of three galleons (the ''Encarnación'', ''Rosario'' and ''San Diego'', which was converted to a battleship), a [[galley]] (''Galera'' in Spanish<ref>From [http://www.spanishdict.com/translate/galera Spanish Dictionary] (Accessed: May 11, 2011)</ref>) and four [[brigantine]]s. The ''Encarnación'' and ''Rosario'' maintained its designations as flagship and admiral ship, respectively.

'''Reorganization in the military'''

With General Orellana's retirement, Sebastian Lopez (former admiral and captain of the ''Rosario'') was promoted as commander-in-chief of the entire armada (making him the new captain of the ''Encarnación''). The former sergeant-major Agustin de Cepeda was elevated to the rank of admiral, and thus becoming Sebastian Lopez's successor as captain of ''Rosario''.

* Captain Francisco Rojo took the place of sergeant-major.
* Captains Salvador Perez and Felipe Camino were given the command of the infantry in the ''Encarnación'', while Juan de Mora and Francisco Lopez Inoso in the ''Rosario''.
* Admiral Francisco de Esteyvar took the command of the galley, which carried an infantry of one hundred men and equipped with a cannon amidships (carrying 35-pound balls) and several small [[culverin]]s (carrying 14-pound balls). The four brigantines, which served as convoys of the galley, were placed under the command of Captains Juan de Valderrama, Juan Martinez Capel, Gabriel Niño de Guzman and Francisco de Vargas Machuca. Each brigantine carried several musketeers and with a cannon at its prow.

The chaplaincy in the ''Encarnación'' was retained by the Dominicans; the Franciscans were assigned on the ''Rosario'' while an Augustinian friar on the galley.

Governor Fajardo ordered that the vow made during the three previous battles be renewed, as well as the continuity of the practice of reciting the Holy Rosary aloud in two choirs while keeling before the image of Our Lady.

On September 16, 1646, the Spanish armada sailed towards Fortune Island where Dutch presence had been reported, but the enemy was not there anymore. Sailing a little further towards Mindoro, the Spaniards sighted the Dutch corsairs nearby,<ref>A cape at the northwest point of Mindoro, formed by the slope of a mountain of the same name. (Fayol, Joseph. 1640–1649)</ref> between the Ambil and [[Lubang Island]]s.

The fourth battle began at around 4:00{{nbsp}}pm. The wind was against the Spanish armada so it had difficulty in approaching the enemy. The two navies were so far from each other that the bombardment was conducted with long range for five hours.

At around 9 o'clock, the current caused the ''Rosario'' to drift towards the enemy and it found itself surrounded by the three Dutch ships. The ''Encarnación'' had difficulty in approaching the ''Rosario'' to lend a hand, and for four hours, the lone admiral ship battled furiously against the three, forcing the Dutch corsairs to retreat and took shelter among the [[shoal]]s near Cape Calavite.

===Fifth battle===
The final battle took place on October 4, 1646, the feast of Saint [[Francis of Assisi]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Upon learning that the newly built ''San Diego'' had some defects, making it unable to continue its journey to Mexico, General Sebastian decided to bring the galleon back to Mariveles and await for Governor Fajardo's decision regarding the matter.

The ''San Diego'' was moored at Mariveles (together with the galley and the four brigantines), with the ''Encarnación'' guarding it from a distance, anchoring at the entrance of Manila Bay. The ''Rosario'' on the other hand, was carried far away by adverse currents (some two or three leagues from the two ships) and had difficulty in approaching the flagship (for in those places the force of the currents is irresistible).<ref name=autogenerated7 />

Seeing that the three galleons were far from each other, the three Dutch ships ventured to attack once more. The Dutch ships, according to the chronicles, were of great size and well-armed.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The enemy flagship had 40 cannons on its sides, not including those in rear and on the quarterdeck. The admiral's ship had less. The third vessel seemed to be a fireship due to its swiftness and the fireworks it carried.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

General Lopez decided not to move from his current position, as the ''Encarnación'' might also be carried away by the current like the ''Rosario'', leaving the ''San Diego'' unguarded from the approaching Dutch corsairs. Instead, he waited for the Dutch to come nearer without raising the anchor, but loosened the cable with a buoy.

The Dutch came very close to the ''Encarnación'' with the danger that the corsairs would board the lone flagship.<ref name=autogenerated9 /> Lopez then ordered the anchor to be raised, the ship's sails unfurled,<ref name=autogenerated7 /> and with the buoyed cables controlling the movement of the flagship,<ref name=autogenerated1 /> the ''Encarnación'' fired violently against the three Dutch ships, as all the four grappling vessels were carried by the current away from the ''San Diego''.<ref>Laput, Ernesto (___)</ref>

The furious bombardment lasted for four hours. The ''Encarnación'' inflicted grave damages upon the enemy, forcing the Dutch corsairs once again to flee. As the Dutch fled, the wind suddenly stopped, giving chance to the galley under the command of Admiral de Esteyvar to attack the Dutch flagship (which was temporarily immobilized with the absence of the wind). Although outgunned, the ''galera'' fired upon the Dutch vessel "so furiously that the enemy regarded themselves as lost and the men attempted to throw themselves overboard."<ref name=autogenerated7 />

The Dutch flagship was already in danger of sinking when the wind returned which helped the enemy in their escape. The ''Encarnación'' and the ''galera'' followed in hot pursuit, but the Dutch managed to flee by nightfall. There was no casualty in the Spanish galley, however, four were killed in the ''Encarnación''.

==Aftermath==
The victorious armada returned once again to Manila to fulfill their vow of walking barefoot to the shrine of Our Lady of the Rosary in Santo Domingo Church in Intramuros.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated4 />

On January 20, 1647,<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated6 /> the victory was celebrated with a solemn feast by means of a procession, [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and a parade of the Spanish squadron with other demonstrations in fulfillment of the vow made to the Virgin of the Rosary. After which, the city of Manila, after convening a council, made a new vow to celebrate the solemnity of the naval victories every year.<ref name=autogenerated7 /><ref name=autogenerated6 />

With the failure of the attempted Dutch conquest, the Philippines remained under Spanish rule until 1898. Conversely, the Dutch did succeed in establishing themselves further south and created the [[Dutch East Indies]], which would last until the mid-20th Century. The character of the present-day nations of the Philippines on the one hand and [[Indonesia]] on the other is still deeply influenced by that outcome.

==Ecclesiastical investigations==
On April 6, 1647, the Father Friar Diego Rodriguez, O.P., Procurator-General of the Dominican fathers, on behalf of the religious Order, duly requested the vicar of the Diocese of Manila to declare that the victories achieved in the year 1646 had been miraculous intercession of the Virgin of the Rosary.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

The City Council took into account the three following circumstances to declare the victories as miraculous:<ref name=autogenerated6 />
* That only fifteen soldiers died on the side of the Spanish troops;
* That the two ships mentioned were already very old and powerless to do battle and;
* That the soldiers, who sought Divine assistance by means of devoutly praying the Holy Rosary in choirs, attributed the victory they achieved to God through the intercession of Our Lady of the Rosary;

==Declaration as miracle==

On April 9, 1652, the battles of 1646 were declared miraculous by the Venerable Dean and Chapter and Ecclesiastical Governor in the vacant See of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila|Metropolitan Church of Manila]].<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Cortez, O.P., Regino. (1998). ''The Story of La Naval.'' Quezon City: Santo Domingo Church. {{ISBN|978-971-506-096-7}}
* De los Angeles, O.P., Juan. (1643). "Formosa Lost to Spain". In Fr. Regino Cortes, O.P.'s (Ed.), ''The Story of La Naval''. (pp.&nbsp;66–83). Quezon City: Santo Domingo Church.
* Fayol, Joseph. (1644–47). "Affairs in Filipinas". In Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson (Eds.), ''The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898'' (1640–1649): Vol. 35. (1906). Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company.
* Hornedo, Florentino. (2007). "Battle of La Naval: Rage of Waves, Fury of Faith". In Zulueta, Lito (Ed.), ''The Saga of La Naval: Triumph of People's Faith'' (pp.&nbsp;30–41). Sta. Mesa Heights, Quezon City: Dominican Province of the Philippines, Inc.
* Rodriguez, O.P., Mariano. (1907). ''Reseña Historica de la milagrosa Imagen de la Virgen del Rosario: que se venera en el templo de Santo Domingo de Manila'' (pp.&nbsp;167–195). Manila: Tipografia de Sto. Tomas.
* Vidal, Prudencio. (1888). "Triunfos Del Rosario ó Los Holandeses En Filipinas". In Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino and Cesareo Blanco y Sierra (Eds.), ''Artículos varios sobre etnografía: Historia y costumbres de Filipinas'' (pp.&nbsp;71–86). J. A. Ramos.

'''<big>Websites</big>'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514182902/http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/flanders.htm ''Flanders, History of: the Spanish Netherlands''] (Accessed: April 30, 2011)
* Laput, Ernesto. (____). ''[http://www.elaput.org/dutch.htm Sabak ng mga Dutch.]'' (Accessed: May 10, 2011)* Laya, Jaime C. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120409144110/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/224182/wala-lang-when-we-got-caught-between-la-nav-l-de-manila '''Wala Lang: When we got caught in between: ‘La Naval de Manila’''] (11 October 2009). Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation. (Accessed: April 30, 2011)

{{Refend}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Philippines}}
* [[Battle of Puerto de Cavite|Battle of Port of Cavite]]
* [[End of Dutch threat in the Philippines]]

{{coord missing|Philippines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:La Naval de Manila, Battle of}}
[[Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)]]
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[[Category:Battles involving the Philippines]]
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[[Category:1646 in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1646]]
[[Category:Eighty Years' War (1621–1648)]]
[[Category:Philippines–Spain military relations]]
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