Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Bikur Cholim Hospital

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Bikur Cholim Hospital
| org/group = 
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| image = Bikur Cholim Hospital 03.jpg
| image_size = 225
| alt = 
| caption = Bikur Cholim Hospital in downtown Jerusalem
| latitude = 
| longitude = 
| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline, title}} -->
| location = [[West Jerusalem]]
| region = 
| state = 
| country = 
| healthcare = Non-profit <!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private -->
| funding = 
| type = District General 
| affiliation = [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
| patron = 
| network = [[Shaare Zedek Medical Center]]
| standards = 
| emergency = yes
| helipad = 
| beds = 200
| speciality = Obstetrics and cardiac
| founded = c. 1826
| closed = c. 2020
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| other_links = 
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}}

'''Bikur Cholim Hospital''' ({{lang-he|בית החולים ביקור חולים}}) was a 200-bed general hospital in [[West Jerusalem]], established in the 19th century<ref name="jpost-gaydamak" /> and closed due to financial difficulties in the second decade of the 21st century. Until then, it was the oldest hospital in the country still operating.

Bikur Cholim had obstetrics and cardiac departments, a modern [[neonatal intensive care unit]], a [[pediatrics]] department, and [[bariatrics|bariatric]] and [[plastic surgery]] units.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Health/Article.aspx?id=256479 Turning things around at Bikur Cholim]</ref> After 2010 it treated some 60,000 patients annually. With 700 administrators, doctors, nurses, technicians and cleaners, it was one of Jerusalem's largest downtown employers. One-third of the doctors were [[Israeli Arab]]s, many of whom chose Bikur Holim for their residencies.<ref name=Critical>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jewishindependent.ca/Archives/mar11/archives11mar04-03.html |title= A state of critical condition |access-date= 2012-04-17 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120906123416/http://www.jewishindependent.ca/Archives/mar11/archives11mar04-03.html |archive-date=2012-09-06 |url-status= dead}}</ref>

In December 2012 the hospital was taken over by [[Shaare Zedek Medical Center]] and continued to function as a branch of Shaare Zedek. The main hospital was then closed down, with the building on [[Street of the Prophets|Haneviim (Prophets') Street]], the maternity ward, which serves the residents of the nearby neighborhoods and various clinics, continuing to operate. At the same time, plans were submitted to the planning authorities for the restoration of the historic structure and its integration into a complex that includes commercial and housing areas. In 2020 the authorities have decided to also close the maternity ward, following guidelines which require such wards be located next to hospitals that can provide special medical services in case they are needed.

==History==
===Old City (c. 1826-1947)===
Bikur Cholim opened in a rented building in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] around 1826. In 1843, it had three rooms for patients. It was run by the Bikur Cholim society. After the Mission established a medical facility in the Old City, hoping to attract Jews, the society intensified its activity.<ref>[http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Article_27.2.pdf ביקור חולים פרושים בירושלים, מחברה לבית חולים]</ref> In 1854, a building was purchased which soon grew overcrowded. In 1864, another complex of buildings was acquired incorporating treatment rooms, a pharmacy, a hospice for the terminally ill and administrative offices. The Ashkenazi [[Perushim]] Hospital, as it was known, became the favorite charity of the British Jewish philanthropist [[Moses Montefiore]], who described the facility in his diary in 1875. The general ward consisted of two rooms, each with eight beds. One room was reserved for men, and the other for women. In 1893, the hospital cared for 781 patients and treated 12,347 people in its out-patient clinics.<ref name="jewishmag" />

{{anchor|Bikur Holim Street}}
The alley where the hospital stood between 1864 and 1947 is now named after it: [[:commons:Category:Bikur Holim street|Bikur Holim Street]], otherwise known as {{transliterate|ar|Ṭarīq Ḥāret ash-Sharaf|italic=no}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Teller |first=Matthew |title=Nine Quarters of Jerusalem |date=2022 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-78283-904-0 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgQ3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 |quote=Bikur Holim Street, named for the Bikur Holim Jewish hospital that operated here from 1864 to 1947. But the Arabic on the same signs names the alley as Tariq Haret al-Sharaf ('Sharaf Quarter Road').}}</ref>

===New building (1925)===
In 1898, during his visit to Jerusalem, German emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] donated a large amount of money used for purchasing the plot of land on which the new hospital was built, on what is now Nathan [[Straus Street]].<ref name=Later>{{cite news |first= Jay |last= Levinson |title= More than a Century Later |publisher= Jewish Magazine |issue= December 2008 edition |url= http://www.jewishmag.co.il/128mag/kaiser_wilhelm/kaiser_wilhelm.htm |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

By 1907, hospitalizations exceeded 1,000 per annum. A decision was reached to build a new hospital outside the walls of the Old City. The cornerstone of the new building was laid in 1912, but construction work was delayed by the outbreak of World War I.

The building on [[John Chancellor (colonial administrator)|Chancellor]] Avenue (now Straus Street), just off [[Jaffa Road]], was completed in 1925 and opened its doors to all residents of Jerusalem, Jews and non-Jews. The hospital in the Old City continued to treat the chronically ill until 1947.<ref name="jewishmag" />

Many of the wounded from the [[1929 Palestine riots]] and [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine]] were brought to Bikur Holim. Jewish underground fighters were hospitalized under fictitious names to keep the British mandatory police from finding them. During the War of Independence in 1948, the hospital came under artillery fire from Jordanian guns. [[Hadassah Hospital]] on [[Mount Scopus]] was evacuated, and many patients were transferred to Bikur Holim.<ref name="jewishmag" />

===Former German Hospital as maternity ward===
[[File:Former Bikur Cholim Hospital building, now a branch of Shaare Zedek Medical Center.jpg|thumb|250px|Ziv maternity wing in the former German Hospital]]
[[File:Poster 2-1.jpg|thumb|250px|Bikur Cholim neonatal unit by [[Moti Bodek]] Architects]]

The former [[:de:Evangelisches Diakonissenkrankenhaus (Jerusalem)|German Deaconesses Hospital [''German'']]] at the corner of Straus and [[Prophets Street]] is now the eastern wing of Bikur Holim Hospital.<ref name=MFA>[https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2000/Pages/Focus%20on%20Israel-%20Jerusalem%20-%20Christian%20Architectur.aspx Jerusalem-Christian Architecture through the Ages], Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 January 2020. Accessed 3 October 2020.</ref> The German Hospital opened in 1894 and used the building until c. 1937.<ref>{{cite book |author= Wawrzyn, Heidemarie |title= Nazis in the Holy Land 1933-1948 |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |location= Berlin / New York |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-3-11-030629-3 |language= German}}</ref> After 1948 it was taken over by Israel as the "Ziv Hospital".<ref name=Wager>{{cite book |title= German Hospital |work= Illustrated guide to Jerusalem |author= Eliyahu Wager |year= 1988 |location= Jerusalem |publisher= The Jerusalem Publishing House |page= 189 }}</ref> Today, as part of Bikur Cholim Hospital which is being operated as a branch of [[Shaare Zedek Medical Center]], it houses the maternity ward,<ref>Shaare Zedek Medical Center, [https://www.szmc.org.il/eng/departments/birth-at-sz/after-the-birth/ Postpartum and Maternity Wards]. Accessed 3 October 2020.</ref> with the department for gynecological and obstetric endocrinology.<ref>Shaare Zedek Medical Center, [https://www.szmc.org.il/eng/departments/gynecological-endocrinology/about/ Gynecological and Obstetric Endocrinology]. Accessed 3 October 2020.</ref>

===Financial difficulties and demise===
In 2007, the Russian-Israeli tycoon [[Arkadi Gaydamak]] saved the hospital from bankruptcy, taking it over from receivership. In 2010, Gaydamak stopped funding the hospital and returned to Russia.<ref name="jpost-gaydamak" />

The hospital's medical director, Raphael Pollack, said in 2012 that its financial difficulties are due to the system of discounts exacted from the hospitals by health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and debt repayment.<ref name=Critical/>

==Importance==
The location of the hospital in downtown Jerusalem has proven critical in times of emergency. With Jerusalem's other hospitals are located far from the center, Bikur Holim was able to save the lives of many victims of [[Palestinian political violence|terrorist attacks]]. According to the head of the emergency ward, "If somebody's life is in danger and they need immediate help, realizing that the brain only has six minutes before it's too late, then 20 minutes is too late. It's coming dead on arrival."<ref name=Critical/>

==Religious orientation==
[[File:Bikur Choliem hospital.jpg|thumb|Hospital doors by [[Ze'ev Raban]]]]

Situated near the religious neighborhoods of [[Geula]] and [[Mea Shearim]], Bikur Holim admits a very high percentage of [[Haredi]] Jews, and tries to cater to their needs. [[Shabbat]] is strictly observed. Non-Jewish employees record medical information and answer telephones on the Sabbath. Food is warmed in ovens operated by a timer, in keeping with Orthodox religious rulings.<ref name="jewishmag" />

==Architecture==
The main wing of the current building was designed by architect Zvi [[Joseph Barsky]] in the neo-classical style with modernist elements. [[Zeev Raban]] of the [[Bezalel Academy of Art and Design|Bezalel Arts School]] designed the bronze doors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bikurholim.org.il/history_e.php |title=History of Bikur Holim |access-date=2009-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017113021/http://www.bikurholim.org.il/history_e.php |archive-date=2009-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The former German [[Deaconess]]es Hospital, now the Ziv maternity wing of the Bikur Cholim Hospital, was designed by architect [[Conrad Schick]].<ref name=MFA/>

When [[Arcady Gaydamak]] bought the hospital for $35 million in 2007, he commissioned plans, designed by the architect [[Moti Bodek]] to build two hospitalization towers alongside the existing historical structure.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/reaching-new-heights-1.279973 Reaching new heights], [[Haaretz]]</ref>

==Notable physicians==
*[[Naomi Amir]], founder and head of the pediatric neurology clinic and day-hospital<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/Amir-Naomi|title=Naomi Amir|first=Deborah Dash|last=Moore|date=1 March 2009|accessdate=10 December 2016|encyclopedia=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]}}</ref> 
*[[Aron Brand]], pediatrics
*[[Helena Kagan]], founder and head of the department of pediatrics

==See also==
*[[Health care in Israel]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="jewishmag">[http://www.jewishmag.com/123mag/bikur_cholim/bikur_cholim.htm Bikur Holim Hospital]</ref>
<ref name="jpost-gaydamak">[http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/InJerusalem/Article.aspx?id=186405 Gaydamak wants out of Bikur Cholim Hospital]</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820051248/http://www.bikurholim.org.il/ Website of Bikur Cholim Hospital (Hebrew)]

{{Hospitals in Israel}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|31|47|2.07|N|35|13|5.17|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1925]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Late modern history of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Israel]]
[[Category:Street of the Prophets, Jerusalem]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in Israel]]
[[Category:1826 establishments in Ottoman Syria]]
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